这项工作是由儿童健康和人类发展（NICHD）奖＃P01 HD064653-01的尤尼斯·肯尼迪·施莱佛国立研究院资助。内容完全是作者的责任，并不一定代表NICHD或美国国立卫生研究院的官方意见。

以下方案进行了检查，并在休斯顿大学批准的机构审查委员会。所有的婴幼儿患者的父母或监护人收到，阅读并签署之前参与的知情同意书。父母接受了免费停车场和$ 20的礼品卡作为补偿他们参与这项研究，而婴幼儿选择了与年龄相适应的玩具。 本招募婴儿受试者符合以下条件:1）6至24个月的年龄。 2）婴儿是健康的，有正常的生长发育，并有产后问题，脑震荡，癫痫发作，中风或学习障碍的病史。这将排除婴儿从测试一些常见的发育障碍的例子是无法茁壮成长，营养不良和使用酒精或药物的母亲在怀孕期间。 通过头皮脑电图的简化流程图同时记录多的神经活动和的IMU在自由表现婴儿是在图1。 1.知情同意<ol><li>显示父母试验室，并简要介绍了实验，他们的目的。 </li></ol> 2.头皮脑电图准备<ol><li>注意:使用的脑电图系统（表1）是由活性电极系统具有可移动的电极。阻抗水平标示在使用LED的电极。 </li><li>测量厘米婴儿的头围。周围放置头部的最宽部分一个卷尺，在头部的后面，它们在通过眉毛和周围的枕骨突出。 注意:测量头围是必要的，用于选择适当大小的EEG帽。有特殊尺寸为表 1中所述的婴儿群体。 </li><li>在一个适当大小的EEG帽（表1）所指定的位置的电极10-20国际体系。该盖确保头皮上的电极的正确放置。 注意:最好是有盖准备由婴儿到达研究位置的时间。关于头大小的信息可以从父母时间之前获得，或者使用表可在线[http://www.cdc.gov/growthcharts/html_charts/hcageinf.htm]近似。如果磁头的测量不对应于研究者的近似，一个新的帽必须准备。如果多个帽和电极都可用，多个盖可预先设置，以尽量减少准备时间。 </li><li>解释胶凝过程到父。告诉他们钝针头和注射器用于将凝胶到每个电极，让他们感觉到自己的皮肤针。使用演示脑电图电极和头皮帽走在胶凝过程。 </li><li>测量从鼻根的距离沿着头皮表面的矢状切面INION。继续以适应财政p帽从婴儿后面。 </li><li>对准头的顶点的锆石电极。前进到对准和居中鼻根和INION之间的距离的FP1和FP2电极在前额处大约10％。对称沿头部正中矢状平面对准头皮盖。确保中间电极[天津中德培训中心，Fz的，FCZ，CZ，CPZ，Pz的，POZ，奥兹]排列与鼻根和INION。完成后，由捆扎下巴下面固定的上限。 注:在转移患者注意力婴儿，而他/她是被装上了脑电图帽。年龄合适的视频通常用于在安装过程中分心的婴儿。 </li><li>基准，地面，并记录电极连接到控制箱。打开从控制箱的阻抗指标。 </li><li>与地面和参考电极开始，使用一个小注射器直至低于60千欧每个电极措施的阻抗电解质凝胶注入到头皮和电极之间的空间。这是IND以黄色或绿色指示灯电极icated。在4个可用脑电图电极的制备进一步的细节。 注:在胶凝过程中，婴儿可能会移动他/她的头部因各种原因（好奇，恐惧，把注意力）。因此，建议在第二实验者或亲继续分散婴儿。使用来自婴儿的头，以避免撞击与针婴儿的脸的风险背后的注射器由于被摄体的意外的运动。 </li><li>通过采用光纤到USB转换器的USB端口连接放大器到PC主机。 注: 图2A显示婴儿学科设置与脑电帽和IMU的位置。