Agradecimentos especiais para o St. Regis Divisão Mohawk Ambiental, Welaka National Fish Hatchery, US Fish and Wildlife Service Research Unit, Southern Illinois University, US Fish and Wildlife Service Nordeste Fisheries Center, Sterling Caviar, Universidade da Califórnia-Davis, Garrison Dam National Fish incubatório, Bears Bluff National Fish Hatchery, e US Fish and Wildlife Service Panamá Office Resource Cidade das Pescas sua ajuda fornecimento de esturjão para este projeto. este artigo é Contribuição 2013 do USGS Great Lakes Science Center.

NOTA IMPORTANTE: Devido ao estado de protecção de todas as espécies de esturjão nos Estados Unidos, permite adquirir e processar peixes foram obtidas antes do procedimento laboratorial. Todos os espécimes foram adquiridos a partir de fontes de incubação post mortem devido a causas naturais e eliminados após um procedimento padrão. 1. Preparação de Amostras <ol><li> Antes de quaisquer incisões estabelecer carcaça esturjão no seu lado e usando uma fita de medição para medir o comprimento total da cabeça até à ponta da cauda para o mais próximo de 1 mm. (Figura 1A) </li><li> Pesar esturjão de carcaça em uma escala tarado a 1 g mais próximo. Avaliar carcaça para quaisquer marcas externas ou marcas e registro. </li></ol> 2. Otolith Extração <ol><li> Adicione uma incisão vertical com uma grande faca da faixa entre a base do crânio e a primeira scute dorsal através do corpo para separar a cabeça do corpo (Figura 1B). Depois de retirar a cabeça, turn a cabeça para que a boca está voltada para cima (Figura 1C). </li><li> Remover tecidos moles da boca e brânquias usando a faca da faixa para cortar ao longo do lado ventral do crânio (Figura 1D). Faça uma incisão com uma serra óssea elétrica a partir da ponta do focinho até a base do crânio até bissetriz completamente a cabeça (Figura 1E). Separaram-se as duas metades com a mão para expor a cavidade do cérebro (Figura 2A). </li><li> Retire e matéria cerebral (Caixa vermelha à esquerda) com uma pinça para ver canais semicirculares (Caixa vermelha à direita) dentro da cavidade cerebral (Figura 2B) descartar. </li><li> Remover cartilagem do canal semicircular da cavidade cérebro com uma pinça (Figura 2C). Cuidadosamente perfurar cartilagem canal semicircular com a ponta do fórceps e remover otolítica (Figura 2D). Remova o otolith (estrutura óssea duro dentro da cartilagem) com uma pinça de cartilagem canal semicircular (Figura 2E) </strong&gt;. </li><li> Repita os passos de 2,3-2,4 para remover otolítica a partir da outra metade do crânio. </li><li> Mergulhe os otólitos em 92% de etanol durante 5 segundos para remover qualquer cartilagem. Coloque otólitos em um 25 ml frasco de cintilação aberta para secar por 24 horas. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Auer, N. A., LeBreton, G. T. O., Beamish, F. W. H., McKinley, R. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Conservation.">Conservation.</a> Sturgeons and Paddlefish of North America. 27, 252-276 (2004).</li><li>Campana, S. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Accuracy,+precision+and+quality+control+in+age+determination,+including+a+review+of+the+use+and+abuse+of+age+validation+methods).">Accuracy, precision and quality control in age determination, including a review of the use and abuse of age validation methods).</a> Journal of Fish Biology. 59, 197-242 (2001).</li><li>Bruch, R. M., Campana, S. E., Davis-Foust, S. L., Hansen, M. J., Janssen, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lake+Sturgeon+age+validation+using+bomb+radiocarbon+and+known-age+fish.">Lake Sturgeon age validation using bomb radiocarbon and known-age fish.</a> Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 138, 361-372 (2009).</li><li>Baremore, I. E., Rosati, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+validated,+minimally+deleterious+method+for+ageing+sturgeon.">A validated, minimally deleterious method for ageing sturgeon.</a> Fishery Bulletin. 112, 274-282 (2014).</li><li>Stevensen, J. T., Secor, D. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Age+determination+and+growth+of+Hudson+River+Atlantic+sturgeon,+Acipenser+oxyrhynchus.">Age determination and growth of Hudson River Atlantic sturgeon, Acipenser oxyrhynchus.</a> Fishery Bulletin. 97, 153-166 (1999).</li><li>Brennan, J. S., Cailliet, G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparative+age-determination+techniques+for+white+sturgeon+in+California.">Comparative age-determination techniques for white sturgeon in California.</a> Transactions of the American Fishery Society. 118, 296-310 (1989).</li><li>Rossiter, A., Noakes, D. L. G., Beamish, F. W. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Validation+of+age+estimation+for+the+lake+sturgeon.">Validation of age estimation for the lake sturgeon.</a> Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 124, 777-781 (1995).</li><li>Chalupnicki, M. A., Dittman, D. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=North+American+Sturgeon+Otolith+Morphology.">North American Sturgeon Otolith Morphology.</a> Copeia. , 260-266 (2016).</li><li>Secor, D. H., Dean, J. M., Laban, E. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Manual for otolith removal and preparation for microstructural examination. , (1991).</li></ol>

Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.

A visão geral de um método alternativo de extrair otólitos de carcaças de esturjão foi detalhado. É importante notar que a atenção especial é necessário para a colocação de incisão lateral na linha média do crânio, de modo a bissectar o crânio de maneira uniforme para garantir que não haja danos para os otolitos durante a dissecção. Se a incisão não é suficientemente profundo para bissectar completamente o crânio que vai ser muito difícil para expor a cavidade do cérebro, onde a localização dos otolitos é claramente visível. Com a experiência, a técnica geral é relativamente simples e conduz a uma elevada percentagem dos otólitos sendo encontrado intacto. Este novo método proporciona uma forma alternativa pesquisas para extrair otolitos para fins que não esturjão que pode ser difícil utilizando métodos de extracção padrão otolíticos espécies. Limitações para este método são a aplicabilidade para uma configuração não para uso em campo laboratório. O tempo necessário para a preparação da carcaça não é propício para amostras coletadasno campo em tempo hábil. Outra preocupação é o uso de espécies de esturjão que normalmente são protegidas pela lei estadual ou federal, devido a declínios populacionais. É muito difícil obter licenças para conduzir este tipo de avaliação à custa de sacrificar os indivíduos que são necessários para manter as populações vivo. No entanto, quando espécimes mortos estão disponíveis através de causas naturais esta técnica fornece uma maneira útil para recolher mais informações que estariam disponíveis de outra forma. É importante notar a importância desta técnica para remover com êxito otólitos do esturjão que utilizam este método alternativo. As técnicas existentes remoção otólitos da região dorsal da cabeça ainda são úteis e benéficas, mas não aplicável para o esturjão. Usando esta nova técnica para expor a cavidade cérebro também dá acesso e aplicabilidade para outras áreas da função neural e morfologia do cérebro. Esta nova técnica pode ser benéficousar em outras espécies de peixes com paredes do crânio muito espessas ou onde há uma quantidade limitada de peixes a ser usado para a extração otolith.

