<ol>
	<li>Papazian, D. M., Schwarz, T. L., Tempel, B. L., Jan, Y. N., Jan, L. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cloning+of+genomic+and+complementary+DNA+from+Shaker,+a+putative+potassium+channel+gene+from+Drosophila.">Cloning of genomic and complementary DNA from Shaker, a putative potassium channel gene from Drosophila.</a> Science. 237, 749-753 (1987).</li><li>Tempel, B. L., Papazian, D. M., Schwarz, T. L., Jan, Y. N., Jan, L. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sequence+of+a+probable+potassium+channel+component+encoded+at+Shaker+locus+of+Drosophila.">Sequence of a probable potassium channel component encoded at Shaker locus of Drosophila.</a> Science. 237, 770-775 (1987).</li><li>Gu, H., O'Dowd, D. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Whole+Cell+Recordings+from+Brain+of+Adult+Drosophila.">Whole Cell Recordings from Brain of Adult Drosophila.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (6), e248 (2007).</li><li>Gu, H., Jiang, S. A., Campusano, J. M., Iniguez, J., Su, H., Hoang, A. A., Lavian, M., Sun, X., O'Dowd, D. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cav2-type+calcium+channels+encoded+by+cac+regulate+AP-independent+neurotransmitter+release+at+cholinergic+synapses+in+adult+Drosophila+brain.">Cav2-type calcium channels encoded by cac regulate AP-independent neurotransmitter release at cholinergic synapses in adult Drosophila brain.</a> J. Neurophysiol. 101, 42-53 (2009).</li><li>Baines, R. A., Bate, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrophysiological+development+of+central+neurons+in+the+Drosophila+embryo.">Electrophysiological development of central neurons in the Drosophila embryo.</a> J. Neurosci. 18, 4673-4683 (1998).</li><li>Lin, W. H., Wright, D. E., Muraro, N. I., Baines, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Alternative+splicing+in+the+voltage-gated+sodium+channel+DmNav+regulates+activation,+inactivation,+and+persistent+current.">Alternative splicing in the voltage-gated sodium channel DmNav regulates activation, inactivation, and persistent current.</a> J. Neurophysiol. 102, 1994-2006 (2009).</li><li>Worrell, J. W., Levine, R. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+voltage-dependent+Ca2++currents+in+identified+Drosophila+motoneurons+in+situ.">Characterization of voltage-dependent Ca2+ currents in identified Drosophila motoneurons in situ.</a> J. Neurophysiol. 100, 868-878 (2008).</li><li>Srinivasan, S., Lance, K., Levine, R. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Segmental+differences+in+firing+properties+and+potassium+currents+in+Drosophila+larval+motoneurons.">Segmental differences in firing properties and potassium currents in Drosophila larval motoneurons.</a> J. Neurophysiol. , (2011).</li><li>Choi, J. C., Park, D., Griffith, L. