Regis Mohawk Çevre Bölümü, Welaka National Fish Hatchery, ABD Balık ve Vahşi Yaşam Servisi Araştırmalar Birimi, Southern Illinois Üniversitesi, ABD Balık ve Vahşi Yaşam Servisi Kuzeydoğu Balıkçılık Merkezi, Sterling Caviar, California-Davis Üniversitesi, Garnizon Barajı Ulusal Fish Special thanks Bu proje için mersin balığı besleyen yardım ettikleri için kuluçka, ayılar Bluff National Fish Hatchery ve ABD Balık ve Vahşi Yaşam Servisi Panama Balıkçılık Kaynak Ofisi. Bu makalede, USGS Great Lakes Bilim Merkezinde Katkısı 2013 olduğunu.

Önemli Not: nedeniyle Amerika Birleşik Devletleri&#39;nde mersin balığı tüm türlerin korunması durumu, kazanmak ve balık laboratuvar prosedürü öncesinde elde edildi işlemek için izin verir. Tüm örnekler doğal nedenlerden dolayı post mortem kuluçkahane kaynaklardan edinilen ve standart prosedür takip bertaraf edildi. 1. Numune Hazırlama <ol><li> Herhangi bir insizyon mersin balığı yan karkas ve en yakın 1 mm kuyruk ucuna kadar burnu toplam uzunluğunu ölçmek için bir ölçüm bandı kullanarak yatıyordu önce. (Şekil 1A) </li><li> En yakın 1 g darası alınmış ölçekte Mersin balığı karkas tartılır. herhangi bir harici etiketleri veya işaretleri ve kayıt için karkas değerlendirin. </li></ol> 2. Otolith Ekstraksiyon <ol><li> Vücudun (Şekil 1B) kafasını ayırmak için vücutta kafatası tabanı ve birinci dorsal scute arasında büyük bir fileto bıçağı ile dikey bir kesi yapmak. kafa, tu çıkardıktan sonrabaş rn böylece ağız (Şekil 1C) yukarı bakacak. </li><li> Kafatası (Şekil 1D) ventral tarafı boyunca kesmek için fileto bıçağı kullanarak yumuşak ağız dokuları ve solungaçları çıkarın. Tamamen kafa (Şekil 1E) bisect kafatası tabanına burnu ucundan elektrik kemik testere ile bir kesi yapmak. Beyin boşluğu (Şekil 2A) maruz elle iki yarısı ayırın. </li><li> Çıkarın ve beyin boşluğuna (Şekil 2B) içinde yarım daire kanalları görüntülemek için forseps ile beyin meselesi (Kırmızı kutu sol) (Kırmızı kutusunu sağ) atın. </li><li> Forseps (Şekil 2C) ile beyin boşluğundan semisirküler kanal kıkırdak çıkarın. Dikkatle forseps ucu ile semisirküler kanal kıkırdak delinme ve (Şekil 2D) Otolith çıkarın. Semisirküler kanal kıkırdağından forseps ile Otolith (kıkırdak içindeki sert kemik yapısı) çıkarın (Şekil 2E) </stro&gt; Ng. </li><li> Kafatasının diğer yarısından Otolith çıkarmak için 2.4 - Tekrar 2.3 adımları. </li><li> Herhangi bir kıkırdak kaldırmak için 5 saniye boyunca% 92 Etanol otolit içermesi batırın. Açık bir 25 mL sintilasyon şişesine yer otolitler 24 saat boyunca kurumaya. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Auer, N. A., LeBreton, G. T. O., Beamish, F. W. H., McKinley, R. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Conservation.">Conservation.</a> Sturgeons and Paddlefish of North America. 27, 252-276 (2004).</li><li>Campana, S. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Accuracy,+precision+and+quality+control+in+age+determination,+including+a+review+of+the+use+and+abuse+of+age+validation+methods).">Accuracy, precision and quality control in age determination, including a review of the use and abuse of age validation methods).</a> Journal of Fish Biology. 59, 197-242 (2001).</li><li>Bruch, R. M., Campana, S. E., Davis-Foust, S. L., Hansen, M. J., Janssen, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lake+Sturgeon+age+validation+using+bomb+radiocarbon+and+known-age+fish.">Lake Sturgeon age validation using bomb radiocarbon and known-age fish.</a> Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 138, 361-372 (2009).</li><li>Baremore, I. E., Rosati, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+validated,+minimally+deleterious+method+for+ageing+sturgeon.">A validated, minimally deleterious method for ageing sturgeon.</a> Fishery Bulletin. 112, 274-282 (2014).</li><li>Stevensen, J. T., Secor, D. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Age+determination+and+growth+of+Hudson+River+Atlantic+sturgeon,+Acipenser+oxyrhynchus.">Age determination and growth of Hudson River Atlantic sturgeon, Acipenser oxyrhynchus.</a> Fishery Bulletin. 97, 153-166 (1999).</li><li>Brennan, J. S., Cailliet, G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparative+age-determination+techniques+for+white+sturgeon+in+California.">Comparative age-determination techniques for white sturgeon in California.</a> Transactions of the American Fishery Society. 118, 296-310 (1989).</li><li>Rossiter, A., Noakes, D. L. G., Beamish, F. W. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Validation+of+age+estimation+for+the+lake+sturgeon.">Validation of age estimation for the lake sturgeon.</a> Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 124, 777-781 (1995).</li><li>Chalupnicki, M. A., Dittman, D. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=North+American+Sturgeon+Otolith+Morphology.">North American Sturgeon Otolith Morphology.</a> Copeia. , 260-266 (2016).</li><li>Secor, D. H., Dean, J. M., Laban, E. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Manual for otolith removal and preparation for microstructural examination. , (1991).</li></ol>

Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.

mersin karkaslardan otolit açılan bir alternatif yöntem genel detaylı edilmiştir. Özel önem diseksiyonu sırasında otolitlerden hiçbir zararı sağlamak için eşit kafatası bisect için kafatasının orta hat üzerinde yan kesi yerleştirme için gerekli olduğuna dikkat etmek önemlidir. Kesi tamamen kafatası bisect için yeterince derin değilse otolitlerden yeri açıkça görülebilir olduğu beyin boşluğuna maruz çok zor olacaktır. tecrübesi ile, genel teknik oldukça basit ve bozulmamış bulundu varlık otolitlerden yüksek oranda yol açar. Bu yeni yöntem araştırmalar standart otolith çıkarma yöntemleri kullanarak zor olabilir mersin balığı dışındaki türler için otolit içermesi ayıklamak için alternatif bir yol sunar. Bu yöntemin sınırlamalar alan kullanımı için değil ayarı laboratuara uygulanabilirliği vardır. karkas hazırlanması için gereken zaman toplanan örneklerin elverişli değildirzamanında bu alanda. Başka bir endişe tipik olarak nüfus düşüşleri eyalet ya da federal yasa altında korunmakta olup mersin balığı türleri üzerinde kullanılmasıdır. Hayatta popülasyonları tutmak için gerekli olan bireyleri feda pahasına değerlendirmenin bu tür yapmak için izinleri almak için çok zordur. Ancak, ölü örnekleri doğal nedenlerden aracılığıyla kullanılabilir olduğunda bu tekniğin, aksi takdirde kullanılabilir olacağını daha fazla bilgi toplamak için kullanışlı bir yol sağlar. Başarılı bir şekilde bu alternatif bir yöntem kullanılarak mersin gelen otolit kaldırmak için bu tekniğin önemini belirtmek önemlidir. başın dorsal bölgesinden otolit içermesi kaldırarak mevcut teknikleri hala kullanışlı ve yararlı ama mersin balığı için geçerli değildir. Beyin boşluğu ortaya çıkarmak için bu yeni tekniği kullanarak diğer alanlarda da sinir fonksiyonu ve beyin morfolojisi erişim ve uygulanabilirliğini sağlar. Bu yeni teknik yararlı olabilirÇok kalın kafatası duvarları ya da nerede otolith çıkarılması için kullanmak üzere balık sınırlı miktarda var olan balık diğer türler üzerinde kullanın.