注意，电极的电缆和控制箱被举起，从而提供无负荷移动性给受试者。 图2B显示了以下10-20标签系统的EEG帽的电极位置的地形图。 </li></ol> 3.惯性测量准备<ol><li>打开IMU软件。在图形界面上单击"新建"。 </li><li>然后单击"配置"，在弹出的对话框中配置的IMU。设置采样频率为128赫兹。 </li><li>固定的IMU的头部，胸部和婴儿的左，右手腕。 注: 参见图2A。同时，适应实验的手腕用的IMU。确保的IMU固定好到主体以减小惯性测量误差。 </li><li>使用带，将手腕上的IMU手腕背侧。将胸部IMU上邻近使用线束胸部的中心腹面。 </li><li>附上头部IMU到头皮盖的下巴肩带，以便它是下巴的左侧附近。放置的IMU，让他们朝外，以朝向上方的LED灯。 注意:惯性测量每个重约22克，并且它们的尺寸小，重量轻，不可能妨碍米ovement。一个附加的实验者可能需要分散的婴儿为在步骤2.8中所述的理由。 </li></ol> 4.视频采集和数据流的同步<ol><li>地方摄像机（18），使得婴儿（12），演员（14），以及在LED扳机（13）都清晰可见。 见图4。 注:视频录制用于允许视觉注释和实验者引发行为的细分，以及确认记录会话的开始和结束。 </li><li>触发输入/输出的外壳（7）连接至所述脑电图（5）和的IMU（4）。 参见图3。 注:自定义输入/输出的外壳（7）， 如图 3所示，被设计用于对准记录的所有数据流（脑电图，惯性平台，和视频），因此使用事件标记从一个记录（如视频）或帮助分析另一个记录的（如脑电图或加速）。这是通过使用一个完成单瞬时按钮了，郁闷的时候，会发送一个低电平有效的（+ V接地）触发脉冲脑电图（通过DB-25并行端口），IMU（通过微型DIN-6连接器）和视频（通过照明的发光二极管（LED），其定位在视图摄像机的）的记录同时进行。 7404 IC逻辑逆变器芯片用来转化低的状态（地）到高状态（+ V）的脉冲，提供给LED供电所需的电压电位。 </li><li>有靠近所述触发按钮和数据收集计算机实验者。实验者负责操作触发，整个实验过程中监视所述数据的质量，并保存数据。 </li></ol> 5.准备测试环境<ol><li> 见图4。 </li></ol> 6.数据收集<ol><li>通过选择"阻抗记录使用控制软件的EEG电极的初始阻抗值查看"选项卡，点击单选按钮"阻抗开"（等待约5秒，电极阻抗值稳定），并点击"保存阻抗"单选按钮保存阻抗。 参见图5。 </li><li>在脑电数据采集不应用过滤器。 </li><li>在脑电图记录仪程序，点击"显示器"，然后"播放"开始录制脑电数据。 参见图6。 </li><li>在IMU软件，单击"流"，然后选择"记录"，在弹出的对话框中开始记录IMU数据。 参见图7。 </li><li>应用三个触发器（Ⅲ）信号使用的输入/输出的外壳（7）的按钮的实验开始。让婴儿休息1分钟，同时记录。这提供了最初的基准数据。 </li><li>进行实验，并允许根据需要婴儿主题采取休息。每个实验试验包括一转回吐任务，其中的演员表演一个动作使用对象的婴儿（通常，但不总是，玩具），将其传递给婴儿，以努力发起模仿反应，最后获取对象从婴儿背部。 注:这种交换一般是重复4-5试验或直到婴儿显示对象没有进一步的兴趣。 </li><li>鉴于本届会议的环境，诠释每个行为都定时使用视频记录数据收集后。 </li><li>记录EEG电极的最终阻抗值。