作者要感谢我们的资助机构，其中包括NeuroDevNet（卓越的国家中心），将ALVA基金会，妇女和儿童健康研究所和艾伯塔大学。

动物护理和使用委员会，健康科学阿尔伯塔大学批准了所有动物研究。 注意:虽然此协议可以适用于其他物种和品系，该协议是为Long-Evans大鼠写的。这些大鼠已经显示出具有相对于其他啮齿动物品系优越马达性能和视觉敏锐度。 25，26，用于定时怀孕，膳食补充，产妇炎症，和神经发育反射的协议如下。 1.实验动物<ol><li>当大鼠到达动物住房设施，从一天或两天的任何交互不要让他们适应新的环境。继习服，每天处理的老鼠大约五天，或者当老鼠不再显示压力的迹象。人类引起的压力可以改变测试结果和乐广告流产。 </li><li>一旦老鼠是舒适，养殖开始。放置两个女性和在双层养殖笼一个雄性大鼠（H = 38厘米，1800厘米2面积）过夜（3 PM -上午08点）。这些笼预防应激和拥挤。在早晨，用移液管，冲洗雌性大鼠用大约0.25毫升盐水阴道。将溶液转移到一个离心管中。 </li><li>两个女性和男性放回各自的传统笼养。 </li><li>查看在光学显微镜（100倍）下在1.2节中收集的溶液，以确定将大鼠经历其发情周期的阶段，以及是否精子都存在。如果有精子，记录日期为胚胎天（E1）（ 图1）。如果怀孕，给女性她自己在E14的笼子。 注意:在阴道涂片细胞是明确的，因此使用低光设置。确保冷凝器被调整到它的最低值。广告只是亮度控制调暗的光。如果亮度旋钮可用，将其设置为1。 </li></ol> 2.早期断奶仔猪注:此协议旨在最后一周怀孕，以评估饮食椰菜芽消费的治疗效果。据吴某等人成长的豆芽。 27。 <ol><li>浸泡花椰菜芽种子2 - 3小时。传播种子出在工作台面上种子sprouter盒和上发芽温暖表面设置。 </li><li>水的种子，每天两次，一次是在AM（8 - 上午09点），一次在下午（3 - 下午4点）。 </li><li>在第五天，通过一天的窗口放置豆芽（豆芽应该各有两片叶子，将成为绿色在一天）。 </li><li>在一天结束时，通过轻轻地拉动花椰菜芽出筛分箱的收获豆芽打下在平坦表面上干燥。 </li><li>一旦豆芽被完全干燥，瓦特eigh出200毫克，并装在密封的塑料袋中。 </li><li>自E14，每日饲料每妊娠大鼠200mg的干燥花椰菜芽，直到PD21（一天幼仔断奶）。 </li></ol> 3.炎症<ol><li>诱发炎症和后代繁殖白质损伤，与脂多糖（LPS）的E19和E20每12小时注入孕鼠。在注射的当天，把笼到从住房设施的实验室。允许孕鼠驯化和变得冷静至少1小时。如果老鼠显示出永久的全身性或肾损害的临床症状，将立即实施安乐死，并从研究中移除。 </li><li>称量怀孕水坝。 </li><li>溶解200微克/千克的LPS（血清型0127:B8）在100μL生理盐水。吸出溶液到装有30 G½针1mL注射器。 <ol><li>使用新针，每次注射。使溶液预热几分钟，以尽量减少不适。 </LI&gt; </ol></li><li>记录的时间和腹腔注射孕大坝。侧之间交替注射，以确保均匀分布。 注:Machholz 等。讲解了正确的克制和注射过程。 28 </li></ol> 4.发展反射测试<ol><li>在PD1（出生日期），请从大坝和记录出生体重的幼崽。将幼仔放回各自的笼子里，它们移动到动物设施，直到PD3。这确保水坝和小狗之间母体接合。 <ol><li>记录了可靠的评估复检。调整视频摄像机，以便它处于最大快门速度以一帧一帧的分析（1 / 1,000或多个）。使得其正上方或大鼠幼仔和用于每个反射所有材料旁边的摄像机位置。例如，对于后肢放置，放置相机大鼠幼崽的旁边，以保证提升和后肢放置被捕获。 </li><li>对于加速扶正，将老鼠的小狗和着陆垫上面的摄像头，以记录小狗在半空中权的能力。 </li></ol></li><li>每天记录的权重，直到实验结束。上PD3，开始神经发育反射测试（ 图4）。移动笼成一个安静的房间最少测试前1个小时，以允许适应于环境。 </li><li>在一致的时间，每天进行神经反射测试，大鼠是夜行动物。例如，上午09点之间的测试 - 每日下午12点。保持幼仔直属加热灯或在散热垫在所有时间，以维持稳定的体温为36.5℃;这个年龄段的幼鼠很容易失去的热量。用直肠温度探头测量。如果有效地完成，仔兔体温不改变，因为他们没有从大坝和枯枝落叶足够长的时间删除。注:监视热灯的温度，以确保其不超过37℃。 <ol&gt; <li>记录每一个反射的分数每一天直到肯定响应是观察。当小狗能连续两天执行任务时，会发生积极的反射反应。的积极响应的第一次出现的日期用于定量。没有进一步检测后的积极响应。因此，结束日期为每个反射是可变的。 </li></ol></li><li> 前肢抓 <ol><li>开始在PD3，进行前肢握持反射测试。放置一个钝杆针对各前爪的手掌和手动应用光压力。光压力应稍移位前爪，确保接触时和幼崽能感觉到杆。抓会作为在该棒所有数字屈曲。当两个前爪抓住棒连续2天成功收购这种反射的发生。 </li><li>分数前肢把握: 0为不抓 1用于由一个前爪成功把持（左或r飞行前爪可以在这里指定） 2，通过这两个前爪抓成功</li></ol></li><li> 后肢抓 <ol><li>开始在PD3，进行后肢握反射测试。放置一个钝杆对每个后爪的鞋底和手动应用光压力。光压力应该稍微移动后爪，确保接触时和幼崽能感觉到杆。杆成功抓取出现的绕杆数字屈曲。当两只后爪抓住棒连续2天成功收购这种反射的发生。 </li><li>分数后肢把握: 0为不抓 1成功把持由一个后爪（左或可以在这里指定右后爪） 2，通过两只后爪抓成功</li></ol></li><li> 扶正 <ol><li>开始在PD3，开始翻正反射测试。牢牢把握在仰卧位的小狗，用四只爪子直立。放开ØF中的小狗，并立即开始计时。当小狗能够翻转/翻转到所有四只爪实现扶正，并且每个爪是垂直于本体。给每个小狗最多的15秒来实现这一目标。 </li><li>分数扶正: 0仰卧（或15秒的最大分配的时间） 1侧卧（左侧或右侧可以在这里指定）或小狗的右，但在错误的姿势（或15秒的最大分配时间的能力） 2成功扶正和适当的姿势</li></ol></li><li> 配售后肢 <ol><li>开始在PD4，开始后肢放置反射试验。垂直握住小狗在空中，由躯干。轻轻中风后爪的背部用钝表面（诸如桌子的边缘）。正确的放置反射是当大鼠幼仔撤回刺激后肢，随后向下后肢在该表面上的放置。 </li><li>分数后肢PLacing反射: 0为不成就 1为一个后爪的放置（左或可以在这里指定右后爪） 2成功后肢放置于两个后爪</li></ol></li><li> 悬崖回避 <ol><li>开始在PD4，开始了悬崖回避测试。放置大鼠幼仔在平坦表面的边缘，使得所述小狗的前爪和口鼻部是在边缘。正确的结果是一种保护性反应，其中，所述大鼠幼鼠从悬崖的边缘却步。实验者的手或泡沫着陆被放置在悬崖下方，以赶上从秋季小狗。 </li><li>分数悬崖回避: 0表示无运动或脱落的边缘 1对试图摆脱悬崖走，但有四肢挂 2成功的运动从悬崖上掉</li></ol></li><li> 步态 <ol><li>开始步态对PD6评价。在15厘米的diamet的中心地点幼仔呃圈，让小狗30秒完成任务。当大鼠幼崽能够在少于30秒移动至圆的外侧既前爪进行14成功的步态。 </li><li>分数步态以秒所花费的老鼠的小狗外循环移动所需的时间。记录花费的小狗移动圈外两个前爪的时间。记录30秒，如果幼犬无法在规定时间内完成任务</li></ol></li><li> 听觉惊吓 <ol><li>开始在PD10听觉惊吓的分析。呈现巨响（钟形）直接在小狗评估惊愕反应是否存在。当小狗显示"抽搐"移动，从声音远观察到的正的惊恐反应。 </li><li>分数听觉惊吓: （或没有）为无惊恐反应 （或者是）对于正惊恐反应</li></ol></li><li> 姿势 <ol><li>开始对PD态势分析12.在非滑开表面地点幼仔，观察移动时小狗具有姿势。不成熟的姿态由移动时腹部，并相对于主体二者前爪和后爪的垂直指向的拖动反射。一个成熟的姿势被获取时小狗可以从表面抬起腹部和两个前爪和后爪，指出直的或平行于主体，移动时。 </li><li>分数姿势: 0为不运动 移动时1未成熟姿势 2为成熟的姿势而移动</li></ol></li><li> 眼开 <ol><li>开始在PD12大开眼界的分析。记录当天两眼皮开: 0为不可见的眼睛 1为一个可见的眼睛（左或右侧可以在这里指定） 2两个可见的眼睛</li></ol></li><li> 加速正位 <ol><li>开始于PD14，开始加速测试扶正。将小狗在仰卧位30.48Çentimeters上述泡沫着陆。掉落的小狗，并观察其对权利本身的能力。扶正是指当小狗能翻身俯卧位和土地上它的爪子。 </li><li>分数加速扶正: 0落在它的后面 1坠落在其一侧（左侧或右侧可以在这里指定） 2登陆它的爪子</li></ol></li></ol>注:不同类型的反射的定量可根据研究者的问题。该反射的量化可以作为一种条件反射的初步观察，外观起来的第一天，直到反射消失，花费的时间成功地完成了任务，性能速度，和/或随着时间的性能改进来完成。 13，14，29，30，31为Current研究中，外观的第一天作为一个得分。当使用多子模型，来自同一窝幼仔通常的行为类似，由于他们的基因构成， 在子宫内和产后的环境和营养的可用性。 32因此，单个小狗不能占作为n = 1，由于垫料偏压。一窝内检查幼仔可以被平均，使得每个窝表示n = 1。 32，33可替换地，同窝内的几个幼仔可以使用混合效应模型，其中考虑到幼仔同一窝内进行分析。 32，33