Dünyada mersin (Acipenseridae) popülasyonları nedeniyle habitat kaybı, nüfus parçalanma dahil darbelere karşı bir yüzyılı aşkın bir süredir azalan ve birçok popülasyonları eyalet ve federal yasalar 1,2 ile korunur, aşırı avcılık edilmiştir. ABD ve dünya çapında yönetim kurumları restorasyonu ve kurtarma 1 için bir hedef tür olarak mersin belirledik. En mersin balığı popülasyonlarının Nüfus özellikleri (büyüme, istihdam, diyet) daha temel biyoloji ve yaşam öyküsü özellikleri 1 anlamak için çalışılmıştır. En mersin balığı popülasyonlarının koruma statüsü nedeniyle, yaş değerlendirme bireylere hiçbir fedakarlık veya zarar garanti edilir küçük tehdit toplumlarda zordur. Yaş tahmini ve büyüme analizi amacıyla kemiksi yapıların çıkarma Sturge yaşını belirlemek için yüzgeç ışın bölümlerinin ortak bir tekniktir 3 hayranlarıyla kullanımı olmuşturpratik bir ölümcül olmayan bir yöntem haline gelmiştir, ancak tekniğin doğrulama sınırlı kalmıştır ve yaş yaşlı bireylerde (&gt; 15 yaş) deşifre etmek çok zor olabilir 4.. Gulf Sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus desoti) 5 Atlantic Sturgeon (A O. Oxyrinchus) 6, beyaz Sturgeon (A. transmontanus) 7 ve Lake Sturgeon&#39;da yaş doğrulama kullanımları için mersin birden fazla kemik yapılarının kullanımını değerlendirmek Araştırmacılar 8 ilk marjinal göğüs yüzgeci ışın en doğru yaşı sağlanan ancak büyük bireyler için zararlı olması için bu invaziv prosedürü sonucuna varmıştır (A. fluvescens). Şu anda, başarı 9. çok yüksek bir oranı ile Kuzey Amerika mersin türler arasında ayrım yapmak otolith şekil ölçümlerini kullanarak gelişimi bulunmuyor. Kafatasının dibinde dorsal enine kesi ile Otolith kaldırma işlemine ilişkin detaylar ortak otolith ekstraction yöntemi literatürde bulundu ve açıkça Secor ve arkadaşları tarafından ayrıntılı. (1991), 10. Ancak bu yöntem, küçük ve narin ve kırmak eğiliminde olacaktır otolitlerden ile çok kalın kafatasları var mersin balığı uygulamak zordur. Literatürde bir başka yorum mersin için otolith temizleme işleminin herhangi bir diğer ayrıntılı metodolojiyi gösterir. Bu makalenin amacı detaylara ventral tarafta beyin boşluğu girerek Mersin balığı gelen otolit içermesi ayıklanması için alternatif bir yöntem oldu.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="573">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Measuring Board</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Metric meter stick is preferred</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Weighing scale</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Filleting Knife</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Scalpel</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Forceps</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Sample vials</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>25 ml scintillation vials work well</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

alternative method of removing otoliths from sturgeon

zor ve çok zaman alıcı olabilir çok kalın kafatasları var balıktan otolit içermesi (kulak kemikleri) ayıklanıyor. Doğru şekilde gerçekleştirilmemesi durumunda Otolith zarar verebilir bir el ya da elektrik testere ile kafatasının üst kısmında enine dikey kesi yapma yaygın uygulama. Mersin Balıkları (Acipenseridae) çok büyük ve kalın kafatası var özellikle bir aileyiz. otolit içermesi ortaya çıkarmak için balık ventral tarafında beyin boşluğu giren yeni laboratuar yöntemi literatürde bulunan diğer otolith ekstraksiyon yöntemleri daha kolay oldu. literatürde gözden yöntemler alanı için tasarlanmış ve hızlı bir şekilde balık büyük miktarlarda işlem daha verimli edilmiştir. Presleme süresi değildir ve her örnek başarılı ekstre önemlidir, ancak bu yeni teknik, bir laboratuvar ortamında için daha uygun olacak şekilde tasarlanmıştır. bulmak ve bu tekniği kullanarak otolit kaldırma başarısı çok yüksektir ve s ödün vermeyenherhangi bir şekilde tructure. Bu alternatif bir teknik otolit ayrılması için diğer benzer balık türleri için de geçerlidir.

