This research was supported by the Center of Innovation Program from the Japan Science and Technology Agency, JST.

实验的所有方面由东京工业大学的伦理委员会批准。 1.实验装置<ol><li>材料和测量本体感觉漂移设置。 <ol><li>获得一个支架可垂直容纳100×100厘米板（ 图1）。 </li><li>获得其上，与会者可以在实验过程中舒适地坐在椅子上。 </li><li>获取100×100厘米亚克力镜面和磨砂的黑板。 </li><li>获得的位置跟踪器（例如，SLC-C02，Cyverse）来跟踪参与者的右手位置上。空间分辨率应为约1.5mm，以允许用于机器学习采样的足够数量。 </li><li>获得将用于分别表示支架和参与者的右手，的位置的红外LED和回射标记物（见步骤1.1.11和3.2.6）。 </li><li>获得参与者的响应脚踏板。 </LI&gt; <li>创建定制的程序，它可以记录和同时显示参与者的反应和右手位置，按下脚踏板时起到提示音作为参与者的回应反馈。在这些实验中，参与者的右手位置，用电动机捕获装置，并根据制造商的说明书其定做程序收集。 注:根据以前的论文16，该方案与软件开发工具包开发的。由软件开发工具包，开发了定制的程序可适于其他品牌动作捕捉装置。 </li><li>使用一个节拍器以提供手运动的训练定时信号，也就是攻镜或黑板的表面上。请参阅步骤3.1.1精确的培训指导。 </li><li>使用降噪耳机，以减少参与者可以听到手的位置声音提示的可能性。 </li><li>对于视觉反馈条件，附镜子的立场。对于没有视觉反馈的情况下，附加在黑板上的立场。 </li><li>放置红外在反射镜或黑板的左上角的LED。 </li></ol></li><li>材料和测量所有权和机构设置感。 <ol><li>从步骤1.1.1重复过程中的步骤1.1.11。 </li><li>创建或获取调查问卷评估所有权和机构的意义（ 如 ，-10,13,16-）。 表1显示了该问卷在以前的研究中使用的15例。 </li><li>使用显示器或平板电脑来显示问卷的参与者。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2.与会者<ol><li>招收约10右手参与者正常或矫正到正常视力。 注意:参与者的数目可以根据实验的目标和每particip重复试验的次数来调整蚂蚁。 </li><li>获得书面知情同意前实验开始参与。 </li></ol> 3.实验过程<ol><li>训练阶段的手势动作。 <ol><li>培训学员同步地在镜子或黑板双手在一定的速度用节拍器挖掘。指示参与者通过保持手的脚跟在与反射镜或板接触以执行拍打运动。在训练开始的时候，启动节拍器以每分钟60次节奏，然后指示参与者根据节拍器的声音同步移动双手。 </li><li>确保参与者的手部动作的定时是由它敲击开始之后比较节拍器几分钟的声音接近每秒（大约1赫兹）一个周期。 </li></ol></li><li>在与会者的矢状切面本体感受漂移的估计。 <ol><li&gt;使用跨参与者的条件反平衡秩序。 </li><li>安装在基于条件的站在镜或黑板:视觉反馈，装入镜;无视觉反馈，安装在黑板上。 </li><li>确保参与者坐在非常靠近镜子或黑板，这是沿着参与者的矢状切面定位（ 图1）。 </li><li>确保参与者可以看到左手的镜像，但不能看到真正的右手。 </li><li>指示参与者在实验过程中要注意的左手的图像中的反射镜。 </li><li>把反光标记上参与者的右手食指指尖和手腕。 <ol><li>由于标记只把参与者的右手，确保参与者的右手由于附加标记的触觉感觉不会改变大大相比，左手通过查询参与者口服。 </li></ol></li><li>把降噪耳机在参加者的耳朵。 </li><li>指示参与者从反射镜的右下角水平移动左手垂直约为30厘米和30厘米，以保持在实验过程中该左手位置。这个位置被设定为2D平面的表面的原点。 </li><li>指导参与者把右手随意在镜子或黑板的另一边，并保持其直到审判结束位置。 </li><li>指导有关任务参与者如下: <ol><li>在每个试验开始时，指导参与者推脚踏板中间的按钮。在这个时候，系统将通过耳机作为踏板压的反馈发出蜂鸣声。 </li><li>听到提示音后，指示参与者开始在1赫兹电路板上，这是在镜子同步用双手拍打和视觉反馈或无视觉反馈的情况黑板的条件。 </li><li>经过六年多的手部动作，指导参与者的首选时间停止运动，并通过按脚踏板的右侧或左侧按钮回答有关右手位置的问题。右边的按钮是肯定的，左边是一个没有。现在的问题是，"你觉得右手和左手都在同一个位置上？"此时，参与者将再次听到哔声作为踏板记者反馈。 注意:如果参与者询问的含义是"在同一位置，"告诉他们"相同的位置"是指该右手的主观高度和深度都等同于左手。 </li><li>指示参与者右手转移到他们所选择的其他位置。然后，重新开始试用。这个周期将持续每种条件高达200试验。 </li></ol></li><li&gt;确保学员能够理解任务，并要求参与者重新启动该任务。 </li><li>在任务，检查参与者的攻丝的定时通过比较节拍器观看运动保持在大约1赫兹。 注:节拍器的声音只能通过实验者可以听到。 </li><li>完成约100个试验之后，让参与者休息一下。 </li><li>执行对于在不同的天其它条件（有或没有视觉反馈）实验。 </li></ol></li><li>在镜条件所有权和局感的估计。 <ol><li>定义收集有关所有权和机构的意识调查问卷的参与者的响应右手的立场。例如，在以前的出版物16日 ，有13个前缀，右手位置。这些点每隔7厘米安排可达±从源头21厘米。 </li><li>开展对AB相同的步骤作为从步骤3.2.2中列出步骤3.2.7 OVE估计。 </li><li>指导参与者把右手以下实验者的引导并保持其位置，直到完成一次试验。 </li><li>指导有关任务参与者如下: <ol><li>在试验开始时，推脚踏板中间的按钮。此时，将与会者听到蜂鸣声为踏板压机的反馈。 </li><li>然后，开始同步地挖掘左右手在1赫兹。 </li><li>后攻的六倍以上，停止时，实验者表示敲击。然后，回答关于所有权和机构的意识问题与0显示使用7点李克特量表与收视率从-3（"完全不同意"），以+3显示器（"完全同意"）上表示既不协议或分歧（"不确定"）。 </li><li>移动右手实验者指示的位置。然后，开始试用再次。这个周期将持续到该实验者定义右手位置的数目。 </li></ol></li><li>确保学员能够理解任务，并要求参与者启动任务。 </li></ol></li></ol> 4.数据分析<ol><li>本体感受漂移在与会者的矢状切面的分析。 <ol><li>获得的统计工具，其中包含机器学习应用，尤其是支持向量机（ 例如 ，R，MATLAB）。使用支持向量机（SVM）作为分类提取参与者的响应的边界。一个以前的出版物提供了分类算法的解释（见第七章）20。在这篇文章中，我们将介绍使用R（3.1.2版本）的方法。 </li><li>安装名为"kernlab"21包，其中包含在R应用程序中使用SVM分析。 </li><li>马克表示propriocepti区五个手的漂移如下（ 图2描述了数据分析流程的示意性表示）。见补充的软件代码和数据采样该数据分析的进一步解释。 <ol><li>计算从原点的相对正确的手。丢弃从分析错误（ 例如 ，丢失位置数据或参与者的反应）的数据。 </li><li>请在使用SVM二维空间中参与者的"是"响应的概率模型。使用来自响应的数据作为模型的一个象征性的描述。用右手的位置作为模型的参数的数据。使用常用的径向基函数内核内核为SVM。为了避免任意的分析，计算西格马（ 即 ，用于改变每个数据点的权重参数）由自动西格玛估计。 </li><li>确保通过检查日，该模型是正确安装模型电子训练误差为0.2之下。使用概率模型，限定其中的参与者的"是"响应的p值被估计超过0.5的区域。 </li></ol></li><li>平均每个参与者的数据，以显示本体漂移的区域。 注:由于难以进行平均的"是"和"否"响应由在二维空间中的响应的p值估计区域的边界，两种类型的平均推荐。一种方法是将平均的p值在二维空间，这是之前估计的边界用的方法的参与者的响应。另一种方法是进行平均的面积，这是推定的边界后使用。 </li></ol></li><li>分析调查问卷数据和面积的大小。 <ol><li>获得的统计工具来评估位置的意义和调查表的类别（ 如 ，SPSS或R）。 </li><li>评估正态分布利用夏皮罗-威尔克测试所有数据的n，并应用适当的非参数检验当一个或多个相应的数据集的未能满足的标准正态分布（ 例如 ，Wilcoxon符号秩检验，弗里德曼试验）。 注意:如果适合实验缺乏非参数方法，使用一个参数的方法和解释的理由。在先前的研究中16，双向重复测量方差分析问卷的数据，有该分析没有非参数的替代品。 </li></ol></li></ol>

