המחברים מבקשים להודות סוכנויות מימון שלנו, הכוללים NeuroDevNet (א מרכזי לאומי של מצוינות), קרן ALVA, של נשים ושל המכון לחקר בריאות ילדים, ואת אוניברסיטת אלברטה.

<ol>
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החוקרים אין לחשוף.

בדיקות רפלקס נוירו-התפתחותי היא מדד חזוי של התפתחות קליפת מוח נורמלית והתבגרות, אשר עשוי להיות בעל משמעות בנסיבות שבן בנוירופתולוגיה הגלויה אינה ברורה. במהלך בדיקות התפתחותיות, הוא קריטי כדי להבטיח כי גורים נבחנים באותו הזמן יומי. חולדות הם ליליות ולכן, קצב היממה של?...

רפלקסים נוירו-התפתחותי, או אבני דרך התפתחותיות, הם אחד להערכות המוקדמות בשימוש על תינוקות ופעוטות אנושיים. רפלקסים נוירולוגיות הן תנועות רצוניות וחוזר על עצמו כי להפגין גזע המוח ורפלקסים חוט השדרה. יישון של רשתות מוח עליונות מאופיינות מתפתח הגירה, מעטפת המיאלין, ו synaptogenesis לקדם שליטת רצונית ועיכוב קליפת המוח. שינויים בהתקדמות נורמלי של התפתחות מערכת העצבים המרכזית יכולים לשבש את התפתחות המוח, וכתוצאה מכך חיווט קליפת המוח נורמלי, התפקוד, וכן מעטפת המיאלין, גרימת עיכובים רפלקס התפתחותיות או היעדרויות. תינוקות אדם בסיכון גבוה עבור נכות נוירו-התפתחותיות לעתים קרובות להציג רפלקסים מוקדם נורמלים. רפלקסים תקינים יכולים להציג כמו עיכוב ברכישה, בהעדר, נוכחות ממושכת, או הופעתו מחדש בשלב מאוחר יותר בחיים, והם חזויים של נכויות התפתחותיות. 1, 2 לכןחשוב לחקות עיכובים רפלקס במודל ניסיוני של מוגבלויות התפתחותיות. מכרסמים מועסקים בכינויו דגמים ניסיוניים. גורי חולדה הם חובשים קן כאשר נולדו, ולכן בשלה מדי להתחייב מנוע ספציפי או מורכב, חושיות ו / או משימות התנהגותית קוגניטיבית. בהקשר זה, בגרות התפתחותי שלהם מתייחסות הוא ההתפתחות הגופנית איבר שלהם. חולדות נולדות ללא שיער עם חוסר יכולת לווסת את חום גופו, עיוורות, ולא מסוגל ללכת. בהתייחס להתפתחות המוח, התבגרות קליפת המוח משמעותית מתרחשת לאחר הלידה. גורי חולדת יילוד (יום לידה המכונים ביום לידת 1; PD1) הוצע כדי להגיע לרמת הבשלת מוח דומה למוח אנושי פג של 23 - הריון 28 שבועות, בעוד PD7-10 גורים שקולי הכמעט מוחלט המוח האנושי מונח. 3, 4, 5, 6מתאם זה מבוסס על ניתוחי ברוטו אנטומיים, לעומת זאת, אמצעים אחרים של הבשלת המוח כגון פעילות מוח משולבת מעטפת המיאלין ואת משרעת גם תוארו. 5, 7 לדוגמה, טרום oligodendrocytes הם תאים השולט במוח העובר האנושי המתפתח מצינור 23 - 32 שבועות ברחם, ועל הבמה הבשלתית זו תואמת מכרסם PD1-3. 5, 8, 9, 10 יתר על כן, מעטפת המיאלין ברחם אצל בני אדם בעוד גורי חולדה נראה במוח הקדמי סביב PD7-10; מוח מכרסם היילוד נותר בלתי myelinated ברובו. 11, 12 טאקר ואח. נמצא כי דפוס אלקטרואנצפלוגרם משולב משרעת של חולדת P1 להיות דומה עלילות 23 שבועותהעובר האנושי tion, ואילו גור PD7 ו PD10 משול 30 - תינוק 32 שבוע ארוך, בהתאמה. 7 מסיבות אלה, בדיקות רפלקס היילוד ב גורי חולדה בילוד מספק הזדמנות עבור לכידת ontogeny ו / או שיבוש של התפתחות המוח. הסוללה של רפלקסים המתוארים להלן מותאמת ממחקרים ידי WM פוקס וא Lubics 13, 14 WM פוקס היה אחד החוקרים המוקדמים ביחס ontogeny של רפלקסים את העכבר. 13 רפלקסים אלה כוללים, אך אינם מוגבלים, אחיזה הגפה הצבת, הימנעות צוק, ליישר, מואצת ליישר, ההליכה, בהלה שמיעתי, היציבה, ופתיחת העין. שניהם אחיזה forelimb ו hindlimb (המכונה אחיזה כַּפִי ו plantar בבני אדם, בהתאמה) הם הקלו על ידי רפלקסים השדרה ועיכוב corticospinal מאזורים מנוע שאינם ראשיים. 15, 16 הצבת Hindlimb (רפלקס בבינסקי) משקף הבשלה של מערכת corticospinal. 16, 17, 18 קליף הימנעות (תגובות מגן), ליישר (מבוך), מואצת ליישר לערב אינטגרציה ותקשורת בין קלט חושי ופלט מנוע (כגון המעורבים vibrissae ומערכות שיווי המשקל). 19, 20, 21 הילוך משקף תנועה. 14 בהלה שמיעתית מעריך גירוי אקוסטי קשרים סינפטיים של נוירונים ענקים בגרעין reticularis caudalis פונטיס. 21 יציבה כרוכה תחזיות קליפת מוח-שדרה מתאימות / שדרה-קליפת מוח, כוח שריר, עצבוב תוקף. 22, 23 מאturation של קולטנים -aminobutyric חומצת גאמא להיות מתואם עם פתיחת עין. 24 חשוב לזכור כי רפלקסים לשקף רשת הרבה יותר מסובכת הניתנים כאן הוא מתאם כללי. יתר על כן, רפלקסים אלה מספקים שיטה קלה ומהירה של הערכת התפתחות נוירולוגית בגיל צעיר ביותר שבו יותר מורכבות בדיקות התנהגותיות הן לא ריאליות. מטרת מאמר זה היא לספק הנחיה כללית לבדיקות רפלקס התפתחותיות כי ניתן לשלב בקלות לתוך מחקרי עכברוש בילוד ניסיוני. המתודולוגיה המתוארת בוצעה גורי חולדה בילוד הארוך אוונס וכימות של התוצאות התבססה על היום הראשון של הופעה. היום זה רפלקס בדיקות יוזמות ומפעיל את הציוד המנוצל ניתן לשנות יותר כדי להתאים מודל ניסיוני שונה (כגון עבור זנים ומינים שונים). על ידי הקמת ההתקדמות הפיזיולוגית התקינה של שופטהתבגרות לקס במודל חיה ספציפית, החוקרים יכולים להעריך את ההשפעות של גורמי לחץ חיצוניים, מניפולציות אנדוגניים, ו / או התערבויות טיפוליות על התפתחות המוח במודלים של עכברים בילוד. בסך הכל, את השימוש רפלקסים כמו קביעה של בגרות המוח הוא יתרון בחיזוי פגיעה מוחית סביב הלידה, והוא משקף תוצאות התפתחותיות מאוחר.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Breeding</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transfer pipettes</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>12-711-9AM</td>