Sturgeon (Acipenseridae) populações em todo o mundo têm vindo a diminuir para mais de um século devido aos impactos, incluindo a perda de habitat, fragmentação populacional e pesca excessiva de tal forma que muitas populações estão protegidos por leis estaduais e federais 1,2. Agências de gestão de todo o EUA e o mundo têm identificado esturjão como espécie-alvo para a restauração e recuperação 1. Características da população (crescimento, o recrutamento, a dieta) da maioria das populações de esturjão foram estudados para compreender melhor as características básicas de biologia e história de vida 1. Devido ao status de proteção da maioria das populações de esturjão, avaliação de idade é difícil em pequenas populações ameaçadas, onde nenhum sacrifício ou o dano aos indivíduos seja justificada. A extracção de estruturas ósseas para efeitos de estimativa da idade e análise de crescimento tem sido uma técnica comum 3 .A utilização de secções de raios aleta para determinar a idade de Sturgeno tornou-se um método não-letal prático, mas a verificação da técnica tem sido limitada e idade podem ser muito difíceis de decifrar em indivíduos mais velhos (&gt; 15 anos) 4. Os pesquisadores avaliaram o uso de múltiplas estruturas ósseas em Sturgeon para a sua utilização na validação da idade do Golfo do esturjão (Acipenser oxyrinchus desoti) 5, Atlantic Sturgeon (A. o. Oxyrinchus) 6, esturjão branco (A. transmontanus) 7, e Lake Sturgeon (A. fluvescens) 8 concluiu que o primeiro peitoral marginal ray fin desde a idade mais preciso, mas concluiu este procedimento invasivo para ser prejudicial a indivíduos maiores. Atualmente, não há o desenvolvimento da utilização de métricas de forma otolíticos distinguir entre espécies de esturjão norte-americano com uma taxa muito elevada de sucesso 9. Os detalhes sobre o processo de remoção do otolítica com uma incisão dorsal transversal na base do crânio é um otolítica comum adicionalMétodo ction encontrados em toda a literatura e claramente detalhado por Secor et al. (1991) 10. No entanto, este método é difícil de implementar em esturjão que têm crânios muito grossas com otolitos que são pequenas e delicadas e tenderiam a quebrar. A nova revisão da literatura mostra nenhuma outra metodologia detalhada do processo de remoção otolith de esturjão. O objetivo deste trabalho foi detalhar um método alternativo de extrair otólitos do esturjão por entrar na cavidade cerebral do lado ventral.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="573">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Measuring Board</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Metric meter stick is preferred</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Weighing scale</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Filleting Knife</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Scalpel</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Forceps</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Sample vials</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>25 ml scintillation vials work well</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

alternative method of removing otoliths from sturgeon

Extraindo os otólitos (ossos do ouvido) de peixes que têm os crânios muito grossas pode ser tempo difícil e muito demorado. A prática comum de fazer uma incisão vertical transversal no topo do crânio com uma mão ou uma serra elétrica pode danificar o otolith se não for realizado corretamente. Esturjões (Acipenseridae) são uma família em particular, que têm um crânio muito grande e grosso. Um novo método de laboratório de entrar na cavidade do cérebro do lado ventral do peixe para expor as otolitos era mais fácil do que os outros métodos de extracção otolíticos encontrados na literatura. Métodos de avaliação na literatura são projetados para o campo e são mais eficientes no processamento de grandes quantidades de peixe rapidamente. No entanto, esta nova técnica foi concebida para ser mais adequado para um ambiente de laboratório em que o tempo não é prensagem e extracção bem sucedida a partir de cada amostra é crítica. O sucesso de encontrar e remover otolitos usando esta técnica é muito alta e não compromete as sstrutura de qualquer maneira. Esta técnica alternativa é aplicável a outras espécies de peixes semelhantes para extrair os otolitos.