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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interest.

我们展示了一个方法来使用SVM镜子幻想中估计本体漂移在2D平面上，并与所有权和机构的意识问卷答复的结果进行比较。这种新颖的方法揭示了所需的视觉和本体反馈之间的偏移量，以保持本体漂移约为10厘米，而该偏移紧密地与偏移必须维持所有权和机构的感觉重叠。 注意，此方法的最关键的步骤是3.2.5中所述，一个指令至约他们关注的参加者。在以前的试验研究16，视觉捕获一个镜像手图像效果时，参与者主观地报告说，他们更注重自己的身体很少被观测到。现在还不清楚是否重视有助于这一现象。重视和主人翁意识和代理之间的关系很少由于控制或测量参与者的注意力的困难进行了讨论。据我们所知，只有一个研究22直接研究了主人翁感关注的效果。为了避免关于如何控制和测量关注复杂的讨论，需要有关与会者注意细心指导。 另一关键的一点是，与会者可以选择在自己的意愿在会话测量本体漂移下试手的位置。在传统的心理物理学，参与者的行为的自由度趋于限制和控制，使试验更健壮和可重复的。例如，在实验中使用该橡胶手错觉范例10-13测量本体漂移和所有权的感和机构，参加者的手的位置的采样点分别沿三个方向中的一个预先定义的S，如高度，宽度或深度，以避免测量和可视化多维数据的困难。特别是因为问卷需要时间为每个采样点由于类别（ 例如 ，所有权，机构，和控制语句）的数量，相对于方法记录人类行为的采样点的数量是有限的。在此方法中，为了确保与其他研究一致，使用一个问卷所有权和机构的意义上的测量是有限的，前缀为好。有关参与者的行为这个限制不是基础研究探索的所有权和机构的意义上的脑机制至关重要的，因为它有可能设计并通过包括在实验条件下，这些限制精确和再现地控制的实验条件。然而，考虑的主人翁意识和代理在工程和康复的潜在应用，这一限制可以估算人类行为的3D日常生活条件下是至关重要的。在这种情况下，参与者可以将他们的手，更自由地选择自己的立场，这是很难用传统的心理方法来估算本体漂移。为了克服这个问题，一个SVM，一类型的机器学习，被用于本体漂移的估计和可视化通过。这种技术可以收集和分析海量数据，如包含多维数据参与者的反应和手，持仓量在2D与自由选择。使用这种技术，在不同的手位置取样的参与者的响应进行分类的区域进行分析，参与者没有注意到左手的镜像并隐藏实际的右手之间的距离。 这种方法有一个严格的限制，这是示出跨越参与者本体漂移的平均面积目前不显示逐张idual差异。这是由于在可视化方法的限制，以显示在二维表面超过的三维数据。用于示出本体漂移的平均区域中的数据将包含二维位置数据，参加者的响应的可能性，和个体差异。要包括个体差异，可视化的方法，可以显示四维数据将是必需的。 该方法的未来方向是扩大从二维尺寸以3D和包括时间特征。虽然仍有超过三维数据可视化的方法一定的困难，这些扩展额外的维度将有助于了解大脑是如何处理来自多种方式，如视觉和本体感觉多感官的信息。要做到这一点扩张，需要进一步的研究。 从应用的角度来看，这种方法可以帮助演义程师从战略上设计的可用性或用于实时控制系统中，如机器人，手术机器人系统控制的感觉，和虚拟现实系统。在这些系统中，用户的操作过程中的感觉通常是由问卷事后估计。因此，它是具有挑战性的制造系统的原型时操作期间实现用户的感觉。如果我们能够揭示的多感官反馈来维护所有权和机构的意识之间的时空差异的限制，这将有助于提供了从机械系统有关的多感官反馈的规则，以保持自体样的可用性，在运营商控制系统，如果他们会控制自己的身体。这种方法揭示了空间的视觉和本体反馈之间的偏移量保持所有权和机构的意识。根据这一结果，参与者的朝向镜像手图像感受可以通过操作来控制手图像和隐藏真实手之间的距离。改变从各种动作横跨多重感官反馈的时空关系将是第一步操作过程中战略性地控制用户的感受。 这种想法可以采用不仅为工程也为康复。一些研究工作，旨在改善人们与缺少或瘫痪肢体运动功能和疼痛。然而，由于传统康复治疗的主要主题是患者在日常生活中恢复的功能，这一点研究，成功地提高了患者对丢失或瘫痪肢体的感觉。考虑对患者的生活质量的影响，它们的感觉的改善是用于与丢失或瘫痪肢体活至关重要。此方法可以通过测量患者的苏之间的偏移提供了有关在丢失或瘫痪肢体所有权和机构的意义上的定量评价BJECTIVE肢体位置和真实的或可见肢体的位置。这将有助于理疗师定量估计患者的肢体的感觉。 最后，本文提出了一种新的方法来可视化空间的视觉和本体反馈之间的偏移量，以保持沿矢状切面本体漂移。根据使用这种方法15以前的研究中，空间偏移参与者无法检测扩展到大约10厘米。此外，这个值，其中参与者感到所有权和机构在镜子里的手图像感的范围相匹配。这些发现将有助于进一步调查从感官信息的多模态的角度所有权和机构的意识基本机制。此外，这种方法可以提供用于缺失或瘫痪肢体的复原和实时控制系统的设计中的一个工具，如定量indicato-r显示空间的视觉和本体感觉反馈，从而保证自体样的感觉和可用性之间的偏移。以这种方式，的计算技术，例如机器学习的发展，使得能够建立，以前不可能估计和可视化方法，由于传统的统计的限制。这种类型的计量进展可能揭示人类行为和更自然的情况下产生自我意识的大脑机制。