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作者什么都没有透露。

神经反射测试是不正常的皮质发育和成熟的预测指标，这可能是情况下，其中明显的神经病理学并不明显意义。在神经发育测试，关键是要确保幼崽在同一时间每天检查。鼠是夜间活动，因此，如果测试是在一天中的不同时间执行他们的昼夜节律可能会改变性能。 34测试应在安静的房间内完成为大声喧哗，可以加应力的幼崽。 35只幼仔需要至少1个小时，以适应新的环境中，由于传输，人工处理，和新颖的设置可以在幼仔诱导应力。 35只幼仔还需要直接加热灯的下方或在加热垫的测试。仔兔年轻，能力稍逊，他们能够thermoregulate。 36由于这个原因，幼仔给出15秒和30秒用于分别执行上PD6 PD3上扶正和步态。 36此外，控制幼仔不应增长出生的时候限定，以重量表示的混杂因素。窝也应扑杀至8 - 10提供等于养料和性的表示。一旦幼仔诞生了，它允许一天的老鼠形成与大坝的结合，以预防孕产妇忽视是非常重要的。 幼犬必须进行测试一两天，前一天他们获得的反射，以捕捉外观的发作。根据实验模型，可能需要进行一些修改。新生小鼠比大鼠小得多。因此，用于可以具有设备的尺寸要被调整到新生小鼠的大小。一些故障排除可能还需要。不同菌株和物种可以具有反射的发作的略微不同的定时。 13在本报告中详述的定时是specific键长埃文斯幼仔，与测试开始于PD3，4，6，10，12新反射，和14（ 图3）。研究者可能需要在执行2反射测试 - 3升建立之前的实验测试的自然反射进展。此外，收集的数据进行统计分析时，实验者必须使用适当的技术来防止垃圾偏差。来自同一窝幼仔趋于类似地执行彼此，因此垫料表示n = 1，而不是个别的小狗。 32，33 测试神经反应能力很重要，因为它可用于新生儿的啮齿动物的唯一的测试，因为更复杂的行为测试，在这个年龄段是不可能的。没有其他措施，除了体重和外貌这个早期阶段提供。这里提供的方法已被用于一些研究者，从而支撑使用神经反射性的测试，尤其是在年轻的啮齿动物，而其他行为测试是不可行的。 13，14，29，30，31，37，38这些测试平行于反射在人类婴儿中进行测试，可以预测神经发育障碍，例如大脑性麻痹，并提供有关神经网络的个体发育的附加信息。反射的出现期间在断奶前周期的特定时间发生时，反映了神经系统的成熟。 39此协议的一个限制是，不是所有的实验模型可以进行反射的测试。鼠害是天生的不成熟，使得它们出生后的发育提供了捕捉反射发展的发病优势。其它动物模型如因为羊肉是天生的成熟和啮齿动物不同的发展，使一些复检的并不适用于这种模式。此外，反射测试不是认知或行为异常的直接测量，这是不确定的任何观察到的异常是否是暂时的还是持久的。 除了反射，行为测试可用于补充分析在老龄阶段进行。这是很重要的，因为异常反射延迟并不总是导致神经发育障碍。 2，40的测试通常在施用PD21（断奶的天）开始时啮齿动物能够执行认知和运动的任务。这些测试包括机器人不限于转棒，Morris水迷宫，和高架十字迷宫。简言之，将旋转试验是通过将啮齿动物在旋转棒，并记录其性能在杆的一段时间或直至所述啮齿动物瀑布进行关闭。本试验评估运动学习和实力，以及大脑结构如基底节和小脑的完整性。 41 Morris水迷宫是由放置在乳白色水一池的啮齿动物，并记录所花费的啮齿动物找到一个水下平台的时间。线索可以放在具有相同的提示总是在平台上面的池的每个象限以上。这种检查自我中心VS海马介导的空间学习和记忆的自我中心形式。 42高架十字迷宫测试测量的恐惧和焦虑，以及固有的探索行为。啮齿动物被放置在四个臂中，两个封闭和两个开放的中心，在地面上方升高。 43回避和探究行为（评估为在每个臂所花费的时间）的啮齿动物被记录的。 43个这些附加的测试检查感觉运动和认知功能，从而允许调查者作为SESS侮辱是否持续到成年，或者它是否是短暂的。 发育迟缓的预测，并补充行为测试需要提供针对病症以后的生活中存在互补性的证据。此外，控制响应必须有应变和物种的差异，遗传改变，药品监督管理， 等等。尽管有这些条件试验之前进行优化，所描述的技术很快就学会了，容易掌握，价格低廉，并提供有关的发展有着重要信息神经系统。他们提供了一个机会，以评估在上了年纪的幼崽神经系统的个体发育和成熟时，他们无法执行成熟的行为任务。此外，人类婴儿经常经历发育反射测试，并且因此，啮齿动物反射测试提供可译的装置。总之，这是一个异常初步筛选的好方法新生儿，可导致认知和行为的调查后神经发育。

神经反射，或发展的里程碑，是对人类新生儿和婴儿最早使用的评估项目之一。神经反射是展示脑干和脊髓反射不由自主的和重复的动作。更高皮质网络，其特征在于演进迁移，髓鞘形成，和突触的成熟促进自愿控制和皮质抑制。在中枢神经系统演进的正常进展的改变可以破坏大脑发育，产生异常皮质布线，功能，和髓鞘形成，神经发育造成反射延迟或缺席。在神经发育残疾的高风险与人婴儿通常表现出异常的早期反射。反射异常可呈现在采集，不存在延迟，延长的存在，或再现以后的生活中，并且预测发育障碍的。 1，2因此，它模仿神经发育障碍的实验模型反射延迟是很重要的。 鼠害通常用作实验模型。出生的时候幼鼠是altricial，因此太不成熟承担具体的或复杂的运动，感觉和/或认知行为的任务。在这方面，他们的发育不成熟同时涉及他们的身体和器官的发育。老鼠是天生无毛为不能thermoregulate，是盲目的，无法行走。参照大脑发育，皮质相当成熟出生后发生。新生大鼠幼崽（出生当天称为1日龄; PD1）已经被建议以达到脑成熟水平是类似于23早产人脑 - 妊娠28周，而PD7-10幼仔相当于近长期人类的大脑。 3，4，5，6这种相关性是基于大体解剖分析，但是，如髓鞘形成和振幅整合脑电图脑成熟的其他措施也已经被描述。 5,7例如，预少突胶质细胞是主要的细胞在发展人胎脑从23 - 宫内 32周，这的成熟阶段对应于PD1-3啮齿动物。 5，8，9，10此外，髓鞘形成开始于宫内在人类中，而在大鼠幼仔它出现在周围PD7-10前脑;在新生啮齿动物脑在很大程度上仍然未髓。 11，12 Tucker 等。发现，P1大鼠的振幅整合脑电图图案为类似于一个23周gesta重刑人类胎儿，而PD7和PD10小狗是类似于一个30 - 52周和足月儿，分别。 7出于这些原因，在新生幼鼠新生儿反射测试提供了捕获个体发育和/或大脑发育受阻的机会。 下面描述反射的电池适于从由姆·福克斯和A. Lubics 13,14 WM福克斯相对于在小鼠反射的个体发育的最早研究者之一的研究。 13个这些反射包括，但不限于，四肢抓握和放置，悬崖回避，扶正，加速扶正，步态，听觉惊跳，姿势，和眼图张度。两个前肢及后肢把握（分别被称为人类掌跖把握，）由脊髓反射和从非主运动区皮质抑制变得容易。 15,16后肢放置（跖反射）反映皮质脊髓束的成熟。 16，17，18崖避免（保护反应），扶正（迷宫），以及加速扶正涉及感觉输入和电动机输出之间的集成和通信（例如，那些涉及触须和前庭系统）。 19，20，21步态体现运动。 14听觉惊跳评估声刺激和巨神经元的突触连接在细胞核脑桥网状尾。 21姿势涉及适当皮质脊髓/脊柱皮质突起，肌肉力量，和神经肌肉的神经支配。 22，23马伽马氨基丁酸受体turation可与眼图张度相关。 24重要的是要记住的是，反射反映一个更复杂的网络，在这里提供的是一般的关系是非常重要的。此外，这些反射提供在非常年轻的时候在那里更复杂的行为测试是不可行的评价神经发育的快速简便的方法。 本文的目的是提供一种可以很容易地纳入实验新生大鼠研究神经发育复检的一般准则。描述的方法是在长埃文斯新生幼鼠进行和结果的定量是基于外观的第一天。该反射测试当天被启动，并且使用的设备可以被修改以更好地适应不同的实验模型（例如用于不同菌株和物种）。通过建立ref的正常生理进展在一个特定的动物模型成熟法，调查员可以评估外部应激物，内源性的操作，和/或在新生大鼠的神经发育的治疗性干预的效果。总体而言，使用反射的脑成熟的确定是在预测围产期脑损伤有利的，并且是后面反射神经发育结局的。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Breeding</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transfer pipettes</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>12-711-9AM</td>
			<td>Used for vaginal flushes.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile Saline</td>
			<td>Hospira</td>
			<td>7983254</td>
			<td>The solution used to collect cells during vaginal flushes.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>400 &#181;l Microcentrifuge tubes</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>05-408-120</td>