O tamanho adulto de esturjão em todo o mundo varia muito, mas a localização das otolitos é consistente. O uso de uma faca afiada filete foi encontrado para remover o tecido mole da boca facilmente mostrado na Figura 1D. Uma serra óssea elétrica é a ferramenta preferida para a incisão lateral para expor a cavidade cerebral na Figura 1E. No entanto, a atenção para que atravessa a linha média do crânio é normalmente necessário otólitos pode ser esmagado durante este processo. Se este processo for efectuado correctamente, então a cavidade do cérebro serão expostos de maneira uniforme, sem danos para os otolitos como mostrado na Figura 2A. A matéria do cérebro é facilmente removido com a utilização de uma pinça, como na Figura 2B e encontrar a cartilagem do canal semicircular que contém o otolítica é facilmente encontrada na base da cavidade do cérebro, como mostrado na Figura 2C. A cartilagem encontrada no canal semicircular é easily removido do otolítica com um par de pinças, como visto na Figura 2D. Este procedimento demonstra com sucesso a remoção do otolítica esturjão e é um passo preliminar de uma análise mais quantitativa da história de vida do peixe. sucesso resultado pode ser medido pela remoção do otolith sem quebrar a estrutura. as taxas de crescimento e a determinação da idade estão duas métricas que podem ser avaliadas com a utilização dos otolitos removidos. Análise de formas de diferenciação das espécies é outra métrica mensurável que pode ser desenvolvido a partir dos otólitos. <img alt="figura 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/54316/54316fig1.jpg" /> Figura 1. Colocação de Sturgeon Carcass para Otolith remoção. (A) Sturgeon Carcass Lateral View para medição e pesagem, (B) Vertical incisão para separar Sturgeon Cabeça de Bo<html> dy, (C) Virar cabeça para ver Boca e ventral lado da cabeça, (D) Tecidos Moles removido para expor ventral lateral do crânio, (E) incisão lateral da ponta do focinho à base do crânio <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/54316/54316fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">Por favor clique aqui para ver uma versão maior desta figura.</a> <img alt="Figura 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/54316/54316fig2.jpg" /> Figura 2. Exame interna da cavidade cerebral remover otólitos. (A) Cavity cérebro exposto após a cabeça está separada, (B) Cérebro Matéria removida para expor canais semicirculares, (C) do canal semicircular cartilagem removida, (D) Otolith Visto e removidos do canal semicircular cartilagem, (E) esturjão Otolith54316 / 54316fig2large.jpg &quot;target =&quot; _ blank &quot;&gt; Clique aqui para ver uma versão maior desta figura.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Alternative Method of Removing Otoliths from Sturgeon at JoVE.com

Alternative Method of Removing Otoliths from Sturgeon

The goal of the protocol is to show an effective method to extract the otoliths from sturgeon carcasses.

Método alternativo de remoção de otólitos de Sturgeon

Extracting the otoliths (ear bones) from fish that have very thick skulls can be difficult and very time consuming. The common practice of making a ...

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8.4K visualizações.  Great Lakes Science Center. The goal of the protocol is to show an effective method to extract the otoliths from sturgeon carcasses. 

Vídeo: Alternative Method of Removing Otoliths from Sturgeon

Detection of Foodborne Bacterial Pathogens from Individual Filth Flies

There is unanimous consensus that insects are important vectors of foodborne pathogens. However, linking insects as vectors of the pathogen causing a particular foodborne illness outbreak has been challenging. This is because insects are not being aseptically collected as part of an environmental sampling program during foodborne outbreak investigations and because there is not a standardized method to detect foodborne bacteria from individual insects. To take a step towards solving this problem, we adapted a protocol from a commercially available PCR-based system that detects foodborne pathogens from food and environmental samples, to detect foodborne pathogens from individual flies.Using this standardized protocol, we surveyed 100 wild-caught flies for the presence of Cronobacter spp., Salmonella enterica, and Listeria monocytogenes and demonstrated that it was possible to detect and further isolate these pathogens from the body surface and the alimentary canal of a single fly. Twenty-two percent of the alimentary canals and 8% of the body surfaces from collected wild flies were positive for at least one of the three foodborne pathogens. The prevalence of Cronobacter spp. on either body part of the flies was statistically higher (19%) than the prevalence of S. enterica (7%) and L.monocytogenes (4%). No false positives were observed when detecting S. enterica and L. monocytogenes using this PCR-based system because pure bacterial cultures were obtained from all PCR-positive results. However, pure Cronobacter colonies were not obtained from about 50% of PCR-positive samples, suggesting that the PCR-based detection system for this pathogen cross-reacts with other Enterobacteriaceae present among the highly complex microbiota carried by wild flies. The standardized protocol presented here will allow laboratories to detect bacterial foodborne pathogens from aseptically collected insects, thereby giving public health officials another line of evidence to find out how the food was contaminated when performing foodborne outbreak investigations.