dünya çapında Mersin balığı yetişkin boyutu büyük ölçüde değişir ama otolitlerden yeri tutarlıdır. Keskin bir fileto bıçağı kullanımı kolay Şekil 1D gösterilen ağız yumuşak doku kaldırmak bulunmuştur. Bir elektrikli kemik testere Şekil 1E beyin boşluğuna maruz lateral insizyon için tercih edilen bir araçtır. Ancak, kafatasının orta hat bisecting dikkat aksi otolitler Bu işlem sırasında ezilmiş olabilir ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Bu işlem, daha sonra doğru bir şekilde gerçekleştirilirse, beyin oyuğu Şekil 2A&#39;da gösterildiği gibi, otolitlerden zarar vermeden eşit maruz kalacaktır. Beynin kolayca Şekil 2B&#39;de ve Şekil 2C&#39;de gösterildiği gibi kolayca beyin boşluğunun tabanında bulunan Otolith içeren yarı dairesel kanal kıkırdak bulgu olarak forsepsin kaldırılır. semisirküler kanal bulunan kıkırdak EASily Şekil 2D&#39;de görüldüğü gibi forseps bir çift Otolith çıkarıldı. Bu prosedür başarıyla mersin balığı Otolith kaldırılmasını gösterir ve balığın yaşam tarihinin daha kantitatif analiz bir ön adımdır. Sonuç başarı yapısını bozmadan Otolith çıkarılmasıyla gauged olabilir. Yaş tayini ve büyüme oranları kaldırıldı otolitlerden kullanımı ile değerlendirilebilir iki ölçümlerdir. türler farklılaşması için şekil analizi otolitlerden geliştirilmiş olabilir başka ölçülebilir bir ölçümdür. <img alt="Şekil 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/54316/54316fig1.jpg" /> Otolith Kaldırma için Sturgeon Karkas Şekil 1. Yerleştirme. Ölçülmesine ve Tartı (A) Mersin Karkas Yandan Görünüm, (B) Dikey Kesi Bo gelen Sturgeon Başkanı Ayrı etmek<html> dy, (C) Başkanı Ağız ve ventral Side, (D) Kafatası ventral Side, (E) burnu Kafatası Base Ucundan Lateral İnsizyon Açığa kaldırıldı Yumuşak Doku Görünüm Başkanı çevirin <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/54316/54316fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">büyük halini görmek için tıklayınız bu rakamın.</a> <img alt="şekil 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/54316/54316fig2.jpg" /> Baş sonra Exposed Beyin Kavitenin 2. Ara Sınav otolitler çıkarmak için Şekil. (A) Beyin Boşluk, (B) Beyin Madde, semisirküler kanallar Açığa kaldırıldı Ayrı (C) Yarımdaire Kanal Kıkırdak kaldırıldı, (D) Otolith Görüntülenen ve kaldırıldı Yarım daire Canal Kıkırdak, (E) Shortnose Sturgeon Otolith dan54316 / 54316fig2large.jpg &quot;target =&quot; _ blank &quot;&gt; bu rakamın daha büyük bir versiyonunu görmek için lütfen buraya tıklayınız.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Alternative Method of Removing Otoliths from Sturgeon at JoVE.com

Alternative Method of Removing Otoliths from Sturgeon

The goal of the protocol is to show an effective method to extract the otoliths from sturgeon carcasses.

Sturgeon gelen otolitler Çıkarma Alternatif Yöntem

Extracting the otoliths (ear bones) from fish that have very thick skulls can be difficult and very time consuming. The common practice of making a ...

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8.4K Görüntüleme.  Great Lakes Science Center. The goal of the protocol is to show an effective method to extract the otoliths from sturgeon carcasses. 