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrophysiological+and+morphological+characterization+of+identified+motor+neurons+in+the+Drosophila+third+instar+larva+central+nervous+system.">Electrophysiological and morphological characterization of identified motor neurons in the Drosophila third instar larva central nervous system.</a> J. Neurophysiol. 91, 2353-2365 (2004).</li><li>Pulver, S. R., Griffith, L. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spike+integration+and+cellular+memory+in+a+rhythmic+network+from+Na+/K++pump+current+dynamics.">Spike integration and cellular memory in a rhythmic network from Na+/K+ pump current dynamics.</a> Nat. Neurosci. 13, 53-59 (2010).</li><li>Fayyazuddin, A., Zaheer, M. A., Hiesinger, P. R., Bellen, H. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+nicotinic+acetylcholine+receptor+Dalpha7+is+required+for+an+escape+behavior+in+Drosophila.">The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor Dalpha7 is required for an escape behavior in Drosophila.</a> PLoS Biol. 4, e63 (2006).</li><li>Duch, C., Vonhoff, F., Ryglewski, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dendrite+elongation+and+dendritic+branching+are+affected+separately+by+different+forms+of+intrinsic+motoneuron+excitability.">Dendrite elongation and dendritic branching are affected separately by different forms of intrinsic motoneuron excitability.</a> J. Neurophysiol. 100, 2525-2536 (2008).</li><li>Ryglewski, S., Duch, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Shaker+and+Shal+mediate+transient+calcium-independent+potassium+current+in+a+Drosophila+flight+motoneuron.">Shaker and Shal mediate transient calcium-independent potassium current in a Drosophila flight motoneuron.</a> J. Neurophysiol. 102, 3673-3688 (2009).</li><li>Ryglewski, S., Lance, K., Levine, R. B., Duch, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cav2+Channels+Mediate+LVA+and+HVA+Calcium+Currents+in+Drosophila+Motoneurons.">Cav2 Channels Mediate LVA and HVA Calcium Currents in Drosophila Motoneurons.</a> J. Physiol. , (2011).</li><li>Ikeda, K., Koenig, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Morphological+identification+of+the+motor+neurons+innervating+the+dorsal+longitudinal+flight+muscle+of+Drosophila+melanogaster.">Morphological identification of the motor neurons innervating the dorsal longitudinal flight muscle of Drosophila melanogaster.</a> J. Comp. Neurol. 1273, 436-444 (1988).</li><li>Boerner, J., Godenschwege, T. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Whole+Mount+Preparation+of+the+Adult+Drosophila+Ventral+Nerve+Cord+for+Giant+Fiber+Dye+Injection.">Whole Mount Preparation of the Adult Drosophila Ventral Nerve Cord for Giant Fiber Dye Injection.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (52), e3080 (2011).</li></ol>

