Bu çalışma Sonata, Fransız Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-13-IS08-0001) ve ABD Ulusal Bilim Vakfı arasında ortak bir proje ile finanse edildi. Christine Baduel ANR-16-ACHN-0026 projesi ile Fransız Ulusal Araştırma Ajansı (ANR) tarafından finanse edilmektedir. Ayrıca yazarlar sıcak Marina Frapa, Rogoznica&#39;ya, Hırvatistan aerosol örnekleme ile yardım için Rudjer Boskovic Zagreb Enstitüsü, Hırvatistan Marija Marguš, Ana Cvitesiç, Sanja Frka Milosavljević ve Irena Ciglenecki, teşekkür ederim.

<ol>
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Yazarlar ifşa hiçbir şey yok.

Protokolde, tüm kritik adımlar ayrıntılarıyla tanımlanmıştır. Bu filtreler üzerinde aerosoller toplanmasını içerir (bir çift ekstraksiyonu kullanılarak: SPE ekstraksiyon takip bir su çıkarma) onlardan sürfaktanların ekstre ve özler (yüzey gerilimi ve konsantrasyon ölçümleri) analizi. Bütün yöntem, bir kalite kontrol boş filtreleri (ilgili çıkarma ve analiz yöntemi uygulanarak 1) yapılmıştır sapma &lt;5 mN m-1 kolorimetrik için tespit limitinin altındaki yüzey gerilimi ve absorbansa, aşırı saf su ile karşılaştırıldığında , 2) bir konsantrasyon belirli bir aralıkta bir ekstraksiyon etkinliği ve tekrarlanabilirliği / tekrarlanabilirliği de dahil olmak üzere belirsizlikler, ekstre sürfaktanların% belirleyerek yöntemi), 3) kolorimetrik yöntem ile ilgili potansiyel girişimcileri kontrol ederek, bu yöntem, algılar kontrol ederek, yani yüzey aktif maddenin, sadece hedef türü (anionic, katyonik ve non-iyonik) ve referanslar 4 tam detaylı olarak başkalarının görmek yok, 6) referans 6&#39;daki gibi tam detaylı kolorimetrik yöntem aerosol ekstrelerinden potansiyel girişimcileri (inorganik tuzlar, küçük asitler) kontrol ederek. Bildiğimiz kadarıyla, bu yazıda atmosferik örneklerden yüzey aktif maddeler için ekstraksiyon yöntemi, şu anda atmosferik kimyadaki en seçici bir tanesidir. Özellikle çok daha seçici, bu bileşiklerin incelenmesi için geçmişte yapılan basit bir su çekimi daha uzundur. 11, 23 tür aerosol örnekleri büyük konsantrasyonlarda ve konsantrasyon Ağırlık, hacim, müdahale inorganik tuzlar ve küçük organik asitler gibi iyonik bileşenlerin ayrılması için gösterildiği gibi, 24 saniye ile ekstre etme aşaması önemlidirEMENTS. 6 Bu ekstraksiyon yöntemi, ayrıca yüzey kütle ve numunelerde mevcut tüm yüzey aktif maddeler, uzaklaştırmak için gösterilmiştir. Elde edilen ekstreler, böylece, bu bileşiklerin, doğru özellik tayini için izin verecek kadar konsantre edilir. Bununla birlikte, yüzey aktif maddelere ek olarak, diğer polar olmayan ya da zayıf kutuplu bileşiklerinin, atmosferik aerosoller ayıklanır mümkündür. Örneğin, genellikle, örnekleme bölgesine bağlı olarak benzer yöntemlerle 25 ile ekstre edilmiştir &quot;Hümik benzeri Maddeler&quot; (HULIS), ekstreler içinde mevcut olabilir. Bu bileşikler, sadece hafif yüzey örneklerimizin, 26, 27, özelliği yüzey aktif karşılaştırılır, 28 bu şekilde ölçülen yüzey gerilimi ya da CMC&#39;ye önemli ölçüde katkıda bulunmamalıdır. Ancak, bunlar poliasitler ve anyonik conce olumsuz etkileyebilir<html> ntration ölçümleri. Gelecekte, (bunlar etil menekşe, anyonik yüzey aktif maddeler titre etmek için kullanılan boya ile reaksiyona olsun ya da örneğin) yüzey aktif madde konsantrasyonlarına katkı tespit edilmesi gerekecektir. katkıları önemli ise, ek adımları örneğin HULIS ancak yüzey aktif maddeler içerir, UV-Vis veya floresan ile aktif olan tüm bileşikleri ortadan kaldırmak için, öz çıkarma metoduna ilave edilebilir. Şimdiye kadar, aerosoller yüzey geriliminin ölçümü için ve bu makalede sunulmuştur olandan aerosol yüzey aktif maddeler için yüzey gerilimi eğrisinin başka bir yöntem kullanılabilir. atmosferik numuneleri ile tutarlı örnek hacimleri gerektiren tek olarak asılı damla tekniği Bu ölçümler için tavsiye edilir. doğrudan herhangi bir çıkarma olmaksızın mikron boyutlu parçacıklar yüzey gerilimini ölçen optik teknikler, geliştirilmektedir. 10,eşek = &quot;xref&quot;&gt; 20, 29 Bugüne kadar bunu laboratuvar üretilen parçacıklar için geçerlidir, ancak potansiyel birgün atmosferik olanlara uygulanabilir. Yüzey aktif madde konsantrasyonunun ölçülmesi için bu çalışmada sunulan kolorimetrik yöntem eden yöntemde olduğu gibi, özler çift atmosferik aerosol örnekleri 11, 13, 14, 30, ancak sadece su ekstraktlarına olup daha önce tatbik edilmiştir. Yukarıda vurgulandığı gibi, ikinci özütleme aşaması, konsantrasyon ölçümleri müdahale inorganik tuzlar ve küçük organik asitler gibi bileşikleri çıkaran, bu önemli bir farktır. 6 ilk olarak deniz suyu ve daha büyük bir sulu numuneler için geliştirilmiş bir elektrokimyasal teknik, aynı zamanda atmos yüzey aktif konsantrasyonunu ölçmek için kullanılmıştırpheric aerosoller. Elde edilen yüzey aktif madde konsantrasyonları seçilen referans bileşikleri bağlıdır ve tüm yüzey aktif algılama hassasiyeti aynı olduğunu varsayalım, yani 31, 32 bu yöntem görecelidir. Bu teknik için rapor saptama limiti 0.02 mg L -1 kolorimetrik yöntemle anyonik ve katyonik yüzey aktif maddeler için yaklaşık 0.05 uM saptama sınırının böylece 0.03 uM, referans olarak tetra-octylphenolethoxylate kullanılarak ve benzer olduğunda. Ama nedeniyle kolorimetrik yöntemle noniyonik ve toplam yüzey aktif madde konsantrasyonlarının belirlenmesinde belirsizlikler, her iki yöntem (arası kalibrasyon) karşılaştırmak için ilginç olabilir. sunulan yöntemlerde birkaç nokta daha da geliştirilebilir. Tüm iyonik olmayan yüzey aktif maddeler ve wit aynı hassasiyeti tespit edecek kobalt tiosiyanat daha başka bir boya, çok usef olurul ve akım yoğunluğu ölçümlerinde belirsizliklerin kaynağını azaltır. bu bileşikler, atmosferik numunede saptama sınırının sık sık olduğu gibi şu anda% 20 olduğu tahmin katyonik yüzey aktif maddeler, için ekstraksiyon etkinliği, aynı zamanda, geliştirilebilir. Bu, belirli bir SPE kolonu kullanılarak, örneğin, yapılabilir. ekstraksiyon ve titrasyon koşullarının daha da geliştirilebilir. Örneğin, paralel üç farklı SPE kurulumlarda kullanılarak, her bir ekstraksiyon verimini artırmak ve prosedürü (daha az kirlenmesi riskleri) kalitesini artırmak olabilir, yüzey aktif maddelerin bir sınıfı için optimize edilmiştir. örnek kütle analiz edilmesi için SPE kartuşu optimum emici yoğunluğu da belirlenmiştir olabilir. Titrasyon reaksiyonları (pH katkı maddeleri) için koşullar aynı zamanda, bundan başka, örneğin, konsantrasyon ölçüm hassasiyeti artırmak tespit ila alt sınırları, optimize edilebilir. <p clap = &quot;jove_content&quot;&gt; ek testler veya aşamaları ekstre edilmiş olabilir olmayan yüzey aktif madde bileşikleri hariç tutmak için ekstraksiyon protokolü ilave edilebilir. Örneğin, örneklerde HULIS potansiyel varlığı optik teknikler (UV-Vis veya flüoresan) ile incelenebilir. Analizinin kendisi kalitesinin iyileştirilmesi değil ise başka modifikasyonlar, hem, örneğin aerosol yerine toplanan parçacıkların farklı boyut fraksiyonları, mevcut yöntem (diğer bir deyişle alt-popülasyonları) uygulanması gibi atmosferik yüzey aktif maddeler, daha fazla bilgi getirecek burada sunulan. analizler diğer türleri de, yüzey aktif maddeler ya da UV-Vis emicilik, flüoresans veya polarimetre kimyasal yapısını belirlemek için özen göstermektedir varlığını göstermek için, örneğin LC / HR MS tandem MS ya da NMR gibi özleri de uygulanabilir ekstrelerinde konjüge ya da kiral bileşikler.