Video: Alternative Method of Removing Otoliths from Sturgeon

Detection of Foodborne Bacterial Pathogens from Individual Filth Flies

There is unanimous consensus that insects are important vectors of foodborne pathogens. However, linking insects as vectors of the pathogen causing a particular foodborne illness outbreak has been challenging. This is because insects are not being aseptically collected as part of an environmental sampling program during foodborne outbreak investigations and because there is not a standardized method to detect foodborne bacteria from individual insects. To take a step towards solving this problem, we adapted a protocol from a commercially available PCR-based system that detects foodborne pathogens from food and environmental samples, to detect foodborne pathogens from individual flies.Using this standardized protocol, we surveyed 100 wild-caught flies for the presence of Cronobacter spp., Salmonella enterica, and Listeria monocytogenes and demonstrated that it was possible to detect and further isolate these pathogens from the body surface and the alimentary canal of a single fly. Twenty-two percent of the alimentary canals and 8% of the body surfaces from collected wild flies were positive for at least one of the three foodborne pathogens. The prevalence of Cronobacter spp. on either body part of the flies was statistically higher (19%) than the prevalence of S. enterica (7%) and L.monocytogenes (4%). No false positives were observed when detecting S. enterica and L. monocytogenes using this PCR-based system because pure bacterial cultures were obtained from all PCR-positive results. However, pure Cronobacter colonies were not obtained from about 50% of PCR-positive samples, suggesting that the PCR-based detection system for this pathogen cross-reacts with other Enterobacteriaceae present among the highly complex microbiota carried by wild flies. The standardized protocol presented here will allow laboratories to detect bacterial foodborne pathogens from aseptically collected insects, thereby giving public health officials another line of evidence to find out how the food was contaminated when performing foodborne outbreak investigations.

A PCR-based protocol was adapted to detect Cronobacter spp., Salmonella enterica, and Listeria monocytogenes from body surfaces and alimentary canals of individual wild-caught flies. The goal of this protocol is to detect and isolate bacterial pathogens from individual insects collected as part of an environmental sampling program during foodborne outbreak investigations.

Bireysel Filth Sinekler gelen Gıda Kaynaklı Bakteriyel Patojenler Algılama

There is unanimous consensus that insects are important vectors of foodborne pathogens. However, linking insects as vectors of the pathogen causing a ...

Çevre

Vegetated Treatment Systems for Removing Contaminants Associated with Surface Water Toxicity in Agriculture and Urban Runoff

Urban stormwater and agriculture irrigation runoff contain a complex mixture of contaminants that are often toxic to adjacent receiving waters. Runoff may be treated with simple systems designed to promote sorption of contaminants to vegetation and soils and promote infiltration. Two example systems are described: a bioswale treatment system for urban stormwater treatment, and a vegetated drainage ditch for treating agriculture irrigation runoff. Both have similar attributes that reduce contaminant loading in runoff: vegetation that results in sorption of the contaminants to the soil and plant surfaces, and water infiltration. These systems may also include the integration of granulated activated carbon as a polishing step to remove residual contaminants. Implementation of these systems in agriculture and urban watersheds requires system monitoring to verify treatment efficacy. This includes chemical monitoring for specific contaminants responsible for toxicity. The current paper emphasizes monitoring of current use pesticides since these are responsible for surface water toxicity to aquatic invertebrates.

This article summarizes the design attributes and the effectiveness of treatment systems that treat urban stormwater and agriculture irrigation runoff to remove pesticides and other contaminants associated with aquatic toxicity.

Tarım ve Kentsel Akışta Yüzeysel Su Zehirlenmesiyle İlişkili Kirleticilerin Ortadan Kaldırılması İçin Vejetaryan Arıtma Sistemleri

Urban stormwater and agriculture irrigation runoff contain a complex mixture of contaminants that are often toxic to adjacent receiving waters. Runoff may ...

Extraction and Characterization of Surfactants from Atmospheric Aerosols

Surface-active compounds, or surfactants, present in atmospheric aerosols are expected to play important roles in the formation of liquid water clouds in the Earth&#39;s atmosphere, a central process in meteorology, hydrology, and for the climate system. But because specific extraction and characterization of these compounds have been lacking for decades, very little is known on their identity, properties, mode of action and origins, thus preventing the full understanding of cloud formation and its potential links with the Earth&#39;s ecosystems.
In this paper we present recently developed methods for 1) the targeted extraction of all the surfactants from atmospheric aerosol samples and for the determination of 2) their absolute concentrations in the aerosol phase and 3) their static surface tension curves in water, including their Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC). These methods have been validated with 9 references surfactants, including anionic, cationic and non-ionic ones. Examples of results are presented for surfactants found in fine aerosol particles (diameter &#60;1 &#956;m) collected at a coastal site in Croatia and suggestions for future improvements and other characterizations than those presented are discussed.

Methods are presented for the targeted extraction of surfactants present in atmospheric aerosols and the determination of their absolute concentrations and surface tension curves in water, including their Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC).