A PCR-based protocol was adapted to detect Cronobacter spp., Salmonella enterica, and Listeria monocytogenes from body surfaces and alimentary canals of individual wild-caught flies. The goal of this protocol is to detect and isolate bacterial pathogens from individual insects collected as part of an environmental sampling program during foodborne outbreak investigations.

Detecção de Patógenos alimentares bacterianas de Flies Individual Filth

There is unanimous consensus that insects are important vectors of foodborne pathogens. However, linking insects as vectors of the pathogen causing a ...

Ambiente

Vegetated Treatment Systems for Removing Contaminants Associated with Surface Water Toxicity in Agriculture and Urban Runoff

Urban stormwater and agriculture irrigation runoff contain a complex mixture of contaminants that are often toxic to adjacent receiving waters. Runoff may be treated with simple systems designed to promote sorption of contaminants to vegetation and soils and promote infiltration. Two example systems are described: a bioswale treatment system for urban stormwater treatment, and a vegetated drainage ditch for treating agriculture irrigation runoff. Both have similar attributes that reduce contaminant loading in runoff: vegetation that results in sorption of the contaminants to the soil and plant surfaces, and water infiltration. These systems may also include the integration of granulated activated carbon as a polishing step to remove residual contaminants. Implementation of these systems in agriculture and urban watersheds requires system monitoring to verify treatment efficacy. This includes chemical monitoring for specific contaminants responsible for toxicity. The current paper emphasizes monitoring of current use pesticides since these are responsible for surface water toxicity to aquatic invertebrates.

This article summarizes the design attributes and the effectiveness of treatment systems that treat urban stormwater and agriculture irrigation runoff to remove pesticides and other contaminants associated with aquatic toxicity.

Vegetated Sistemas de Tratamento para Remoção de Contaminantes Associados à Toxicidade de Águas Superfícies na Agricultura e Escorrências Urbanas

Urban stormwater and agriculture irrigation runoff contain a complex mixture of contaminants that are often toxic to adjacent receiving waters. Runoff may ...

Extraction and Characterization of Surfactants from Atmospheric Aerosols

Surface-active compounds, or surfactants, present in atmospheric aerosols are expected to play important roles in the formation of liquid water clouds in the Earth&#39;s atmosphere, a central process in meteorology, hydrology, and for the climate system. But because specific extraction and characterization of these compounds have been lacking for decades, very little is known on their identity, properties, mode of action and origins, thus preventing the full understanding of cloud formation and its potential links with the Earth&#39;s ecosystems.
In this paper we present recently developed methods for 1) the targeted extraction of all the surfactants from atmospheric aerosol samples and for the determination of 2) their absolute concentrations in the aerosol phase and 3) their static surface tension curves in water, including their Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC). These methods have been validated with 9 references surfactants, including anionic, cationic and non-ionic ones. Examples of results are presented for surfactants found in fine aerosol particles (diameter &#60;1 &#956;m) collected at a coastal site in Croatia and suggestions for future improvements and other characterizations than those presented are discussed.

Methods are presented for the targeted extraction of surfactants present in atmospheric aerosols and the determination of their absolute concentrations and surface tension curves in water, including their Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC).

Extração e caracterização de surfactantes de aerossóis atmosféricos

Surface-active compounds, or surfactants, present in atmospheric aerosols are expected to play important roles in the formation of liquid water clouds in ...