Bulutlar çoğu ortam ve ekosistemlerin hidroloji için, dünya atmosferinde esastır ve iklim sistemi. Ancak oluşum mekanizmalarının özellikleri hala anlaşılmış değildir, özellikle yoğunlaşma bir çekirdek olarak işlev aerosol parçacıkları içinde mevcut kimyasal bileşiklerin katılım. Teori 1 aerosol parçacıklarının bulunan yüzey-aktif bileşikler, ya da yüzey aktif maddeler, güçlü bir oluşum enerjisi bu şekilde, yüzey gerilimini azaltarak, bulut damlacık oluşumunu arttırmak öngörür. Ama bu etkiler yıllardır gözlemlere yakalanması zor kalmıştır ve bulut oluşumu üzerindeki yüzey aktif rol şu an tüm bulut soruşturma ve atmosferik ve iklim modellerinde atmosferik toplumun büyük kısmı tarafından reddedildi ve göz ardı edilir. bulut oluşumu aerosol yüzey aktif rolünün anlaşılması eksikliğin bir nedeni, iso yöntemi yokluğu olmuşturGeç ve onları karakterize. Diğer ortamlarda örnekler farklı olarak, atmosferik numunelerinin analizi, örneğin çok küçük bir numune hacmine ve kütle (burada, tipik olarak 10 ve 100 ug arasında) ve kimyasal karmaşıklığı (tuzlar, mineral karışımları, ve çok sayıda organik) gibi tekrarlayan zorluklarla 2 ile karşı karşıyadır. Bu zorlukların üstesinden gelmek ve aerosol daha iyi anlamak için, özellikle atmosferik aerosol örneklerinden bu bileşikler, 2), aerosol aşamasında mutlak konsantrasyonlarını belirlemek özü ve 3) yüzey gerilimi eğrileri belirlenmesi), bazı yöntemleri yakın zamanlarda 1&#39;e grubumuzca geliştirilmiştir yüzey aktif kendi kritik misel konsantrasyonu (CMC) içeren su içinde, yüzey aktif maddeler yüzeyde doymuş ve başlangıç ​​konsantrasyondur toplu olarak, miseller oluşturmak üzere. Bu yöntemlerin son sürümleri bu yazıda sunulmuştur. comp kullanılabilecek daha da geliştirilmesi ve karakterizasyonu diğer türleri,temsil edilenlere elemanının net, tartışılacaktır. Bu yöntemlerin son uygulamalar zaten atmosferik aerosoller, 3, 4, 5, 6 ve etki mekanizması olarak yüzey aktif madde konsantrasyonlarının belirlenmesi, kendisi 3 bu rolü olduğunu gösteren bu tür analizler bulut oluşumu yüzey aktif rolünün anlaşılması artırabilir göstermiştir bunların biyojenik kökenli, 3, 4, 7 gösteren ve klasik araçlar gözlem eksikliğini açıklayan bulut damlacık oluşumu, 3, 6. 8, 9, 10