			<td>Used for vaginal flushes.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile Saline</td>
			<td>Hospira</td>
			<td>7983254</td>
			<td>The solution used to collect cells during vaginal flushes.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>400 &#181;l Microcentrifuge tubes</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>05-408-120</td>
			<td>Used to hold the saline solution.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Light microscope</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>Leica ATC 2000</td>
			<td>For observation of the saline solution. Can be any light microscope used in the lab.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Slides</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>12-552-5</td>
			<td>The saline solution is placed on the slide. Can be any slides used in the lab.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Coverslips</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>12-545-F</td>
			<td>To coverslip the slides. Can use any coverslips used in the lab.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dietary&#160; Supplementation</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Broccoli Sprouts seeds</td>
			<td>Mumm&#39;s Sprouting Seeds</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Broccoli sprouts seeds are ordered and grown in the lab.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Countertop Seed Sprouter Box</td>
			<td>Mumm&#39;s Sprouting Seeds</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>A box is used to germinate and grow the seeds prior to harvest.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>250 mL beaker</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>The beaker is used to soak the seed. Any size beaker that would fit can be used.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Maternal Inflammation</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lipoplysaccharide (LPS)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>L3129</td>
			<td>The endotoxin used to mimic maternal inflammation.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 mL Syringe</td>
			<td>BD Syringe</td>
			<td>309659</td>
			<td>Used to inject the pregnant rat.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gauge (30G X 1/2)</td>
			<td>BD PrecisionGlide Needle</td>
			<td>305106</td>
			<td>Use the smallest needle to avoid pain and discomfort.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile Saline (0.9% Sodium Chloride, USP)</td>
			<td>Hospira</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Saline is used to dissolve LPS.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Weights</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scale</td>
			<td>Denver Instrument</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>For recording the weights. Can be any scale with 2 decimal places used in the lab.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neurodevelopmental Reflexes</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thin blunt rod</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Can be a paperclip or toothpick. This is for forelimb and hindlimb grasping.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Round filter paper</td>
			<td>Whatman</td>
			<td>1001 150</td>
			<td>15 cm diameter paper used for gait analysis.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Timer</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>06-662-51</td>
			<td>For timing the time allocated to righting and gait.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Blunt surface</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Can be an edge of a table. This is for hindlimb placing and cliff avoidance.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Foam landing</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>For when the pups perform accelerated righting.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Video recorder</td>
			<td>Sony</td>
			<td>VCT-D580RM</td>
			<td>To record all reflexes tested. Must be able to record at 1/1000 fps</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bell</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>For auditory startle.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heat lamp or pad</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>To maintain the body temperature of the pups underoing examination.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