请参阅步骤6.1。 </li><li>数字化使用脑电图电极3D扫描仪和软件及其相应的软件的EEG电极的三维空间坐标。 </li><li>启动三维扫描软件。进入"文件"，然后选择"新工作区"。装载在工作区的第一个选项卡中的电极位置文件，并提供了存储卡的必要信息。 </li><li>在扫描工具栏中，点击"明星牛逼扫描"。使用3D扫描仪中，在从婴幼儿的头部约30厘米，通过以下在盖变化的光图案以扫描电极的位置。一旦扫描完成后，软件会自动保存结果。 注意:在头后部，电缆可能会阻塞在电极上的发光二极管，由于婴幼儿的头部的尺寸小。该软件允许用户删除从扫描一些电极而不损害结果。如有必要，从扫描中取出后枕部电极。 </li></ol> 7.行为细分<ol><li>检查实验会议的视频记录和标记时，触发LED闪烁的时间 （即，当在实验开始和结束），并且当任何在步骤6.6的开始和结束的前面提到的行为。 </li></ol> 8.源成像<ol><li>注:源成像能够准确识别的发电机大脑内脑电图电位和它通常由解决正向和反问题5。 </li><li>获取高分辨率T1加权磁共振影像（MRI）从公共领域的数据库，例如包含平均MRI模板作为年龄（月）函数在头两年的生活6,7的神经发育MRI数据库中的数据。 注意:本研究采用的婴儿只年龄适当向前头部的模型，因此，在选择的MRI模板时性信息未被考虑）。 </li><li>收购的边界元模型（BEM），包括头舱（ 即，灰质，白质，头皮，内部或外部颅骨）从神经发育MRI数据库8 MRI卷的源卷。 </li><li>预处理BEM MRI体积通过提取大脑和头部隔室的表面中咖喱7，或类似​​的脑成像软件包以获得现实的头部模型。 </li><li>导入加权MRI的T1。手动识别三个基准点，例如左/右预耳穴和脑成像软件中鼻根，或类似的包装。 </li><li>共登记脑电图和磁共振成像的空间，以获得MRI的空间，并通过安装在MRI上显示的基准点主体的空间和三维扫描仪的步骤6.9-6.11用脑成像软件或类似的包装中获得的基准之间的刚性几何变换。 </li><li>解决前进模式。 注意:正问题涉及的头部模型，代表该头卷9,10的导电性能的头和几何形状的定义。 </li><li>解决逆问题 注意:反问题试图推断位置，强度和在从头皮EEG信号脑源的利用信号处理技术11的时间过程。 </li><li>段连续脑电图数据与围绕任务发病试验（例如，模仿，观察段）为2秒长度前后任务发病段。识别通道，高阻抗为"坏信道"，并在每次试验等人为的试验。预处理使用脑电图数据为伪像抑制ICA和与相邻的无伪影的通道的平均重构坏信道。12,13,14。 </li><li>使用正向模型作为输入到自动优化算法，搜索在整个大脑确定最佳的可能的源位置。 </li><li>直观地分析估计的来源，拿起了最匹配的基础上，从实验的性质事先了解您的期望的解决方案，并认真加以解释。 注意:此步骤是最偏颇的由于逆问题的病态的性质，即，来源不同的配置，可能会导致在相同的表面电位。故，它可能是进行仔细的检查，以验证一个给定的头部模型和逆方法效果很好的帮助。 </li><li>进行完整性检查，本地化已知的模拟偶极子。也就是说，对于给定的头部模型的地方与已知结构的偶极，并且解决正向问题，以获得模拟的电压，此偶极子。 </li><li>与在相同的头部模型这些电压解决反演问题，以确保它返回模拟偶极子。 注意:这些完整性检查应该回到最初放置到高精确度的偶极子。 </li></ol>

