Method Article
Stem cell derived cultures harbor tremendous potential to model infectious diseases. Here, the culture of mouse and human gastric organoids derived from adult stem cells is described. The organoids are microinjected with the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori.
Recently infection biologists have employed stem cell derived cultures to answer the need for new and better models to study host-pathogen interactions. Three cellular sources have been used: Embryonic stem cells (ESC), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) or adult stem cells. Here, culture of mouse and human gastric organoids derived from adult stem cells is described and used for infection with the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori. Human gastric glands are isolated from resection material, seeded in a basement matrix and embedded in medium containing growth factors epidermal growth factor (EGF), R-spondin, Noggin, Wnt, fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 10, gastrin and transforming growth factor (TGF) beta inhibitor. In these conditions, gastric glands grow into 3-dimensional organoids containing 4 lineages of the stomach. The organoids expand indefinitely and can be frozen and thawed similarly as cell lines. For infection studies, bacteria are microinjected into the lumen of the organoids. Infected organoids are processed for imaging. The described methods can be adapted to other organoids and infections with other bacteria, viruses or parasites. This allows the study of infection-induced changes in primary cells.
病原体的研究依赖于适当的模型系统来模拟体内的感染。对于一些感染剂,适当的模型系统缺乏而一些使用的系统是远非最佳。一个例子是在胃幽门螺杆菌 ( 幽门螺杆菌 ),这是因果相关的胃癌的发展。然而,在不存在一个更合适的细胞培养体系,许多研究旨在分析癌症发展使用癌细胞系的分子机制,这代表了癌变级联的端点。伯,非转化细胞。将这些研究更好的模型。然而,原代细胞仅可从少数献血者的,并且不能在较长的时间周期中培养。近年来,干细胞研究取得了显著的进步,为原代细胞培养感染生物学研究新的来源。
从文化3干细胞来源已被用于:胚胎干细胞(ESC),诱导多能干细胞(IPSC)或成体干细胞。它们已被用于模拟感染的病毒,如巨细胞病毒1,2-或丙型肝炎病毒3 - 7,寄生虫,如恶性疟原虫 8或 弓形虫 9,和细菌,如Bacterioides thetaiotaomicron 10或肠道沙门氏菌 11。最近,一些方法已经被发布到感染H.模型幽门螺杆菌与来自ESC键或iPS细胞12,小鼠成体干细胞21,22或人类成体干细胞衍生的13类器官- 15。
类器官培养物从成体干细胞的发育源自研究,其中单个干细胞从鼠肠上皮分离接种到3维矩阵和嵌入在模仿含有EGF的有丝分裂原,R-脊椎蛋白的肠干细胞的环境,以提高Wnt信号和头蛋白抑制骨形态发生蛋白(BMP)信令16培养基。值得注意的是这些培养不需要共培养间充质细胞。在这些条件下,干细胞增殖并形成小的结构与结构域窝藏肠隐窝的细胞,以及包含肠绒毛的细胞结构域。的组织体从而自我组织以模拟体内情况 。今天,许多鼠和人性化的组织的成体干细胞可以在体外和生长自组织成类器官类似于其在体内对应物,如小肠和结肠17,胃13,18,19,20肝,胰腺和21前列腺22。
在这里,我们提供了一个视频协议,以培养小鼠和人胃癌组织体的成体干CELLS和microinject它们与H.幽门螺旋杆菌 。该协议是基于以往的报告13,18。该方法可适于用于培养和感染其他类器官培养物如肠组织体。
1.建立胃化培养的
注意:此协议可用于从鼠或人组织胃腺的隔离。它建议使用约1平方厘米的组织。人体组织可以从胃切除术或活组织检查获得。
2.胃通道化培养的显微注射前。
ove_content">注:每种类型化培养都有自己的倍增时间小鼠肠道和胃的文化通常被分成1:5每5-7天人类肠道文化被分割1:5每隔10-12天人类胃的文化被分成1:5每14天,如果从单个细胞开始,人类的胃组织体也可能需要20天的正常形成,是一个好兆头,如果崭露头角结构环绕中心腔在这个协议中,类器官被分成。 4孔板用于显微注射。维护组织体遵循相同的协议,但可以使用任何其他的细胞培养板,如标准的24孔细胞培养板。化培养的3显微注射。
注意:此协议可用于microinject细菌进入组织体。它可能有助于启动注射类器官这是更宽容,以显微注射。例如,鼠标胃组织体可以长到非常大的囊性类器官,很容易的目标。
该协议允许胃腺(图2)的隔离。腺接种入地下室矩阵,它凝固成内井降,提供一个三维框架富含层粘连蛋白和胶原蛋白,以允许腺体生长成组织体( 图3)。类器官通常开始为小囊肿和内12日至16日,它们扩展成球形的直径为50-300微米(图4)。有些组织体将留囊肿,有的会发展小buddings。后者通常是一个健康的生长培养的标志。在这个协议中一个24孔板的一个孔用于100腺,50微升地下室矩阵和500微升培养基。然而,这可以被向上或按比例缩小。
显微注射的成功可以容易地在体视显微镜下观察到的浑浊,细菌溶液填充类器官(图5)。经过充分的培养时间,组织体可被处理为所希望的任何分析方法。例如,组织体可石蜡包埋,切片可以切割,并使用标准免疫组织化学技术染色。免疫染色组织体的显微分析表明成功注射的细菌的(图6)。
图用于组织体通过巴氏滴管1.图像。在每个面板,上移液管是以前的火缩小后的下吸管。在规模上,右侧板为厘米和毫米。 请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。
图2.形象代表比例尺人离体胃腺100微米。 请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。
图井和人胃组织体的代表图像的3方案。离体人胃腺分装在地下室基质并置于作为滴剂到24孔板的孔中。左下:代表以及播种11天后概述。右下:在指定区域的扩大。比例尺为100μm。胃鼠标类器官扩张快18。 请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。
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人胃组织体图4.典型的增长。腺接种到地下室基质和相同类器官的图像进行接管,为期12天。比例尺为100μm 请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。
图5.微量注射胃组织体。胃组织体的前(左)和在(右)显微注射细菌进入内腔体视图像。细菌是云的组织体内部可见。比例尺200微米。 请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。
