该研究的财政支持由国家心理健康研究所校内研究计划ZIAMH002798（ClinicalTrial.gov标识:NCT00026559:Protocol ID 01-M-0185）提供。

所有参与者都获得了国家心理健康研究所（NIMH）联合神经科学机构审查委员会（IRB）批准的书面知情同意书，并得到参与。 1.设置设备注意:如下所述设置设备（参见图1A ） 3 。 <ol><li>在控制室，设置两台电脑，一台用于管理实验，一台用于记录生理数据。 </li><li>在主题室，在液晶显示器和键盘（或按钮盒）中设置标准19，以分别向参与者显示刺激并记录参与者的反应。 </li><li>要记录心理生理学，请使用以太网到USB适配器将记录计算机连接到心理生理学监测硬件。 </li><li>在晶体管 - 晶体管逻辑（TTL）信号之间分割记录和刺激传送硬件，使用带状电缆将实验计算机的并行端口连接到分线盒。 </li><li>要将TTL信号传递给心理生理监测硬件，请使用带状电缆将接线盒连接到硬件。 </li><li>要将TTL脉冲传递到激励传递硬件，请使用卡口式Neill-Concelman（BNC）电缆将分线盒连接到信号发生器。 </li><li>要产生冲击装置的控制信号，请使用BNC电缆将信号发生器连接到冲击装置。 </li><li>设置信号发生器和冲击装置，以产生100 ms，200 Hz的冲击。有关所有设置，请参见图1B和C。 </li></ol> 2.使用可用的软件编程实验注意:使用神经行为系统软件（这里称为实验软件;参见材料表 ）。其他等效可以使用软件。 <ol><li> 使用下面描述的参数和提供的补充代码文件来编制四个测试阶段（详见补充代码）。 <ol><li>对于每个阶段，26项试验。 </li><li>将试验划分为四个交替的威胁和安全块，每个块进行6次试验。 </li><li>在每次试验开始时，提供一个提示，指示每个2000毫秒会显示多少个字母。 </li><li>提示后，出现编码字母序列2,500±1,000 ms。 </li><li>在低负载试验中，依次出现5个字母，一个接一个。 </li><li>在高负载试验中，依次出现8个字母，一个接一个。 </li><li>在编码阶段编程9,000±1,000 ms后的维护期。 </li><li>在维护期结束时，提交2000 ms的响应提示。 </li><li>编制响应提示以在左侧显示一个字母和数字在显示器的右侧，字母表示来自编码序列的字母，数字表示序列中的位置。 </li><li>在字母和数字的下面，显示字符匹配/不匹配，指的是字母是否匹配或不符合位置编号。 </li><li>对实验进行编程，使一半的试验匹配和半失配。 </li><li>使用键盘或按钮框来记录响应。 </li><li>将试验与可变持续时间间隔间隔（ITI）分开，这取决于试验前事件的时间，使得每次试验的长度为23s。 </li><li>通过选择每个时段的最大值和最低值之间的随机持续时间（以毫秒为单位），来改变跨越试验的编码，维护和ITI周期的持续时间。 </li><li>平衡实验，使一半的参与者开始在一个安全的块，一半的参与者开始在威胁块。 </li><li>在每次运行中，在每个威胁块期间存在0到2个伪随机震荡，每次运行总共3次休克呈现。确保为每次冲击增加额外的（虚拟）试验，以确保在安全和威胁组件中包含相同数量的试验。 </li><li>在每次运行开始时，通过耳机呈现103 dB白噪声（近瞬间上升/下降时间）的五个40 ms脉冲串，以制造惊吓响应。 </li><li>在每次运行期间，在以下条件下，呈现3次白噪声演示，以探测惊吓响应（ 见图3 ）:安全与威胁，低负载与高负载以及维护周期对ITI的影响。 </li><li>使探针间隔最小间隔至少17秒，以避免短暂的惊恐反应。 </li><li>对于维护期试验，目前的探头不小于1秒后字母系列的偏移。 </li><li>对于ITI三在响应提示的偏移后，目前的探测不少于4秒。 </li><li>根据制造商的说明，使用相关的软件包设置用于生理监测的设备。 </li></ol></li></ol> 3.运行实验<ol><li>陪同参加者到学习室。 </li><li>管理知情同意书。 </li><li>给予参加者国家焦虑库存Y-1（STAI-Y1） 25 ，贝克焦虑量表（BAI） 26 ，贝克抑郁量表（BDI） 27和焦虑敏感指数（ASI） 28，以填写以前到任务说明和设置。 </li><li>通知参与者他们将看到2种类型的试验，并将根据以下细节回应这些试验。 </li><li>在低负载试验期间，指示参与者按照顺序在其记忆中维持一系列5个字母他们被提出。 </li><li>在高负载试验期间，指示参与者按其呈现顺序在其记忆中保持一系列8个字母。 </li><li>通知参与者，在延迟之后，将以一个字母和数字提示它们，以引用序列中的位置。 </li><li>指示参与者分别使用左箭头键或右箭头键指示字母和位置数字是否匹配或不匹配试用序列。 </li><li>通知与会者，在安全和威胁期间，如果手腕受到不可预测的轻微电击危险，将进行试验。 </li><li>通知参与者，在安全和威胁状况下，他们将在整个实验中听到声音惊险探测器。 </li><li> 根据图2中的图示清洁每个参与者的电极并附上电极。 <ol><li>放置t将一次性11毫米银 - 氯化银（Ag-AgCl）电极放在左手掌上，距离约2厘米，以监测皮肤电导。 </li><li>将两个一次性的11毫米Ag-AgCl电极放置在左手的内腕上，距离约3厘米，以便进行电刺激。 </li><li>将一个一次性的11毫米Ag-AgCl电极放置在左臂内侧，正好在肘部上方，一个一次性电极位于右锁骨正下方，以监测心率。 </li><li>将两个4毫米Ag-AgCl杯电极连接到左眼轮匝肌的下侧以测量惊恐反应。 </li></ol></li><li>用生物医学胶带固定所有电极。 </li><li>将引线连接到手掌上的电极，并将其插入心理生理学监测硬件的EDA通道。 </li><li>将导线连接到手腕上的电极，并将其插入震动装置。 </li><li>将引线连接到手臂和锁骨上的电极，然后将它们插入n到ECG通道的心理生理监测硬件。 </li><li>将附着于眼轮匝肌的杯状电极插入心理生理监测硬件的肌电图（EMG）通道。 </li><li> 冲击校准。 <ol><li>在实验开始之前，让参与者评估一系列100 ms的样本电刺激，以确定令人不愉快和不舒服的强度水平，但不是痛苦。 <ol><li>使用实验软件包（见补充代码文件和材料表 ），将100 ms冲击刺激的系列演示（〜5-10）管理到手腕。 </li><li>每次演示后，参与者按照1（不是不舒服）至10（不舒服但不痛苦）的比例口头评价每个演示文稿。 </li><li>在电击装置上使用mA电平，逐渐增加电击的强度并继续刺激的刺激直到受试者将刺激评价为"10"。 </li><li>记录参与者详细信息包的强度值。 注意:在研究期间，以确定的强度呈现冲击。 </li></ol></li></ol></li><li>要开始实验，请按照实验软件的提示，在运行框中输入参与者ID号码，平衡条件和运行号码。 注意:创建两个平衡条件。第一个平衡将在威胁块开始实验，第二个平衡将在一个安全的块中开始实验。见第2节。 </li><li>点击心理生理监测记录上的"开始"。 </li><li>按实验软件提示框上的"输入"开始实验。 </li><li>允许受试者完成4次实验。如果信件和位置数字匹配或不匹配试验，请参与者选择左或右箭头键序列（步骤3.7和3.8）。 注意:编程每个游程长度持续6到7分钟。计划在0-2次/次运行之间伪随机运送的冲击。见第2节。 </li><li>每次运行之后，让受试者在刚刚完成的运行安全和威胁组件中口头评价焦虑水平，从0（不急）10（非常焦虑）。 </li><li>让受试者在初始校准程序中使用相同的0-10级别（第3.17节）口头评估上次运行期间提供的冲击强度。 </li></ol> 4.分析绩效注意:使用以下说明分析单个参与者的性能数据。 <ol><li> 打开从实验软件创建的输出文件。 <ol><li>为了平均不同条件下的正确答案，首先将数据分为安全与威胁和低负载我们高负载产生4个独特的响应数据条件。 </li><li>计算4个条件中的每一个的正确试验，并将该数除以每个条件的总试验次数。 </li><li>为了平均不同条件下的反应时间，将步骤4.1.1中的数据分开。 </li><li>求出每个条件的所有反应时间，并将该数除以每种条件下的试验次数。 注意:如实验软件输出所示，省略包括休克演示的试验。 </li></ol></li><li>在小组级别，对象进行2（安全对威胁）x 2（低负载与高负载）方差分析，以识别行为表现和反应时间的差异29 。 </li></ol> 5.分析惊魂<ol><li> 使用心理生理分析软件准备原始EMG数据进行分析30 。参见图4A 。<ol><li>选择"变换"&gt;&gt;数字滤波器&gt;&gt; FIR &gt;&gt;带通从心理生理分析软件应用数字带通滤波器（30-300 Hz通带），平滑原始EMG通道（ 见图4B ）。 </li></ol></li><li>选择分析&gt;&gt;肌电图&gt;&gt;从心理生理分析软件导出平均整流肌电图，使用20 ms的时间平均值修正平滑的EMG信号（ 见图4C ）。 </li><li>从心理生理分析软件中选择分析&gt;&gt; Stim-Response &gt;&gt;数字输入到Stim事件，以标记与每种试验类型的数字输入相对应的刺激事件。 注意:例如，试用类型包括安全与威胁，低负载与高负载以及维护周期与ITI周期。 </li><li> 提取每个刺激事件30周围的眨眼幅度。 <ol><li>选择分析&gt;&gt; Stim-Response &gt;&gt; Stim-Response Analysis，并从心理生理分析软件中指定频道的平均值（ 即与处理的EMG对应的频道号），以在-50至固定窗口中提取平均基线活动白噪声发生前0 ms。 </li><li>选择分析&gt;&gt; Stim-Response &gt;&gt; Stim-Response Analysis，并从心理生理分析软件中指定通道最大值（ 即，对应于经处理的EMG的通道号），以识别固定窗口中的眨眼开始和峰值为20白噪声开始后100 ms。 </li></ol></li><li>排除EMG通道30噪音过大的试验。 注意:声学惊吓响应必须可靠地与过度的背景EMG活动或其他污染源（ 例如，运动伪影或体积在听觉探测之前立即自发闪烁; 见图4D ）。 </li><li> 使用标准电子表格软件分析逐个眨眼响应。 <ol><li>将闪烁量值归一化为z分数（可选）。 </li><li>将z分数转换为t分数进行进一步分析（t = 10x + 50;可选）。 </li><li>平均每个试验类型的试验中的t分数和/或原始分数，并计算每个条件的APS（威胁与安全）（ 例如，低负载与高负载和维护周期与ITI周期）。 </li><li>在组级别，在对象之间执行2（安全对威胁）x 2（维护期与ITI）方差分析，以确定WM维护对APS的影响。 </li></ol></li></ol> 6.分析自我报告数据<ol><li>平均安全和威胁条件下的运行焦虑等级。 </li><li>在小组级别，执行一个threat与安全t检验，以确定威胁操纵的有效性。 </li></ol>