neurodevelopmental reflex testing in neonatal rat pups

בדיקות רפלקס נוירו-התפתחותי הוא נפוץ בפרקטיקה הקלינית להעריך את ההתבגרות של מערכת העצבים. רפלקסים נוירו-התפתחותי גם מכונים רפלקסים פרימיטיביים כמו. הם רגישים עקביים עם תוצאות מאוחר יותר. רפלקסים לא תקינים אינם מתוארים היעדרות, התמדה, הופעתו מחדש, או שהייה של רפלקסים, אשר הנם מדדי ניבוי של תינוקות שנמצאים בסיכון גבוה להפרעות התפתחותיות. מודלים בבעלי חיים של מוגבלויות התפתחותיות, כגון שיתוק מוחין, לעתים קרובות להציג רפלקסים התפתחותי סוטה, כפי שניתן היה לצפות בתינוקות אנושיים. הטכניקות המתוארות להעריך מגוון רפלקסים התפתחותיות אצל חולדות ילודות. בדיקות רפלקס נוירו-התפתחותי מציע החוקר שיטת בדיקה שאינה זמינה אחרת בחיות כל כך צעיר. המתודולוגיה המוצגת כאן נועד לסייע לחוקרים בבחינת אבני דרך התפתחותיות אצל חולדות בילוד כשיטת br התחלה מוקדמת לגילויפציעת עין ו / או בקביעה האפקטיבית של התערבויות טיפוליות. המתודולוגיה המוצגת כאן נועדה לספק הנחיה כללית עבור חוקרים.

ציר הזמן של תכנון הניסוי הזה מוצג באיור 2. 30 השיטות והתוצאות פורסמו בעבר. 30 מטרת המחקר הייתה להעריך האם תוספי תזונה עם נבטי ברוקולי במהלך הריון ותקופת preweaning מוגנים לצאצאים מן העיכוב התפתחותיות מושרה ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Neurodevelopmental Reflex Testing in Neonatal Rat Pups at JoVE.com

Neurodevelopmental Reflex Testing in Neonatal Rat Pups

בדיקות התנהגותיות הוא תקן הזהב להחלטה התוצאות הבאות פגיעה מוחית, והוא יכול לזהות נוכחות של נכויות התפתחותיות בתינוקות וילדים. רפלקסים נוירו-התפתחותי הם אינדיקטור מוקדם של ליקויים אלה. שורה של בדיקות רפלקס התפתחותי מושגת בקלות המכרסמת בילוד פותחו מתואר כאן.