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Brain Products and Brain Vision kindly financed the open access fees charged by the journal.

所描述的协议提供了一个方法来从可自由表现的婴儿收集数据，而他们在实时的实验者进行交互。它采用移动的脑成像技术（头皮EEG）捕获的神经活动，同时记录运动数据的IMU在战略体的位置。实验会话还记录由视频摄像机。三个数据记录系统使用定制触发系统同步。 脑电图和IMU系统都缠满了主题为他/她自由地在实验会议期间移动。所述的IMU需要安全架着能够准确地捕捉运动学。以确保受试者的全不受约束的流动性，该设备必须为最小侵入成为可能;因而使用支架来支撑脑电图的电极电缆和脑电图控制箱。实验者然后与婴儿约15分钟相互作用。该INFANT将在交互过程中引发的行为与年龄相关的剧目。这些措施包括休息，达到掌握的，达到要约，探索，观察和模仿。然而，一些婴儿会不愿意在会议上因疲劳，缺乏舒适感，或应激合作。请务必安排实验时，孩子是最有活力和积极防止负面反应的发生，从他/她。 实验的性质呈现给记录整个会话的数据的质量的风险。因此，关键的是要测试所有的连接和数据质量开始记录会话之前，以及在会话期间连续地监控​​它们。如果数据脑电图系统没有记录质量数据，停止该软件并拔掉所有连接。在重新启动软件或设备连接返回到笔记本电脑，从记录硬件的接近消除所有可能的噪声源（ 即 ，电源）。在EE摹硬件包括信号放大器，可以拿起环境噪声如果放在靠近电气噪声源。对于IMU接收器，确保有在视线的接收器和实验和婴儿之间的界限没有干扰。 这个实验装置通过测量电活动在头皮表面提供高时间分辨率的神经数据。最近的研究表明与全身运动利用这些信号，同时，识别分类的信息表现运动20的21,22的可行性，以及升降功能，这表明该提议的数据收集方法可能会导致更好地了解神经的基础仿制的婴儿。 具有应用到大脑的动态13,20,21强大的机器学习算法近期的捐款正在建立越来越多的工具来研究更自然本身表面电位设置。该提出的设置提供了研究问题的可能性频谱加以解决2,22。具体地，它可以应用到研究集中在一个）理解认知电机开发基于一个大数目的受试者婴儿的神经基础;二）理解"行动和上下文"，这应该是预测传入的行为采取行动的婴儿的意图的神经基础; C）定量共同的和独特的神经模式来描述的个性和变化，在发育中的大脑;和d）学习模仿和学习过程的出现。这些目标带来的机器学习算法，可以有统计学丰富无论在翔实脑起源电位和运动或肌肉工件12,20,23数据处理的部署。 本研究试图估计使用婴儿EEG数据皮质来源和电场的潜力。由于技术上的困难，例如缺乏知识婴儿头部电导率值和皮质物质的厚度，头部模型的精确建模是一项艰巨的任务。都需要在婴幼儿24非侵入性的区域组织电导率估计进一步的研究。婴幼儿MRI数据的皮质表面分割提出了一个额外的挑战，因为在发展中国家人类大脑25的图像中发现的对比度差。未来的研究需要解决这些困难，估计婴儿发育和行为的各种神经电生理相关因素。 最后，所提出的实验方案和方法，可以部署在那些有发育障碍的研究，如婴儿可能自闭症谱系障碍（ASD）。在这样的应用中，这将是理想的是包括对照组和合适的发育评估来表征两组（对照和ASD）。对于考试PLE，一个研究小组可以由所有高风险（对于ASD）婴幼儿兄弟姐妹评估与自闭症诊断观察附表26，症状严重程度27和早教28的马伦尺度表征一般认知能力。如果可用，扩散加权MRI扫描也将是非常可取29。