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1448">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:828px;">Quartz filters</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Fioroni</td>
			<td style="width:235px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">for example &#216;47mm or &#216;150mm, Grammage 85g/m2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:828px;">Aluminium foils or glass Petri dishes</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td style="width:235px;"></td>
			<td>backed in oven (773 K, 6h)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:828px;">Tweezers, scissors</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td style="width:235px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:828px;">Desiccator</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td style="width:235px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:828px;">SPE (Solid Phase Extraction) set-up</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td style="width:235px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:828px;">SPE vacuum manifold Ac-Elut</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Varian&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:828px;">Pump Laboxat</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Knf LAB</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:828px;">Nitrogen dryer set-up</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">hand-made</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:828px;">Compressed Nirogen 4.5 in bottle B50, 200 bar at 15&#176;C</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Linde</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:828px;">Tensiometer</td>
			<td>Dataphysics&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">&#160;OCA 15EC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:828px;">Software</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td style="width:235px;">SCA software for OCA version 4-4.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:828px;">UV-Vis spectrometer</td>
			<td>Agilent</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">8453</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:828px;">Stir-plates</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td style="width:235px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:828px;">Glassware</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td style="width:235px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:828px;">Glass Petri dishes</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td style="width:235px;"></td>
			<td>for the water extraction step</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Beakers</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td style="width:235px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">15 mL, 30 mL, 60 mL glass bottles with corks</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td style="width:235px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Tubes for SPE</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td style="width:235px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Magnetic stirring bars</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td style="width:235px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:828px;">Ultrasound bath</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td style="width:235px;"></td>
			<td>for glassware washing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:828px;">Micropipettes (0.5 - 5 mL, 0.100 - 1mL, 10 - 100 &#956;L)</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Rainin Pipette-Life XLS</td>
			<td style="width:235px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:828px;">Disposable small&#160; equipment</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td style="width:235px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:828px;">Syringe filters 0.40&#956;m PVDF</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td style="width:235px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:828px;">SPE C18 cartridges Strata C18-E cartridges 500 mg / 3 mL&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Phenomenex</td>
			<td style="width:235px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Plastic syringes</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td style="width:235px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Needles</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td style="width:235px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">4 mL-vials</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td style="width:235px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Pasteur glass pipettes</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td style="width:235px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Micropipette tips</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td style="width:235px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:828px;">Chemicals</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td style="width:235px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) &#8805; 98.5 % Bioreagent</td>
			<td>Sigma- Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">L3771</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dioctyl sulfosuccinate sodium salt (AOT) &#8805; 97%</td>
			<td>Sigma- Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">323586</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Benzyltetradecyldimethylammonium (zephiramine)&#160; &#8805; 99.0 % anhydrous Fluka</td>
			<td>Sigma- Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">13401</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Cetyltrimethylammonium chloride solution (CTAC) 25 wt % in H2O</td>
			<td>Sigma- Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">292737</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenyl-polyethylene glycol (Triton X114) laboratory grade</td>
			<td>Sigma- Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">X114</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Polyethylene glycol dodecyl ether (Brij35) Fluka Bio Chemika</td>
			<td>Sigma- Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">858366</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">L-&#945;-phosphatidylcholine from egg yolk type XVI-E&#160; lyophilized powder &#8805; 99 %</td>
			<td>Sigma- Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">P3556</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Surfactin from Bacillus subtilis &#8805; 98 %</td>
			<td>Sigma- Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">S3523</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">R-95Dd rhamnolipid (95 % dirhamnolipid, 5 % monorhamnolipid)&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma- Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">L510025</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ethyl violet cationic triarylmethane dye</td>
			<td>Sigma- Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">228842</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Patent Blue VF dye content 50 %</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">198218</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ammonium thiocyanate &#8805; 99 % puriss. p.a.,&#160; ACS reagent</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">31120</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Cobalt(II) nitrate hexahydrate &#8805; 98 % ACS reagent</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">239267</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Acetic anhydride &#8805; 99 % ReagentPlus</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">320102</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sodium acetate &#8805; 99.0 % anhydrous Reagent Plus</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">S8750</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid 99.4&#8722; 100.6 % ACS reagent powder</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">E9884</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sodium sulfate anhydrous &#8805; 99.0 % granulated puriss. p.a. ACS reagent Fluka</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">71960</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ethanol puriss. p.a. ACS Reagent&#160; reag. Ph. Eur. 96% (v/v)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">32294</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Acetonitrile&#160; &#8805; 99.9 % HiPerSolv CHROMANORM Reag. Ph. Eur. (European Pharmacopoeia Reagent) grade gradient for HPLC</td>
			<td>VWR BDH Prolabo</td>
			<td>20060.32</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">to be manipulated under hood</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Chloroform 99 % stable with 0.8&#8722;1 % ethanol</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">L13200-0F</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">to be manipulated under hood</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Toluene &#62; 99 %</td>
			<td>Chimie Plus</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">24053</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">to be manipulated under hood</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Denatured ethanol for washing</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td style="width:235px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:828px;">Ultra-Pure water</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Ultrapure water system Purelab Classic, Elga</td>
			<td style="width:235px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