图6.免疫染色类器官。人胃癌组织体显微注射用H.幽门螺旋杆菌 。 4小时后,组织体分别固定在多聚甲醛和石蜡包埋。切片用靶向按照标准组织学方法25细菌蛋白质的细胞毒性相关基因A(CagA的)抗体染色。左上:具有代表性的类器官的图像。下图:高倍方框区域。右上:高倍与单个细菌接近上皮细胞的方框区域,请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。
This protocol describes the use of ever-expanding, untransformed primary organoids from adult stem cells for infection biology. Critical steps are i) the isolation of viable glands, ii) expansion of organoids and iii) the microinjection. Below are some suggestions for modifications, troubleshooting and technical considerations.
Compared to other isolation methods, which use vigorous shaking or pipetting to release glands and can be equally successful, the technique presented here has the advantage, that the release of the glands from the tissue can directly be observed under the microscope (step 1.2.14.). If glands are not released, incubation in EDTA can be varied (see step 1.2.9.). If preferred, try to isolate glands using vigorous shaking and control the presence of glands in the supernatant under the microscope as described for mouse intestinal crypts26. It is not critical, if isolated glands disintegrate during the washing steps. Organoids will still initiate from fragments or even single stem cells, as demonstrated previously13,18, 27.
When glands have been isolated and seeded, but organoids are not expanding as expected, troubleshooting should start with testing activity of Wnt and R-spondin. These factors are crucial for expansion of the organoids and it is advised to test the functionality of these two factors by an in vitro assay, for example the TOP flash reporter construct using Luciferase28. It is important that all growth factors are diluted and handled following manufacturers’ recommendation and kept in small aliquots to avoid freeze-thaw cycles.
The microinjection into organoids is comparable to injection of fish eggs or murine oocytes. Needles are pulled from glass capillaries and can be broken using tweezers directly before use to result in a tip end of about 10 µm. Smaller tips penetrate the organoids more easily but they also bear the risk that bacterial accumulations may clog the needle. For micromanipulation, different systems have specific advantages and limitations. It is practical to use a 3- dimensional manipulator instead of a 2 dimensional manipulator to allow maximal flexibility to reach into the wells. Oil-based microinjectors (such as Celltram, or IM-5B) provide a finer and slower manual control compared to air-based microinjectors (such as FemtoJet11, or Nanojet microinjector10). In turn, the latter have the important advantage that a precise injection volume can be programmed. If microinjection is initially difficult, it may be helpful practice with large mouse gastric organoids and a dye. With practice, also smaller organoids such as mouse intestinal organoids are amenable to microinjection.
Microinjection of organoids is technically limited to a small experimental size because every organoid has to be targeted manually. Positioning or size may not render all organoids equally amenable to injection, thus the technique is limited to applications that can tolerate some heterogeneity in a well. Reflux from the injection hole is minimal10,11, but should also be considered.
Comparing the different sources for new gastric stem cell derived cell cultures, it is evident that each of the systems has its own advantages. iPSC have been used to generate antral gastric organoids and allow following of the developmental steps towards the antral gastric lineages12. The cultures described here can be derived from antrum or corpus. While long-term corpus cultures as described here do not contain parietal cells13, very early passages as well as co-cultures with mesenchymal cells have been reported to contain parietal cells15,29.