Çıkar çatışması ilan etti.

GFP gibi floresan proteinleri ile hücrelerin görselleştirmek zaman, çok fazla ışığı hazırlık aşırı maruz bırakmayın önemlidir. Bu fotoğraf hasara neden olabilir. Biz aydınlatma için 100W HBO kısa ark cıva ampul kullanmak, ve biz de 0.8 (Chroma ND filtreler 0.3 ve 0.5) nötr yoğunluğu (ND) kullanın. Temizlik iyi bir görünürlük kalitesini yargılamak için edebilmek için önemlidir. Bu nedenle, ND filtre birden çok kez için yaklaşık 20 saniyelik kısa bir süre için kaldırılmış olabilir. Bazı pozitif basınç uygulayarak, hücre gövdesi &quot;flap&quot; biraz. Bu temizlik kalitesini yargılamak yardımcı olur. Ventral sinir kablosu aksine çok düşük olduğunu ve hareket hücreleri görselleştirmek için son derece yararlı olabilir. (Ve ayrıca yama klemp için) temizleme işlemi için kullanılan elektrot tutucu sıkıca kapatılmış olması gerekmektedir, aksi halde kontrollü basınç uygulaması mümkün olmayacaktır. Basınç kaybetmek başarılı dokunun çıkarılması ve deb rahatsız edecekris ve giga-mühür oluşumunu engeller Hücre temizlendikten sonra yapılmalıdır yerinde yama klemp kayıtları durumda, bir bütün olarak ventral sinir kablosu çevreleyen kılıf (yetişkin sinekler herhangi bir merkezi sinir hücresinin herhangi bir yama kelepçe kayıt için kaldırılması gerekiyor, hangi sadece var olduğunu unutmayın ), ancak hücrelerin kendileri de bir kılıf ile çevrelenebilir. MN5, örneğin, sadece kısa yüksek yoğunluklu aydınlatma ile görülebilir bir hücresel olmayan bir kılıf ile çevrilidir. Buna ek olarak, nefes borusu hücreleri altında bulunabilir. Hücre erişilemez durumda, trakea temizleme yordamını (kenara çekti edildikten sonra) sırasında pipet ile yırtık değilse kenara çekilmiş olması gerekir. Tüm temizleme prosedürü çok fazla doku çekerek olmadan yapılması gerekir. Bu prosedür, eğitim gerektirir. Daha iyi temizlik, daha acil giga-contaları (1 s içinde hücre dokunduktan sonra ve rel frekansı olacaktır) pozitif basınç hafifletilmesi. Temizleme protokolü bağlı ve hırsızlık aşağıdaki senaryolar mümkündür: Birincisi, hücreleri yeterince temizlenmiş değil sanki, bir giga-mühür mümkün değildir ve deney sonlandırılmalıdır. İkincisi, bazı durumlarda temizlik giga-mühür oluşumu için yeterince iyi ama kılıf ince, zor görünür kalıntısı soma etrafında kalır. Bu rüptürüne membran neden ve çeşitli genlikleri kaçak akımlar neden olacaktır. Yetersiz hücre temizliği bir daha az şiddetli sonucu kılıf neden bazı kalıntıları erişim direnci arttırır. Yama için deneysel tasarım farklı kalite kriterlerine bağlı olarak geçerli olabilir. Akım kelepçe içinde aksiyon potansiyeli desen izlenmesi için bir hücrenin membran potansiyeli (-55 mV veya MN5 durumunda daha fazla hyperpolarized) sağlıklı olmalı, ama dayanıklılık erişim önemli bir sorun değildir. Ancak, mevcut enjeksiyon erişim yeniden tarafından aksiyon potansiyelleri çağrıştıran zamandirenç bir sorun haline gelir. Sızıntı küçük olmalıdır (MΩ 80 &#39;den daha yüksek bir direnç ile MN5 giriş şart söz konusu olduğunda) ve erişim direnç MΩ 15 den büyük olmamalıdır kayıt alanına yakın kaynaklanan büyük genlikli potasyum akımlarının çağrıştıran için. Hiçbir sızıntı sokulabilir (MN5 giriş direnci MΩ 120 üzerinde olmalıdır için) ve erişim direnci 12 daha yüksek olamaz soma oldukça mesafe yoktan küçük genlik dendritik kalsiyum akımlarının gerilim kelepçe kayıtlarında gerekli alanı kelepçe MΩ. Çoğu kayıtları biz 8 ve 10 MΩ (as seri direnç ve tüm hücre kapasitansı kompanzasyonundan sonra axopatch 200B amplifikatör arama okur) arasındaki erişim dirençleri ile kalsiyum akımları ölçer. Kaydedilecek her bir hücre tipi için, bu gibi kalite kriterlerine ayrı ayrı belirlenmelidir. Burada açıklanan temizleme yordamını kullanarak, approxima için kararlı kayıtları tutabilirçülmüş 90 dakika. Biz (özellikle Cav2 ve Cav3 kalsiyum akımları ve Çalkalayıcı, Shal ve gecikmiş doğrultucu potasyum akımlar için test) run-down önemli gözlemlemek yok. Ancak, biz artık yama tutmaya çalıştı değil ve bu nedenle uzun kayıt mümkün olacağını ifade edemez.