extraction and characterization of surfactants from atmospheric aerosols

Atmosferik aerosoller içinde mevcut yüzey-aktif bileşikler, ya da yüzey aktif maddeler, dünya atmosferinin, meteoroloji, hidrolojideki merkezi bir işlemde, sıvı su bulutların oluşumunda önemli bir rol oynaması beklenmektedir ve klima sistemleri için olan. Bu bileşiklerin spesifik çıkarma ve karakterizasyon yıllardır eksik olmasından dolayı Fakat, çok az böylece bulut oluşumu ve Dünya&#39;nın ekosistemlerin ile potansiyel bağlantılarla dolu anlayış önlenmesi, aksiyon ve kökeni kimlik, özellikleri, moda bilinir. Bu yazıda son atmosferik aerosol örneklerden elde edilen yüzey aktif maddeler arasında 1) hedef ekstraksiyon için ve kritik aerosol dahil aşamasında mutlak konsantrasyonları) 2 belirlenmesi ve su içinde 3) statik yüzey gerilimi eğrileri, için yöntemler geliştirilmiştir bulundular misel konsantrasyonunun (CMC). Bu yöntemler, 9 referanslar yüzey aktif maddeler ile doğrulanmıştır, iNCLUDING, anyonik, katyonik ve non-iyonik olanlar. sonuçlara örnekler ileri geliştirmeler ve tartışılmıştır anlatılandan daha başka özellik tayini için Hırvatistan ve önerileri bir kıyı bölgesinde toplanan ince aerosol parçacıklarının (çap &lt;1 um) bulunan yüzey aktif maddeler için sunulmaktadır.

Not: Atmosferik örneklerde uygulanan önce, bu bölümde yer alan tüm protokoller 9 referans yüzey aktif maddeler ve yüzey gerilim eğrileri, en az yüzey gerilimleri ile test edilmiştir ve elde edilen CMCs literatür ile mükemmel bir uyum içindedirler. 21, 22 1. konsantrasyonları sırasıyla Bölüm 2 ve 3&#39;te tarif edildiği gibi ince aerosoller (çapı &lt;1 um ya da &quot;PM1&quot;) örnekleri Bu örnekler ele alınmış ve ekstre edilmiştir Şubat 2015 yılında Rogoznica&#39;da, Hırvat kıyı bölgesinde Kuvars lifi filtreler üzerinde toplandı Bu el yazması. Anyonik, katyonik ve non-iyonik yüzey aktif maddeler ve bir aerosol numune hacmi içindeki toplam yüzey aktif madde konsantrasyonu, Cı sörf, s (M) konsantrasyonu, Bölüm 4, T göre ölçülmüştürO Sonuçlar Şekil 1 &#39;de sunulmuştur ve ölçülen yüzey arasında anyonik ve iyonik olmayan yüzey aktif maddelerin hakimiyeti kanıt vardır. Ekstre edilmiş yüzey aktif maddeler için örnek ve Yüzey Gerilimi Eğrisinin 2. Yüzey Gerilimi Şekil 2&#39;de gösterildiği gibi, Bölüm 5 ve konsantrasyon ölçümleri de tarif edildiği gibi yüzey gerilimi ölçümlerin birleştirilmesi, aynı numune için ortalama yüzey gerilim eğrileri ile sonuçlanmıştır. Bu eğriler, aerosol numunedeki yüzey aktif madde konsantrasyonu ve bu örneklerin yüzey gerilimini ( &quot;σ dak&quot;) gösterir ve grafiksel CMC değerleri (Şekil 2) tespit edilmesini sağlar. <img alt="Şekil 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55622/55622fig1.jpg" /> şekil1: Rogoznica&#39;da Hırvatistan&#39;da toplanan ince aerosoller (PM1) içerisinde yüzey aktif konsantrasyonları. Anyonik (mavi), katyonik (kırmızı), non-iyonik yüzey aktif maddeler (yeşil) ve toplam yüzey aktif madde konsantrasyonu, aerosol fazda (her bir yüzey aktif madde konsantrasyonlarının toplamı), Cı-sörf, s (M) konsantrasyonları, kolorimetrik ölçülür Şubat 2015 yılında Rogoznica&#39;da, Hırvat kıyı bölgesinde toplanan ince (&lt;1 um) atmosfer aerosollerde yöntem sonuçlar açık bir şekilde, anyonik ve iyonik olmayan yüzey aktif maddelerin hakimiyeti göstermektedir. <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55622/55622fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">Bu rakamın büyük halini görmek için buraya tıklayın.</a> <img alt="şekil 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55622/55622fig2.jpg" /> Aerosollerde yüzey aktif için tipik yüzey gerilimi eğrisi ve CMC: Şekil 2,Rogoznica, Hırvatistan. yüzey gerilimi ve konsantrasyon ölçümleri birleştirilmesi ile elde 03/02/2015 numunesinde yüzey aktif maddeler için mutlak yüzey gerilimi eğrisi. siyah noktalar yüzey aktif madde özütünün ölçülen yüzey gerilimi temsil eder. Eğrilerinin sonunda turuncu bir nokta hesaplanan aerosol numunedeki konsantrasyonunun (aşama 4.4.6) ve &quot;σ min&quot;, yüzey gerilimini temsil etmektedir. CMC grafik belirlenmesi gösterilmektedir. <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55622/55622fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">Bu rakamın büyük halini görmek için buraya tıklayın.</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Extraction and Characterization of Surfactants from Atmospheric Aerosols at JoVE.com