The protocol described here has been developed for optimal long-term culture and allows unlimited maintenance of organoids (1 year tested). The organoids have typical advantages of cell lines: They can be expanded to allow larger experiments (split 1:5 every 2 weeks for human, every week for mouse organoids). They can be frozen and thawed. Human gastric organoids contain stem cells next to differentiated cells that express markers of mucous pit cells, mucous neck cells, chief cells and enteroendocrine cells. Differentiation to the lineages can be directed using Wnt and Nicotinamide. It is also possible to generate organoids from biopsies of cancers and thus organoids from healthy and cancerous tissue can be compared13,21,33. Generally, organoids are also amenable to genetic modification and intestinal or gastric organoids have been genetically modified using bacterial artificial chromosomes (BAC) transgenes30, retrovirus26,31, lentivirus14 and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas932. Organoids have been used for various imaging techniques13,14,29, RNA analysis13, Western Blot33, Immunoprecipitation34 and drug screening33.
In summary, organoids grown from adult stem cells provide a valuable new tool for infection biology. The here provided protocol for gastric organoids may serve as basis to establish other new infection models.
Hans Clevers is an inventor on several patents for organoid culture. Otherwise the authors have nothing to disclose.
This work was supported by EU Marie Curie Fellowship (EU/300686-InfO) to S.B. and a Research Prize from the United European Gastroenterology Foundation to H.C. We would like to thank Harry Begthel, Jeroen Korving and the Hubrecht Imaging Center for technical assistance, Meritxell Huch for help with initial organoid culture and Yana Zavros for discussion.
Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
Medium | |||
HEPES | Invitrogen | 15630-056 | |
Advanced DMEM/F12 | Invitrogen | 12634-028 | |
Matrigel, GFR, phenol free | BD | 356231 | |
GlutaMAX | Invitrogen | 35050-079 | Stock concentration 200 mM, final concentration 2 mM |
B27 | Invitrogen | 17504-044 | Stock concentration 50 x, final concentration 1x |
N-Acetylcysteine | Sigma-Aldrich | A9165-5G | Stock concentration 500 mM, final concentration 1 mM |
Murine recombinant EGF | Invitrogen | PMG8043 | Stock concentration 500 µg/ml, final concentration 50 ng/ml |
Human recombinant FGF10 | Peprotech | 100-26 | Stock concentration 100 µg/ml, final concentration 200 ng/ml |
TGFβi A-83-01 | Tocris | 2939 | Stock concentration 500 µM, final concentration 2 µM |
Nicotinamide | Sigma-Aldrich | N0636 | Stock concentration 1 M, final concentration 10 mM |
[Leu15]-Gastrin | Sigma-Aldrich | G9145 | Stock concentration 100 µM, final concentration 1 nM |
RHOKi Y-27632 | Sigma-Aldrich | Y0503 | Stock concentration 10 mM, final concentration 10 µM |
Wnt3A conditioned medium | Stable cell line generated in the Clevers Lab. Final concentration 50%. Cells can be obtained from Hans Clevers. | ||
R-spondin1 conditioned medium | Stable cell line generated in the Kuo Lab. Final concentration 10%. Cell line can be obtained from Calvin Kuo, Stanford. | ||
Noggin conditioned medium | Stable cell line generated in the Clevers Lab. Final concentration 10%. Cells can be obtained from Hans Clevers. | ||
R-spondin3 | R&D | 3500-RS/CF | Alternative source for R-spondin. This has been tested on human intestine organoids (1 µg/ml), but not yet on gastric organoids. |
Noggin | Peprotech | 120-10 | Alternative source for noggin. This has been tested on human intestine organoids (100 ng/ml), but not yet on gastric organoids. |
TrypLE express | Life Technologies | 12605036 | Enzymatic dissociation solution |
CoolCell® Alcohol-free Cell Freezing Containers | biocision | BCS-405 | |
Recovery Cell Culture Freezing Medium | Invitrogen | 12648-010 | |
Antibiotics | |||
Primocin | Invivogen | ant-pm-1 | An antibiotics composition agains bacteria and fungi. It is helpful after initiation of a culture. For long term culture you can switch to other antibiotics or none. |
Penicillin/Streptomycin | Invitrogen | 15140-122 | Stock concentration 10,000/10,000 U/ml, final concentration 100/100 U/ml. Can be used alternatively to Primocin in long term culture. |
Other | |||
Tweezers | Neolabs | 2-1033 | Tweezers with fine tips are helpful for the removal of muscle layer from the tissue. |
4 Well Multidishes | Thermo Scientific | 144444 | You can use other Multidishes. These were particularly helpful for microinjections because they have a low outer rim and allow more mobility for the manipulator. |
Micromanipulator | Narishige | M-152 | |
Microinjector | Narishige | IM-5B | |
Stereomicroscope | Leica | MZ75 | |
Workbench | Clean Air | Custom made to fit the stereomicroscope in ML2 condition | |
Capillaries | Harvard Apparatus | GC100T-10 | 1 mm outer diameter, 0.78 mm inner diameter. |
Micropipette Puller | Sutter Instruments | Flaming Brown Micropipette Puller | |
anti Cag A antibody | Santa Cruz | sc-25766 |
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