בדיקת רפלקס נוירו-התפתחותי ב- Neonatal עכברוש Pups

Neurodevelopmental reflex testing is commonly used in clinical practice to assess the maturation of the nervous system. Neurodevelopmental reflexes are ...

neurodevelopmental-reflex-testing-in-neonatal-rat-pups

Universidad San Sebastian

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

19.7K Views.  University of Alberta.  בדיקות התנהגותיות הוא תקן הזהב להחלטה התוצאות הבאות פגיעה מוחית, והוא יכול לזהות נוכחות של נכויות התפתחותיות בתינוקות וילדים. רפלקסים נוירו-התפתחותי הם אינדיקטור מוקדם של ליקויים אלה. שורה של בדיקות רפלקס התפתחותי מושגת בקלות המכרסמת ביל...

Video: Neurodevelopmental Reflex Testing in Neonatal Rat Pups

Barnes Maze Testing Strategies with Small and Large Rodent Models

Spatial learning and memory of laboratory rodents is often assessed via navigational ability in mazes, most popular of which are the water and dry-land (Barnes) mazes. Improved performance over sessions or trials is thought to reflect learning and memory of the escape cage/platform location. Considered less stressful than water mazes, the Barnes maze is a relatively simple design of a circular platform top with several holes equally spaced around the perimeter edge. All but one of the holes are false-bottomed or blind-ending, while one leads to an escape cage. Mildly aversive stimuli (e.g.&#160;bright overhead lights) provide motivation to locate the escape cage. Latency to locate the escape cage can be measured during the session; however, additional endpoints typically require video recording. From those video recordings, use of automated tracking software can generate a variety of endpoints that are similar to those produced in water mazes (e.g.&#160;distance traveled, velocity/speed, time spent in the correct quadrant, time spent moving/resting, and confirmation of latency). Type of search strategy (i.e.&#160;random, serial, or direct) can be categorized as well. Barnes maze construction and testing methodologies can differ for small rodents, such as mice, and large rodents, such as rats. For example, while extra-maze cues are effective for rats, smaller wild rodents may require intra-maze cues with a visual barrier around the maze. Appropriate stimuli must be identified which motivate the rodent to locate the escape cage. Both Barnes and water mazes can be time consuming as 4-7 test trials are typically required to detect improved learning and memory performance (e.g.&#160;shorter latencies or path lengths to locate the escape platform or cage) and/or differences between experimental groups. Even so, the Barnes maze is a widely employed behavioral assessment measuring spatial navigational abilities and their potential disruption by genetic, neurobehavioral manipulations, or drug/ toxicant exposure.

The dry-land Barnes maze is widely used to measure spatial navigation ability in response to mildly aversive stimuli. Over consecutive days, performance (e.g.&#160;latency to locate escape cage) of control subjects improves, indicative of normal learning and memory. Differences between rats and mice necessitate apparatus and methodology changes that are detailed here.

בארנס מבוך אסטרטגיות בדיקה עם קטן ומודלים מכרסמים גדולים

Spatial learning and memory of laboratory rodents is often assessed via navigational ability in mazes, most popular of which are the water and dry-land ...

Testing for Odor Discrimination and Habituation in Mice

This video demonstrates a technique to establish the presence of a normally functioning olfactory system in a mouse. The test helps determine whether the mouse can discriminate between non-social odors and social odors, whether the mouse habituates to a repeatedly presented odor, and whether the mouse demonstrates dishabituation when presented with a novel odor. Since many social behavior tests measure the experimental animal&#8217;s response to a familiar or novel mouse, false positives can be avoided by establishing that the animals can detect and discriminate between social odors. There are similar considerations in learning tests such as fear conditioning that use odor to create a novel environment or olfactory cues as an associative stimulus. Deficits in the olfactory system would impair the ability to distinguish between contexts and to form an association with an olfactory cue during fear conditioning. 
In the odor habitation/dishabituation test, the mouse is repeatedly presented with several odors. Each odor is presented three times for two minutes. The investigator records the sniffing time directed towards the odor as the measurement of olfactory responsiveness. A typical mouse shows a decrease in response to the odor over repeated presentations (habituation). The experimenter then presents a novel odor that elicits increased sniffing towards the new odor (dishabituation). After repeated presentation of the novel odor the animal again shows habituation. This protocol involves the presentation of water, two or more non-social odors, and two social odors. In addition to reducing experimental confounds, this test can provide information on the function of the olfactory systems of new knockout, knock-in, and conditional knockout mouse lines.

This manuscript describes a protocol to examine the olfactory system of rodents. The olfactory habituation/dishabituation test will allow investigators to determine whether a mouse habituates to a repeatedly presented odor and whether the mouse demonstrates dishabituation when presented a novel odor.