			<td>Used to hold the saline solution.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Light microscope</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>Leica ATC 2000</td>
			<td>For observation of the saline solution. Can be any light microscope used in the lab.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Slides</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>12-552-5</td>
			<td>The saline solution is placed on the slide. Can be any slides used in the lab.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Coverslips</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>12-545-F</td>
			<td>To coverslip the slides. Can use any coverslips used in the lab.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dietary&#160; Supplementation</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Broccoli Sprouts seeds</td>
			<td>Mumm&#39;s Sprouting Seeds</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Broccoli sprouts seeds are ordered and grown in the lab.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Countertop Seed Sprouter Box</td>
			<td>Mumm&#39;s Sprouting Seeds</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>A box is used to germinate and grow the seeds prior to harvest.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>250 mL beaker</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>The beaker is used to soak the seed. Any size beaker that would fit can be used.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Maternal Inflammation</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lipoplysaccharide (LPS)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>L3129</td>
			<td>The endotoxin used to mimic maternal inflammation.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 mL Syringe</td>
			<td>BD Syringe</td>
			<td>309659</td>
			<td>Used to inject the pregnant rat.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gauge (30G X 1/2)</td>
			<td>BD PrecisionGlide Needle</td>
			<td>305106</td>
			<td>Use the smallest needle to avoid pain and discomfort.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile Saline (0.9% Sodium Chloride, USP)</td>
			<td>Hospira</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Saline is used to dissolve LPS.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Weights</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scale</td>
			<td>Denver Instrument</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>For recording the weights. Can be any scale with 2 decimal places used in the lab.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neurodevelopmental Reflexes</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thin blunt rod</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Can be a paperclip or toothpick. This is for forelimb and hindlimb grasping.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Round filter paper</td>
			<td>Whatman</td>
			<td>1001 150</td>
			<td>15 cm diameter paper used for gait analysis.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Timer</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>06-662-51</td>
			<td>For timing the time allocated to righting and gait.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Blunt surface</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Can be an edge of a table. This is for hindlimb placing and cliff avoidance.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Foam landing</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>For when the pups perform accelerated righting.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Video recorder</td>
			<td>Sony</td>
			<td>VCT-D580RM</td>
			<td>To record all reflexes tested. Must be able to record at 1/1000 fps</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bell</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>For auditory startle.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heat lamp or pad</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>To maintain the body temperature of the pups underoing examination.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