Metal Corrosion and the Efficiency of Corrosion Inhibitors in Less Conductive Media

Material corrosion can be a limiting factor for different materials in many applications. Thus, it is necessary to better understand corrosion processes, prevent them and minimize the damages associated with them. One of the most important characteristics of corrosion processes is the corrosion rate. The measurement of corrosion rates is often very difficult or even impossible especially in less conductive, non-aqueous environments such as biofuels. Here, we present five different methods for the determination of corrosion rates and the efficiency of anti-corrosion protection in biofuels: (i) a static test, (ii) a dynamic test, (iii) a static test with a reflux cooler and electrochemical measurements (iv) in a two-electrode arrangement and (v) in a three-electrode arrangement. The static test is advantageous due to its low demands on material and instrumental equipment. The dynamic test allows for the testing of corrosion rates of metallic materials at more severe conditions. The static test with a reflux cooler allows for the testing in environments with higher viscosity (e.g., engine oils) at higher temperatures in the presence of oxidation or an inert atmosphere. The electrochemical measurements provide a more comprehensive view on corrosion processes. The presented cell geometries and arrangements (the two-electrode and three-electrode systems) make it possible to perform measurements in biofuel environments without base electrolytes that could have a negative impact on the results and load them with measurement errors. The presented methods make it possible to study the corrosion aggressiveness of an environment, the corrosion resistance of metallic materials, and the efficiency of corrosion inhibitors with representative and reproducible results. The results obtained using these methods can help to understand corrosion processes in more detail to minimize the damages caused by corrosion.

The testing of processes associated with material corrosion can often be difficult especially in non-aqueous environments. Here, we present different methods for short-term and long-term testing of corrosion behavior of non-aqueous environments such as biofuels, especially those containing bioethanol.

Corrosão do metal e a eficiência de inibidores de corrosão em meios menos condutivos

Material corrosion can be a limiting factor for different materials in many applications. Thus, it is necessary to better understand corrosion processes, ...

Detection of Viruses from Bioaerosols Using Anion Exchange Resin

This protocol demonstrates a customized bioaerosol sampling method for viruses. In this system, anion exchange resin is coupled with liquid impingement-based air sampling devices for efficacious concentration of negatively-charged viruses from bioaerosols. Thus, the resin serves as an additional concentration step in the bioaerosol sampling workflow. Nucleic acid extraction of the viral particles is then performed directly from the anion exchange resin, with the resulting sample suitable for molecular analyses. Further, this protocol describes a custom-built bioaerosol chamber capable of generating virus-laden bioaerosols under a variety of environmental conditions and allowing for continuous monitoring of environmental variables such as temperature, humidity, wind speed, and aerosol mass concentration. The main advantage of using this protocol is increased sensitivity of viral detection, as assessed via direct comparison to an unmodified conventional liquid impinger. Other advantages include the potential to concentrate diverse negatively-charged viruses, the low cost of anion exchange resin (~$0.14 per sample), and ease of use. Disadvantages include the inability of this protocol to assess infectivity of resin-adsorbed viral particles, and potentially the need for the optimization of the liquid sampling buffer used within the impinger.

An anion exchange resin-based method, adapted to liquid impingement-based bioaerosol sampling of viruses is demonstrated. When coupled with downstream molecular detection, the method allows for facile and sensitive detection of viruses from bioaerosols.

Detecção de vírus de Bioaerossóis usando resina de troca de ânion

This protocol demonstrates a customized bioaerosol sampling method for viruses. In this system, anion exchange resin is coupled with liquid ...

A Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) Assay for Rapid Identification of Bemisia tabaci

The whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) is an invasive pest of considerable importance, affecting the production of vegetable and ornamental crops in many countries around the world. Severe yield losses are caused by direct feeding, and even more importantly, also by the transmission of more than 100 harmful plant pathogenic viruses. As for other invasive pests, increased international trade facilitates the dispersal of B. tabaci to areas beyond its native range. Inspections of plant import products at points of entry such as seaports and airports are, therefore, seen as an important prevention measure. However, this last line of defense against pest invasions is only effective if rapid identification methods for suspicious insect specimens are readily available. Because the morphological differentiation between the regulated B. tabaci and close relatives without quarantine status is difficult for non-taxonomists, a rapid molecular identification assay based on the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) technology has been developed. This publication reports the detailed protocol of the novel assay describing rapid DNA extraction, set-up of the LAMP reaction, as well as interpretation of its read-out, which allows identifying B. tabaci specimens within one hour. Compared to existing protocols for the detection of specific B. tabaci biotypes, the developed method targets the whole B. tabaci species complex in one assay. Moreover the assay is designed to be applied on-site by plant health inspectors with minimal laboratory training directly at points of entry. Thorough validation performed under laboratory and on-site conditions demonstrates that the reported LAMP assay is a rapid and reliable identification tool, improving the management of B. tabaci.

A Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification LAMP Assay for Rapid Identification of Bemisia tabaci

This paper reports the protocol for a rapid identification assay for Bemisia tabaci based on loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) technology. The protocol requires minimal laboratory training and can, therefore, be implemented on-site at points of entry for plant imports such as seaports and airports.

Um ensaio de amplificação isotérmica (lâmpada) mediada por Loop para identificação rápida de Bemisia tabaci

The whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) is an invasive pest of considerable importance, affecting the production of vegetable and ornamental crops in many ...

Sample Preparation Method of Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscope for the Appendages of Woodboring Beetle

This report described sample preparation methods that scanning and transmission electron microscope observations, demonstrated by preparing appendages of the woodboring beetle, Chlorophorus caragana Xie &#38; Wang (2012), for both types of electron microscopy. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) sample preparation protocol was based on sample chemical fixation, dehydration in a series of ethanol baths, drying, and sputter-coating. By adding Tween 20 (Polyoxyethylene sorbitan laurate) to the fixative and the wash solution, the insect body surface of woodboring beetle was washed more cleanly in SEM. This study&#39;s transmission electron microscopy (TEM) sample preparation involved a series of steps including fixation, ethanol dehydration, embedding in resin, positioning using fluorescence microscopy, sectioning, and staining. Fixative with Tween 20 enabled penetrate the insect body wall of woodboring beetle more easily than it would had been without Tween 20, and subsequently better fixed tissues and organs in the body, thus yielded clear transmission electron microscope observations of insect sensilla ultrastructures. The next step of this preparation was determining the positions of insect sensilla in the sample embedded in the resin block by using fluorescence microscopy to increase the precision of target sensilla positioning. This improved slicing accuracy.

In order to observe ultrastructure of insect sensilla, scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM, respectively) sample preparation protocol were presented in the study. Tween 20 was added into the fixative to avoid sample deformation in SEM. Fluorescence microscopy was helpful for improving slicing accuracy in TEM.

Método de preparação de amostras de microscópio eletrônico de varredura e transmissão para os apêndices do Besouro Woodboring

This report described sample preparation methods that scanning and transmission electron microscope observations, demonstrated by preparing appendages of ...

Cortisol Extraction from Sturgeon Fin and Jawbone Matrices

The aims of this study were to develop a technique for the extraction of cortisol from sturgeon fins using two washing solvents (water and isopropanol) and quantify any differences in fin cortisol levels among three main sturgeon species. Fins were harvested from 19 sacrificed sturgeons including seven beluga (Huso huso), seven Siberian (Acipenser baerii), and five sevruga (A. stellatus). The sturgeons were raised in Iranian farms for 2 years (2017-2018), and cortisol extraction analysis was conducted in South Korea (January-February 2019). Jawbones from five H. huso were also used for cortisol extraction. Data were analyzed using the general linear model (GLM) procedure in the SAS environment. The intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation were 14.15 and 7.70, respectively. Briefly, the cortisol extraction technique involved washing the samples (300 &#177; 10 mg) with 3 mL of solvent (ultrapure water and isopropanol) twice, rotation at 80&#160;rpm for 2.5 min, air-drying the washed samples at room temperature (22-28 &#176;C) for 7 days, further drying the samples using a bead beater at 50 Hz for 32 min and grinding them into powder, applying 1.5 mL methanol to the dried powder (75 &#177; 5 mg), and slow rotation (40 rpm) for 18 h at room temperature with continuous mixing. Following extraction, samples were centrifuged (9,500 x g for 10 min), and 1 mL supernatant was transferred into a new microcentrifuge tube (1.5 mL), incubated at 38 &#176;C to evaporate the methanol, and analyzed via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). No differences were observed in fin cortisol levels among species or in fin and jawbone cortisol levels between washing solvents. The results of this study demonstrate that the sturgeon jawbone matrix is a promising alternative stress indicator to solid matrices.