近年来，关于有义或自体，即，自己的身体的经验研究，已在实施例的上下文增加。实施例涉及的想法或具有物理或虚拟体可以与环境交互，例如达到，抓，而感人的概念。例如，人类可以通过移动自己的身体，在这种情况下，自己的手臂和手触摸定位环境中的物体或另一个人。如今，这种相互作用或通信不限定于使用自己的自然的身体。由于发明和人样机器人或化身在虚拟世界的发展，自然人体可以通过人工体被取代，如人形，遥控机器人，电动假体，或电脑图形化身在虚拟现实。例如，研究人员开发出一种机器人，其操作者可以"抓住"对象通过其机械体放置在机器人前面，即使ROBOt被从操作者的身体位置1,2-置于远。类似于本实施例，如果一个人的可通过人工体执行动作，该机构将保持在操作者的自体的归属？ 我们可以很容易地找到相关的从我们自己的身体自然的"自我"的归属或投影这次讨论的人工，非肉和骨的身体话题。一个例子可以在医疗领域中找到例如，在医学康复领域，正在探讨以减少疼痛，改善缺失或瘫痪肢体的运动功能即"特技"使用反射镜病人的自体感治疗，称为镜治疗3-6。在这种疗法中，未受影响的身体部位或肢体的镜象可以误导病人的大脑，以为丢失或瘫痪肢体对应于镜中显示的之一，并导致感觉，它仍然在它前任条件（ 即出事前）。它仍在讨论这种错觉如何影响相关的身体表示大脑的应变能力。除了对我们的身体自然这种类型的讨论中，我们可以发现在工程领域的实施方案类似的讨论，特别是人性化系统交互设计问题。自的用于人造或虚拟体感已在远程呈现，脑机接口，和脑机接口1,2,7-9的上下文中得到了很好的研究。一些研究人员报道，像人一样机器人，它可以从它的机械手转移触感到操作者的手，可以捕获操作者的自体到机器人感以及处于一个地点的意义，其中所述机器人被定位而不是哪里算实际存在，所谓的远程存在1。其他研究人员报告说，虚拟化身反映运营商的肢体动作强LY从操作者的自己的身体的自体的操作者的感觉传送到虚拟体9。这些结果表明用户如何投射自我体感到一种人造体，如人形，遥控机器人，电动假体，或电脑图形化身在虚拟现实中，即使在人造体不直接连接到其大脑和身体。 这种类型的自体感非肉和血的基础科学研究，人工体状物体检测潜在的脑机制自体的使用橡胶手错觉（RHI）10-13和镜像体验幻觉（MI）14-16在医学和工程领域以及在心理物理学和神经心理学。该RHI是一个橡胶手属于自己的身体，并通过同时抚摸可见橡胶手和参与者的手遮挡引起轰动。在MI，一只手IMAGE在沿正中矢状轴定位在镜子在视觉上捕捉参与者的感知看不见的另一只手的位置。此外，反射和看不见的手的动作同步唤起强烈轰动，仿佛反射手图像是看不见的另一只手。根据对这些幻想的研究，多峰信息和预测与约的肢体动作感官反馈之间的一致性似乎发挥自我体归属的判断中起重要作用。因此，这两种幻想可以简单但功能强大的证据和工具，为科学家研究大脑机制，我们感觉背后被欺骗或相信一些人为对象或图像可以主观地是我们自己身体的一部分，我们的自体感呢不必被捆绑到我们的自然的身体。 在上面列出的所有这些研究中，在讨论了基于"自我"consisti概念主人翁意识和机构的意义:由哲学家加拉格尔17提出两种感觉的NG。主人翁意识指的是观察到的身体部位是自己的感觉。机构的意义对应于身体运动是自我造成的感觉。这两个感觉被定义为最小的自我，即，自16立即感。所有权和机构的意义:根据这一概念，"自我"为天然的，受损的，虚拟的，和机械机构的归属可以通过相同的索引进行评估。为了使用这种感觉了科学评价，产生的问题是如何衡量的所有权和机构的意义强劲。目前，所有权和机构意义上的估计主要依赖问卷调查，最初是由Botvinick 9提议。除了问卷调查，我们可以尝试来衡量他们的定量方法。例如，皮肤CONductance反应（SCR）已被用作所有权的情况下，生理指标，其中橡胶手突然被刀子砍18。 SCR被通过测量皮肤的电特性计算为觉醒19的灵敏和有效指标。因为通常被应用于每位与会者单个试验该方法中，测量的SCR不适合作为在需要参与者内重复测量心理物理学实验物理索引。一个用于所有权的意义上最成功的行为指标是本体漂移。本体感受漂移是看不见实际的手的朝向的对象，看起来像一个手，如橡胶制成的假体或位置的感知位置的变化计算机图形10-13。因为这种变化可通过测量看不见真实手和手的视觉图像，本体漂移我之间的距离来重复，鲁棒估计对心理测量适合SA物理指标。然而，这种用法需要进行仔细评估，因为最近的讨论质疑本体漂移总是可以被用来作为拥有12的行为指标。 典型地，本体漂移仅在三个方向，例如高度，宽度或深度中的一个测量。本体漂移很少被在多个方向上测得的，由于估算和可视化多维数据的难度。此计量限制不是基础研究探索了处理多感官信息，因为实验条件可以很容易地设计和控制，以限制所测量的尺寸的机制的关键。然而，在日常生活中，我们的手自由地移动3D跟随我们的意图。在这种情况下，它是困难的，不充分的测量参与者的与问卷调查，这严重限制运动和POS行为手中itions。因此，考虑为所有权和机构在工程和康复，其包括多个方向并允许需要自由手部运动，以评估在日常生活中的情况的视觉和本体反馈之间的空间关系的测量感潜在的应用。如果这样的测量是可能的，真实的和观察到的手之间测量的距离可以利用作为自体的意义上的指导方针。这可能不仅成为康复的进展，但也为空间中的显示的操作目标和操作的手之间的偏移的基准的指标。现在的问题是，如何这测量能够可靠和有效的执行。 为了解决这个问题，我们引入了一种新的方法来估算本体漂移，这相当于从参与者的真正看不见的手的位置转移到一个有形之手般的邻bject，使用镜子幻想通过结合心理过程，并使用机器学习分析2D平面。相比，橡胶手，在镜子的手图像强烈捕获参与者的感知看不见实际的手的位置。此外，镜像图像立刻反映了手的位置自愿的手部动作。因此，镜像被选定为参与者手的视觉反馈。此外，衡量类似的日常生活情况本体漂移，参与者定位自己看不见的手试通过审判他们的意志，试验次数增加。尽管可能已使用方向的任何组合，高度和深度的组合被选择由于易于放置镜垂直的。要检查我们的方法和以前的研究13之间的一致性，两个可视条件下得到实施:与无视觉反馈。在视觉反馈，镜像W上的条件沿着矢状平面定位以创建左手的反射图像，就好像它被视为右手。在没有视觉反馈的情况下，磨砂黑板为了隐藏参与者的真正右手使用。我们通过比较结果对所有权和机构意义上的调查问卷获得的评估这种新方法的有效性。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1020">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:224px;">Acric mirror</td>
			<td style="width:99px;"></td>
			<td style="width:275px;"></td>
			<td style="width:423px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Matte blackboard</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">custom-made stand</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>e.g. wood pole or PVC(poly vinyl chloride) pipe&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Chair</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Foot pedal</td>
			<td>P.I. Engineering</td>
			<td>Classic X-keys USB, and PS/2 Foot Pedals</td>
			<td>Other response device can be avaliable.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Position sensor</td>
			<td>CyVerse</td>
			<td>SLC-C02</td>
			<td>Other position sensor can be avaliable.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td colspan="2" height="20" style="height:20px;">Custom-made retroreflectivemarker</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>The marker provided by the motion capture vendor can be available.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Noise canselling head phone</td>
			<td>bose</td>
			<td>Quiet Comfort 3</td>
			<td>Other head phone can be avaliable.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">PC</td>
			<td>Mouse computer</td>
			<td>NG-N-i300GA</td>
			<td>Other PC can be available.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

visualization method for proprioceptive drift on a 2d plane using support vector machine

Proprioceptive drift, which is a perceptual shift in body-part position from the unseen real body to a visible body-like image, has been measured as the behavioral correlate for the sense of ownership. Previously, the estimation of proprioceptive drift was limited to one spatial dimension, such as height, width, or depth. As the hand can move freely in 3D, measuring proprioceptive drift in only one dimension is not sufficient for the estimation of the drift in real life situations. In this article, we provide a novel method to estimate proprioceptive drift on a 2D plane using the mirror illusion by combining an objective behavioral measurement (hand position tracking) and subjective, phenomenological assessment (subjective assessment of hand position and questionnaire) with a sophisticated machine learning approach. This technique permits not only an investigation of the underlying mechanisms of the sense of ownership and agency but also assists in the rehabilitation of a missing or paralyzed limb and in the design rules of real-time control systems with a self-body-like usability, in which the operator controls the system as if it were part of his/her own body.