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作者报告没有利益冲突。

本文演示了如何在冲击威胁下管理Sternberg WM任务。使用该协议，可以显示WM维护足以减少焦虑，如通过声学惊吓反射3的增强所测量的。这些结果表明，认知和焦虑之间的关系是双向的3 - 5和焦虑模型（ 例如，注意控制理论）1必须解释焦虑除了焦虑对认知的影响认知的影响。虽然目前的协议说明了斯腾WM任务和冲击范式威胁的整合，它也可以作为更普遍的21学习认知和焦虑之间的关系的框架。 通过重新设计在替代期间发生的现有认知任务安全威胁和克时期，它是可以研究的焦虑特定的认知过程，像WM和持续关注2，31，32的效果。例如，在以往的工作中，N-back任务与休克范式的威胁集成，表明焦虑WM在低负载而不是高负荷4,5干扰。这些结果表明焦虑干扰了WM，但是当任务要求很高时，健康人也能够克服焦虑。持续关注响应任务（SART）也与冲击范式的威胁相结合;受试者不得不抑制其对罕见的靶刺激的反应。这表明冲击的威胁任务31，32时增加了NOGO试验的准确性。和...一起N回研究中，这些结果表明，焦虑可以削弱和促进表现，效果的方向取决于任务所涉及的具体认知过程。 同样，通过为已经适应冲击范式的威胁的现有认知任务添加精确定时的惊恐探测，可以研究特定认知任务对焦虑的影响。期间在N回WM任务最初观察到该WM负载和焦虑之间的关系，其中，增加待保持的项目数减少APS 4,5。然而，因为这个任务需要维护和操作，就很难确定哪些WM成分是必需的焦虑23，33所观察到的减少。通过使用更简单的Sternberg WM范例来跟踪这些研究，可以进行sh那么中央执行处理对于减少焦虑是不必要的3 。 这种技术可用于研究焦虑对认知的影响，以及认知对焦虑的影响。因此，重要的是在这种范式中操纵焦虑和认知负担，并采取可靠的措施。当将这种方法应用于新的认知范式时，重要的是确保认知范式在性能上具有可区分的难度级别。如果先导测试在实验条件下不显示性能差异，请检查天花板/底板效果，并相应地调整任务的难度。同样，重要的是设计冲击处理的威胁，以便在低认知负荷条件下可以观察到APS。如果导频测试在低认知负荷条件下没有显示出惊人的差异，请尝试检查信号在EMG通道中的噪声比。 确保本协议有效性有三个关键步骤。首先，重要的是确保该主题了解正在实施的认知任务。如有必要，设计任务的练习版本，以确保受试者了解说明。第二，重要的是确保所用的电刺激具有足够的强度以引起受试者的焦虑。如有必要，每次运行后重新校准电刺激的强度。第三，重要的是确保EMG信道的信噪比足以恢复声学惊吓响应。如果通道噪声或阻抗太高，请彻底清洁眼睛下面的皮肤并重新施加EMG电极。 虽然这种范式有很多优点，但还有待解决的局限性。例如，使用av电击可能引起一些IRB的关注，特别是在处理弱势群体时。应该指出的是，除了使用电击，还有其他诱导焦虑的方法。这些包括呼吸CO 2（7.5％）的水平升高长时间（8-20分钟）34，使用厌恶热刺激35的威胁，呈现负valenced图片36， 等等 。然而，应当指出的是，电刺激安全（使用正常），使用广泛，有效。虽然该协议建议一个标准化的方法来分析增强惊吓，原始分数在某些情况下9,10更加可靠。如果使用标准分数，建议您先检查原始分数。 该协议的优点在于它允许研究人员灵活运用在单个会话中处理受试者的状态焦虑并测试焦虑与特定认知过程之间的关系。该协议有三个潜在的未来应用。首先，了解认知和情感系统如何在神经过程水平上相互作用是非常重要的。未来的研究应该考察焦虑与维持性维生素相关的神经活动之间的关系，并在记录BOLD活动时使用这一范例。第二，将这些发现推广到其他认知过程，如持续关注和奖励处理是很重要的。使用此协议的未来研究应在威胁和安全时期操纵这些过程。第三，了解健康人群和患者群体中认知与焦虑之间的关系很重要。使用该协议的未来研究应包括来自这些特殊人群的个人。 总而言之工作提出了一个研究WM负荷与诱发焦虑之间关系的协议。使用这种范式的研究表明，WM维护足以减轻焦虑，但焦虑不会干扰WM负载本身。虽然这里提出的发现是特定于Sternberg WM范式，但是该方案可以适应于研究认知和焦虑之间的双向关系。