Extraction and Characterization of Surfactants from Atmospheric Aerosols

Yöntem atmosferik aerosollerde, bu yüzey hedeflenen ekstraksiyon ve kritik misel konsantrasyonunun (CMC) içeren su içinde mutlak konsantrasyonları ve yüzey gerilimi eğrilerinin belirlenmesi için sunulmaktadır.

Atmosferik Aerosoller ekstraksiyonu ve Yüzey Aktif Karakterizasyonu

Surface-active compounds, or surfactants, present in atmospheric aerosols are expected to play important roles in the formation of liquid water clouds in ...

extraction-characterization-surfactants-from-atmospheric

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

16.7K Görüntüleme.  IRCELYON, F-69626.  Yöntem atmosferik aerosollerde, bu yüzey hedeflenen ekstraksiyon ve kritik misel konsantrasyonunun (CMC) içeren su içinde mutlak konsantrasyonları ve yüzey gerilimi eğrilerinin belirlenmesi için sunulmaktadır. 

Video: Extraction and Characterization of Surfactants from Atmospheric Aerosols

Exploring the Effects of Atmospheric Forcings on Evaporation: Experimental Integration of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer and Shallow Subsurface

Evaporation is directly influenced by the interactions between the atmosphere, land surface and soil subsurface. This work aims to experimentally study evaporation under various surface boundary conditions to improve our current understanding and characterization of this multiphase phenomenon as well as to validate numerical heat and mass transfer theories that couple Navier-Stokes flow in the atmosphere and Darcian flow in the porous media. Experimental data were collected using a unique soil tank apparatus interfaced with a small climate controlled wind tunnel. The experimental apparatus was instrumented with a suite of state of the art sensor technologies for the continuous and autonomous collection of soil moisture, soil thermal properties, soil and air temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed. This experimental apparatus can be used to generate data under well controlled boundary conditions, allowing for better control and gathering of accurate data at scales of interest not feasible in the field. Induced airflow at several distinct wind speeds over the soil surface resulted in unique behavior of heat and mass transfer during the different evaporative stages.

A protocol for the design and construction of a soil tank interfaced to a small climate controlled wind tunnel to study the effects of atmospheric forcings on evaporation is presented. Both the soil tank and wind tunnel are instrumented with sensor technologies for the continuous in situ measurement of environmental conditions.

Buharlaşma Atmosferik zorlamalara Etkilerinin keşfetmek: Atmosferik Sınır Tabakası ve Sığ Yer altı Deneysel Entegrasyon

Evaporation is directly influenced by the interactions between the atmosphere, land surface and soil subsurface. This work aims to experimentally study ...

Çevre

Simultaneous DNA-RNA Extraction from Coastal Sediments and Quantification of 16S rRNA Genes and Transcripts by Real-time PCR

Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction also known as quantitative PCR (q-PCR) is a widely used tool in microbial ecology to quantify gene abundances of taxonomic and functional groups in environmental samples. Used in combination with a reverse transcriptase reaction (RT-q-PCR), it can also be employed to quantify gene transcripts. q-PCR makes use of highly sensitive fluorescent detection chemistries that allow quantification of PCR amplicons during the exponential phase of the reaction. Therefore, the biases associated with &#39;end-point&#39; PCR detected in the plateau phase of the PCR reaction are avoided. A protocol to quantify bacterial 16S rRNA genes and transcripts from coastal sediments via real-time PCR is provided. First, a method for the co-extraction of DNA and RNA from coastal sediments, including the additional steps required for the preparation of DNA-free RNA, is outlined. Second, a step-by-step guide for the quantification of 16S rRNA genes and transcripts from the extracted nucleic acids via q-PCR and RT-q-PCR is outlined. This includes details for the construction of DNA and RNA standard curves. Key considerations for the use of RT-q-PCR assays in microbial ecology are included.