从先前的研究的代表性结果呈现来说明方法16。 图3A示出了区域的形状，其中参与者无法检测的空间左右手位置之间的偏移的条件之间有分歧（镜面）和无（黑板）视觉。反馈图3B显示与可视化反馈的条件是面积尺寸比在没有视觉反馈情况显著较大（Wilcoxon符号秩和检验:Z = -2.803，p = 0.005）。这些结果表明，所要求的视觉和本体反馈之间的偏移以保持本体漂移大约为10厘米，该值的变化通过方向（ 图3和4）。垂直偏移出现大于水平偏移。在图5中 ，问卷得分f的垂直和水平空间分布或身体的所有权和机构呈单峰分布。其峰在原点，其中该参加者的右手几乎在同一位置的，镜像手图像的。与此相反，对于控制语句的得分的空间分布几乎平坦和下-1。双向重复测量方差分析显示的类别和位置，与会者在问卷调查显示（水平的主要影响:类别:;:）F（6,54 F（3,27）= 11.12，P &lt;0.001位置= 10.27，p &lt;0.001;垂直:类别:F（3,27）= 24.21，p &lt;0.001，职位:F（6,54）= 7.298，p &lt;0.001）。类别和位置之间的相互作用也显著（水平:F（18162）= 9.42，P &lt;0.001;垂直:F（18162）= 8.00，P &lt;0.001）。这些结果意味着，当所述空间的参与者的真实之间的偏移遮挡的右手和镜像手图像增加的所有权和机构的感降低。在网络连接古尔6，本体漂移和问卷调查结果为所有权和机构的感可视之间的比较表明，该偏移区域以维持这些现象是同心的和几乎重叠。 <img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53970/53970fig1.jpg" /> 图1:设置概述的实验装置包括保持或镜子或黑板，一把椅子，一个响应装置（脚踏板），和记录装置为参加者的手的位置待机。顶部图表示从方向设置的示意性表示，其中参加者可以看到他/她的左手的镜像。底部的图显示了镜子的背面的景色。 <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53970/53970fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> 图2:数据流分析 （ 一 ）参加者的反应和右手位置的一个例子。 （ 二 ）通过SVM估计"是"响应模型的示意图。边界分析（ 三 ）结果。 （ 四 ）参加各地平均领域。 <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53970/53970fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图3" src="/files/ftp_upload/53970/53970fig3.jpg" /> 图3:有和无视觉反馈条件之间区域的形状和大小比较 （A）区域的形状比较。图的原点是左手的位置，即，英里的位置在视觉反馈条件rrored手图像。的垂直和水平轴示出了参与者的右手位置作为手的本体的反馈。区域大小的（B）的比较。纵轴表示面积的大小，参与者无法检测的空间左右手位置之间的偏移。横轴显示带或不带镜像手图像的条件作为视觉反馈（右图:与视觉反馈，左:没有视觉反馈）。 <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53970/53970fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图4" src="/files/ftp_upload/53970/53970fig4.jpg" /> 图4:个别数据对于大多数参与者，在镜状态的边界的形状是比在黑板状态大。这表明，可视化方法，使用SVM成功展示视觉捕获在镜子里的身体形象的效果。相反，对于参与者D，H和J，还有横跨几个条件的差异，表明有可能是视觉捕捉效果的个体差异。 <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53970/53970fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图5" src="/files/ftp_upload/53970/53970fig5.jpg" /> 图5:问卷调查结果 （ 一 ）调查问卷分值沿垂直轴的空间分布。 （B）的问卷得分沿水平轴的空间分布。所有权和机构得分最高在相对于垂直和水平位置的原点。 <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53970/53970fig5large.jpg" target="_blank">PLE</a>ASE点击此处查看该图的放大版本。 <img alt="图6" src="/files/ftp_upload/53970/53970fig6.jpg" /> 图6:分类和调查问卷的比较 （ 一 ）问卷得分所有权和机构沿水平轴的空间分布。 （B）中的问卷得分所有权和机构沿垂直轴线的空间分布。 （C）估计区里的参与者无法检测镜像手图像和掩盖真正的右手之间的偏移量。 <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53970/53970fig6large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <table fo:keep-together.within-page="1"><tbody><tr><td> 类别 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>所有权</td><td> 1.我觉得好像我是looki在我自己的右边纳克。 </td></tr><tr><td></td><td> 2.我觉得好像在镜子的手是我身体的一部分。 </td></tr><tr><td></td><td> 3.就好像我是感应在其镜中的手移到的位置我右手的运动。 </td></tr><tr><td></td><td> 4.我感觉自己仿佛在照镜子的手我的手。 </td></tr><tr><td>所有权 控制</td><td> 5，我仿佛觉得我真正的右手变成手镜子。 </td></tr><tr><td></td><td> 6.就好像我有一个以上的右手。 </td></tr><tr><td></td><td> 7.出现仿佛在照镜子的手向我的真正的手漂流。 </td></tr><tr><td></td><td> 8.觉得如果我不再是一个右手，仿佛我的右手已经不见了。 </td></tr><tr><td>机构</td><td> 9.镜中的手感动，就像我希望我的右手，就好像它是服从我的意志。 </td&gt; </tr><tr><td></td><td> 10.我觉得好像我是控制镜子的手的动作就像我会控制我的右手。 </td></tr><tr><td></td><td> 11.我觉得自己好像是造成由我看到了我的右手手创造的运动。 </td></tr><tr><td></td><td> 12.每当我提出我的右手，我期望手在镜子以同样的方式移动。 </td></tr><tr><td>机构 控制</td><td> 13.我觉得好像在镜子的手控制着我的意志。 </td></tr><tr><td></td><td> 14.我觉得好像在镜子的手控制着我的动作。 </td></tr><tr><td></td><td> 15.我可以从我真正的右手，在镜子手之间的某处感知运动。 </td></tr><tr><td></td><td> 16.就好像镜子里的手有它自己的意志。 </td></tr></tbody></table><st荣&gt; 表 1: 问卷由分为四类16声明本问卷改编并从橡胶手错觉实验10,13中所使用问卷翻译成日文。 补充文件。示例代码和数据集，使用SVM分析方法，该代码可以使用R（3.1.2版本），并进行同样的分析在当前文件中进行。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53970/Supplemental_Files.zip" target="_blank">请点击此处下载此文件。</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Visualization Method for Proprioceptive Drift on a 2D Plane Using Support Vector Machine at JoVE.com