<html>根据注意控制理论（ACT），焦虑通过竞争获取有限的工作记忆（WM）资源来干扰认知处理1 。然而，ACT没有解决这种关系的逆向（ 即认知处理对焦虑的影响）。通过期间使用休克范式的威胁认知任务操纵焦虑，有可能评估焦虑对认知的效果以及认知焦虑2，3，4，5中的效果。该协议的目的是演示如何在冲击范式的威胁下管理Sternberg WM范式，以探测焦虑与WM维护之间的双向关系。 休克范式的威胁在实验室中广泛应用于操纵状态焦虑F"&gt; 6，7，8，9，10，11，并且可以在健康受试者2，3，4，5和患者12，13，14，15一样来实施（参见布拉德福德等人 16的例子）。该模式由交替的威胁和安全17块。主题是在威胁块期间接收不可预知的电刺激的风险，但不会在安全块。受试者的焦虑可以定期用声音惊吓反射18，19来探测。主题通常是威胁块期间流较大惊恐反应相比，安全块，和这焦虑增强惊吓（APS）可以在测试17中 ，18中可以用作在正在进行的焦虑变化的周指数。震惊范式威胁中的激烈惊慌被国家心理健康研究所（NIMH）认可为研究领域标准矩阵20中焦虑的生理指标。然而，也可以使用自我报告的Likert型量表来探索个人的焦虑。因为冲击的威胁是一种被动的范式，其他认知任务可以同时进行21 。通过将休克的威胁与Sternberg WM任务相结合，可以在WM维护期间探测焦虑3 。 在Sternberg WM范式中，主体需要对WM中的一系列字母进行编码并作出响应压脚提升一个短暂的时间间隔3，22。不像更复杂的WM任务（ 例如，在N back任务）4，5，23，斯腾任务不需要的信息的操作在WM 3，22。此外，受试者在不同间隔期间对物品进行编码，维护和响应。一起，这些功能使得可以将WM维护与其他更复杂的认知过程分离24 。通过在WM维护间隔期间探测APS，可以确定WM维护对焦虑的影响。同样，通过比较威胁和安全块之间的WM精度和反应时间（RT），可以确定焦虑对WM维护的影响。该协议将详细说明执行Sternberg WM范式所需的程序步骤有冲击的威胁，以及在任务期间评估APS，准确性和反应时间所需的分析步骤。

<table><tbody><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Biopac System&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>System</td><td>Biopac Systems Inc.</td><td>MP150</td><td>1, Psychophysiology monitoring hardware</td></tr><tr><td>TTL integration</td><td>Biopac Systems Inc.</td><td>STP100C</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>EDA</td><td>Biopac Systems Inc.</td><td>EDA100C</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>ECG</td><td>Biopac Systems Inc.</td><td>ECG100C</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>EMG</td><td>Biopac Systems Inc.</td><td>EMG100C</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Other Equipment&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Breakout box</td><td>See Alternatives</td><td>Custom</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Grass Signal Generator</td><td>Grass Instruments</td><td>SD9</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Shock device</td><td>Digitimer North America, LLC</td><td>DS7A</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Alternatives&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Alternative to Breakout box</td><td>Cortech Solutions</td><td>SD-MS-TCPBNC</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Alternative Grass Signal Generator</td><td>Digitimer North America, LLC</td><td>DG2A</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Audio Equipment&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Headphones</td><td>Sennheiser Electronic GMBH &amp;amp; CO</td><td>HD-280</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Headphone Amplifier</td><td>Applied Research and Technology</td><td>AMP4</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Sound Pressure Level Meter</td><td>Hisgadget Inc</td><td>MS10</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Electrodes and Leads from Biopac&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EMG</td><td>Biopac Systems Inc.</td><td>EL254S</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>EMG stickers</td><td>Biopac Systems Inc.</td><td>ADD204</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>Gel for EMG</td><td>Biopac Systems Inc.</td><td>GEL100</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>ECG</td><td>Biopac Systems Inc.</td><td>LEAD110</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>Shock</td><td>Biopac Systems Inc.</td><td>LEAD110</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>ECG</td><td>Biopac Systems Inc.</td><td>LEAD110S-W</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>ECG</td><td>Biopac Systems Inc.</td><td>LEAD110S-R</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Disposable electrodes</td><td>Biopac Systems Inc.</td><td>EL508</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Software&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Presentation</td><td>Neurobehavioral Systems</td><td>Version 18</td><td>Referred to here as experimental software</td></tr><tr><td>Acknowledge</td><td>Biopac Systems Inc.</td><td>Version 4.2</td><td>Referred to here as psychophysiology analysis software</td></tr></tbody></table>

reducing state anxiety using working memory maintenance

该协议的目的是通过结合Sternberg工作记忆（WM）和冲击范式的威胁来解释如何检查工作记忆过程和焦虑之间的关系。在Sternberg WM范式中，科目需要在WM中保持一连串的字母短暂的间隔，并通过确定该系列中给定字母的位置是否与数字提示相符。在冲击范式的威胁中，受试者暴露于交替的块体，在那里他们有可能接收到不可预测的轻度电击演示的风险，或者不受冲击。焦虑被探测到整个安全和威胁块使用声学惊恐反射，这是强化的威胁（焦虑恐惧惊吓（APS））。在威胁恐惧的威胁下进行Sternberg WM模式，并在WM维护间隔或间隔间隔期间探测惊吓响应，可以将d了解WM维护对APS的影响。