Atmosferik Aerosoller ekstraksiyonu ve Yüzey Aktif Karakterizasyonu

Surface-active compounds, or surfactants, present in atmospheric aerosols are expected to play important roles in the formation of liquid water clouds in ...

Metal Corrosion and the Efficiency of Corrosion Inhibitors in Less Conductive Media

Material corrosion can be a limiting factor for different materials in many applications. Thus, it is necessary to better understand corrosion processes, prevent them and minimize the damages associated with them. One of the most important characteristics of corrosion processes is the corrosion rate. The measurement of corrosion rates is often very difficult or even impossible especially in less conductive, non-aqueous environments such as biofuels. Here, we present five different methods for the determination of corrosion rates and the efficiency of anti-corrosion protection in biofuels: (i) a static test, (ii) a dynamic test, (iii) a static test with a reflux cooler and electrochemical measurements (iv) in a two-electrode arrangement and (v) in a three-electrode arrangement. The static test is advantageous due to its low demands on material and instrumental equipment. The dynamic test allows for the testing of corrosion rates of metallic materials at more severe conditions. The static test with a reflux cooler allows for the testing in environments with higher viscosity (e.g., engine oils) at higher temperatures in the presence of oxidation or an inert atmosphere. The electrochemical measurements provide a more comprehensive view on corrosion processes. The presented cell geometries and arrangements (the two-electrode and three-electrode systems) make it possible to perform measurements in biofuel environments without base electrolytes that could have a negative impact on the results and load them with measurement errors. The presented methods make it possible to study the corrosion aggressiveness of an environment, the corrosion resistance of metallic materials, and the efficiency of corrosion inhibitors with representative and reproducible results. The results obtained using these methods can help to understand corrosion processes in more detail to minimize the damages caused by corrosion.

The testing of processes associated with material corrosion can often be difficult especially in non-aqueous environments. Here, we present different methods for short-term and long-term testing of corrosion behavior of non-aqueous environments such as biofuels, especially those containing bioethanol.

Metal korozyon ve korozyon inhibitörleri daha az iletken medya verimliliğini

Material corrosion can be a limiting factor for different materials in many applications. Thus, it is necessary to better understand corrosion processes, ...

Detection of Viruses from Bioaerosols Using Anion Exchange Resin

This protocol demonstrates a customized bioaerosol sampling method for viruses. In this system, anion exchange resin is coupled with liquid impingement-based air sampling devices for efficacious concentration of negatively-charged viruses from bioaerosols. Thus, the resin serves as an additional concentration step in the bioaerosol sampling workflow. Nucleic acid extraction of the viral particles is then performed directly from the anion exchange resin, with the resulting sample suitable for molecular analyses. Further, this protocol describes a custom-built bioaerosol chamber capable of generating virus-laden bioaerosols under a variety of environmental conditions and allowing for continuous monitoring of environmental variables such as temperature, humidity, wind speed, and aerosol mass concentration. The main advantage of using this protocol is increased sensitivity of viral detection, as assessed via direct comparison to an unmodified conventional liquid impinger. Other advantages include the potential to concentrate diverse negatively-charged viruses, the low cost of anion exchange resin (~$0.14 per sample), and ease of use. Disadvantages include the inability of this protocol to assess infectivity of resin-adsorbed viral particles, and potentially the need for the optimization of the liquid sampling buffer used within the impinger.

An anion exchange resin-based method, adapted to liquid impingement-based bioaerosol sampling of viruses is demonstrated. When coupled with downstream molecular detection, the method allows for facile and sensitive detection of viruses from bioaerosols.

Anyon Exchange reçine kullanma Bioaerosols--dan virüs tespiti

This protocol demonstrates a customized bioaerosol sampling method for viruses. In this system, anion exchange resin is coupled with liquid ...

A Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) Assay for Rapid Identification of Bemisia tabaci

The whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) is an invasive pest of considerable importance, affecting the production of vegetable and ornamental crops in many countries around the world. Severe yield losses are caused by direct feeding, and even more importantly, also by the transmission of more than 100 harmful plant pathogenic viruses. As for other invasive pests, increased international trade facilitates the dispersal of B. tabaci to areas beyond its native range. Inspections of plant import products at points of entry such as seaports and airports are, therefore, seen as an important prevention measure. However, this last line of defense against pest invasions is only effective if rapid identification methods for suspicious insect specimens are readily available. Because the morphological differentiation between the regulated B. tabaci and close relatives without quarantine status is difficult for non-taxonomists, a rapid molecular identification assay based on the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) technology has been developed. This publication reports the detailed protocol of the novel assay describing rapid DNA extraction, set-up of the LAMP reaction, as well as interpretation of its read-out, which allows identifying B. tabaci specimens within one hour. Compared to existing protocols for the detection of specific B. tabaci biotypes, the developed method targets the whole B. tabaci species complex in one assay. Moreover the assay is designed to be applied on-site by plant health inspectors with minimal laboratory training directly at points of entry. Thorough validation performed under laboratory and on-site conditions demonstrates that the reported LAMP assay is a rapid and reliable identification tool, improving the management of B. tabaci.

A Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification LAMP Assay for Rapid Identification of Bemisia tabaci

This paper reports the protocol for a rapid identification assay for Bemisia tabaci based on loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) technology. The protocol requires minimal laboratory training and can, therefore, be implemented on-site at points of entry for plant imports such as seaports and airports.

Bir döngü-aracılı izotermal amplifikasyon (lamba) tahlil hızlı teşhis edilmesi için kullanılan Bemisia tabaci

The whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) is an invasive pest of considerable importance, affecting the production of vegetable and ornamental crops in many ...

Sample Preparation Method of Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscope for the Appendages of Woodboring Beetle

This report described sample preparation methods that scanning and transmission electron microscope observations, demonstrated by preparing appendages of the woodboring beetle, Chlorophorus caragana Xie &#38; Wang (2012), for both types of electron microscopy. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) sample preparation protocol was based on sample chemical fixation, dehydration in a series of ethanol baths, drying, and sputter-coating. By adding Tween 20 (Polyoxyethylene sorbitan laurate) to the fixative and the wash solution, the insect body surface of woodboring beetle was washed more cleanly in SEM. This study&#39;s transmission electron microscopy (TEM) sample preparation involved a series of steps including fixation, ethanol dehydration, embedding in resin, positioning using fluorescence microscopy, sectioning, and staining. Fixative with Tween 20 enabled penetrate the insect body wall of woodboring beetle more easily than it would had been without Tween 20, and subsequently better fixed tissues and organs in the body, thus yielded clear transmission electron microscope observations of insect sensilla ultrastructures. The next step of this preparation was determining the positions of insect sensilla in the sample embedded in the resin block by using fluorescence microscopy to increase the precision of target sensilla positioning. This improved slicing accuracy.

In order to observe ultrastructure of insect sensilla, scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM, respectively) sample preparation protocol were presented in the study. Tween 20 was added into the fixative to avoid sample deformation in SEM. Fluorescence microscopy was helpful for improving slicing accuracy in TEM.

Woodboring Böceği uzantıları için Tarama ve İletim Elektron Mikroskobu Örnek Hazırlama Yöntemi

This report described sample preparation methods that scanning and transmission electron microscope observations, demonstrated by preparing appendages of ...

Cortisol Extraction from Sturgeon Fin and Jawbone Matrices

The aims of this study were to develop a technique for the extraction of cortisol from sturgeon fins using two washing solvents (water and isopropanol) and quantify any differences in fin cortisol levels among three main sturgeon species. Fins were harvested from 19 sacrificed sturgeons including seven beluga (Huso huso), seven Siberian (Acipenser baerii), and five sevruga (A. stellatus). The sturgeons were raised in Iranian farms for 2 years (2017-2018), and cortisol extraction analysis was conducted in South Korea (January-February 2019). Jawbones from five H. huso were also used for cortisol extraction. Data were analyzed using the general linear model (GLM) procedure in the SAS environment. The intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation were 14.15 and 7.70, respectively. Briefly, the cortisol extraction technique involved washing the samples (300 &#177; 10 mg) with 3 mL of solvent (ultrapure water and isopropanol) twice, rotation at 80&#160;rpm for 2.5 min, air-drying the washed samples at room temperature (22-28 &#176;C) for 7 days, further drying the samples using a bead beater at 50 Hz for 32 min and grinding them into powder, applying 1.5 mL methanol to the dried powder (75 &#177; 5 mg), and slow rotation (40 rpm) for 18 h at room temperature with continuous mixing. Following extraction, samples were centrifuged (9,500 x g for 10 min), and 1 mL supernatant was transferred into a new microcentrifuge tube (1.5 mL), incubated at 38 &#176;C to evaporate the methanol, and analyzed via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). No differences were observed in fin cortisol levels among species or in fin and jawbone cortisol levels between washing solvents. The results of this study demonstrate that the sturgeon jawbone matrix is a promising alternative stress indicator to solid matrices.