neurodevelopmental reflex testing in neonatal rat pups

神经发育反射测试是在临床实践中通常使用的，以评估中枢神经系统的成熟。神经反射也被称为原始反射。他们是敏感的，并与后来的结果是一致的。反射异常被描述为不存在，持久性，再现，或延迟反射，其是处于对神经发育障碍的高风险的婴儿的预测指标。神经发育障碍，如脑瘫的动物模型，通常表现出发育异常反射，如将人类婴儿进行观察。所描述的技术评估各种新生大鼠神经发育反射的。神经反射测试提供了研究者的测试方法，是不是在如此年轻的动物，否则可用。这里介绍的方法，目的是协助调查人员在审查新生大鼠的发育里程碑检测早发BR的方法AIN损伤和/或确定治疗性干预的有效性。这里介绍的方法，目的是为研究者提供的一般准则。

本实验设计的时间轴示于图2。 30种的方法和结果之前已公布。 30本研究的目的是评估膳食补充妊娠期间花椰菜芽和断奶前周期是否保护， 在子宫内暴露于LPS诱导的神经发育由延迟的后代。定时怀孕的大鼠给予生理盐水（对照组，100μL）或LPS（200微克/千克在100μL无菌生理盐水稀释）上E19和E20每12小时腹膜内注射。随机选择的怀孕水坝也分别给予干燥花椰菜芽（200毫克/天）从E14到PD21的膳食补充。 LPS被用来模仿母体炎症和西兰花嫩芽被赋予作为一个潜在的治疗干预，以保护后代。幼鼠在E23天生的（ <e米&gt;即，PD1）和出生体重记录（ 表1）。上PD3开始，经历幼仔神经发育反射的电池和采集反射的被定义为天反射出现（ 图3， 表1）。请参阅更详细的参考文章。 三十 出生体重出生体重的分析揭示治疗（= F（1,23）18.5，0.0003）的主效应，饮食（F（1,23）= 6.5，P = 0.02），和交互作用（F（1,23） = 7.4，p = 0.01）。 LPS，母体炎症的反射，导致出生与盐水相比幼仔显著较小（6.3±0.2克，Tukey的P &lt;0.001），盐水+花椰菜芽幼仔（6.2±0.2克，杜克是P＆幼仔（5.1±0.2 G） &lt;0.001），和LPS +花椰菜芽幼仔（6。0±0.1克，Tukey的P &lt;0.01）。的LPS +花椰菜芽幼崽出生体重没有从控制不同，这表明花椰菜芽幸免被生长限制了LPS幼仔。 神经发育复检抓握反射观察两个前肢后肢把持处理或饮食没有影响。所有的幼仔能够执行这些任务。 后肢配售治疗的主要效应（F（1,23）= 6.8，p值= 0.02）中的混合物放置后肢检测。与盐水相比，（4.3±0.1天，Tukey的P &lt;0.05）和盐水+花椰菜芽（4.3±0.0天，Tukey的P &lt;0.05），LPS幼鼠显著延迟（5.1±0.3天）。虽然LPS +西兰花嫩芽幼仔的表现并没有从LPS幼崽不同，他们不再从控制不同，这从那些接受LPS和未治疗幼仔这种反射任务的改进。 悬崖回避治疗的主要效应（F（1,25）= 6.0，P = 0.02）以下悬崖回避分析进行检测。 LPS幼仔（5.8±0.4天）在获得这种反射与盐水相比，（4.4±0.2天，Tukey的P &lt;0.05）均显著损害。 LPS +西兰花嫩芽幼崽并没有不同于任何组的执行，这表明性能的改进。 步态治疗的显著作用（F（1,24）= 15.1，P = 0.0007），饮食（F（1,24）= 6.3，P = 0.02），和帧间（= 0.005 F（1,24）= 9.5，p）的治疗和饮食之间动作之后发现步态分析。在与盐水相比，LPS幼仔（9.7±0.4天）检测到步态的延迟获取（7.5±0.3天，Tukey的P &lt;0.001），盐水+花椰菜芽（7.7±0.3天，Tukey的P &lt;0.001），和LPS +花椰菜芽幼仔（7.9±0.2天，Tukey的p &lt;0.01）。 听觉惊吓没有观察到差异。 扶正检测到了性别效应（F（1,43）= 16.3，P = 0.0002），用于扶正，因此，雄性和雌性幼犬分别检查。男性未检测到的差异。在女性中，饮食（F（1,21）= 11.8，P = 0.002）的主要作用和相互作用效应（F（1,21）= 15.6，p值= 0.0007）被发现。 LPS +花椰菜芽幼仔（4.9±0.4天）能够更早权相比LPS幼仔（6.7±0.6天，Tukey的P &lt;0.05）。 加速正位加速试验扶正揭示治疗的显著主效应（F（1,25）= 4.51，P = 0.04）。 LPS（17.4±0.6天）和LPS +花椰菜芽幼仔（16.9±0.2天）在执行被延迟加速与盐水相比（16.0±0.4天）和盐水+花椰菜芽（16.4±0.5天）扶正。 姿势检测以下姿势的分析处理和饮食的显著相互作用效应（F（1,24）= 5.8，p值= 0.02）。 LPS +西兰花嫩芽幼仔（14.9±0.4天）有一个成熟的姿态早于LPS（17.0±0.4天，Tukey的P &lt;0.05）。 眼开 （F（1,23）= 4.71，P = 0.04）中的溶液在问候眼开口观察到饮食的主要显著效果。两个盐水+ BRSP（15.9±0.1天）和LPS +花椰菜芽幼仔（15.4±0.2天）达到这种反射早于盐水（16.0±0.2天）和LPS幼仔（16.0±0.1天）。 总体而言，妊娠晚期和断奶前期间椰菜芽消费能够负担得起对LPS诱导发育迟缓，保护在几个调查反射的。请参阅更详细的参考文章。 三十 <img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/55261/55261fig1.jpg" /> 图1.宝sitive阴道涂片。成像与光学显微镜10个物镜阴道涂片的一个例子。该滑动表示由精子（箭头）的存在所指示的正面滑动。当执行阴道涂片，大鼠的动情周期可以被评定为发情前期，发情期，动情后期，或发情间期。这有助于精确定时育种更高的怀孕成功率。 <img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/55261/55261fig2.jpg" /> 图2.实验设计时间轴。实验时间表评估所生的后代给予LPS的腹腔内注射水坝。在饮食中补充西兰花嫩芽上E14开始长达PD21。水坝被注入上E19和E20每12个小时（表示为黄色箭头）。产妇权重记录体重秤和体温覆盖有润滑剂的直肠温度探头。幼仔出生naturallY开E23（表示为黑色箭头）。开始在PD3，幼仔经历几次复检。在PD21，幼仔进行开放式的现场测试，以评估行为反应。 <img alt="图3" src="/files/ftp_upload/55261/55261fig3.jpg" /> 图3.神经发育反射评估的时间线的实施例。反射出现在不同的发展阶段，因此，捕捉到这些反射的收购要求，在测试前开始几天。本研究采用长埃文斯幼鼠，但菌株和物种之间存在差异，因此应使用这些日期作为一般的指导下进行了初步试验。前肢握，后肢把握，扶正进行评估上PD3，后肢放置和悬崖回避上PD4，和步态上PD6。听觉吃惊是在上PD12 PD10，姿势和眼睛的开口评估，并且加速扶正上PD14。 图4.发展反射图像。反射测试图像上PD3在长埃文斯幼鼠进行。前肢握（A），后肢握（B），和翻正（C）检查开始于PD3。崖避免（D）和后肢放置（E）测试开始上PD4。步态（F）分析开始于PD6。加速扶正的装置被描绘（G）。 <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55261/55261fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always"><tbody><tr><td> 检测参数 </td><td> 组（平均值±SEM） </td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 主效应（p值） </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 产仔数和重量 </td><td> 盐水 </td><td> 盐水+西兰花嫩芽 </td><td> LPS </td><td> LPS +西兰花嫩芽 </td><td> 治疗 </td><td> 饮食 </td><td> 相互作用 </td></tr><tr><td>产仔数（幼崽数） </td><td> 13.3±1.0 </td><td> 13.1±1.0 </td><td> 10.3±1.5 </td><td> 11±1.2 </td><td> 0.03 </td><td> 0.8 </td><td> 0.7 </td></tr><tr><td>出生体重*＃天 </td><td> 6.3±0.2 </td><td> 6.2±0.2 </td><td> 5.1±0.2 </td><td> 6.0±0.1 </td><td> 0.0003 </td><td> 0.02 </td><td> 0.01 </td></tr><tr><td> PD7重量* D </td><td> 15.0±0.5 </td><td> 15.5±0.4 </td><td> 11.4±1.1 </td><td> 13.6±0.3</td><td> 0.0006 </td><td> 0.09 </td><td> 0.2 </td></tr><tr><td> PD21重量ð </td><td> 50.0±1.4 </td><td> 48.7±1.6 </td><td> 46.4±1.2 </td><td> 48.2±1.4 </td><td> 0.2 </td><td> 0.9 </td><td> 0.3 </td></tr><tr><td> Neurodevelop- 心理反射 </td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>前肢抓住 </td><td> 3.0±0.0 </td><td> 3.0±0.0 </td><td> 3.0±0.0 </td><td> 3.0±0.0 </td><td> N / A </td><td> N / A </td><td> N / A </td></tr><tr><td>后肢掌握 </td><td> 3.6±0.3 </td><td> 3.5±0.3 </td><td> 4.6±0.6 </td><td> 3.3±0.1 </td><td> 0.3 </td><td> 0.1 </td><td> 0.1 </td></tr><tr><td>后肢配售* 一 </td><td> 4.3±0.1 </td><td> 4.3±0.0 </td><td> 5.1±0.3 </td><td> 4.5±0.2 </tD&gt; <td> 0.02 </td><td> 0.07 </td><td> 0.2 </td></tr><tr><td>悬崖回避* 一 </td><td> 4.4±0.2 </td><td> 4.7±0.2 </td><td> 5.8±0.4 </td><td> 5.0±0.4 </td><td> 0.02 </td><td> 0.4 </td><td> 0.1 </td></tr><tr><td>步态*＃一 </td><td> 7.5±0.3 </td><td> 7.7±0.3 </td><td> 9.7±0.4 </td><td> 7.9±0.2 </td><td> 0.0007 </td><td> 0.02 </td><td> 0.005 </td></tr><tr><td>听觉惊吓一 </td><td> 11.5±0.3 </td><td> 11.5±0.1 </td><td> 12.0±0.5 </td><td> 11.8±0.2 </td><td> 0.2 </td><td> 0.8 </td><td> 0.9 </td></tr><tr><td>姿势#A </td><td> 15.6±0.5 </td><td> 15.9±0.6 </td><td> 17.0±0.4 </td><td> 14.9±0.4 </td><td> 0.8 </td><td> 0.08 </td><td> 0.02 </td></tr><tr><td>眼开一个 </td><td> 16.0±0.2 </td><td> 15.9±0.1 </td><td> 16.0±0.1 </td><td> 15.4±0.2 </td><td> 0.08 </td><td> 0.04 </td><td> 0.2 </td></tr><tr><td>加速扶正 </td><td> 16.0±0.4 </td><td> 16.4±0.5 </td><td> 17.4±0.6 </td><td> 16.9±0.2 </td><td> 0.04 </td><td> 1 </td><td> 0.3 </td></tr><tr><td>扶正＃A（女性） </td><td> 4.9±0.5 </td><td> 5.1±0.4 </td><td> 6.7±0.6 </td><td> 4.6±0.4 </td><td> 0.09 </td><td> 0.003 </td><td> 0.0007 </td></tr><tr><td> 扶正 （雄性） </td><td> 3.9±0.2 </td><td> 4.6±0.3 </td><td> 5.9±1.9 </td><td> 4.2±0.6 </td><td> 0.4 </td><td> 0.6 </td><td> 0.2 </td></tr><tr><td>外观的天</td><td colspan="2"> * LPS和盐水之间有显着差异</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>进行次活动的数量为B </td><td colspan="3"&gt;＃LPS及LPS + BRSP之间有显着差异</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> ç秒</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> ð克</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> 表1.重量和神经发育反射的结果。从在子宫内的炎症和/或膳食花椰菜芽补充暴露于后代获得的结果。 30个这里介绍的权重是从出生，PD7和PD21。选择的时间点来表示一个早产儿，期限，以及1-2岁的婴幼儿。数据表示为平均值±SEM。统计分析研究中使用的是一种双向ANOVA接着Tukey的事后检验。外观的=天，B =次执行活动，和c数=执行活动，* =在时间（s）LPS和控制，＃= LPS及LPS +花椰菜芽之间显著差之间显著差异。 N = 5 -每组7窝（从四个幼仔中，两个雄性和雌性二，一垫料内的值进行平均来表示屑）。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Neurodevelopmental Reflex Testing in Neonatal Rat Pups at JoVE.com