该协议产生三种主要数据类型:精度，RT和APS。对于准确性和RT，该协议涉及两个实验操作，威胁和负载。对于准确性，典型的结果显示负载的主要影响，但没有威胁的主要影响，没有负载 - 威胁的相互作用（试验（F（1,18）= 84.34; p &lt;0.01; 见图5 ）。受试者通常更多对于RT，典型结果显示两种负载（F（1,18）= 19.49; p &lt;0.01）和威胁（F（1,18）= 8.03）的主要影响; p = 0.01），但没有逐个威胁的相互作用（参见图6 ）。受试者在低负荷试验期间通常显示出比在高负载试验期间更快的RT，而在威胁阻止期间比在安全块期间更快的RT。 该协议还涉及APS的两个实验操作:加载和启动<html> le定时。典型结果显示了按时间间的相互作用（F（1,18）= 16.63; p &lt;0.01;参见图7 ）。受试者通常在低负荷与高负荷试验期间显示出显着较大的APS，但只有当在维持间隔期间（MNT;维持期:t（18）= 3.92; p &lt;0.01; ITI:p&gt; 0.05时，惊醒探针被传送） d = 0.72）。应该指出的是，由于推论统计可以从研究到研究上有所不同，重要的是复制这些影响。本实验后，发现APS作为任务难度的一致性降低。这种发现是在口头N回任务（3-back&gt; 0-back d（25）= 2.2） 4中观察到的，Sternberg WM范例（见上文，d（18）= 0.72）;对于复制，参见实验1 Balderston et al。2016 3 ;高负载&gt;低负载，d（18）= 0.44）和复杂图像识别任务（检索&gt;编码，d（21）= 0.47）ef"&gt; 2但是，应该指出，最终的结果可能部分地由习惯性驱动。 虽然在每次试验中难以确定个人的主观情绪状态，但可以使用自我报告数据来确定焦虑操作的有效性和个体差异度量。因此，重要的是在使用标准化问卷调查的实验前评估受试者的情感状态，并在实验过程中探讨受试者的焦虑情况。典型的结果显示，威胁区间的焦虑程度明显高于安全区块; t（18）= 8.85; p &lt;0.001。 <img alt="图1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55727/55727fig1.jpg" /> 图1: 典型设备设置示意图。 （ A ）使用单独的计算<html>管理任务并记录主体的生理信号。通过实验计算机的并行端口将事件与心理生理监测硬件和冲击装置同步。通过以太网电缆将心理生理监测硬件的生理信号转发到采集计算机。使用由信号发生器控制并由任务计算机触发的冲击装置对受试者提供冲击。通过任务计算机的声卡向被摄体发送白噪声，并使用心理生理监测硬件记录踪迹。 （ B ）信号发生器所需的设置。 （ C ）冲击装置的必要设定。 <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55727/55727fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看此图的较大版本。</a> gimg"src ="/ files / ftp_upload / 55727 / 55727fig2.jpg"/&gt; 图2:典型主题设置示意图。连接电极以将受到冲击的主体非主导手腕。连接电极以测量受试者非优势掌上的皮肤电导率。连接电极以测量右眼下方的肌电图，在眼轮匝肌上。连接电极以测量受试者左二头肌和右锁骨上的心电图。 <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55727/55727fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看此图的较大版本。</a> <img alt="图3" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55727/55727fig3.jpg" /> 图3:典型实验设计示意图。提供一系列信件，然后是短暂的维护期和答复提示。在响应舞会期间<html> pt，用一封信（从系列）和一个数字提供主题。指示主题指示该号码是否匹配前一系列中目标字母的位置。在每次试验期间，在维护期间或间隔间隔期间（ITI），现有的惊恐探针。 <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55727/55727fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看此图的较大版本。</a> <img alt="图4" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55727/55727fig4.jpg" /> 图4:跟随白噪声探头的示例EMG跟踪。 （ A ）原始EMG痕迹。 （ B ）在30〜500Hz下进行EMG跟踪带通滤波。 （ C ）使用20 ms常数进行过滤和整流的EMG迹线。 （ D ）由基线噪声污染的试验中的原始EMG踪迹。iles / ftp_upload / 55727 / 55727fig4large.jpg"target ="_ blank"&gt;请点击此处查看此图的较大版本。 <img alt="图5" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55727/55727fig5.jpg" /> 图5:典型的反应时间（RT）结果。受试者在低负荷试验期间通常比在高负荷试验中要快。受试者的冲击威胁也通常更快。棒表示平均值±SEM。 <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55727/55727fig5large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看此图的较大版本。</a> <img alt="图6" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55727/55727fig6.jpg" /> 图6:典型的焦虑强化惊魂（APS）结果。在维持期（MNT）期间检测到惊恐时，受试者通常显示出较大的惊恐与高负载试验相比，低负荷。然而，在ITI期间探测到惊吓时，此效果不成立。棒表示平均值±SEM。 <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55727/55727fig6large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看此图的较大版本。</a> <img alt="图7" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55727/55727fig7.jpg" /> 图7:典型精度（百分比（％）正确）结果。在低负载试验中，受试者通常比高负荷试验更准确;然而，性能不会随着休克的威胁而变化。棒表示平均值±SEM。 <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55727/55727fig7large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看此图的较大版本。</a> 补充代码文件: Wav file为白噪声演示（40ms_wn.wav。） <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55727/40ms_wn.wav">请点击这里下载此文件。</a>为实验软件设置硬件参数所需的代码（Sternberg_threat_v5.exp。） <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55727/sternberg_threat_v5_run.exp">请点击此处下载此文件。</a>运行实验所需的代码（Sternberg_threat_v5.sce。）。 <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55727/sternberg_threat_v5.sce">请点击这里下载此文件。</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Reducing State Anxiety Using Working Memory Maintenance at JoVE.com

