<ol>
	<li>Papazian, D. M., Schwarz, T. L., Tempel, B. L., Jan, Y. N., Jan, L. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cloning+of+genomic+and+complementary+DNA+from+Shaker,+a+putative+potassium+channel+gene+from+Drosophila.">Cloning of genomic and complementary DNA from Shaker, a putative potassium channel gene from Drosophila.</a> Science. 237, 749-753 (1987).</li><li>Tempel, B. L., Papazian, D. M., Schwarz, T. L., Jan, Y. N., Jan, L. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sequence+of+a+probable+potassium+channel+component+encoded+at+Shaker+locus+of+Drosophila.">Sequence of a probable potassium channel component encoded at Shaker locus of Drosophila.</a> Science. 237, 770-775 (1987).</li><li>Gu, H., O'Dowd, D. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Whole+Cell+Recordings+from+Brain+of+Adult+Drosophila.">Whole Cell Recordings from Brain of Adult Drosophila.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (6), e248 (2007).</li><li>Gu, H., Jiang, S. A., Campusano, J. M., Iniguez, J., Su, H., Hoang, A. A., Lavian, M., Sun, X., O'Dowd, D. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cav2-type+calcium+channels+encoded+by+cac+regulate+AP-independent+neurotransmitter+release+at+cholinergic+synapses+in+adult+Drosophila+brain.">Cav2-type calcium channels encoded by cac regulate AP-independent neurotransmitter release at cholinergic synapses in adult Drosophila brain.</a> J. Neurophysiol. 101, 42-53 (2009).</li><li>Baines, R. A., Bate, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrophysiological+development+of+central+neurons+in+the+Drosophila+embryo.">Electrophysiological development of central neurons in the Drosophila embryo.</a> J. Neurosci. 18, 4673-4683 (1998).</li><li>Lin, W. H., Wright, D. E., Muraro, N. I., Baines, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Alternative+splicing+in+the+voltage-gated+sodium+channel+DmNav+regulates+activation,+inactivation,+and+persistent+current.">Alternative splicing in the voltage-gated sodium channel DmNav regulates activation, inactivation, and persistent current.</a> J. Neurophysiol. 102, 1994-2006 (2009).</li><li>Worrell, J. W., Levine, R. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+voltage-dependent+Ca2++currents+in+identified+Drosophila+motoneurons+in+situ.">Characterization of voltage-dependent Ca2+ currents in identified Drosophila motoneurons in situ.</a> J. Neurophysiol. 100, 868-878 (2008).</li><li>Srinivasan, S., Lance, K., Levine, R. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Segmental+differences+in+firing+properties+and+potassium+currents+in+Drosophila+larval+motoneurons.">Segmental differences in firing properties and potassium currents in Drosophila larval motoneurons.</a> J. Neurophysiol. , (2011).</li><li>Choi, J. C., Park, D., Griffith, L. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrophysiological+and+morphological+characterization+of+identified+motor+neurons+in+the+Drosophila+third+instar+larva+central+nervous+system.">Electrophysiological and morphological characterization of identified motor neurons in the Drosophila third instar larva central nervous system.</a> J. Neurophysiol. 91, 2353-2365 (2004).</li><li>Pulver, S. R., Griffith, L. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spike+integration+and+cellular+memory+in+a+rhythmic+network+from+Na+/K++pump+current+dynamics.">Spike integration and cellular memory in a rhythmic network from Na+/K+ pump current dynamics.</a> Nat. Neurosci. 13, 53-59 (2010).</li><li>Fayyazuddin, A., Zaheer, M. A., Hiesinger, P. R., Bellen, H. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+nicotinic+acetylcholine+receptor+Dalpha7+is+required+for+an+escape+behavior+in+Drosophila.">The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor Dalpha7 is required for an escape behavior in Drosophila.</a> PLoS Biol. 4, e63 (2006).</li><li>Duch, C., Vonhoff, F., Ryglewski, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dendrite+elongation+and+dendritic+branching+are+affected+separately+by+different+forms+of+intrinsic+motoneuron+excitability.">Dendrite elongation and dendritic branching are affected separately by different forms of intrinsic motoneuron excitability.</a> J. Neurophysiol. 100, 2525-2536 (2008).</li><li>Ryglewski, S., Duch, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Shaker+and+Shal+mediate+transient+calcium-independent+potassium+current+in+a+Drosophila+flight+motoneuron.">Shaker and Shal mediate transient calcium-independent potassium current in a Drosophila flight motoneuron.</a> J. Neurophysiol. 102, 3673-3688 (2009).</li><li>Ryglewski, S., Lance, K., Levine, R. B., Duch, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cav2+Channels+Mediate+LVA+and+HVA+Calcium+Currents+in+Drosophila+Motoneurons.">Cav2 Channels Mediate LVA and HVA Calcium Currents in Drosophila Motoneurons.</a> J. Physiol. , (2011).</li><li>Ikeda, K., Koenig, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Morphological+identification+of+the+motor+neurons+innervating+the+dorsal+longitudinal+flight+muscle+of+Drosophila+melanogaster.">Morphological identification of the motor neurons innervating the dorsal longitudinal flight muscle of Drosophila melanogaster.</a> J. Comp. Neurol. 1273, 436-444 (1988).</li><li>Boerner, J., Godenschwege, T. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Whole+Mount+Preparation+of+the+Adult+Drosophila+Ventral+Nerve+Cord+for+Giant+Fiber+Dye+Injection.">Whole Mount Preparation of the Adult Drosophila Ventral Nerve Cord for Giant Fiber Dye Injection.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (52), e3080 (2011).</li></ol>