其中一个根本的人的能力是学习和部署行动（行动生产）战略上的目标和奖励服务的能力，领悟社会伙伴（动作理解）的目标，以产生适当的社会反应的能力，并且能够从其他人通过观察和模仿1学习。这些认知马达功能的神经基础已被归因，至少部分，以所谓的镜像神经元系统;这被认为是一个系统，当一个人的意见执行操作和当一个执行动作来参与。然而，镜像神经元系统和行动的理解之间的潜在联系还没有很好的理解1。该研究镜像神经元系统在人类婴儿的出现和发展受到了阻碍通过）多模态数据采集大脑活动的相关的意图和细粒度的运动数据的技术限制，b）在该不自然（例如，用在一盘录像带中描绘的试剂社会互动，需要用于保持静止姿势脑电图期间最小化伪影（EEG）记录等）的实验方案所施加的约束，以及c）所述通信/语言障碍检测婴幼儿/学步，极大地限制了研究人员的能力给予指导和验证的行为时。 为了更好地理解变化的神经和自然行为的行为动态，我们开发了一种新的实验和分析方法，使新兴的目标为导向，以社会行为在幼儿的神经基板的时间分辨研究。具体而言，我们与实验者互动中部署了一个基于脑电的移动大脑成像（MOBI）的方法2，以记录大脑活动和运动的自由，行为的婴儿。惯性测量单元（IMU产品）被用来MONitor主题和实验者的运动。 脑电图技术和惯性传感器被用于研究与实验者/演员的即兴互动关联到婴儿的动作模仿和目标导向行为的神经模式和激活。操作如REACH-把握，达到要约，观察，休息和探索是参与模仿的认知电机过程的一部分。此外，我们使用源代码估计在行为任务的大脑内的电势的发电机来定位，从而研究神经电流的时空动态整个大脑。同样，我们部署机器学习算法，以评估和通过识别行动相关的时空图案中的神经活动传感器（EEG）和/或源的空间测量这些行为反应的可预测性。集成传统的ERD / ERS，源解码分析，提供更全面的发展这种行为的神经基础的TAL描述。 这种设置使我们能够利用MOBI方法2,3的优点，并研究了婴儿和他们自然会出现没有任何限制的实验者之间的社会互动。 该协议，从时间的主题到达他/她离开，大约需要1小时才能完成的时间。 25分钟这取决于各种因素，如头发的长度和被检体合作 - 所述IMU /脑电图建立时间和电极位置获取从15变化。该设备的初始化和配置加起来10分钟，将测试会话持续约15分钟。去除的IMU和脑电图帽，其中包括清洗从低变应原胶婴儿的头部，需要5-10分钟。

<table><tbody><tr><td>BrainAmp Amplifier</td><td>Brain Products, Gmbh</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>actiCAP EEG cap- 64 electrodes*</td><td>Brain Products, Gmbh</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>actiCAP Control Box</td><td>Brain Products, Gmbh</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Brain Vision Recorder software v1.20.0601</td><td>Brain Products, Gmbh</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>actiCAP Control Box software v1.2.5.2</td><td>Brain Products, Gmbh</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CapTrak</td><td>Brain Products, Gmbh</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CapTrak software v1.0.0</td><td>Brain Products, Gmbh</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Opal movement monitor</td><td>APDM, Inc</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Opal docking station</td><td>APDM, Inc</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Opal wireless access point</td><td>APDM, Inc</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Motion Studio software v1.0.0.201503302222</td><td>APDM, Inc</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Trigger box</td><td>Custom</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Video camera</td><td>HC-W850M, Panasonic Co.</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>*The EEG caps come in the following head circumference sizes for infants: 42, 44, 46, 48, 50cm. For this protocol, a stock of 2 caps of each size is recommended.&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

a novel experimental and analytical approach to the multimodal neural decoding of intent during social interaction in freely-behaving human infants

Understanding typical and atypical development remains one of the fundamental questions in developmental human neuroscience. Traditionally, experimental paradigms and analysis tools have been limited to constrained laboratory tasks and contexts due to technical limitations imposed by the available set of measuring and analysis techniques and the age of the subjects. These limitations severely limit the study of developmental neural dynamics and associated neural networks engaged in cognition, perception and action in infants performing &#8220;in action and in context&#8221;. This protocol presents a novel approach to study infants and young children as they freely organize their own behavior, and its consequences in a complex, partly unpredictable and highly dynamic environment. The proposed methodology integrates synchronized high-density active scalp electroencephalography (EEG), inertial measurement units (IMUs), video recording and behavioral analysis to capture brain activity and movement non-invasively in freely-behaving infants. This setup allows for the study of neural network dynamics in the developing brain, in action and context, as these networks are recruited during goal-oriented, exploration and social interaction tasks.