Reducing State Anxiety Using Working Memory Maintenance

该协议演示了在Sternberg工作记忆模式中如何测量焦虑增强的惊吓。

使用工作记忆维护降低状态焦虑

The purpose of this protocol is to explain how to examine the relationship between working memory processes and anxiety by combining the Sternberg Working ...

reducing-state-anxiety-using-working-memory-maintenance

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

7.4K 次观看.  National Institutes of Health (NIH). 该协议演示了在Sternberg工作记忆模式中如何测量焦虑增强的惊吓。 

视频: Reducing State Anxiety Using Working Memory Maintenance

A Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate Interference in Working Memory by Distractions and Interruptions

Goal-directed behavior is often impaired by interference from the external environment, either in the form of distraction by irrelevant information that one attempts to ignore, or by interrupting information that demands attention as part of another (secondary) task goal. Both forms of external interference have been shown to detrimentally impact the ability to maintain information in working memory (WM). Emerging evidence suggests that these different types of external interference exert different effects on behavior and may be mediated by distinct neural mechanisms. Better characterizing the distinct neuro-behavioral impact of irrelevant distractions versus attended interruptions is essential for advancing an understanding of top-down attention, resolution of external interference, and how these abilities become degraded in healthy aging and in neuropsychiatric conditions. This manuscript describes a novel cognitive paradigm developed the Gazzaley lab that has now been modified into several distinct versions used to elucidate behavioral and neural correlates of interference, by to-be-ignored distractors versus to-be-attended interruptors. Details are provided on variants of this paradigm for investigating interference in visual and auditory modalities, at multiple levels of stimulus complexity, and with experimental timing optimized for electroencephalography (EEG) or functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies. In addition, data from younger and older adult participants obtained using this paradigm is reviewed and discussed in the context of its relationship with the broader literatures on external interference and age-related neuro-behavioral changes in resolving interference in working memory.

A novel cognitive paradigm is developed to elucidate behavioral and neural correlates of interference by to-be-ignored distractors versus interference by to-be-attended interruptors during a working memory task. In this manuscript, several variants of this paradigm are detailed, and data obtained with this paradigm in younger/older adult participants is reviewed.

认知范式调查干扰工作记忆的干扰和中断

Goal-directed behavior is often impaired by interference from the external environment, either in the form of distraction by irrelevant information that ...

科研

行为学

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Impairing Effect of Emotion on Cognition

Emotions can impact cognition by exerting both enhancing (e.g., better memory for emotional events) and impairing (e.g., increased emotional distractibility) effects (reviewed in 1). Complementing our recent protocol 2 describing a method that allows investigation of the neural correlates of the memory-enhancing effect of emotion (see also 1, 3-5), here we present a protocol that allows investigation of the neural correlates of the detrimental impact of emotion on cognition. The main feature of this method is that it allows identification of reciprocal modulations between activity in a ventral neural system, involved in 'hot' emotion processing (HotEmo system), and a dorsal system, involved in higher-level 'cold' cognitive/executive processing (ColdEx system), which are linked to cognitive performance and to individual variations in behavior (reviewed in 1). Since its initial introduction 6, this design has proven particularly versatile and influential in the elucidation of various aspects concerning the neural correlates of the detrimental impact of emotional distraction on cognition, with a focus on working memory (WM), and of coping with such distraction 7,11, in both healthy 8-11 and clinical participants 12-14.

We present a protocol that allows investigation of the neural mechanisms mediating the detrimental impact of emotion on cognition, using functional magnetic resonance imaging. This protocol can be used with both healthy and clinical participants.

脑成像的情感对认知损害的影响调查

Emotions can impact cognition by exerting both enhancing (e.g., better memory for emotional events) and impairing (e.g., increased emotional ...

神经科学

Assessing Working Memory in Children: The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children &#8211; Working Memory (CABC-WM)

The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children - Working Memory (CABC-WM) is a computer-based battery designed to assess different components of working memory in young school-age children. Working memory deficits have been identified in children with language-based learning disabilities, including dyslexia1,2 and language impairment3,4, but it is not clear whether these children exhibit deficits in subcomponents of working memory, such as visuospatial or phonological working memory. The CABC-WM is administered on a desktop computer with a touchscreen interface and was specifically developed to be engaging and motivating for children. Although the long-term goal of the CABC-WM is to provide individualized working memory profiles in children, the present study focuses on the initial success and utility of the CABC-WM for measuring central executive, visuospatial, phonological loop, and binding constructs in children with typical development. Immediate next steps are to administer the CABC-WM to children with specific language impairment, dyslexia, and comorbid specific language impairment and dyslexia.