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Quando a visualização das células com proteínas fluorescentes como GFP, é importante não sobre-exposição da preparação a muita luz. Isto pode resultar em dano da foto. Usamos 100W HBO lâmpadas de mercúrio de arco curto para iluminação, e também usamos de densidade neutra (ND) de 0,8 (filtros ND Chroma 0,3 e 0,5). Para ser capaz de avaliar a qualidade da limpeza boa visibilidade é crucial. Por conseguinte, os filtros podem ser removidos ND por curtos períodos de cerca de 20 s para múltiplas vezes. Ao aplicar um pouco de pressão positiva, o corpo de células &quot;flaps&quot; um pouco. Isto ajuda a avaliar a qualidade de limpeza. No contraste ventral do nervo cabo é muito baixo, e o movimento pode ser extremamente útil para visualizar as células. O suporte de eléctrodo que está a ser utilizada para o procedimento de limpeza (e também para patch clamping) deve ser hermeticamente fechado, a aplicação da pressão de outra forma controlada não será possível. Perdendo a pressão vai perturbar a remoção bem sucedida de tecido e debris e evitar giga-selo formação No caso em gravações de fixação in situ de patch deve ser realizada após a limpeza da célula, estar cientes de que há não só uma bainha que envolve o cordão nervoso ventral como um todo (o qual tem de ser removido por qualquer gravação patch clamp de qualquer neurónio central de moscas adultas ), mas as próprias células podem ser rodeado por uma bainha também. MN5, por exemplo, está rodeado por uma bainha não celular que pode ser visto somente com a iluminação de intensidade elevada breve. Além disso, as células podem ser localizados por baixo da traqueia. No caso da célula não pode ser acedido, a traqueia tem que ser puxado à parte, se não rasgado com a pipeta, durante o procedimento de limpeza (depois de ter sido puxado de lado). O procedimento de limpeza do conjunto tem de ser feito, sem puxar o tecido em excesso. Este procedimento irá exigir treinamento. O melhor limpeza, maior será a frequência de ocorrência imediata de giga-vedantes (dentro de 1 s depois de tocar a célula e relaliviando a pressão positiva). Dependendo do protocolo de limpeza e do break-nos seguintes cenários são possíveis: Primeiro, se as células não foram limpos bem o suficiente, uma giga-selo não é possível e que o experimento deve ser encerrado. Em segundo lugar, em alguns casos, a limpeza é bom o suficiente para giga-selo formação, mas o restante, fina dificilmente visível da bainha permanece em torno da soma. Isto fará com que a membrana de ruptura e causar correntes de fuga de amplitudes diferentes. Uma consequência menos grave de limpeza insuficiente de células é que alguns resíduos de revestimento aumenta a causa da resistência de acesso. Dependendo dos critérios de qualidade de design experimentais diferentes para a correção poderia aplicar. Para monitorar padrões de ação potenciais na braçadeira atual do potencial de membrana da célula deve ser saudável (-55 mV ou mais hiperpolarizada no caso de MN5), mas a resistência de acesso não é uma questão tão importante. No entanto, quando evocando potenciais de ação por re injecção de corrente de acessotência se torna um problema. Para evocar as correntes de potássio de grande amplitude que se originam perto do local de gravação o vazamento deve ser pequeno (no caso de resistência MN5 de entrada deve, por maior que 80 MQ) e resistência de acesso não deve ser maior do que 15 MQ. Para o grampo de espaço que é necessário em gravações de fixação de tensão de pequenas amplitudes correntes de cálcio dendríticas que têm origem em uma grande distância a partir da soma não vazamento pode ser introduzido (por MN5 resistência de entrada deve ser acima de 120 MQ) e resistência de acesso não pode ser maior do que 12 MQ. Na maioria das gravações que medir correntes de cálcio com resistências de acesso entre 8 e 10 M (como ler a marcação sobre o amplificador axopatch 200B após resistência série e compensação de capacitância toda célula). Para cada tipo de célula a ser gravado, os critérios de qualidade devem ser determinadas individualmente. Usando o procedimento de limpeza descrito aqui, podemos realizar as gravações estáveis ​​para a aproximaçãomadamente 90 minutos. Não observamos considerável run-down (testados especificamente para CAV2 e Cav3 correntes de cálcio e para Shaker, Shal, e correntes de potássio atrasados ​​retificador). No entanto, não temos tentado manter o patch mais tempo e, portanto, não se pode afirmar se as gravações mais seria possível.