图8显示样品EEG和加速度数据从惯性平台为主体和实验者之间相互作用期间记录一个16秒的时间窗口。脑电图数据被重新采样，在100赫兹并且使用第三命令，零相巴特沃斯滤波器然后带通滤波[1-40赫兹]。通道具有高阻抗值（Z&gt; 60千欧），和周边通道，被丢弃12,15。该惯性测量记录9的信号在128赫兹:磁通量，角速度，和线性加速度的三个笛卡尔轴。这里，我们显示了重力补偿（GC）加速度的大小。加速度的由于重力的影响，通过应用卡尔曼滤波器来预测IMU取向在一个全局帧16补偿。数据被分割的录像（步骤7.1）的目视检查。垂直实线表示感兴趣的行为开始时，为点的垂直线表示事件的结束。 <p类="jove_content"&gt;出现在图8围绕709s所示的脑电数据运动伪影的影响。在这个实验方案的无约束的数据收集方法，使脑电数据容易眨眼，眼球运动，运动和肌电文物。该数据是通过使用3阶零相巴特沃斯设计的带通滤波器将其约束到δ-带（1-4Hz）预处理，并通过减去平均值和通过标准偏差除以标准化。使用子空间神器去除（ASR）方法17自动去除高幅度的文物。此外，周边通道都在努力减少肌电工件污染排除在数据分析。额颞及肌肉收缩与EEG信号最显着的周边位置合并:额肌收缩，出现在眼前的地点，以及颞收缩出现在外侧额叶和tempor人的位置15。 检查与该协议所收集的数据的性质，脑电图数据直方图绘制在图9中。在图9A中，它描述了标准化信号从三个空间上代表电极的数据分布。脑电图数据显示，多态分布的分析行为。 在图9B中的峰度值被表示为条形图的数据更容易目测。 分类是通过提取每个脑电图信道的基于时间的滞后，减少维数，同时保持每个类（本地Fisher的判别分析（LFDA））18的当地散射，和训练/测试特征的减少集的模型（高斯混合执行模型（转基因微生物））19。培训/测试样本随机抽取了20次迭代（ 即交叉验证），以防止任何OVer-fitting.Training/testing~~V样本大小会有所定拒绝信道（即，阻抗大于60千赫），实验会话的长度的数目，和试验和行为的数表示。然而，用于每个类（行为）训练和测试样本的数目对应于人口最少类的50％。作为一个例子，每个类的测试集的大小是 N = 1069样本在图10所示的婴儿数据。在MATLAB编程环境下进行了计算的所有前处理和分类 ​​的步骤。 图11描述了整个过程在这项研究中的一个步骤一步地进行脑电图源估计。有关每个步骤的更多细节也被总结在第8。 在"REACH-报价在图12所示的结果事件中的亩节奏（5-9赫兹）相关的（去）同步（ERD / ERS）和偶极源1;任务。 ERS和ERD计算为在一个频率带内功率的减少或增加的哪个事件（到达和提供任务）期间发生间隔相比参考间隔（在该事件之前截取的段）的百分比。该图还显示了从婴幼儿和演员的双腕任务期间获得的重力补偿的幅度加速。为偶极分析的EEG信号用独立分量分析（ICA），以消除背景噪音分解。通过固定MUSIC算法5亩节奏进行ICA的预处理后的源估计。正如所料，来源是本地化了，而这个问题是用左手抓住对象的权利主要运动区。 <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td>产品名</td><td>公司</td><td>数量</td></tr><tr><td> BrainAmp放大器</td><td>脑产品，GMBH </td><td> 2 </td></tr><tr&gt; <td> actiCAP脑电图的Cap-64的电极* </td><td>脑产品，GMBH </td><td> 10 </td></tr><tr><td> actiCAP控制箱</td><td>脑产品，GMBH </td><td> 1 </td></tr><tr><td>大脑视觉记录器软件</td><td>脑产品，GMBH </td><td> 1 </td></tr><tr><td> actiCAP控制箱软件</td><td>脑产品，GMBH </td><td> 1 </td></tr><tr><td> CapTrak </td><td>脑产品，GMBH </td><td> 1 </td></tr><tr><td> CapTrak软件</td><td>脑产品，GMBH </td><td> 1 </td></tr><tr><td>蛋白石运行监测</td><td> APDM股份有限公司</td><td> 6 </td></tr><tr><td>蛋白石扩展坞</td><td> APDM股份有限公司</td><td> 6 </td></tr><tr><td>欧泊无线接入点</td><td> APDM股份有限公司</td><td> 1 </td></tr><tr><td>运动Studio软件</td><td> APDM股份有限公司</td><td> 1 </td></tr><tr><td>触发盒</td><td>习俗</td><td> 1 </td></tr><tr><td>录影机</td><td> HC-W850M，松下公司</td><td> 1 </td></tr><tr><td colspan="3"> *脑电图帽走在了下面的头围大小的婴儿:42，44，46，48，50厘米。对于这个协议中，2次盖帽每个大小的股票建议。 </td></tr></tbody></table> 表1设备 。 <img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53406/53406fig1.jpg" /> 图1.流程图。实验设置（一）流程图。（二）数据采集时段的流程图。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53406/53406fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/53406/53406fig2.jpg" /> 图2.主体setup并准备进行数据收集。（a）除戴着EEG帽的正视图，和四个惯性平台。（B）使用10-20标准电极定位系统的64通道脑电帽的地形表示。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53406/53406fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看更大的版本这个数字。</a> <img alt="图3" src="/files/ftp_upload/53406/53406fig3.jpg" /> 图3.