בדיקה לריח אפליה והרגלה בעכברים

This video demonstrates a technique to establish the presence of a normally functioning olfactory system in a mouse. The test helps determine whether the ...

Testing Sensory and Multisensory Function in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

In addition to impairments in social communication and the presence of restricted interests and repetitive behaviors, deficits in sensory processing are now recognized as a core symptom in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Our ability to perceive and interact with the external world is rooted in sensory processing. For example, listening to a conversation entails processing the auditory cues coming from the speaker (speech content, prosody, syntax) as well as the associated visual information (facial expressions, gestures). Collectively, the &#8220;integration&#8221; of these multisensory (i.e., combined audiovisual) pieces of information results in better comprehension. Such multisensory integration has been shown to be strongly dependent upon the temporal relationship of the paired stimuli. Thus, stimuli that occur in close temporal proximity are highly likely to result in behavioral and perceptual benefits &#8211; gains believed to be reflective of the perceptual system&#39;s judgment of the likelihood that these two stimuli came from the same source. Changes in this temporal integration are expected to strongly alter perceptual processes, and are likely to diminish the ability to accurately perceive and interact with our world. Here, a battery of tasks designed to characterize various aspects of sensory and multisensory temporal processing in children with ASD is described. In addition to its utility in autism, this battery has great potential for characterizing changes in sensory function in other clinical populations, as well as being used to examine changes in these processes across the lifespan.

We describe how to implement a battery of behavioral tasks to examine the processing and integration of sensory stimuli in children with ASD. The goal is to characterize individual differences in temporal processing of simple auditory and visual stimuli and relate these to higher order perceptual skills like speech perception.

בדיקת תפקוד חושי ורב-חושי בילדים עם הפרעת ספקטרום האוטיזם

In addition to impairments in social communication and the presence of restricted interests and repetitive behaviors, deficits in sensory processing are ...

Morris Water Maze Test: Optimization for Mouse Strain and Testing Environment

The Morris water maze (MWM) is a commonly used task to assess hippocampal-dependent spatial learning and memory in transgenic mouse models of disease, including neurocognitive disorders such as Alzheimer&#8217;s disease. However, the background strain of the mouse model used can have a substantial effect on the observed behavioral phenotype, with some strains exhibiting superior learning ability relative to others. To ensure differences between transgene negative and transgene positive mice can be detected, identification of a training procedure sensitive to the background strain is essential. Failure to tailor the MWM protocol to the background strain of the mouse model may lead to under- or over- training, thereby masking group differences in probe trials. Here, a MWM protocol tailored for use with the F1 FVB/N x 129S6 background is described. This is a frequently used background strain to study the age-dependent effects of mutant P301L tau (rTg(TauP301L)4510 mice) on the memory deficits associated with Alzheimer&#8217;s disease. Also described is a strategy to re-optimize, as dictated by the particular testing environment utilized.

This manuscript describes a Morris water maze (MWM) protocol tailored for use with a commonly used mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. The MWM is widely used in transgenic mouse models. Implementation of a procedure sensitive to the background strain of the mouse model is essential for detecting group differences.

מבחן מוריס מים מבוך: אופטימיזציה לזני עכבר ובדיקת איכות סביבה

 The Morris water maze (MWM) is a commonly used task to assess hippocampal-dependent spatial learning and memory in transgenic mouse models of disease, ...

Simple and Computer-assisted Olfactory Testing for Mice

Olfaction is highly conserved among species and is required for reproduction and survival.
In humans, olfaction is also one of the senses that is affected with aging and is a strong predictor of neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, olfaction testing is used as a non-invasive diagnostic method to detect neurological deficits early on. In order to understand the mechanisms underlying olfactory network susceptibility, olfactory research in rodents has gained momentum in the past decade.
Here, we present a very simple, time efficient and reproducible olfactory testing method of innate odor perception and sensitivity in mice without the need of any prior food or water restriction. The tests are performed in a familiar environment to the mice, require only the scents and a 2 min session of odorant exposure. The analysis is performed, post-hoc, using computer-assisted commands on ImageJ and can be, therefore, carried out from start to end by one researcher.
This protocol does not require any special hardware or setup and is indicated for any laboratory interested in testing olfactory perception and sensitivity.