Visualization Method for Proprioceptive Drift on a 2D Plane Using Support Vector Machine

本文介绍估计使用镜子幻想，用机器学习的分析相结合的一个心理过程的2D平面本体漂移的新方法。

对2D平面本体感受漂移的支持向量机可视化方法

Proprioceptive drift, which is a perceptual shift in body-part position from the unseen real body to a visible body-like image, has been measured as the ...

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9.1K 次观看.  Tokyo Institute of Technology. 本文介绍估计使用镜子幻想，用机器学习的分析相结合的一个心理过程的2D平面本体漂移的新方法。 

视频: Visualization Method for Proprioceptive Drift on a 2D Plane Using Support Vector Machine

Flat-floored Air-lifted Platform: A New Method for Combining Behavior with Microscopy or Electrophysiology on Awake Freely Moving Rodents

It is widely acknowledged that the use of general anesthetics can undermine the relevance of electrophysiological or microscopical data obtained from a living animal&#8217;s brain. Moreover, the lengthy recovery from anesthesia limits the frequency of repeated recording/imaging episodes in longitudinal studies. Hence, new methods that would allow stable recordings from non-anesthetized behaving mice are expected to advance the fields of cellular and cognitive neurosciences. Existing solutions range from mere physical restraint to more sophisticated approaches, such as linear and spherical treadmills used in combination with computer-generated virtual reality. Here, a novel method is described where a head-fixed mouse can move around an air-lifted mobile homecage and explore its environment under stress-free conditions. This method allows researchers to perform behavioral tests (e.g., learning, habituation or novel object recognition) simultaneously with two-photon microscopic imaging and/or patch-clamp recordings, all combined in a single experiment. This video-article describes the use of the awake animal head fixation device (mobile homecage), demonstrates the procedures of animal habituation, and exemplifies a number of possible applications of the method.

This method creates a tangible, familiar environment for the mouse to navigate and explore during microscopic imaging or single-cell electrophysiological recordings, which require firm fixation of the animal&#8217;s head.

平地板的空气解禁平台:一种新方法与显微镜或电对清醒结合行为自由移动鼠害

It is widely acknowledged that the use of general anesthetics can undermine the relevance of electrophysiological or microscopical data obtained from a ...

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The Social Dimension of Stress: Experimental Manipulations of Social Support and Social Identity in the Trier Social Stress Test

In many situations humans are influenced by the behavior of other people and their relationships with them. For example, in stressful situations supportive behavior of other people as well as positive social relationships can act as powerful resources to cope with stress. In order to study the interplay between these variables, this protocol describes two effective experimental manipulations of social relationships and supportive behavior in the laboratory. In the present article, these two manipulations are implemented in the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST)&#8212;a standard stress induction paradigm in which participants are subjected to a simulated job interview. More precisely, we propose (a) a manipulation of the relationship between different protagonists in the TSST by making a shared social identity salient and (b) a manipulation of the behavior of the TSST-selection committee, which acts either supportively or unsupportively. These two experimental manipulations are designed in a modular fashion and can be applied independently of each other but can also be combined. Moreover, these two manipulations can also be integrated into other stress protocols and into other standardized social interactions such as trust games, negotiation tasks, or other group tasks.

Previous research on the social dimension of stress has focused on two important variables: social identity and social support. This protocol introduces an effective experimental manipulation of these two social variables and describes their implementation in a standard stress induction paradigm (Trier Social Stress Test).

应力的社会问题:社会支持和社会认同的特里尔社会的实验操作压力测试

In many situations humans are influenced by the behavior of other people and their relationships with them. For example, in stressful situations ...

A General Method for Evaluating Deep Brain Stimulation Effects on Intravenous Methamphetamine Self-Administration

Substance use disorders, particularly to methamphetamine, are devastating, relapsing diseases that disproportionally affect young people. There is a need for novel, effective and practical treatment strategies that are validated in animal models. Neuromodulation, including deep brain stimulation (DBS) therapy, refers to the use of electricity to influence pathological neuronal activity and has shown promise for psychiatric disorders, including drug dependence. DBS in clinical practice involves the continuous delivery of stimulation into brain structures using an implantable pacemaker-like system that is programmed externally by a physician to alleviate symptoms. This treatment will be limited in methamphetamine users due to challenging psychosocial situations. Electrical treatments that can be delivered intermittently, non-invasively and remotely from the drug-use setting will be more realistic. This article describes the delivery of intracranial electrical stimulation that is temporally and spatially separate from the drug-use environment for the treatment of IV methamphetamine dependence. Methamphetamine dependence is rapidly developed in rodents using an operant paradigm of intravenous (IV) self-administration that incorporates a period of extended access to drug and demonstrates both escalation of use and high motivation to obtain drug.