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Ajan / öğe </td><td> Şirket </td><td> Katalog numarası </td></tr><tr><td> Proteaz türü XIV </td><td> Sigma Aldrich USA </td><td> P5147 </td></tr><tr><td> Mikrofil esnek enjeksiyon iğnesi </td><td> Dünya Precision Instruments ABD </td><td> MF28G-5 </td></tr><tr><td> Borosilikat Cam kılcal, od 1.5 mm, 1.0 mm id, hiçbir filament </td><td> Dünya Precision Instruments ABD </td><td> PG52151-4 </td></tr><tr><td> DII </td><td> Invitrogen ABD </td><td> D3899 </td></tr><tr><td> Sylgard Elastomer Seti 184 (Dow Corning) </td><td> <a href="http://www.ellsworth.com" target="_blank">www.ellsworth.com</a> </td><td> 184 SIL ELAST TAKIMI </td></tr><tr><td> ND filtre seti (monte edilmemiş) </td><td> Renk parlaklığı </td><td> 22000b serisi </td></tr><tr><td> Elektrot tutucu 1-HL-U </td><td> Molecular Cihazlar </td><td> HL-1-U </td></tr></tbody></table>

preparation of drosophila central neurons for in situ patch clamping

Kısa üretim süreleri ve basit genetik teknikler meyve sineği Drosophila melanogaster temel sinirbilim araştırması mükemmel bir genetik model olun. Onlar nöronal uyarılabilirliği arabuluculuk yana İyon kanalları tüm davranışların temelini oluşturur. Klonlanmış birinci voltaj kapılı iyon kanalı Drosophila voltaj bağımlı potasyum kanalı Shaker 1,2 idi. Sinir sistemi fonksiyonu için iyon kanalları ve membran eksitabilite rolünü anlamak doğru yerinde yama klemp kayıtları ile Drosophila güçlü genetik mevcut araçları birleştirmek için yararlıdır. Uzun yıllar boyunca bu kayıtlar Drosophila MSS küçük boyutu nedeniyle zorlanıyor. Ayrıca, glia ve kollajen yapılmış sağlam bir kılıf merkezi nöronlara yama pipet erişimlerinde engeller oluşturmuştur. Bu kılıf kaldırılmasını yetişkin Drosophila CNS herhangi bir nörondan yama kelepçe kayıt için gerekli bir ön koşuldur. Son yıllardabilim adamları yetişkin beyin 3,4 ve embriyonik 5,6, larva 7,8,9,10 ve yetişkin Drosophila 11,12,13,14 ventral sinir kablosunu nöronlardan yerinde yama klemp kayıtları yapmak mümkün olmuştur. İstikrarlı giga-mühür iyi bir yama için temel ön ve kaçak akımları önlemek için hücre zarı ile yama pipet temiz bir temas bağlıdır. Bu nedenle, erişkin Drosophila nöronların yerinde yama klemp kayıtları tüm hücre için iyice temizlenmesi gerekir. İlk adım olarak, ganglionik kılıf enzimatik olarak tedavi edilmesi için olan ve mekanik olarak hedef hücrelere erişilebilir hale getirmek için kaldırılmıştır. İkinci adımda, zar glia hücre, kolajen ya da diğer herhangi bir malzeme tabakası giga yapışma oluşumunun bozabilir, böylece cilalı gerekir. Bu makalede, somatik bütün c Drosophila ventral sinir kablosu, uçuş motonöron 5 (MN5 15), bir tespit merkez nöron nasıl hazırlanacağını anlatırell yama klemp kayıtları. Nöron tanımlanması ve görünürlük MN5 içinde GFP hedeflenen ifade ile elde edilir. Biz yama klemp tekniği kendisini açıklamak amacı yoktur.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation of Drosophila Central Neurons for in situ Patch Clamping at JoVE.com

Preparation of Drosophila Central Neurons for in situ Patch Clamping

In situ yama kelepçe kayıtları bozulmamış devresi nöronların elektrofizyolojik karakterizasyon için kullanılır. MSS küçük ve sağlam bir kılıf ile çevrili olduğundan Drosophila genetik model yama klemp ise zordur. Bu makale sonraki yama klemp kayıtları için kılıf ve temiz nöronlar kaldırmak için prosedürü açıklar.

Hazırlanması<em&gt; Drosophila</emIçin&gt; Orta Nöronlar<em&gt; In situ</em&gt; Patch Sıkma

Short generation times and facile genetic techniques make the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster an excellent genetic model in fundamental neuroscience ...

preparation-of-drosophila-central-neurons-for-in-situ-patch-clamping

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Preparation of Drosophila Central Neurons for in situ Patch Clamping

14.0K Görüntüleme.  Arizona State University. In situ yama kelepçe kayıtları bozulmamış devresi nöronların elektrofizyolojik karakterizasyon için kullanılır. MSS küçük ve sağlam bir kılıf ile çevrili olduğundan Drosophila genetik model yama klemp ise zordur. Bu makale sonraki yama klemp kayıtları için kılıf ve temiz nöronlar kaldırmak için prosedürü açıklar.