数据采集设备和检测室。 （A）的数据收集设备设置:脑电图控制箱（1），EEG帽（2），触发（3），无线IMU数据接收器（4），脑电图放大器（5），玩具盒（6），触发按钮（7），数据采集笔记本电脑（8），惯性平台基座（9）。（B）特写脑电帽，主动电极和控制箱。（C）特写的IMU和无线接收器，trigge<html> - [R按钮式，脑电放大器和数据采集的笔记本电脑。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53406/53406fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图4" src="/files/ftp_upload/53406/53406fig4.jpg" /> 实验设置如图4示意图。脑电控制箱支架（10）。主题的监护人坐在椅子上（11），实验者坐在椅子上（14）和监测数据的人坐在椅子（17）。实验装置的其余部分显示:交互桌面（12），扳机（13），玩具箱（15），数据采集表（16），摄像机位置（18） <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53406/53406fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击这里查看这是一个更大的版本数字。</a> <html> "SRC ="/文件/ ftp_upload / 53406 / 53406fig5.jpg"/&gt; 图5.截图的脑电控制软件的箭头指向步骤6.1和描述的软件键图标 6.8。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53406/53406fig5large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图6" src="/files/ftp_upload/53406/53406fig6.jpg" /> 图6.截图脑电记录软件的箭头指向键图标的步骤6.2和6.3中描述的软件的实时流原始数据的部分显示。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53406/53406fig6large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> 皮克"/&gt; 图7.截图的IMU软件的红框强调在步骤6.4中所述的软件键图标。 （A）主命令窗口。（B）配置窗口。（c）记录窗口。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53406/53406fig7large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图8" src="/files/ftp_upload/53406/53406fig8.jpg" /> 图从有代表性的实验性会议8.样本数据。 （A）的 EEG和加速度数据被示出，这两个带通滤波[1-40Hz]。与低阻抗（Z &lt;60kΩ的）在整个会议期间脑电图电极的显示。垂直实线表示的行为发生（B）静止帧从事行为的婴儿表现分析:观察，达到掌握的，REACH-报价，Imita德，探索，休息。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53406/53406fig8large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图9" src="/files/ftp_upload/53406/53406fig9.jpg" /> 脑电图幅度图9.示例直方图确定了六个行为。 A）显示的数据对应于从记录在会议上与20个月大的婴儿三个电极（CP2，FC5，POZ）的原始数据。直方图被缩放到最高出现次数和每个直方图的峰度上示出每个图的右边。请注意，多分布于大多数的行为。B）峰度样本数据的每一个行为。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53406/53406fig9large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> 图10.脑电图预测行为的行动自由表现的婴儿12。样本混淆矩阵分类精度为20个月大的婴儿被显示。总的解码精度显示在右下角。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53406/53406fig10large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图11" src="/files/ftp_upload/53406/53406fig11.jpg" /> 图11.源定位，需要使用解剖MRI和功能脑电数据婴儿偶极子源定位的步骤。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53406/53406fig11large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a>URE。 <img alt="图12" src="/files/ftp_upload/53406/53406fig12.jpg" /> 图12.河段要约任务分析资料。执行"REACH-要约"的任务。B）脑电图平均全球现场电源在穆频带（5-9赫兹），婴儿的肢体运动轨迹婴儿的）快照和演员;盛大从所有途径。C）局部偶极源"运动开始"和"运动完成"两个事件均事件相关频谱扰动。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53406/53406fig12large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Novel Experimental and Analytical Approach to the Multimodal Neural Decoding of Intent During Social Interaction in Freely-behaving Human Infants at JoVE.co