This article describes the delivery of intracranial electrical stimulation that is temporally and spatially separate from the drug-use environment for the treatment of IV methamphetamine dependence.

一般方法评估对静脉注射甲基苯丙胺的自我管理深部脑刺激的影响

Substance use disorders, particularly to methamphetamine, are devastating, relapsing diseases that disproportionally affect young people.  There is a need ...

A Method for Evaluating the Reinforcing Properties of Ethanol in Rats without Water Deprivation, Saccharin Fading or Extended Access Training

Operant oral self-administration methods are commonly used to study the reinforcing properties of ethanol in animals. However, the standard methods require saccharin/sucrose fading, water deprivation and/or extended training to initiate operant responding in rats. This paper describes a novel and efficient method to quickly initiate operant responding for ethanol that is convenient for experimenters and does not require water deprivation or saccharin/sucrose fading, thus eliminating the potential confound of using sweeteners in ethanol operant self-administration studies. With this method, Wistar rats typically acquire and maintain self-administration of a 20% ethanol solution in less than two weeks of training. Furthermore, blood ethanol concentrations and rewards are positively correlated for a 30 min self-administration session. Moreover, naltrexone, an FDA-approved medication for alcohol dependence that has been shown to suppress ethanol self-administration in rodents, dose-dependently decreases alcohol intake and motivation to consume alcohol for rats self-administering 20% ethanol, thus validating the use of this new method to study the reinforcing properties of alcohol in rats.

This protocol describes a novel and efficient method to quickly initiate operant responding for ethanol in rats that, contrary to standard methods, does not require water deprivation or saccharin/sucrose fading to initiate responding.

一种用于评价大鼠乙醇的补强性能没有禁水，糖精衰落或扩展访问训练方法

Operant oral self-administration methods are commonly used to study the reinforcing properties of ethanol in animals. However, the standard methods ...

A Novel Experimental and Analytical Approach to the Multimodal Neural Decoding of Intent During Social Interaction in Freely-behaving Human Infants

Understanding typical and atypical development remains one of the fundamental questions in developmental human neuroscience. Traditionally, experimental paradigms and analysis tools have been limited to constrained laboratory tasks and contexts due to technical limitations imposed by the available set of measuring and analysis techniques and the age of the subjects. These limitations severely limit the study of developmental neural dynamics and associated neural networks engaged in cognition, perception and action in infants performing &#8220;in action and in context&#8221;. This protocol presents a novel approach to study infants and young children as they freely organize their own behavior, and its consequences in a complex, partly unpredictable and highly dynamic environment. The proposed methodology integrates synchronized high-density active scalp electroencephalography (EEG), inertial measurement units (IMUs), video recording and behavioral analysis to capture brain activity and movement non-invasively in freely-behaving infants. This setup allows for the study of neural network dynamics in the developing brain, in action and context, as these networks are recruited during goal-oriented, exploration and social interaction tasks.

This protocol presents a novel methodology for the neural decoding of intent from freely-behaving infants during unscripted social interaction with an actor. Neural activity is acquired using non-invasive high-density active scalp electroencephalography (EEG). Kinematic data is collected with inertial measurement units and supplemented with synchronized video recording.

在自由，表现人类婴儿一种新的实验和分析方法意向的多模态神经解码期间社会互动

Understanding typical and atypical development remains one of the fundamental questions in developmental human neuroscience. Traditionally, experimental ...

Feeding Experimentation Device (FED): Construction and Validation of an Open-source Device for Measuring Food Intake in Rodents

Food intake measurements are essential for many research studies. Here, we provide a detailed description of a novel solution for measuring food intake in mice: the Feeding Experimentation Device (FED). FED is an open-source system that was designed to facilitate flexibility in food intake studies. Due to its compact and battery powered design, FED can be placed within standard home cages or other experimental equipment. Food intake measurements can also be synchronized with other equipment in real-time via FED's transistor-transistor logic (TTL) digital output, or in post-acquisition processing as FED timestamps every event with a real-time clock. When in use, a food pellet sits within FED's food well where it is monitored via an infrared beam. When the pellet is removed by the mouse, FED logs the timestamp onto its internal secure digital (SD) card and dispenses another pellet. FED can run for up to 5 days before it is necessary to charge the battery and refill the pellet hopper, minimizing human interference in data collection. Assembly of FED requires minimal engineering background, and off-the-shelf materials and electronics were prioritized in its construction. We also provide scripts for analysis of food intake and meal patterns. Finally, FED is open-source and all design and construction files are online, to facilitate modifications and improvements by other researchers.

Feeding Experimentation Device FED: Construction and Validation of an Open-source Device for Measuring Food Intake in Rodents

Feeding Experimentation Device (FED) is an open-source device for measuring food intake in mice. FED can also synchronize food intake measurements with other techniques via a real-time digital output. Here, we provide a step-by-step tutorial for the construction, validation, and usage of FED.

饲养实验装置（FED）:建筑和验​​证的开源设备的在鼠害测量摄食

Food intake measurements are essential for many research studies. Here, we provide a detailed description of a novel solution for measuring food intake in ...