Video: Preparation of Drosophila Central Neurons for in situ Patch Clamping

Laser Capture Microdissection of Drosophila Peripheral Neurons

The dendritic arborization (da) neurons of the Drosophila peripheral nervous system (PNS) provide an excellent model system in which to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying class-specific dendrite morphogenesis1,2. To facilitate molecular analyses of class-specific da neuron development, it is vital to obtain these cells in a pure population. Although a range of different cell, and tissue-specific RNA isolation techniques exist for Drosophila cells, including magnetic bead based cell purification3,4, Fluorescent Activated Cell Sorting (FACS)5-8, and RNA binding protein based strategies9, none of these methods can be readily utilized for isolating single or multiple class-specific Drosophila da neurons with a high degree of spatial precision. Laser Capture Microdissection (LCM) has emerged as an extremely powerful tool that can be used to isolate specific cell types from tissue sections with a high degree of spatial resolution and accuracy. RNA obtained from isolated cells can then be used for analyses including qRT-PCR and microarray expression profiling within a given cell type10-16. To date, LCM has not been widely applied in the analysis of Drosophila tissues and cells17,18, including da neurons at the third instar larval stage of development. 
Here we present our optimized protocol for isolation of Drosophila da neurons using the infrared (IR) class of LCM. This method allows for the capture of single, class-specific or multiple da neurons with high specificity and spatial resolution. Age-matched third instar larvae expressing a UAS-mCD8::GFP19 transgene under the control of either the class IV da neuron specific ppk-GAL420 driver or the pan-da neuron specific 21-7-GAL421 driver were used for these experiments. RNA obtained from the isolated da neurons is of very high quality and can be directly used for downstream applications, including qRT-PCR or microarray analyses. Furthermore, this LCM protocol can be readily adapted to capture other Drosophila cell types a various stages of development dependent upon the cell type specific, GAL4-driven expression pattern of GFP.

Laser Capture Microdissection of Drosophila Peripheral Neurons

In this video-article we present a method for isolating single or multiple Drosophila da neurons from third instar larvae using the infrared capture (IR) class of Laser Capture Microdissection (LCM). RNA obtained from the isolated neurons can be readily used for downstream applications including qRT-PCR or microarray analyses.

Lazer Yakalama Mikrodisseksiyon Drosophila Periferik Nöronlar

The dendritic arborization (da) neurons of the Drosophila peripheral nervous system (PNS) provide an excellent model system in which to investigate the ...

Nörobilim

Patch Clamp Recordings from Mouse Retinal Neurons in a Dark-adapted Slice Preparation

Our visual experience is initiated when the visual pigment in our retinal photoreceptors absorbs photons of light energy and initiates a cascade of intracellular events that lead to closure of cyclic-nucleotide-gated channels in the cell membrane. The resulting change in membrane potential leads in turn to reductions in the amount of neurotransmitter release from both rod and cone synaptic terminals. To measure how the light-evoked change in photoreceptor membrane potential leads to downstream activity in the retina, scientists have made electrophysiological recordings from retinal slice preparations for decades1,2. In the past these slices have been cut manually with a razor blade on retinal tissue that is attached to filter paper; in recent years another method of slicing has been developed whereby retinal tissue is embedded in low gelling temperature agar and sliced in cool solution with a vibrating microtome3,4. This preparation produces retinal slices with less surface damage and very robust light-evoked responses. Here we document how this procedure can be done under infrared light to avoid bleaching the visual pigment.

Here we describe a procedure for generating dark-adapted slices of the mouse retina for electrophysiological recordings.

Patch Kelepçe bir Karanlık adapte Dilim Hazırlık Fare Retina Nöronlar Kayıtlar

Our visual experience is initiated when the visual pigment in our retinal photoreceptors absorbs photons of light energy and initiates a cascade of ...

Labeling of Single Cells in the Central Nervous System of Drosophila melanogaster

In this article we describe how to individually label neurons in the embryonic CNS of Drosophila melanogaster by juxtacellular injection of the lipophilic fluorescent membrane marker DiI. This method allows the visualization of neuronal cell morphology in great detail. It is possible to label any cell in the CNS: cell bodies of target neurons are visualized under DIC optics or by expression of a fluorescent genetic marker such as GFP. After labeling, the DiI can be transformed into a permanent brown stain by photoconversion to allow visualization of cell morphology with transmitted light and DIC optics. Alternatively, the DiI-labeled cells can be observed directly with confocal microscopy, enabling genetically introduced fluorescent reporter proteins to be colocalised. The technique can be used in any animal, irrespective of genotype, making it possible to analyze mutant phenotypes at single cell resolution.

Labeling of Single Cells in the Central Nervous System of Drosophila melanogaster

We present a technique for labeling single neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) of Drosophila embryos, which allows the analysis of neuronal morphology by either transmitted light or confocal microscopy.

Merkez Sinir Sistemi Tek Hücreler Etiketleme<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em

In this  article we describe how to individually label neurons in the embryonic CNS of Drosophila melanogaster by juxtacellular injection of the ...