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Agente / item </td><td> Companhia </td><td> Número de catálogo </td></tr><tr><td> Protease tipo XIV </td><td> Sigma Aldrich EUA </td><td> P5147 </td></tr><tr><td> Microfil agulha flexível </td><td> Mundo Precision Instruments EUA </td><td> MF28G-5 </td></tr><tr><td> Os capilares de vidro de borosilicato, od 1,5 mm, id 1,0 mm, sem filamento </td><td> Mundo Precision Instruments EUA </td><td> PG52151-4 </td></tr><tr><td> DiI </td><td> Invitrogen EUA </td><td> D3899 </td></tr><tr><td> Elastômero Sylgard Kit 184 (Dow Corning) </td><td> <a href="http://www.ellsworth.com" target="_blank">www.ellsworth.com</a> </td><td> 184 SIL ELAST KIT </td></tr><tr><td> Filtro ND conjunto (desmontado) </td><td> Chroma </td><td> Série 22000b </td></tr><tr><td> Suporte do eléctrodo 1-HL-U </td><td> MoDispositivos lecular </td><td> HL-1-U </td></tr></tbody></table>

preparation of drosophila central neurons for in situ patch clamping

Tempos de geração curtos e fáceis técnicas genéticas fazer a mosca da fruta Drosophila melanogaster um modelo excelente genética na pesquisa em neurociência fundamental. Canais iônicos são a base de todo o comportamento uma vez que medeiam a excitabilidade neuronal. O primeiro canal de iões de tensão gated clonado era a tensão Drosophila canal de potássio gated Shaker 1,2. Para a compreensão do papel dos canais iônicos e excitabilidade de membrana para a função do sistema nervoso é útil para combinar poderosas ferramentas genéticas disponíveis em Drosophila em gravações com braçadeira situ patch. Durante muitos anos, tais gravações foram dificultados pelo pequeno tamanho do CNS de Drosophila. Além disso, uma bainha resistente feita de colagénio e células gliais constituído obstáculos para o acesso à @ patch pipette @ neurónios centrais. A remoção desse revestimento é uma condição necessária para gravações de patch clamp de qualquer neurônio no SNC adultos de Drosophila. Nos últimos anosos cientistas foram capazes de conduzir em gravações de fixação in situ de patch de neurônios no cérebro adulto 3,4 e cordão nervoso ventral embrionário 5,6, 7,8,9,10 larval e adulto Drosophila 11,12,13,14. Um estábulo giga-seal é a principal condição prévia para um bom patch e depende de contacto perfeito da pipeta remendo com a membrana celular a fim de evitar as correntes de fuga. Portanto, para a célula inteira em gravações de patch situ braçadeira de neurônios adultos de Drosophila deve ser bem limpo. No primeiro passo, a bainha ganglionar tem de ser tratado enzimaticamente e removido mecanicamente para tornar as células alvo acessíveis. No segundo passo, a membrana da célula tem de ser polida, de modo que nenhuma camada de material de colagénio glia, ou outro pode perturbar giga-seal formação. Este artigo descreve como preparar um neurônio central identificada no cordão nervoso ventral Drosophila, o motoneurônio vôo 5 (MN5 15), para todo c somáticaell gravações patch clamp. Identificação e visibilidade do neurónio é alcançado através da expressão da GFP específica de MN5. Nós não têm o objetivo de explicar a técnica patch clamp si.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation of Drosophila Central Neurons for in situ Patch Clamping at JoVE.com

Preparation of Drosophila Central Neurons for in situ Patch Clamping

No patch situ gravações de fixação são usados ​​para a caracterização eletrofisiológica dos neurônios no circuito intacto. No modelo genético Drosophila patch clamping é difícil, porque o SNC é pequeno e está rodeado por uma bainha robusto. Este artigo descreve o procedimento para remover os neurônios bainha e limpa para gravações posteriores braçadeira de patches.

Preparação de<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Os neurônios centrais para<em&gt; In situ</em&gt; Patch aperto

Short generation times and facile genetic techniques make the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster an excellent genetic model in fundamental neuroscience ...

preparation-of-drosophila-central-neurons-for-in-situ-patch-clamping

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Preparation of Drosophila Central Neurons for in situ Patch Clamping

14.0K visualizações.  Arizona State University. No patch situ gravações de fixação são usados ​​para a caracterização eletrofisiológica dos neurônios no circuito intacto. No modelo genético Drosophila patch clamping é difícil, porque o SNC é pequeno e está rodeado por uma bainha robusto. Este artigo descreve o procedimento para remover os neurônios bainha e limpa para gravações posteriores braçadeira de patches.