A Method to Test the Effect of Environmental Cues on Mating Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster

An individual's sexual drive is influenced by genotype, experience and environmental conditions. How these factors interact to modulate sexual behaviors remains poorly understood. In Drosophila melanogaster, environmental cues, such as food availability, affect mating activity offering a tractable system to investigate the mechanisms modulating sexual behavior. In D. melanogaster, environmental cues are often sensed via the chemosensory gustatory and olfactory systems. Here, we present a method to test the effect of environmental chemical cues on mating behavior. The assay consists of a small mating arena containing food medium and a mating couple. The mating frequency for each couple is continuously monitored for 24 h. Here we present the applicability of this assay to test environmental compounds from an external source through a pressurized air system as well as manipulation of the environmental components directly in the mating arena. The use of a pressurized air system is especially useful to test the effect of very volatile compounds, while manipulating components directly in the mating arena can be of value to ascertain a compound's presence. This assay can be adapted to answer questions about the influence of genetic and environmental cues on mating behavior and fecundity as well as other male and female reproductive behaviors.

A Method to Test the Effect of Environmental Cues on Mating Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster

We demonstrate an assay to analyze the environmental and genetic cues that influence mating behavior in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster.

测试环境线索对交配行为的影响的方法<em&gt;黑腹果蝇</em

An individual's sexual drive is influenced by genotype, experience and environmental conditions. How these factors interact to modulate sexual behaviors ...

Reducing State Anxiety Using Working Memory Maintenance

The purpose of this protocol is to explain how to examine the relationship between working memory processes and anxiety by combining the Sternberg Working Memory (WM) and the threat of shock paradigms. In the Sternberg WM paradigm, subjects are required to maintain a series of letters in the WM for a brief interval and respond by identifying whether the position of a given letter in the series matches a numerical prompt. In the threat of shock paradigm, subjects are exposed to alternating blocks where they are either at risk of receiving unpredictable presentations of a mild electric shock or are safe from the shock. Anxiety is probed throughout the safe and threat blocks using the acoustic startle reflex, which is potentiated under threat (Anxiety-Potentiated Startle (APS)). By conducting the Sternberg WM paradigm during the threat of shock and probing the startle response during either the WM maintenance interval or the intertrial interval, it is possible to determine the effect of WM maintenance on APS.

This protocol demonstrates how to measure anxiety-potentiated startle during the Sternberg Working Memory paradigm.

使用工作记忆维护降低状态焦虑

The purpose of this protocol is to explain how to examine the relationship between working memory processes and anxiety by combining the Sternberg Working ...

Virtual Reality Experiments with Physiological Measures

Virtual reality (VR) experiments are increasingly employed because of their internal and external validity compared to real-world observation and laboratory experiments, respectively. VR is especially useful for geographic visualizations and investigations of spatial behavior. In spatial behavior research, VR provides a platform for studying the relationship between navigation and physiological measures (e.g., skin conductance, heart rate, blood pressure). Specifically, physiological measures allow researchers to address novel questions and constrain previous theories of spatial abilities, strategies, and performance. For example, individual differences in navigation performance may be explained by the extent to which changes in arousal mediate the effects of task difficulty. However, the complexities in the design and implementation of VR experiments can distract experimenters from their primary research goals and introduce irregularities in data collection and analysis. To address these challenges, the Experiments in Virtual Environments (EVE) framework includes standardized modules such as participant training with the control interface, data collection using questionnaires, the synchronization of physiological measurements, and data storage. EVE also provides the necessary infrastructure for data management, visualization, and evaluation. The present paper describes a protocol that employs the EVE framework to conduct navigation experiments in VR with physiological sensors. The protocol lists the steps necessary for recruiting participants, attaching the physiological sensors, administering the experiment using EVE, and assessing the collected data with EVE evaluation tools. Overall, this protocol will facilitate future research by streamlining the design and implementation of VR experiments with physiological sensors.

Virtual reality (VR) experiments can be difficult to implement and require meticulous planning. This protocol describes a method for the design and implementation of VR experiments that collect physiological data from human participants. The Experiments in Virtual Environments (EVE) framework is employed to accelerate this process.

用生理学方法进行虚拟现实实验

Virtual reality (VR) experiments are increasingly employed because of their internal and external validity compared to real-world observation and ...

Elevated Plus Maze Test Combined with Video Tracking Software to Investigate the Anxiolytic Effect of Exogenous Ketogenic Supplements

The overall goal of this study is to describe the methodology of the elevated plus maze (EPM) test in combination with a video tracking software. The purpose of the method is to document the effect of various potential anxiolytic treatments on laboratory rodent models. The EPM test is based on the rodents&#39; proclivity toward protected, enclosed dark spaces and unconditioned fear of open spaces and heights, and their innate intense motivation to explore novel environments. The EPM test is a widely used behavioral test for investigating the anxiolytic or anxiogenic responses of rodents given drugs that are known to affect behavior. Observation demonstrating a decreased proportion of time spent on closed arms, an increased proportion of time spent on open arms, a reduced number of entries to closed arms, and an elevated number of entries to open arms measured by the EPM test may reflect reduced anxiety levels. Using this method, the effect of exogenous ketone supplements on anxiety-related behavior is tested in Sprague Dawley (SPD) rats. Exogenous ketone supplements are chronically fed to the rats for 83 days or subchronically and acutely orally gavaged, daily for 7 days, before conducting the EPM test. Behavioral data collection is performed using the SMART video tracking system by a blinded observer at the end of the treatments. The main findings indicate that the EPM test is an effective method to detect the ketone supplement-induced anxiolytic effect and can be considered a sensitive measure to assess changes in anxiety behavior associated with drug- or metabolic-based therapies.

Here, we present a protocol to investigate changes in the anxiety level of rodent animal models. The elevated plus maze (EPM) test, used together with a video tracking software, provides a reliable method to document the effect of various potential anxiolytic treatments in preclinical laboratory scenarios.

高架加迷宫试验结合视频跟踪软件研究外源性生酮类补充剂的毒性作用

The overall goal of this study is to describe the methodology of the elevated plus maze (EPM) test in combination with a video tracking software. The ...