An Injury Paradigm to Investigate Central Nervous System Repair in Drosophila

An experimental method has been developed to investigate the cellular responses to central nervous system (CNS) injury using the fruit-fly Drosophila. Understanding repair and regeneration in animals is a key question in biology. The damaged human CNS does not regenerate, and understanding how to promote the regeneration is one of main goals of medical neuroscience. The powerful genetic toolkit of Drosophila can be used to tackle the problem of CNS regeneration.
A lesion to the CNS ventral nerve cord (VNC, equivalent to the vertebrate spinal cord) is applied manually with a tungsten needle. The VNC can subsequently be filmed in time-lapse using laser scanning confocal microscopy for up to 24 hr to follow the development of the lesion over time. Alternatively, it can be cultured, then fixed and stained using immunofluorescence to visualize neuron and glial cells with confocal microscopy. Using appropriate markers, changes in cell morphology and cell state as a result of injury can be visualized. With ImageJ and purposely developed plug-ins, quantitative and statistical analyses can be carried out to measure changes in wound size over time and the effects of injury in cell proliferation and cell death. These methods allow the analysis of large sample sizes. They can be combined with the powerful genetics of Drosophila to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying CNS regeneration and repair.

An Injury Paradigm to Investigate Central Nervous System Repair in Drosophila

An injury paradigm using the Drosophila larval ventral nerve cord to investigate central nervous system regeneration and repair is described. Stabbing followed by laser scanning confocal microscopy in time-lapse and fixed specimens, combined with quantitative analysis with purposefully developed software and genetics, are used to investigate the molecular mechanisms of CNS regeneration and repair.

Santral Sinir Sistemi Onarım İnceleyecek Bir Sakatlık Paradigma<em&gt; Drosophila</em

An experimental method has been developed to investigate the cellular responses to central nervous system (CNS) injury using the fruit-fly Drosophila. ...

Whole Mount Immunolabeling of Olfactory Receptor Neurons in the Drosophila Antenna

Odorant molecules bind to their target receptors in a precise and coordinated manner. Each receptor recognizes a specific signal and relays this information to the brain. As such, determining how olfactory information is transferred to the brain, modifying both perception and behavior, merits investigation. Interestingly, there is emerging evidence that cellular transduction and transcriptional factors are involved in the diversification of olfactory receptor neuron. Here we provide a robust whole mount immunological labeling method to assay in vivo olfactory receptor neuron organization. Using this method, we identified all olfactory receptor neurons with anti-ELAV antibody, a known pan-neural marker and Or49a-mCD8::GFP, an olfactory receptor neuron specifically expressed in Nba neuron using anti-GFP antibody.

Whole Mount Immunolabeling of Olfactory Receptor Neurons in the Drosophila Antenna

Herein we describe the process of whole mount immunostaining of Drosophila antennae, which enables us to better understand the molecular mechanisms involved in the diversification of olfactory receptor neurons (ORN)s.

In Koku Reseptör Nöronlar Tüm Dağı ile immün<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Anten

Odorant molecules bind to their target receptors in a precise and coordinated manner. Each receptor recognizes a specific signal and relays this ...

A Simple One-step Dissection Protocol for Whole-mount Preparation of Adult Drosophila Brains

There is an increasing interest in using Drosophila to model human brain degenerative diseases, map neuronal circuitries in adult brains, and study the molecular and cellular basis of higher brain functions. A whole-mount preparation of adult brains with well-preserved morphology is critical for such whole brain-based studies, but can be technically challenging and time-consuming. This protocol describes an easy-to-learn, one-step dissection approach of an adult fly head in less than 10 s, while keeping the intact brain attached to the rest of the body to facilitate subsequent processing steps. The procedure helps remove most of the eye and tracheal tissues normally associated with the brain that can interfere with the later imaging step, and also places less demand on the quality of the dissecting forceps. Additionally, we describe a simple method that allows convenient flipping of the mounted brain samples on a coverslip, which is important for imaging both sides of the brains with similar signal intensity and quality. As an example of the protocol, we present an analysis of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in adult brains of WT (w1118) flies. The high efficacy of the dissection method makes it particularly useful for large-scale adult brain-based studies in Drosophila.