Vídeo: Preparation of Drosophila Central Neurons for in situ Patch Clamping

Laser Capture Microdissection of Drosophila Peripheral Neurons

The dendritic arborization (da) neurons of the Drosophila peripheral nervous system (PNS) provide an excellent model system in which to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying class-specific dendrite morphogenesis1,2. To facilitate molecular analyses of class-specific da neuron development, it is vital to obtain these cells in a pure population. Although a range of different cell, and tissue-specific RNA isolation techniques exist for Drosophila cells, including magnetic bead based cell purification3,4, Fluorescent Activated Cell Sorting (FACS)5-8, and RNA binding protein based strategies9, none of these methods can be readily utilized for isolating single or multiple class-specific Drosophila da neurons with a high degree of spatial precision. Laser Capture Microdissection (LCM) has emerged as an extremely powerful tool that can be used to isolate specific cell types from tissue sections with a high degree of spatial resolution and accuracy. RNA obtained from isolated cells can then be used for analyses including qRT-PCR and microarray expression profiling within a given cell type10-16. To date, LCM has not been widely applied in the analysis of Drosophila tissues and cells17,18, including da neurons at the third instar larval stage of development. 
Here we present our optimized protocol for isolation of Drosophila da neurons using the infrared (IR) class of LCM. This method allows for the capture of single, class-specific or multiple da neurons with high specificity and spatial resolution. Age-matched third instar larvae expressing a UAS-mCD8::GFP19 transgene under the control of either the class IV da neuron specific ppk-GAL420 driver or the pan-da neuron specific 21-7-GAL421 driver were used for these experiments. RNA obtained from the isolated da neurons is of very high quality and can be directly used for downstream applications, including qRT-PCR or microarray analyses. Furthermore, this LCM protocol can be readily adapted to capture other Drosophila cell types a various stages of development dependent upon the cell type specific, GAL4-driven expression pattern of GFP.

Laser Capture Microdissection of Drosophila Peripheral Neurons

In this video-article we present a method for isolating single or multiple Drosophila da neurons from third instar larvae using the infrared capture (IR) class of Laser Capture Microdissection (LCM). RNA obtained from the isolated neurons can be readily used for downstream applications including qRT-PCR or microarray analyses.

Laser Microdissecção Captura de Drosophila Neurônios periféricos

The dendritic arborization (da) neurons of the Drosophila peripheral nervous system (PNS) provide an excellent model system in which to investigate the ...

Neurociência

Patch Clamp Recordings from Mouse Retinal Neurons in a Dark-adapted Slice Preparation

Our visual experience is initiated when the visual pigment in our retinal photoreceptors absorbs photons of light energy and initiates a cascade of intracellular events that lead to closure of cyclic-nucleotide-gated channels in the cell membrane. The resulting change in membrane potential leads in turn to reductions in the amount of neurotransmitter release from both rod and cone synaptic terminals. To measure how the light-evoked change in photoreceptor membrane potential leads to downstream activity in the retina, scientists have made electrophysiological recordings from retinal slice preparations for decades1,2. In the past these slices have been cut manually with a razor blade on retinal tissue that is attached to filter paper; in recent years another method of slicing has been developed whereby retinal tissue is embedded in low gelling temperature agar and sliced in cool solution with a vibrating microtome3,4. This preparation produces retinal slices with less surface damage and very robust light-evoked responses. Here we document how this procedure can be done under infrared light to avoid bleaching the visual pigment.

Here we describe a procedure for generating dark-adapted slices of the mouse retina for electrophysiological recordings.

Remendo Recordings Grampo de neurônios da retina do rato em um Preparação Slice Dark-adaptados

Our visual experience is initiated when the visual pigment in our retinal photoreceptors absorbs photons of light energy and initiates a cascade of ...

Labeling of Single Cells in the Central Nervous System of Drosophila melanogaster

In this article we describe how to individually label neurons in the embryonic CNS of Drosophila melanogaster by juxtacellular injection of the lipophilic fluorescent membrane marker DiI. This method allows the visualization of neuronal cell morphology in great detail. It is possible to label any cell in the CNS: cell bodies of target neurons are visualized under DIC optics or by expression of a fluorescent genetic marker such as GFP. After labeling, the DiI can be transformed into a permanent brown stain by photoconversion to allow visualization of cell morphology with transmitted light and DIC optics. Alternatively, the DiI-labeled cells can be observed directly with confocal microscopy, enabling genetically introduced fluorescent reporter proteins to be colocalised. The technique can be used in any animal, irrespective of genotype, making it possible to analyze mutant phenotypes at single cell resolution.