A protocol to quantify bacterial 16S rRNA genes and transcripts from coastal sediments via real-time PCR is provided. The methodology includes the co-extraction of DNA and RNA; preparation of DNA-free RNA; and 16S rRNA gene and transcript quantification via RT-q-PCR, including standard curve construction.

Gerçek zamanlı PCR ile Kıyı tortulları ve Niceleme 16S rRNA Genler ve Transkriptler eşzamanlı DNA-RNA Ekstraksiyon

Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction also known as quantitative PCR (q-PCR) is a widely used tool in microbial ecology to quantify gene abundances of ...

Laboratory Simulation of an Iron(II)-rich Precambrian Marine Upwelling System to Explore the Growth of Photosynthetic Bacteria

A conventional concept for the deposition of some Precambrian Banded Iron Formations (BIF) proceeds on the assumption that ferrous iron [Fe(II)] upwelling from hydrothermal sources in the Precambrian ocean was oxidized by molecular oxygen [O2] produced by cyanobacteria. The oldest BIFs, deposited prior to the Great Oxidation Event (GOE) at about 2.4 billion years (Gy) ago, could have formed by direct oxidation of Fe(II) by anoxygenic photoferrotrophs under anoxic conditions. As a method for testing the geochemical and mineralogical patterns that develop under different biological scenarios, we designed a 40 cm long vertical flow-through column to simulate an anoxic Fe(II)-rich marine upwelling system representative of an ancient ocean on a lab scale. The cylinder was packed with a porous glass bead matrix to stabilize the geochemical gradients, and liquid samples for iron quantification could be taken throughout the water column. Dissolved oxygen was detected non-invasively via optodes from the outside. Results from biotic experiments that involved upwelling fluxes of Fe(II) from the bottom, a distinct light gradient from top, and cyanobacteria present in the water column, show clear evidence for the formation of Fe(III) mineral precipitates and development of a chemocline between Fe(II) and O2. This column allows us to test hypotheses for the formation of the BIFs by culturing cyanobacteria (and in the future photoferrotrophs) under simulated marine Precambrian conditions. Furthermore we hypothesize that our column concept allows for the simulation of various chemical and physical environments &#8212; including shallow marine or lacustrine sediments.

Laboratory Simulation of an IronII-rich Precambrian Marine Upwelling System to Explore the Growth of Photosynthetic Bacteria

We simulated a Precambrian ferruginous marine upwelling system in a lab-scale vertical flow-through column. The goal was to understand how geochemical profiles of O2 and Fe(II) evolve as cyanobacteria produce O2. The results show the establishment of a chemocline due to Fe(II) oxidation by photosynthetically produced O2.

Prekambriyen Deniz upwelling Sistemi Fotosentetik Bakteri Büyüme Keşfet bakımından zengin bir Demir (II) Laboratuar Simülasyonu

A conventional concept for the deposition of some Precambrian Banded Iron Formations (BIF) proceeds on the assumption that ferrous iron [Fe(II)] upwelling ...

Extraction of Structural Extracellular Polymeric Substances from Aerobic Granular Sludge

To evaluate and develop methodologies for the extraction of gel-forming extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), EPS from aerobic granular sludge (AGS) was extracted using six different methods (centrifugation, sonication, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), formamide with sodium hydroxide (NaOH), formaldehyde with NaOH and sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) with heat and constant mixing). AGS was collected from a pilot wastewater treatment reactor. The ionic gel-forming property of the extracted EPS of the six different extraction methods was tested with calcium ions (Ca2+). From the six extraction methods used, only the Na2CO3 extraction could solubilize the hydrogel matrix of AGS. The alginate-like extracellular polymers (ALE) recovered with this method formed ionic gel beads with Ca2+. The Ca2+-ALE beads were stable in EDTA, formamide with NaOH and formaldehyde with NaOH, indicating that ALE are one part of the structural polymers in EPS. It is recommended to use an extraction method that combines physical and chemical treatment to solubilize AGS and extract structural EPS.

The protocol provides a methodology to solubilize aerobic granular sludge in order to extract alginate-like extracellular polymers (ALE).

Aerobik Granül Çamur dan Yapısal Ekstrasellüler polimerik maddelerin çıkarımı

To evaluate and develop methodologies for the extraction of gel-forming extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), EPS from aerobic granular sludge (AGS) ...