Neurodevelopmental Reflex Testing in Neonatal Rat Pups

行为测试是确定脑损伤后的结果的黄金标准，并可以识别发育障碍的婴儿和儿童的存在。神经反射是这些异常的早期指标。在新生儿啮齿动物很容易地完成发育反射测试的主机进行了开发和说明。

神经发育复检新生幼鼠

Neurodevelopmental reflex testing is commonly used in clinical practice to assess the maturation of the nervous system. Neurodevelopmental reflexes are ...

neurodevelopmental-reflex-testing-in-neonatal-rat-pups

Nanyang Technological University

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JoVE Journal

Behavior

19.7K 次观看.  University of Alberta. 行为测试是确定脑损伤后的结果的黄金标准，并可以识别发育障碍的婴儿和儿童的存在。神经反射是这些异常的早期指标。在新生儿啮齿动物很容易地完成发育反射测试的主机进行了开发和说明。 

视频: Neurodevelopmental Reflex Testing in Neonatal Rat Pups

Barnes Maze Testing Strategies with Small and Large Rodent Models

Spatial learning and memory of laboratory rodents is often assessed via navigational ability in mazes, most popular of which are the water and dry-land (Barnes) mazes. Improved performance over sessions or trials is thought to reflect learning and memory of the escape cage/platform location. Considered less stressful than water mazes, the Barnes maze is a relatively simple design of a circular platform top with several holes equally spaced around the perimeter edge. All but one of the holes are false-bottomed or blind-ending, while one leads to an escape cage. Mildly aversive stimuli (e.g.&#160;bright overhead lights) provide motivation to locate the escape cage. Latency to locate the escape cage can be measured during the session; however, additional endpoints typically require video recording. From those video recordings, use of automated tracking software can generate a variety of endpoints that are similar to those produced in water mazes (e.g.&#160;distance traveled, velocity/speed, time spent in the correct quadrant, time spent moving/resting, and confirmation of latency). Type of search strategy (i.e.&#160;random, serial, or direct) can be categorized as well. Barnes maze construction and testing methodologies can differ for small rodents, such as mice, and large rodents, such as rats. For example, while extra-maze cues are effective for rats, smaller wild rodents may require intra-maze cues with a visual barrier around the maze. Appropriate stimuli must be identified which motivate the rodent to locate the escape cage. Both Barnes and water mazes can be time consuming as 4-7 test trials are typically required to detect improved learning and memory performance (e.g.&#160;shorter latencies or path lengths to locate the escape platform or cage) and/or differences between experimental groups. Even so, the Barnes maze is a widely employed behavioral assessment measuring spatial navigational abilities and their potential disruption by genetic, neurobehavioral manipulations, or drug/ toxicant exposure.

The dry-land Barnes maze is widely used to measure spatial navigation ability in response to mildly aversive stimuli. Over consecutive days, performance (e.g.&#160;latency to locate escape cage) of control subjects improves, indicative of normal learning and memory. Differences between rats and mice necessitate apparatus and methodology changes that are detailed here.

巴恩斯迷宫测试策略与小型和大型啮齿类动物模型

Spatial learning and memory of laboratory rodents is often assessed via navigational ability in mazes, most popular of which are the water and dry-land ...

科研

行为学

Testing for Odor Discrimination and Habituation in Mice

This video demonstrates a technique to establish the presence of a normally functioning olfactory system in a mouse. The test helps determine whether the mouse can discriminate between non-social odors and social odors, whether the mouse habituates to a repeatedly presented odor, and whether the mouse demonstrates dishabituation when presented with a novel odor. Since many social behavior tests measure the experimental animal&#8217;s response to a familiar or novel mouse, false positives can be avoided by establishing that the animals can detect and discriminate between social odors. There are similar considerations in learning tests such as fear conditioning that use odor to create a novel environment or olfactory cues as an associative stimulus. Deficits in the olfactory system would impair the ability to distinguish between contexts and to form an association with an olfactory cue during fear conditioning. 
In the odor habitation/dishabituation test, the mouse is repeatedly presented with several odors. Each odor is presented three times for two minutes. The investigator records the sniffing time directed towards the odor as the measurement of olfactory responsiveness. A typical mouse shows a decrease in response to the odor over repeated presentations (habituation). The experimenter then presents a novel odor that elicits increased sniffing towards the new odor (dishabituation). After repeated presentation of the novel odor the animal again shows habituation. This protocol involves the presentation of water, two or more non-social odors, and two social odors. In addition to reducing experimental confounds, this test can provide information on the function of the olfactory systems of new knockout, knock-in, and conditional knockout mouse lines.