Labeling of Single Cells in the Central Nervous System of Drosophila melanogaster

We present a technique for labeling single neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) of Drosophila embryos, which allows the analysis of neuronal morphology by either transmitted light or confocal microscopy.

Marcação de células individuais no Sistema Nervoso Central de<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em

In this  article we describe how to individually label neurons in the embryonic CNS of Drosophila melanogaster by juxtacellular injection of the ...

An Injury Paradigm to Investigate Central Nervous System Repair in Drosophila

An experimental method has been developed to investigate the cellular responses to central nervous system (CNS) injury using the fruit-fly Drosophila. Understanding repair and regeneration in animals is a key question in biology. The damaged human CNS does not regenerate, and understanding how to promote the regeneration is one of main goals of medical neuroscience. The powerful genetic toolkit of Drosophila can be used to tackle the problem of CNS regeneration.
A lesion to the CNS ventral nerve cord (VNC, equivalent to the vertebrate spinal cord) is applied manually with a tungsten needle. The VNC can subsequently be filmed in time-lapse using laser scanning confocal microscopy for up to 24 hr to follow the development of the lesion over time. Alternatively, it can be cultured, then fixed and stained using immunofluorescence to visualize neuron and glial cells with confocal microscopy. Using appropriate markers, changes in cell morphology and cell state as a result of injury can be visualized. With ImageJ and purposely developed plug-ins, quantitative and statistical analyses can be carried out to measure changes in wound size over time and the effects of injury in cell proliferation and cell death. These methods allow the analysis of large sample sizes. They can be combined with the powerful genetics of Drosophila to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying CNS regeneration and repair.

An Injury Paradigm to Investigate Central Nervous System Repair in Drosophila

An injury paradigm using the Drosophila larval ventral nerve cord to investigate central nervous system regeneration and repair is described. Stabbing followed by laser scanning confocal microscopy in time-lapse and fixed specimens, combined with quantitative analysis with purposefully developed software and genetics, are used to investigate the molecular mechanisms of CNS regeneration and repair.

Um Paradigma para Investigar Lesão de reparação do sistema nervoso central em<em&gt; Drosophila</em

An experimental method has been developed to investigate the cellular responses to central nervous system (CNS) injury using the fruit-fly Drosophila. ...

Whole Mount Immunolabeling of Olfactory Receptor Neurons in the Drosophila Antenna

Odorant molecules bind to their target receptors in a precise and coordinated manner. Each receptor recognizes a specific signal and relays this information to the brain. As such, determining how olfactory information is transferred to the brain, modifying both perception and behavior, merits investigation. Interestingly, there is emerging evidence that cellular transduction and transcriptional factors are involved in the diversification of olfactory receptor neuron. Here we provide a robust whole mount immunological labeling method to assay in vivo olfactory receptor neuron organization. Using this method, we identified all olfactory receptor neurons with anti-ELAV antibody, a known pan-neural marker and Or49a-mCD8::GFP, an olfactory receptor neuron specifically expressed in Nba neuron using anti-GFP antibody.

Whole Mount Immunolabeling of Olfactory Receptor Neurons in the Drosophila Antenna

Herein we describe the process of whole mount immunostaining of Drosophila antennae, which enables us to better understand the molecular mechanisms involved in the diversification of olfactory receptor neurons (ORN)s.

Monte todo imunomarcação de Neurônios Receptores Olfatórios no<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Antena

Odorant molecules bind to their target receptors in a precise and coordinated manner. Each receptor recognizes a specific signal and relays this ...