Biofilm Removal Using Carbon Dioxide Aerosols without Nitrogen Purge

Biofilms can cause serious concerns in many applications. Not only can they cause economic losses, but they can also present a public health hazard. Therefore, it is highly desirable to remove biofilms from surfaces. Many studies on CO2 aerosol cleaning have employed nitrogen purges to increase biofilm removal efficiency by reducing the moisture condensation generated during the cleaning. However, in this study, periodic jets of CO2 aerosols without nitrogen purges were used to remove Pseudomonas putida biofilms from polished stainless steel surfaces. CO2 aerosols are mixtures of solid and gaseous CO2 and are generated when high-pressure CO2 gas is adiabatically expanded through a nozzle. These high-speed aerosols were applied to a biofilm that had been grown for 24 hr. The removal efficiency ranged from 90.36% to 98.29% and was evaluated by measuring the fluorescence intensity of the biofilm as the treatment time was varied from 16 sec to 88 sec. We also performed experiments to compare the removal efficiencies with and without nitrogen purges; the measured biofilm removal efficiencies were not significantly different from each other (t-test, p &gt; 0.55). Therefore, this technique can be used to clean various bio-contaminated surfaces within one minute.

Biofilms on surfaces can be effectively and rapidly removed by using a periodic jet of carbon dioxide aerosols without a nitrogen purge.

Biyofilm Kaldırma azotla temizleme karbon dioksiti aerosollerle

Biofilms can cause serious concerns in many applications. Not only can they cause economic losses, but they can also present a public health hazard. ...

Extraction of Organochlorine Pesticides from Plastic Pellets and Plastic Type Analysis

Plastic resin pellets, categorized as microplastics (&#8804;5 mm in diameter), are small granules that can be unintentionally released to the environment during manufacturing and transport. Because of their environmental persistence, they are widely distributed in the oceans and on beaches all over the world. They can act as a vector of potentially toxic organic compounds (e.g., polychlorinated biphenyls) and might consequently negatively affect marine organisms. Their possible impacts along the food chain are not yet well understood. In order to assess the hazards associated with the occurrence of plastic pellets in the marine environment, it is necessary to develop methodologies that allow for rapid determination of associated organic contaminant levels. The present protocol describes the different steps required for sampling resin pellets, analyzing adsorbed organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and identifying the plastic type. The focus is on the extraction of OCPs from plastic pellets by means of a pressurized fluid extractor (PFE) and on the polymer chemical analysis applying Fourier Transform-InfraRed (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The developed methodology focuses on 11 OCPs and related compounds, including dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its two main metabolites, lindane and two production isomers, as well as the two biologically active isomers of technical endosulfan. This protocol constitutes a simple and rapid alternative to existing methodology for evaluating the concentration of organic contaminants adsorbed on plastic pieces.

Microplastics act as vector of potentially toxic organic contaminants with unpredictable effects. This protocol describes an alternative methodology for assessing the levels of organochlorine pesticides adsorbed on plastic pellets and identifying the polymer chemical structure. The focus is on pressurized fluid extraction and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.

Plastik Peletlerden Organochlorine Pestisitlerin Çıkarılması ve Plastik Tipi Analizi

Plastic resin pellets, categorized as microplastics (&#8804;5 mm in diameter), are small granules that can be unintentionally released to the environment ...

Experimental Methods of Dust Charging and Mobilization on Surfaces with Exposure to Ultraviolet Radiation or Plasmas

Electrostatic dust transport has been hypothesized to explain a number of observations of unusual planetary phenomena. Here, it is demonstrated using three recently developed experiments in which dust particles are exposed to thermal plasma with beam electrons, beam electrons only, or ultraviolet (UV) radiation only. The UV light source has a narrow bandwidth in wavelength centered at 172 nm. The beam electrons with the energy of 120 eV are created with a negatively biased hot filament. When the vacuum chamber is filled with the argon gas, a thermal plasma is created in addition to the electron beam. Insulating dust particles of a few tens of microns in diameter are used in the experiments. Dust particles are recorded to be lofted to a height up to a few centimeters with a launch speed up to 1 m/s. These experiments demonstrate that photo and/or secondary electron emission from a dusty surface changes the charging mechanism of dust particles. According to the recently developed &#34;patched charge model&#34;, the emitted electrons can be re-absorbed inside microcavities between neighboring dust particles below the surface, causing the accumulation of enhanced negative charges on the surrounding dust particles. The repulsive forces between these negatively charged particles may be large enough to mobilize and lift them off the surface. These experiments present the advanced understanding of dust charging and transport on dusty surfaces, and laid a foundation for future investigations of its role in the surface evolution of airless planetary bodies.

Dust charging and mobilization is demonstrated in three experiments with exposure to thermal plasma with beam electrons, beam electrons only, or ultraviolet (UV) radiation only. These experiments present the advanced understanding of electrostatic dust transport and its role in shaping the surfaces of airless planetary bodies.

Toz şarj ve ultraviyole radyasyon veya plazmasının maruz kalma ile yüzeylerde seferberlik deneysel yöntemleri

Electrostatic dust transport has been hypothesized to explain a number of observations of unusual planetary phenomena. Here, it is demonstrated using ...