This manuscript describes a protocol to examine the olfactory system of rodents. The olfactory habituation/dishabituation test will allow investigators to determine whether a mouse habituates to a repeatedly presented odor and whether the mouse demonstrates dishabituation when presented a novel odor.

在小鼠试验的气味辨别和习惯化

This video demonstrates a technique to establish the presence of a normally functioning olfactory system in a mouse. The test helps determine whether the ...

Testing Sensory and Multisensory Function in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

In addition to impairments in social communication and the presence of restricted interests and repetitive behaviors, deficits in sensory processing are now recognized as a core symptom in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Our ability to perceive and interact with the external world is rooted in sensory processing. For example, listening to a conversation entails processing the auditory cues coming from the speaker (speech content, prosody, syntax) as well as the associated visual information (facial expressions, gestures). Collectively, the &#8220;integration&#8221; of these multisensory (i.e., combined audiovisual) pieces of information results in better comprehension. Such multisensory integration has been shown to be strongly dependent upon the temporal relationship of the paired stimuli. Thus, stimuli that occur in close temporal proximity are highly likely to result in behavioral and perceptual benefits &#8211; gains believed to be reflective of the perceptual system&#39;s judgment of the likelihood that these two stimuli came from the same source. Changes in this temporal integration are expected to strongly alter perceptual processes, and are likely to diminish the ability to accurately perceive and interact with our world. Here, a battery of tasks designed to characterize various aspects of sensory and multisensory temporal processing in children with ASD is described. In addition to its utility in autism, this battery has great potential for characterizing changes in sensory function in other clinical populations, as well as being used to examine changes in these processes across the lifespan.

We describe how to implement a battery of behavioral tasks to examine the processing and integration of sensory stimuli in children with ASD. The goal is to characterize individual differences in temporal processing of simple auditory and visual stimuli and relate these to higher order perceptual skills like speech perception.

测试儿童的感官和多感官功能自闭症谱系障碍

In addition to impairments in social communication and the presence of restricted interests and repetitive behaviors, deficits in sensory processing are ...

Morris Water Maze Test: Optimization for Mouse Strain and Testing Environment

The Morris water maze (MWM) is a commonly used task to assess hippocampal-dependent spatial learning and memory in transgenic mouse models of disease, including neurocognitive disorders such as Alzheimer&#8217;s disease. However, the background strain of the mouse model used can have a substantial effect on the observed behavioral phenotype, with some strains exhibiting superior learning ability relative to others. To ensure differences between transgene negative and transgene positive mice can be detected, identification of a training procedure sensitive to the background strain is essential. Failure to tailor the MWM protocol to the background strain of the mouse model may lead to under- or over- training, thereby masking group differences in probe trials. Here, a MWM protocol tailored for use with the F1 FVB/N x 129S6 background is described. This is a frequently used background strain to study the age-dependent effects of mutant P301L tau (rTg(TauP301L)4510 mice) on the memory deficits associated with Alzheimer&#8217;s disease. Also described is a strategy to re-optimize, as dictated by the particular testing environment utilized.

This manuscript describes a Morris water maze (MWM) protocol tailored for use with a commonly used mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. The MWM is widely used in transgenic mouse models. Implementation of a procedure sensitive to the background strain of the mouse model is essential for detecting group differences.

Morris水迷宫实验:优化小鼠品系和测试环境

 The Morris water maze (MWM) is a commonly used task to assess hippocampal-dependent spatial learning and memory in transgenic mouse models of disease, ...

Simple and Computer-assisted Olfactory Testing for Mice

Olfaction is highly conserved among species and is required for reproduction and survival.
In humans, olfaction is also one of the senses that is affected with aging and is a strong predictor of neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, olfaction testing is used as a non-invasive diagnostic method to detect neurological deficits early on. In order to understand the mechanisms underlying olfactory network susceptibility, olfactory research in rodents has gained momentum in the past decade.
Here, we present a very simple, time efficient and reproducible olfactory testing method of innate odor perception and sensitivity in mice without the need of any prior food or water restriction. The tests are performed in a familiar environment to the mice, require only the scents and a 2 min session of odorant exposure. The analysis is performed, post-hoc, using computer-assisted commands on ImageJ and can be, therefore, carried out from start to end by one researcher.
This protocol does not require any special hardware or setup and is indicated for any laboratory interested in testing olfactory perception and sensitivity.

We present a simple and unbiased olfactory test in mice. With this protocol olfactory discrimination, preference, avoidance and sensitivity to a novel odor as compared to water can be assessed in single behavioral sessions. This method is indicated for a single experimenter and analysis is based on computer-assisted video processing.

简单和计算机辅助测试嗅觉的小鼠

Olfaction is highly conserved among species and is required for reproduction and survival.
In humans, olfaction is also one of the senses that is affected ...

Testing Tactile Masking between the Forearms

Masking, in which one stimulus affects the detection of another, is a classic technique that has been used in visual, auditory, and tactile research, usually using stimuli that are close together to reveal local interactions. Masking effects have also been demonstrated in which a tactile stimulus alters the perception of a touch at a distant location. Such effects can provide insight into how components of the body's representations in the brain may be linked. Occasional reports have indicated that touches on one hand or forearm can affect tactile sensitivity at corresponding contralateral locations. To explore the matching of corresponding points across the body, we can measure the spatial tuning and effect of posture on contralateral masking. Careful controls are required to rule out direct effects of the remote stimulus, for example by mechanical transmission, and also attention effects in which thresholds may be altered by the participant's attention being drawn away from the stimulus of interest. The use of this technique is beneficial as a behavioural measure for exploring which parts of the body are functionally connected and whether the two sides of the body interact in a somatotopic representation. This manuscript describes a behavioural protocol that can be used for studying contralateral tactile masking.

Here we explore contralateral tactile masking between the forearms in which tactile detection thresholds are modulated by vibration applied to a remote site. The details of which remote sites have an effect can tell us about how the body is represented in the brain.

前臂之间的测试触觉掩蔽

Masking, in which one stimulus affects the detection of another, is a classic technique that has been used in visual, auditory, and tactile research, ...