A Simple One-step Dissection Protocol for Whole-mount Preparation of Adult Drosophila Brains

There is an increasing interest in using Drosophila to model human brain degenerative diseases, map neuronal circuitries in adult brains, and study the molecular and cellular basis of higher brain functions. A whole-mount preparation of adult brains with well-preserved morphology is critical for such whole brain-based studies, but can be technically challenging and time-consuming. This protocol describes an easy-to-learn, one-step dissection approach of an adult fly head in less than 10 s, while keeping the intact brain attached to the rest of the body to facilitate subsequent processing steps. The procedure helps remove most of the eye and tracheal tissues normally associated with the brain that can interfere with the later imaging step, and also places less demand on the quality of the dissecting forceps. Additionally, we describe a simple method that allows convenient flipping of the mounted brain samples on a coverslip, which is important for imaging both sides of the brains with similar signal intensity and quality. As an example of the protocol, we present an analysis of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in adult brains of WT (w1118) flies. The high efficacy of the dissection method makes it particularly useful for large-scale adult brain-based studies in Drosophila.

A Simple One-step Dissection Protocol for Whole-mount Preparation of Adult Drosophila Brains

The adult Drosophila brain is a valuable system for studying neuronal circuitry, higher brain functions, and complex disorders. An efficient method to dissect whole brain tissue from the small fly head will facilitate brain-based studies. Here we describe a simple, one-step dissection protocol of adult brains with well-preserved morphology.

Um de uma etapa simples protocolo de dissecação para Whole mount-Preparação do Adulto<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Brains

There is an increasing interest in using Drosophila to model human brain degenerative diseases, map neuronal circuitries in adult brains, and study the ...

Zebrafish In Situ Spinal Cord Preparation for Electrophysiological Recordings from Spinal Sensory and Motor Neurons

Zebrafish, first introduced as a developmental model, have gained popularity in many other fields. The ease of rearing large numbers of rapidly developing organisms, combined with the embryonic optical clarity, served as initial compelling attributes of this model. Over the past two decades, the success of this model has been further propelled by its amenability to large-scale mutagenesis screens and by the ease of transgenesis. More recently, gene-editing approaches have extended the power of the model.
For neurodevelopmental studies, the zebrafish embryo and larva provide a model to which multiple methods can be applied. Here, we focus on methods that allow the study of an essential property of neurons, electrical excitability. Our preparation for the electrophysiological study of zebrafish spinal neurons involves the use of veterinarian suture glue to secure the preparation to a recording chamber. Alternative methods for recording from zebrafish embryos and larvae involve the attachment of the preparation to the chamber using a fine tungsten pin1,2,3,4,5. A tungsten pin is most often used to mount the preparation in a lateral orientation, although it has been used to mount larvae dorsal-side up4. The suture glue has been used to mount embryos and larvae in both orientations. Using the glue, a minimal dissection can be performed, allowing access to spinal neurons without the use of an enzymatic treatment, thereby avoiding any resultant damage. However, for larvae, it is necessary to apply a brief enzyme treatment to remove the muscle tissue surrounding the spinal cord. The methods described here have been used to study the intrinsic electrical properties of motor neurons, interneurons, and sensory neurons at several developmental stages6,7,8,9.

Zebrafish In Situ Spinal Cord Preparation for Electrophysiological Recordings from Spinal Sensory and Motor Neurons

This manuscript describes methods for electrophysiological recordings from spinal neurons of zebrafish embryos and larvae. The preparation maintains neurons in situ and often involves minimum dissection. These methods allow for the electrophysiological study of a variety of spinal neurons, from the initial electrical excitability acquisition through the early larval stages.

zebrafish<em&gt; In Situ</em&gt; Spinal Cord Preparação para gravações eletrofisiológicas da Spinal Sensorial e Motor Neurons

Zebrafish, first introduced as a developmental model, have gained popularity in many other fields. The ease of rearing large numbers of rapidly developing ...