In Situ Hybridization Techniques for Paraffin-Embedded Adult Coral Samples

Corals are important ocean invertebrates that are critical for overall ocean health as well as human health. However, due to human impacts such as rising ocean temperatures and ocean acidification, corals are increasingly under threat. To tackle these challenges, advances in cell and molecular biology have proven to be crucial for diagnosing the health of corals. Modifying some of the techniques commonly used in human medicine could greatly improve researchers&#39; ability to treat and save corals. To address this, a protocol for in situ hybridization used primarily in human medicine and evolutionary developmental biology has been adapted for use in adult corals under stress.
The purpose of this method is to visualize the spatial expression of an RNA probe in adult coral tissue that has been embedded in paraffin and sectioned onto glass slides. This method focuses on removal of the paraffin and rehydration of the sample, pretreatment of the sample to ensure permeability of the sample, pre-hybridization incubation, hybridization of the RNA probe, and visualization of the RNA probe. This is a powerful method when using non-model organisms to discover where specific genes are expressed, and the protocol can be easily adapted for other non-model organisms. However, the method is limited in that it is primarily qualitative, because expression intensity can vary depending on the amount of time used during the visualization step and the concentration of the probe. Furthermore, patience is required, as this protocol can take up to 5 days (and in many cases, longer) depending on the probe being used. Finally, non-specific background staining is common, but this limitation can be overcome.

In Situ Hybridization Techniques for Paraffin-Embedded Adult Coral Samples

The goal of this protocol is to perform in situ hybridization on adult coral samples that have been embedded in paraffin and sectioned onto glass slides. This is a qualitative method used to visualize the spatial expression of an RNA anti-sense probe in paraffin-embedded tissues.

Situ Parafin gömülü yetişkin mercan örnekleri için hibridizasyon teknikleri

Corals are important ocean invertebrates that are critical for overall ocean health as well as human health. However, due to human impacts such as rising ...

Sampling, Sorting, and Characterizing Microplastics in Aquatic Environments with High Suspended Sediment Loads and Large Floating Debris

The ubiquitous presence of plastic debris in the ocean is widely recognized by the public, scientific communities, and government agencies. However, only recently have microplastics in freshwater systems, such as rivers and lakes, been quantified. Microplastic sampling at the surface usually consists of deploying drift nets behind either a stationary or moving boat, which limits the sampling to environments with low levels of suspended sediments and floating or submerged debris. Previous studies that employed drift nets to collect microplastic debris typically used nets with &#8805;300 &#181;m mesh size, allowing plastic debris (particles and fibers) below this size to pass through the net and elude quantification. The protocol detailed here enables: 1) sample collection in environments with high suspended loads and floating or submerged debris and 2) the capture and quantification of microplastic particles and fibers &lt;300 &#181;m. Water samples were collected using a peristaltic pump in low-density polyethylene (PE) containers to be stored before filtering and analysis in the lab. Filtration was done with a custom-made microplastic filtration device containing detachable union joints that housed nylon mesh sieves and mixed cellulose ester membrane filters. Mesh sieves and membrane filters were examined with a stereomicroscope to quantify and separate microplastic particulates and fibers. These materials were then examined using a micro-attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (micro ATR-FTIR) to determine microplastic polymer type. Recovery was measured by spiking samples using blue PE particulates and green nylon fibers; percent recovery was determined to be 100% for particulates and 92% for fibers. This protocol will guide similar studies on microplastics in high velocity rivers with high concentrations of sediment. With simple modifications to the peristaltic pump and filtration device, users can collect and analyze various sample volumes and particulate sizes.

Most microplastic research to date has occurred in marine systems where suspended solid levels are relatively low. Focus is now shifting to freshwater systems, which may feature high sediment loads and floating debris. This protocol addresses collecting and analyzing microplastic samples from aquatic environments that contain high suspended solid loads.

Örnekleme, sıralama ve Microplastics su ortamlarında yüksek askıya alınan tortu yükler ve büyük yüzen enkaz ile karakterize

The ubiquitous presence of plastic debris in the ocean is widely recognized by the public, scientific communities, and government agencies. However, only ...

Design and Use of an Apparatus for Quantifying Bivalve Suspension Feeding at Sea

As shellfish aquaculture moves from coastal embayments and estuaries to offshore locations, the need to quantify ecosystem interactions of farmed bivalves (i.e., mussels, oysters, and clams) presents new challenges. Quantitative data on the feeding behavior of suspension-feeding mollusks is necessary to determine important ecosystem interactions of offshore shellfish farms, including their carrying capacity, the competition with the zooplankton community, the availability of trophic resources at different depths, and the deposition to the benthos. The biodeposition method is used to quantify feeding variables in suspension-feeding bivalves in a natural setting and represents a more realistic proxy than laboratory experiments. This method, however, relies upon a stable platform to satisfy the requirements that water flow rates supplied to the shellfish remain constant and the bivalves are undisturbed. A flow-through device and process for using the biodeposition method to quantify the feeding of bivalve mollusks were modified from a land-based format for shipboard use by building a two-dimensional gimbal table around the device. Planimeter data reveal a minimal pitch and yaw of the chambers containing the test shellfish despite boat motion, the flow rates within the chambers remain constant, and operators are able to collect the biodeposits (feces and pseudofeces) with sufficient consistency to obtain accurate measurements of the bivalve clearance, filtration, selection, ingestion, rejection, and absorption at offshore shellfish aquaculture sites.

A flow-through device for using the biodeposition method to quantify filtration and feeding behavior of bivalve mollusks was modified for shipboard use. A two-dimensional gimbal table built around the device isolates the apparatus from boat motion, thereby allowing the accurate quantification of bivalve filtration variables at offshore shellfish aquaculture sites.

Tasarım ve deniz kabuklu süspansiyon besleme miktarının için bir aparat kullanımı

As shellfish aquaculture moves from coastal embayments and estuaries to offshore locations, the need to quantify ecosystem interactions of farmed bivalves ...