New Variations for Strategy Set-shifting in the Rat

Behavioral flexibility is crucial for survival in changing environments. Broadly defined, behavioral flexibility requires a shift of behavioral strategy based on a change in governing rules. We describe a strategy set-shifting task that requires an attentional shift from one stimulus dimension to another. The paradigm is often used for testing cognitive flexibility in primates. However, the rodent version has not been as extensively developed. We have recently extended an established set-shifting task in the rat1 by requiring attention to different stimuli according to context. All the experimental conditions required animals to choose either a left or right lever. Initially, all animals had to choose on the basis of the location of the lever. Subsequently, a change in the rule occurred, which required a shift in set from location-based rule to a rule in which the correct lever was indicated by a light cue. We compared performance on three different versions of the task, in which the light stimulus was either novel, previously relevant, or previously irrelevant. We found that specific neurochemical lesions selectively impaired the ability to make particular types of set shift as measured by the performance on the different versions of the task.

Set-shifting, a form of behavioral flexibility, requires an attentional shift from one stimulus dimension to another. We extended an established rodent set-shifting task1 by requiring attention to different stimuli according to context. The task was combined with specific lesions to identify neuron subtypes underlying a successful shift.

对于战略的新变化集移在大鼠

Behavioral flexibility is crucial for survival in changing environments. Broadly defined, behavioral flexibility requires a shift of behavioral strategy ...

Testing for Metacognitive Responding Using an Odor-based Delayed Match-to-Sample Test in Rats

Metamemory involves the cognitive ability to assess the strength of one&#39;s memories. To explore the possibility of metamemory in non-human animals, numerous behavioral tasks have been created, many of which utilize an option to decline memory tests. To assess metamemory in rats, we utilized this decline-test option paradigm by adapting previous visual delayed-match-to-sample tests (DMTS)1,2 developed for primate species to an odor-based test suitable for rodents. First,&#160;rats are given a sample to remember by digging in a cup of scented sand. After a delay, the rat is presented with four distinctly scented cups, one of which contains the identical scent experienced during the sample; if this matching cup is selected, then the rat obtains a preferred, larger reward. Selection of any of the other three non-matching sand-filled scented cups results in no reward. Retention intervals are individually titrated such that subjects perform between 40 and 70% correct, therefore ensuring rats sometimes remember and sometimes forget the sample. Here, the operational definition of metamemory is the ability to distinguish between the presence and absence of memory through behavioral responding. Towards this end, on two-thirds of trials, a decline option is presented in addition to the four choice cups (choice trials). If the decline-test option- an unscented colored sand cup, is selected, the subject receives a smaller less-preferred reward and avoids the memory test. On the remaining third of trials, the decline-test option is not available (forced trials), causing subjects to guess the correct cup when the sample is forgotten. On choice tests, subjects that know when they remember should select the decline option when memory is weak rather than take the test and choose incorrectly. Therefore, significantly higher performance on chosen tests as compared to forced memory tests is indicative of the adaptive use of the decline-test response and metacognitive responding.

This protocol describes a method for investigating the possibility of metamemory, or memory awareness, in rodents. The odor-based delayed-matching-to-sample paradigm is a novel, ecologically-relevant behavioral test useful for determining the extent to which rodents can adaptively respond based on cognitively monitoring the strength of their memory states.

用基于气味的延迟配对试验对大鼠元认知应答的测试

Metamemory involves the cognitive ability to assess the strength of one&#39;s memories. To explore the possibility of metamemory in non-human animals, ...

Computerized Adaptive Testing System of Functional Assessment of Stroke

The computerized adaptive testing system of the functional assessment of stroke (CAT-FAS) can simultaneously assess four functions (motor functions of the upper and lower extremities, postural control, and basic activities of daily living) with sufficient reliability and administrative efficiency. CAT, a modern measurement method, aims to provide a reliable estimate of the examinee's level of function rapidly. CAT administers only a few items whose item difficulties match an examinee's level of function and, thus, the administered items of CAT can provide sufficient information to reliably estimate the examinee's level of function in a short time. The CAT-FAS was developed through four steps: (1) determining the item bank, (2) determining the stopping rules, (3) validating the CAT-FAS, and (4) establishing a platform of online administration. The results of this study indicate that the CAT-FAS has sufficient administrative efficiency (average number of items = 8.5) and reliability (group-level Rasch reliability: 0.88 - 0.93; individual-level Rasch reliability: &#8805;70% of patients had Rasch reliability score &#8805;0.90) to simultaneously assess four functions in patients with stroke. In addition, because the CAT-FAS is a computer-based test, the CAT-FAS has three additional advantages: the automatic calculation of scores, the immediate storage of data, and the easy exporting of data. These advantages of the CAT-FAS will be beneficial to data management for clinicians and researchers.

Here, we present a protocol to develop the computerized adaptive testing system of the functional assessment of stroke (CAT-FAS). The CAT-FAS can simultaneously assess four functions (two motor functions [upper and lower extremities], postural control, and basic activities of daily living) with sufficient reliability and administrative efficiency.

脑卒中功能评估的计算机自适应测试系统

The computerized adaptive testing system of the functional assessment of stroke (CAT-FAS) can simultaneously assess four functions (motor functions of the ...

Chronic Sleep Deprivation in Mouse Pups by Means of Gentle Handling

Sleep is critical for proper development and neural plasticity. Moreover, abnormal sleep patterns are characteristic of many neurodevelopmental disorders. Studying how chronic sleep restriction during development can affect adult behavior may add to our understanding of the emergence of behavioral symptoms of neurodevelopmental disorders. While there are many methods that can be used to restrict sleep in rodents including forced locomotion, constant disruption, presentation of an aversive stimulus, or electric shock, many of these methods are very stressful and cannot be used in neonatal mice. Here, we describe gentle handling, a sleep deprivation technique that can be used chronically throughout development and into adulthood to achieve sleep restriction. Gentle handling involves close observation of the mice throughout the sleep deprivation period and requires the researcher to gently prod the animals whenever they are inactive or display behaviors associated with sleep. Coupled with EEG recordings, gentle handling could be used to selectively disrupt a specific phase of sleep such as rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. The technique of gentle handling is a powerful tool for the study of the effects of chronic sleep restriction even in neonatal mice that circumvents many of the more stressful procedures used for sleep deprivation.

We describe a sleep deprivation technique known as gentle handling where investigators gently prod mice any time sleep behavior is observed. This method is a powerful tool that allows researchers to study the effects that chronic sleep restriction throughout development can have on future brain physiology and behavior.

小鼠幼犬慢性睡眠剥夺的温和处理方法

Sleep is critical for proper development and neural plasticity. Moreover, abnormal sleep patterns are characteristic of many neurodevelopmental disorders. ...