Working memory predicts a significant amount of variance for a variety of cognitive tasks, including speaking, reading, and writing. However, few tools are available to assess working memory in children. We present an innovative, computer-based battery that comprehensively assesses different components of working memory in school-age children.

评估儿童工作记忆:儿童综合评估电池 - 工作记忆（CABC-WM）

The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children - Working Memory (CABC-WM) is a computer-based battery designed to assess different components of ...

Highlighting and Reducing the Impact of Negative Aging Stereotypes During Older Adults' Cognitive Testing

As life expectancy increases, aging has become a major health challenge, resulting in a huge effort to better discriminate between normal and pathological cognitive decline. It is thus essential that cognitive tests and their administration are as fair as possible. However, an important source of bias during cognitive testing comes from negative aging stereotypes that can impair the memory performance of older adults and inflate age differences on cognitive tasks. The fear of confirming negative aging stereotypes creates an extra pressure among older adults which interferes with their intellectual functioning and leads them to perform below their true abilities. Here, we present a protocol that highlights simple but efficient interventions to alleviate this age-based stereotype threat effect. The first study showed that simply informing older participants about the presence of younger participants (threat condition) led older adults to underperform on a standardized memory test compared with younger participants, and that this performance difference was eliminated when the test was presented as age-fair (reduced-threat condition). The second study replicated these findings on short cognitive tests used to screen for predementia in clinical settings and showed that teaching older adults about stereotype threat inoculated them against its effects. These results provide useful recommendations about how to improve older adults' memory assessment both in Iab studies and in clinical settings.

Here, we present a protocol designed to show how negative aging stereotypes can impair memory performance of older adults during cognitive testing and how to reduce this deleterious effect. This method can help older people to perform at an optimal level during testing in both lab studies and clinical settings.

在老年人认知测试中突出和减少消极衰老成见的影响

As life expectancy increases, aging has become a major health challenge, resulting in a huge effort to better discriminate between normal and pathological ...

Using Practice Testing, Public Speaking, and Source Monitoring to Examine the Influences of Learning Strategies and Stress on Episodic Memory

Prior research demonstrated that learning information via retrieval practice, which entails studying and taking practice tests, resulted in less memory impairment under stress than learning information via repeated studying. The present experiment combined three experimental procedures to further examine the memory mechanisms underlying the efficacy of retrieval practice in the context of stress. A list-discrimination task was implemented, in which participants learned two distinct wordlists. This was combined with a retrieval-practice manipulation, as half of the participants engaged in practice testing and half engaged in conventional studying during learning. A week later, participants underwent stress induction, using the Trier Social Stress Test. Before and after stress induction, participants completed tests of item and source memory (i.e., list discrimination). The combination of these three procedures yielded informative results: retrieval practice, in the context of stress, improved item memory but not source memory relative to conventional studying. Limitations and future directions for the use of this methodology are discussed.

The present experiment combined three experimental procedures &#8212; a retrieval-practice learning manipulation, a list-discrimination task, and a stress-induction technique &#8212; to examine the influences of different learning strategies and acute stress on multiple measures of episodic memory.

使用实践测试、公开演讲和源监控来考察学习策略和压力对表位记忆的影响

Prior research demonstrated that learning information via retrieval practice, which entails studying and taking practice tests, resulted in less memory ...

Working Memory Training for Older Participants: A Control Group Training Regimen and Initial Intellectual Functioning Assessment

The efficacy of cognitive training interventions is recently highly debated. There is no consensus on what kind of training regimen is the most effective. Also, individual characteristics as predictors of training outcome are still being investigated. In this article, we show the attempt to address this issue by examining not only the impact of working memory (WM) training on cognitive effectiveness in older adults but also the influence of the initial WM capacity (WMC) on the training&#39;s outcome. We describe in detail how to perform 5 weeks of an adaptive dual n-back training with an active control group (memory quiz). We are focusing here on technical aspects of the training as well as on the initial assessment of participants&#39; WMC. The evaluation of pre and post training performance of other cognitive dimensions was based on the results of tests of memory updating, inhibition, attention shifting, short-term memory (STM) and reasoning. We have found that the initial level of WMC predicts the efficiency of the n-back training intervention. We have also noticed the post training improvement in almost all aspects of cognitive functioning we measured, but those effects were mostly intervention independent.

A cognitive training intervention in elderly population together with the assessment of the pre training cognitive abilities is presented. We show two versions of training - experimental and active control - and demonstrate their effects on the array of cognitive tests.

老年学员工作记忆培训:对照组培训方案和初始智力功能评估

The efficacy of cognitive training interventions is recently highly debated. There is no consensus on what kind of training regimen is the most effective. ...