We present a simple and unbiased olfactory test in mice. With this protocol olfactory discrimination, preference, avoidance and sensitivity to a novel odor as compared to water can be assessed in single behavioral sessions. This method is indicated for a single experimenter and analysis is based on computer-assisted video processing.

פשוט וחוש ריח בדיקה לעכברים בסיוע מחשב

Olfaction is highly conserved among species and is required for reproduction and survival.
In humans, olfaction is also one of the senses that is affected ...

Testing Tactile Masking between the Forearms

Masking, in which one stimulus affects the detection of another, is a classic technique that has been used in visual, auditory, and tactile research, usually using stimuli that are close together to reveal local interactions. Masking effects have also been demonstrated in which a tactile stimulus alters the perception of a touch at a distant location. Such effects can provide insight into how components of the body's representations in the brain may be linked. Occasional reports have indicated that touches on one hand or forearm can affect tactile sensitivity at corresponding contralateral locations. To explore the matching of corresponding points across the body, we can measure the spatial tuning and effect of posture on contralateral masking. Careful controls are required to rule out direct effects of the remote stimulus, for example by mechanical transmission, and also attention effects in which thresholds may be altered by the participant's attention being drawn away from the stimulus of interest. The use of this technique is beneficial as a behavioural measure for exploring which parts of the body are functionally connected and whether the two sides of the body interact in a somatotopic representation. This manuscript describes a behavioural protocol that can be used for studying contralateral tactile masking.

Here we explore contralateral tactile masking between the forearms in which tactile detection thresholds are modulated by vibration applied to a remote site. The details of which remote sites have an effect can tell us about how the body is represented in the brain.

בדיקת מישוש מיסוך בין האמות

Masking, in which one stimulus affects the detection of another, is a classic technique that has been used in visual, auditory, and tactile research, ...

New Variations for Strategy Set-shifting in the Rat

Behavioral flexibility is crucial for survival in changing environments. Broadly defined, behavioral flexibility requires a shift of behavioral strategy based on a change in governing rules. We describe a strategy set-shifting task that requires an attentional shift from one stimulus dimension to another. The paradigm is often used for testing cognitive flexibility in primates. However, the rodent version has not been as extensively developed. We have recently extended an established set-shifting task in the rat1 by requiring attention to different stimuli according to context. All the experimental conditions required animals to choose either a left or right lever. Initially, all animals had to choose on the basis of the location of the lever. Subsequently, a change in the rule occurred, which required a shift in set from location-based rule to a rule in which the correct lever was indicated by a light cue. We compared performance on three different versions of the task, in which the light stimulus was either novel, previously relevant, or previously irrelevant. We found that specific neurochemical lesions selectively impaired the ability to make particular types of set shift as measured by the performance on the different versions of the task.

Set-shifting, a form of behavioral flexibility, requires an attentional shift from one stimulus dimension to another. We extended an established rodent set-shifting task1 by requiring attention to different stimuli according to context. The task was combined with specific lesions to identify neuron subtypes underlying a successful shift.

הגרסאות החדשות של אסטרטגיה Set-הסטה בחולדה

Behavioral flexibility is crucial for survival in changing environments. Broadly defined, behavioral flexibility requires a shift of behavioral strategy ...

Testing for Metacognitive Responding Using an Odor-based Delayed Match-to-Sample Test in Rats

Metamemory involves the cognitive ability to assess the strength of one&#39;s memories. To explore the possibility of metamemory in non-human animals, numerous behavioral tasks have been created, many of which utilize an option to decline memory tests. To assess metamemory in rats, we utilized this decline-test option paradigm by adapting previous visual delayed-match-to-sample tests (DMTS)1,2 developed for primate species to an odor-based test suitable for rodents. First,&#160;rats are given a sample to remember by digging in a cup of scented sand. After a delay, the rat is presented with four distinctly scented cups, one of which contains the identical scent experienced during the sample; if this matching cup is selected, then the rat obtains a preferred, larger reward. Selection of any of the other three non-matching sand-filled scented cups results in no reward. Retention intervals are individually titrated such that subjects perform between 40 and 70% correct, therefore ensuring rats sometimes remember and sometimes forget the sample. Here, the operational definition of metamemory is the ability to distinguish between the presence and absence of memory through behavioral responding. Towards this end, on two-thirds of trials, a decline option is presented in addition to the four choice cups (choice trials). If the decline-test option- an unscented colored sand cup, is selected, the subject receives a smaller less-preferred reward and avoids the memory test. On the remaining third of trials, the decline-test option is not available (forced trials), causing subjects to guess the correct cup when the sample is forgotten. On choice tests, subjects that know when they remember should select the decline option when memory is weak rather than take the test and choose incorrectly. Therefore, significantly higher performance on chosen tests as compared to forced memory tests is indicative of the adaptive use of the decline-test response and metacognitive responding.