In this study, we present a protocol for cortisol extraction from the fin and jawbone of sturgeon species. Fin and jawbone cortisol levels were further examined by comparing two washing solvents followed by ELISA assays. This study piloted the feasibility of jawbone cortisol as a novel stress indicator.

Extração de cortisol de matrizes de Sturgeon Fin e Jawbone

The aims of this study were to develop a technique for the extraction of cortisol from sturgeon fins using two washing solvents (water and isopropanol) ...

A Method for Quantifying Foliage-Dwelling Arthropods

Terrestrial arthropods play an important role in our environment. Quantifying arthropods in a way that allows for a precise index or estimates of density requires a method with high detection probability and a known sampling area. While most described methods provide a qualitative or semi-quantitative estimate adequate for describing species presence, richness, and diversity, few provide an adequately consistent detection probability and known or consistent sampling areas to provide an index or estimate with adequate precision to detect differences in abundance across environmental, spatial, or temporal variables. We describe how to quantify leaf-dwelling arthropods by sealing the leaves and end of branches in a bag, clipping and freezing the bagged material, and rinsing the previously frozen material in water to separate arthropods from the substrate and quantify them. As we demonstrate, this method can be used at a landscape scale to quantify leaf-dwelling arthropods with adequate precision to test for and describe how spatial, temporal, environmental, and ecological variables influence arthropod richness and abundance. This method allowed us to detect differences in density, richness, and diversity of leaf-dwelling arthropods among 5 genera of trees commonly found in southeastern deciduous forests.

We describe how to quantify leaf dwelling arthropods by sealing the leaves and end of branches in a bag, clipping and freezing the bagged material, and rinsing the previously frozen material in water to separate arthropods from the substrate for quantification.

Um método para quantificar artrópodes da folhagem-habitação

Terrestrial arthropods play an important role in our environment. Quantifying arthropods in a way that allows for a precise index or estimates of density ...

Electrostatic Method to Remove Particulate Organic Matter from Soil

Estimations of soil organic carbon are dependent on soil processing methods including removal of undecomposed plant material. Inadequate separation of roots and plant material from soil can result in highly variable carbon measurements. Methods to remove the plant material are often limited to the largest, most visible plant materials. In this manuscript we describe how electrostatic attraction can be used to remove plant material from a soil sample. An electrostatically charged surface passed close to dry soil naturally attracts both undecomposed and partially decomposed plant particles, along with a small quantity of mineral and aggregated soil. The soil sample is spread in a thin layer on a flat surface or a soil sieve. A plastic or glass Petri dish is electrostatically charged by rubbing with polystyrene foam or nylon or cotton cloth. The charged dish is passed repeatedly over the soil. The dish is then brushed clean and recharged. Re-spreading the soil and repeating the procedure eventually results in a diminishing yield of particulates. The process removes about 1 to 5% of the soil sample, and about 2 to 3 times that proportion in organic carbon. Like other particulate removal methods, the endpoint is arbitrary and not all free particulates are removed. The process takes approximately 5 min and does not require a chemical process as do density flotation methods. Electrostatic attraction consistently removes material with higher than average C concentration and C:N ratio, and much of the material can be visually identified as plant or faunal material under a microscope.

Removing recently deposited and incompletely decomposed plant material from soil samples reduces the influence of temporary seasonal inputs on soil organic carbon measurements. Attraction to an electrostatically charged surface can be used to quickly remove a substantial amount of particulate organic matter.

Método eletrostático para remover matéria orgânica particulada do solo

Estimations of soil organic carbon are dependent on soil processing methods including removal of undecomposed plant material. Inadequate separation of ...