Application of Automated Image-guided Patch Clamp for the Study of Neurons in Brain Slices

Whole-cell patch clamp is the gold-standard method to measure the electrical properties of single cells. However, the in vitro patch clamp remains a challenging and low-throughput technique due to its complexity and high reliance on user operation and control. This manuscript demonstrates an image-guided automatic patch clamp system for in vitro whole-cell patch clamp experiments in acute brain slices. Our system implements a computer vision-based algorithm to detect fluorescently labeled cells and to target them for fully automatic patching using a micromanipulator and internal pipette pressure control. The entire process is highly automated, with minimal requirements for human intervention. Real-time experimental information, including electrical resistance and internal pipette pressure, are documented electronically for future analysis and for optimization to different cell types. Although our system is described in the context of acute brain slice recordings, it can also be applied to the automated image-guided patch clamp of dissociated neurons, organotypic slice cultures, and other non-neuronal cell types.

This protocol describes how to conduct automatic image-guided patch-clamp experiments using a system recently developed for standard in vitro electrophysiology equipment.

Aplicação de correia de patch automatizada com guia de imagem para estudo de neurônios em fatias de cérebro

Whole-cell patch clamp is the gold-standard method to measure the electrical properties of single cells. However, the in vitro patch clamp remains a ...

Preparations and Protocols for Whole Cell Patch Clamp Recording of Xenopus laevis Tectal Neurons

The Xenopus tadpole retinotectal circuit, comprised of the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the eye which form synapses directly onto neurons in the optic tectum, is a popular model to study how neural circuits self-assemble. The ability to carry out whole cell patch clamp recordings from tectal neurons and to record RGC-evoked responses, either in vivo or using a whole brain preparation, has generated a large body of high-resolution data about the mechanisms underlying normal, and abnormal, circuit formation and function. Here we describe how to perform the in vivo preparation, the original whole brain preparation, and a more recently developed horizontal brain slice preparation for obtaining whole cell patch clamp recordings from tectal neurons. Each preparation has unique experimental advantages. The in vivo preparation enables the recording of the direct response of tectal neurons to visual stimuli projected onto the eye. The whole brain preparation allows for the RGC axons to be activated in a highly controlled manner, and the horizontal brain slice preparation allows recording from across all layers of the tectum.

Preparations and Protocols for Whole Cell Patch Clamp Recording of Xenopus laevis Tectal Neurons

In this paper, we discuss three brain preparations used for whole cell patch clamp recording to study the retinotectal circuit of Xenopus laevis tadpoles. Each preparation, with its own specific advantages, contributes to the experimental tractability of the Xenopus tadpole as a model to study neural circuit function.

Preparações e protocolos para toda célula Patch Clamp gravação de neurônios Tectal Xenopus laevis

The Xenopus tadpole retinotectal circuit, comprised of the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the eye which form synapses directly onto neurons in the optic ...

Preparation of Acute Spinal Cord Slices for Whole-cell Patch-clamp Recording in Substantia Gelatinosa Neurons

Recent whole-cell patch-clamp studies from substantia gelatinosa (SG) neurons have provided a large body of information about the spinal mechanisms underlying sensory transmission, nociceptive regulation, and chronic pain or itch development. Implementations of electrophysiological recordings together with morphological studies based on the utility of acute spinal cord slices have further improved our understanding of neuronal properties and the composition of local circuitry in SG. Here, we present a detailed and practical guide for the preparation of spinal cord slices and show representative whole-cell recording and morphological results. This protocol permits ideal neuronal preservation and can mimic in vivo conditions to a certain extent. In summary, the ability to obtain an in vitro preparation of spinal cord slices enables stable current- and voltage-clamp recordings and could thus facilitate detailed investigations into the intrinsic membrane properties, local circuitry and neuronal structure using diverse experimental approaches.

Here, we describe the essential steps for whole-cell patch-clamp recordings made from substantia gelatinosa (SG) neurons in the in vitro spinal cord slice. This method allows the intrinsic membrane properties, synaptic transmission and morphological characterization of SG neurons to be studied.

Preparação de fatias aguda da medula espinhal para a gravação de células inteiras remendo-braçadeira nos neurônios da substância Gelatinosa

Recent whole-cell patch-clamp studies from substantia gelatinosa (SG) neurons have provided a large body of information about the spinal mechanisms ...

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