This protocol describes a method for investigating the possibility of metamemory, or memory awareness, in rodents. The odor-based delayed-matching-to-sample paradigm is a novel, ecologically-relevant behavioral test useful for determining the extent to which rodents can adaptively respond based on cognitively monitoring the strength of their memory states.

בדיקת Metacognitive להגיב באמצעות מבוסס על ריח מושהית מבחן התאמה-כדי-Sample בחולדות

Metamemory involves the cognitive ability to assess the strength of one&#39;s memories. To explore the possibility of metamemory in non-human animals, ...

Computerized Adaptive Testing System of Functional Assessment of Stroke

The computerized adaptive testing system of the functional assessment of stroke (CAT-FAS) can simultaneously assess four functions (motor functions of the upper and lower extremities, postural control, and basic activities of daily living) with sufficient reliability and administrative efficiency. CAT, a modern measurement method, aims to provide a reliable estimate of the examinee's level of function rapidly. CAT administers only a few items whose item difficulties match an examinee's level of function and, thus, the administered items of CAT can provide sufficient information to reliably estimate the examinee's level of function in a short time. The CAT-FAS was developed through four steps: (1) determining the item bank, (2) determining the stopping rules, (3) validating the CAT-FAS, and (4) establishing a platform of online administration. The results of this study indicate that the CAT-FAS has sufficient administrative efficiency (average number of items = 8.5) and reliability (group-level Rasch reliability: 0.88 - 0.93; individual-level Rasch reliability: &#8805;70% of patients had Rasch reliability score &#8805;0.90) to simultaneously assess four functions in patients with stroke. In addition, because the CAT-FAS is a computer-based test, the CAT-FAS has three additional advantages: the automatic calculation of scores, the immediate storage of data, and the easy exporting of data. These advantages of the CAT-FAS will be beneficial to data management for clinicians and researchers.

Here, we present a protocol to develop the computerized adaptive testing system of the functional assessment of stroke (CAT-FAS). The CAT-FAS can simultaneously assess four functions (two motor functions [upper and lower extremities], postural control, and basic activities of daily living) with sufficient reliability and administrative efficiency.

מערכת בדיקות אדפטיבי ממוחשב של הערכה תפקודית של שבץ

The computerized adaptive testing system of the functional assessment of stroke (CAT-FAS) can simultaneously assess four functions (motor functions of the ...

Chronic Sleep Deprivation in Mouse Pups by Means of Gentle Handling

Sleep is critical for proper development and neural plasticity. Moreover, abnormal sleep patterns are characteristic of many neurodevelopmental disorders. Studying how chronic sleep restriction during development can affect adult behavior may add to our understanding of the emergence of behavioral symptoms of neurodevelopmental disorders. While there are many methods that can be used to restrict sleep in rodents including forced locomotion, constant disruption, presentation of an aversive stimulus, or electric shock, many of these methods are very stressful and cannot be used in neonatal mice. Here, we describe gentle handling, a sleep deprivation technique that can be used chronically throughout development and into adulthood to achieve sleep restriction. Gentle handling involves close observation of the mice throughout the sleep deprivation period and requires the researcher to gently prod the animals whenever they are inactive or display behaviors associated with sleep. Coupled with EEG recordings, gentle handling could be used to selectively disrupt a specific phase of sleep such as rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. The technique of gentle handling is a powerful tool for the study of the effects of chronic sleep restriction even in neonatal mice that circumvents many of the more stressful procedures used for sleep deprivation.

We describe a sleep deprivation technique known as gentle handling where investigators gently prod mice any time sleep behavior is observed. This method is a powerful tool that allows researchers to study the effects that chronic sleep restriction throughout development can have on future brain physiology and behavior.

מניעת שינה כרונית עכבר כלבלבים באמצעות עדין לטיפול

Sleep is critical for proper development and neural plasticity. Moreover, abnormal sleep patterns are characteristic of many neurodevelopmental disorders. ...