In this study, we present a protocol for cortisol extraction from the fin and jawbone of sturgeon species. Fin and jawbone cortisol levels were further examined by comparing two washing solvents followed by ELISA assays. This study piloted the feasibility of jawbone cortisol as a novel stress indicator.

Mersin Balığı Fin ve Çene Kemiği Matrislerinden Kortizol Ekstraksiyonu

The aims of this study were to develop a technique for the extraction of cortisol from sturgeon fins using two washing solvents (water and isopropanol) ...

A Method for Quantifying Foliage-Dwelling Arthropods

Terrestrial arthropods play an important role in our environment. Quantifying arthropods in a way that allows for a precise index or estimates of density requires a method with high detection probability and a known sampling area. While most described methods provide a qualitative or semi-quantitative estimate adequate for describing species presence, richness, and diversity, few provide an adequately consistent detection probability and known or consistent sampling areas to provide an index or estimate with adequate precision to detect differences in abundance across environmental, spatial, or temporal variables. We describe how to quantify leaf-dwelling arthropods by sealing the leaves and end of branches in a bag, clipping and freezing the bagged material, and rinsing the previously frozen material in water to separate arthropods from the substrate and quantify them. As we demonstrate, this method can be used at a landscape scale to quantify leaf-dwelling arthropods with adequate precision to test for and describe how spatial, temporal, environmental, and ecological variables influence arthropod richness and abundance. This method allowed us to detect differences in density, richness, and diversity of leaf-dwelling arthropods among 5 genera of trees commonly found in southeastern deciduous forests.

We describe how to quantify leaf dwelling arthropods by sealing the leaves and end of branches in a bag, clipping and freezing the bagged material, and rinsing the previously frozen material in water to separate arthropods from the substrate for quantification.

Yaprak-Konut Eklembacaklıların Ölçülme Yöntemi

Terrestrial arthropods play an important role in our environment. Quantifying arthropods in a way that allows for a precise index or estimates of density ...

Electrostatic Method to Remove Particulate Organic Matter from Soil

Estimations of soil organic carbon are dependent on soil processing methods including removal of undecomposed plant material. Inadequate separation of roots and plant material from soil can result in highly variable carbon measurements. Methods to remove the plant material are often limited to the largest, most visible plant materials. In this manuscript we describe how electrostatic attraction can be used to remove plant material from a soil sample. An electrostatically charged surface passed close to dry soil naturally attracts both undecomposed and partially decomposed plant particles, along with a small quantity of mineral and aggregated soil. The soil sample is spread in a thin layer on a flat surface or a soil sieve. A plastic or glass Petri dish is electrostatically charged by rubbing with polystyrene foam or nylon or cotton cloth. The charged dish is passed repeatedly over the soil. The dish is then brushed clean and recharged. Re-spreading the soil and repeating the procedure eventually results in a diminishing yield of particulates. The process removes about 1 to 5% of the soil sample, and about 2 to 3 times that proportion in organic carbon. Like other particulate removal methods, the endpoint is arbitrary and not all free particulates are removed. The process takes approximately 5 min and does not require a chemical process as do density flotation methods. Electrostatic attraction consistently removes material with higher than average C concentration and C:N ratio, and much of the material can be visually identified as plant or faunal material under a microscope.

Removing recently deposited and incompletely decomposed plant material from soil samples reduces the influence of temporary seasonal inputs on soil organic carbon measurements. Attraction to an electrostatically charged surface can be used to quickly remove a substantial amount of particulate organic matter.

Partikül Organik Maddeyi Topraktan Çıkarmak için Elektrostatik Yöntem

Estimations of soil organic carbon are dependent on soil processing methods including removal of undecomposed plant material. Inadequate separation of ...