A Simple One-step Dissection Protocol for Whole-mount Preparation of Adult Drosophila Brains

The adult Drosophila brain is a valuable system for studying neuronal circuitry, higher brain functions, and complex disorders. An efficient method to dissect whole brain tissue from the small fly head will facilitate brain-based studies. Here we describe a simple, one-step dissection protocol of adult brains with well-preserved morphology.

Basit Bir adım Yetişkin Tüm montaj Hazırlama Diseksiyon Protokolü<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Brain

There is an increasing interest in using Drosophila to model human brain degenerative diseases, map neuronal circuitries in adult brains, and study the ...

Zebrafish In Situ Spinal Cord Preparation for Electrophysiological Recordings from Spinal Sensory and Motor Neurons

Zebrafish, first introduced as a developmental model, have gained popularity in many other fields. The ease of rearing large numbers of rapidly developing organisms, combined with the embryonic optical clarity, served as initial compelling attributes of this model. Over the past two decades, the success of this model has been further propelled by its amenability to large-scale mutagenesis screens and by the ease of transgenesis. More recently, gene-editing approaches have extended the power of the model.
For neurodevelopmental studies, the zebrafish embryo and larva provide a model to which multiple methods can be applied. Here, we focus on methods that allow the study of an essential property of neurons, electrical excitability. Our preparation for the electrophysiological study of zebrafish spinal neurons involves the use of veterinarian suture glue to secure the preparation to a recording chamber. Alternative methods for recording from zebrafish embryos and larvae involve the attachment of the preparation to the chamber using a fine tungsten pin1,2,3,4,5. A tungsten pin is most often used to mount the preparation in a lateral orientation, although it has been used to mount larvae dorsal-side up4. The suture glue has been used to mount embryos and larvae in both orientations. Using the glue, a minimal dissection can be performed, allowing access to spinal neurons without the use of an enzymatic treatment, thereby avoiding any resultant damage. However, for larvae, it is necessary to apply a brief enzyme treatment to remove the muscle tissue surrounding the spinal cord. The methods described here have been used to study the intrinsic electrical properties of motor neurons, interneurons, and sensory neurons at several developmental stages6,7,8,9.

Zebrafish In Situ Spinal Cord Preparation for Electrophysiological Recordings from Spinal Sensory and Motor Neurons

This manuscript describes methods for electrophysiological recordings from spinal neurons of zebrafish embryos and larvae. The preparation maintains neurons in situ and often involves minimum dissection. These methods allow for the electrophysiological study of a variety of spinal neurons, from the initial electrical excitability acquisition through the early larval stages.

Zebra balığı<em&gt; Situ</em&gt; Omurilik Omurilik duyusal ve motor nöronlar gelen Elektrofizyolojik Recordings Hazırlık

Zebrafish, first introduced as a developmental model, have gained popularity in many other fields. The ease of rearing large numbers of rapidly developing ...

Application of Automated Image-guided Patch Clamp for the Study of Neurons in Brain Slices

Whole-cell patch clamp is the gold-standard method to measure the electrical properties of single cells. However, the in vitro patch clamp remains a challenging and low-throughput technique due to its complexity and high reliance on user operation and control. This manuscript demonstrates an image-guided automatic patch clamp system for in vitro whole-cell patch clamp experiments in acute brain slices. Our system implements a computer vision-based algorithm to detect fluorescently labeled cells and to target them for fully automatic patching using a micromanipulator and internal pipette pressure control. The entire process is highly automated, with minimal requirements for human intervention. Real-time experimental information, including electrical resistance and internal pipette pressure, are documented electronically for future analysis and for optimization to different cell types. Although our system is described in the context of acute brain slice recordings, it can also be applied to the automated image-guided patch clamp of dissociated neurons, organotypic slice cultures, and other non-neuronal cell types.

This protocol describes how to conduct automatic image-guided patch-clamp experiments using a system recently developed for standard in vitro electrophysiology equipment.

Beyin dilimlerinde nöronların çalışması için otomatik görüntü yönlendirmeli Yama Kelepçesi Uygulaması

Whole-cell patch clamp is the gold-standard method to measure the electrical properties of single cells. However, the in vitro patch clamp remains a ...