Assessment of Stress Effects on Cognitive Flexibility using an Operant Strategy Shifting Paradigm

Stress affects cognitive function. Whether stress enhances or impairs cognitive function depends on several factors, including the 1) type, intensity, and duration of the stressor; 2) type of cognitive function under study; and 3) timing of the stressor in relation to learning or executing the cognitive task. Furthermore, sex differences among the effects of stress on cognitive function have been widely documented. Described here is an adaptation of an automated operant strategy shifting paradigm to assess how variations in stress affect cognitive flexibility in male and female Sprague Dawley rats. Specifically, restraint stress is used before or after training in this operant-based task to examine how stress affects cognitive performance in both sexes. Particular brain areas associated with each task in this automated paradigm have been well-established (i.e., the medial prefrontal cortex and orbitofrontal cortex). This allows for targeted manipulations during the experiment or the assessment of particular genes and proteins in these regions upon completion of the paradigm. This paradigm also allows for the detection of different types of performance errors that occur after stress, each of which has defined neural substrates. Also identified are distinct sex differences in perseverative errors after a repeated restraint stress paradigm. The use of these techniques in a preclinical model may reveal how stress affects the brain and impairs cognition in psychiatric disorders, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depressive disorder (MDD), which display marked sex differences in prevalence.

Stressful life events impair cognitive function, increasing the risk of psychiatric disorders. This protocol illustrates how stress affects cognitive flexibility using an automated operant strategy shifting paradigm in male and female Sprague Dawley rats. Specific brain areas underlying particular behaviors are discussed, and translational relevance of results are explored.

使用操作策略转移范式评估压力对认知灵活性的影响

Stress affects cognitive function. Whether stress enhances or impairs cognitive function depends on several factors, including the 1) type, intensity, and ...

Developing Neuroimaging Phenotypes of the Default Mode Network in PTSD: Integrating the Resting State, Working Memory, and Structural Connectivity

Complementary structural and functional neuroimaging techniques used to examine the Default Mode Network (DMN) could potentially improve assessments of psychiatric illness severity and provide added validity to the clinical diagnostic process. Recent neuroimaging research suggests that DMN processes may be disrupted in a number of stress-related psychiatric illnesses, such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
Although specific DMN functions remain under investigation, it is generally thought to be involved in introspection and self-processing. In healthy individuals it exhibits greatest activity during periods of rest, with less activity, observed as deactivation, during cognitive tasks, e.g., working memory. This network consists of the medial prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex/precuneus, lateral parietal cortices and medial temporal regions.
Multiple functional and structural imaging approaches have been developed to study the DMN. These have unprecedented potential to further the understanding of the function and dysfunction of this network. Functional approaches, such as the evaluation of resting state connectivity and task-induced deactivation, have excellent potential to identify targeted neurocognitive and neuroaffective (functional) diagnostic markers and may indicate illness severity and prognosis with increased accuracy or specificity. Structural approaches, such as evaluation of morphometry and connectivity, may provide unique markers of etiology and long-term outcomes. Combined, functional and structural methods provide strong multimodal, complementary and synergistic approaches to develop valid DMN-based imaging phenotypes in stress-related psychiatric conditions. This protocol aims to integrate these methods to investigate DMN structure and function in PTSD, relating findings to illness severity and relevant clinical factors.

This protocol describes the complementary neuroimaging techniques of resting state structural connectivity, task-induced deactivation, and structural connectivity analyses to examine the default network in post-traumatic stress disorder. The use of synergistic methods could potentially lead to improved diagnostics and assessments of severity, outcome, and other relevant clinical factors.

发展中的默认模式网络的神经影像学表型在创伤后应激障碍:整合静息状态下，工作记忆和结构连接

Complementary structural and functional neuroimaging techniques used to examine the Default Mode Network (DMN) could potentially improve assessments of ...

医学

Combining Behavior and EEG to Study the Effects of Mindfulness Meditation on Episodic Memory

Although there has been recent interest in how mindfulness meditation can affect episodic memory as well as brain structure and function, no study has examined the behavioral and neural effects of mindfulness meditation on episodic memory. Here we present a protocol that combines mindfulness meditation training, an episodic memory task, and EEG to examine how mindfulness meditation changes behavioral performance and the neural correlates of episodic memory. Subjects in a mindfulness meditation experimental group were compared to a waitlist control group. Subjects in the mindfulness meditation experimental group spent four weeks training and practicing mindfulness meditation. Mindfulness was measured before and after training using the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ). Episodic memory was measured before and after training using a source recognition task. During the retrieval phase of the source recognition task, EEG was recorded. The results showed that mindfulness, source recognition behavioral performance, and EEG theta power in right frontal and left parietal channels increased following mindfulness meditation training. In addition, increases in mindfulness correlated with increases in theta power in right frontal channels. Therefore, results obtained from combining mindfulness meditation training, an episodic memory task, and EEG reveal the behavioral and neural effects of mindfulness meditation on episodic memory.

Here we present a protocol for combining mindfulness meditation training, an episodic memory task, and EEG to understand the behavioral and neural effects of mindfulness meditation on episodic memory.

结合行为和脑电图研究正念冥想对情景记忆的影响

Although there has been recent interest in how mindfulness meditation can affect episodic memory as well as brain structure and function, no study has ...

The Water Maze with Platform Relocation: A Method to Assess Working Memory

Source: Hausser, N., et al. <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/video/56044/detecting-behavioral-deficits-in-rats-after-traumatic-brain-injury">Detecting Behavioral Deficits in Rats After Traumatic Brain Injury.</a>&#160;J. Vis. Exp (2018).
In this video, we describe the Morris water maze test with platform relocation, a navigational task used to study working memory in rodents.

平台重新定位的水迷宫:一种评估工作记忆的方法

Source: Hausser, N., et al. Detecting Behavioral Deficits in Rats After Traumatic Brain Injury.&#160;J. Vis. Exp (2018).
In this video, we describe the ...