Preparations and Protocols for Whole Cell Patch Clamp Recording of Xenopus laevis Tectal Neurons

The Xenopus tadpole retinotectal circuit, comprised of the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the eye which form synapses directly onto neurons in the optic tectum, is a popular model to study how neural circuits self-assemble. The ability to carry out whole cell patch clamp recordings from tectal neurons and to record RGC-evoked responses, either in vivo or using a whole brain preparation, has generated a large body of high-resolution data about the mechanisms underlying normal, and abnormal, circuit formation and function. Here we describe how to perform the in vivo preparation, the original whole brain preparation, and a more recently developed horizontal brain slice preparation for obtaining whole cell patch clamp recordings from tectal neurons. Each preparation has unique experimental advantages. The in vivo preparation enables the recording of the direct response of tectal neurons to visual stimuli projected onto the eye. The whole brain preparation allows for the RGC axons to be activated in a highly controlled manner, and the horizontal brain slice preparation allows recording from across all layers of the tectum.

Preparations and Protocols for Whole Cell Patch Clamp Recording of Xenopus laevis Tectal Neurons

In this paper, we discuss three brain preparations used for whole cell patch clamp recording to study the retinotectal circuit of Xenopus laevis tadpoles. Each preparation, with its own specific advantages, contributes to the experimental tractability of the Xenopus tadpole as a model to study neural circuit function.

Ürünleri ve tüm hücre yama kelepçe kayıt Xenopus laevis Tectal nöronlar için iletişim kuralları

The Xenopus tadpole retinotectal circuit, comprised of the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the eye which form synapses directly onto neurons in the optic ...

Preparation of Acute Spinal Cord Slices for Whole-cell Patch-clamp Recording in Substantia Gelatinosa Neurons

Recent whole-cell patch-clamp studies from substantia gelatinosa (SG) neurons have provided a large body of information about the spinal mechanisms underlying sensory transmission, nociceptive regulation, and chronic pain or itch development. Implementations of electrophysiological recordings together with morphological studies based on the utility of acute spinal cord slices have further improved our understanding of neuronal properties and the composition of local circuitry in SG. Here, we present a detailed and practical guide for the preparation of spinal cord slices and show representative whole-cell recording and morphological results. This protocol permits ideal neuronal preservation and can mimic in vivo conditions to a certain extent. In summary, the ability to obtain an in vitro preparation of spinal cord slices enables stable current- and voltage-clamp recordings and could thus facilitate detailed investigations into the intrinsic membrane properties, local circuitry and neuronal structure using diverse experimental approaches.

Here, we describe the essential steps for whole-cell patch-clamp recordings made from substantia gelatinosa (SG) neurons in the in vitro spinal cord slice. This method allows the intrinsic membrane properties, synaptic transmission and morphological characterization of SG neurons to be studied.

Akut omurilik dilimleri hazırlanması gözlemliyorum Gelatinosa nöronlar bütün hücreli yama-kelepçe kayıt için

Recent whole-cell patch-clamp studies from substantia gelatinosa (SG) neurons have provided a large body of information about the spinal mechanisms ...

Hazırlanması

Özet

Daha Fazla Video Keşfet

Bu videodaki bölümler

Lazer Yakalama Mikrodisseksiyon Drosophila Periferik Nöronlar

Patch Kelepçe bir Karanlık adapte Dilim Hazırlık Fare Retina Nöronlar Kayıtlar

Merkez Sinir Sistemi Tek Hücreler Etiketleme

Santral Sinir Sistemi Onarım İnceleyecek Bir Sakatlık Paradigma

In Koku Reseptör Nöronlar Tüm Dağı ile immün

Basit Bir adım Yetişkin Tüm montaj Hazırlama Diseksiyon Protokolü

Zebra balığı

Beyin dilimlerinde nöronların çalışması için otomatik görüntü yönlendirmeli Yama Kelepçesi Uygulaması

Ürünleri ve tüm hücre yama kelepçe kayıt Xenopus laevis Tectal nöronlar için iletişim kuralları

Akut omurilik dilimleri hazırlanması gözlemliyorum Gelatinosa nöronlar bütün hücreli yama-kelepçe kayıt için