A Novel Experimental and Analytical Approach to the Multimodal Neural Decoding of Intent During Social Interaction in Freely-behaving Human Infants

This protocol presents a novel methodology for the neural decoding of intent from freely-behaving infants during unscripted social interaction with an actor. Neural activity is acquired using non-invasive high-density active scalp electroencephalography (EEG). Kinematic data is collected with inertial measurement units and supplemented with synchronized video recording.

在自由，表现人类婴儿一种新的实验和分析方法意向的多模态神经解码期间社会互动

Understanding typical and atypical development remains one of the fundamental questions in developmental human neuroscience. Traditionally, experimental ...

a-novel-experimental-analytical-approach-to-multimodal-neural

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

10.8K 次观看.  University of Houston. This protocol presents a novel methodology for the neural decoding of intent from freely-behaving infants during unscripted social interaction with an actor. Neural activity is acquired using non-invasive high-density active scalp electroencephalography (EEG). Kinematic data is collected with inertial measurement units and supplemented with synchronized video recording. 

视频: A Novel Experimental and Analytical Approach to the Multimodal Neural Decoding of Intent During Social Interaction in Freely-behaving Human Infants

Corticospinal Excitability Modulation During Action Observation

This study used the transcranial magnetic stimulation/motor evoked potential (TMS/MEP) technique to pinpoint when the automatic tendency to mirror someone else's action becomes anticipatory simulation of a complementary act. TMS was delivered to the left primary motor cortex corresponding to the hand to induce the highest level of MEP activity from the abductor digiti minimi (ADM; the muscle serving little finger abduction) as well as the first dorsal interosseus (FDI; the muscle serving index finger flexion/extension) muscles. A neuronavigation system was used to maintain the position of the TMS coil, and electromyographic (EMG) activity was recorded from the right ADM and FDI muscles. Producing original data with regard to motor resonance, the combined TMS/MEP technique has taken research on the perception-action coupling mechanism a step further. Specifically, it has answered the questions of how and when observing another person's actions produces motor facilitation in an onlooker's corresponding muscles and in what way corticospinal excitability is modulated in social contexts.

Single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation over the primary motor cortex, neuronavigation, and registration of electromyographic activity of hand muscles were used in this study to explore corticospinal excitability while participants were observing action sequences.

行动观察期间皮质脊体兴奋调节

This study used the transcranial magnetic stimulation/motor evoked potential (TMS/MEP) technique to pinpoint when the automatic tendency to mirror someone ...

科研

行为学

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Observing Virtual Social Interactions

The ability to gauge social interactions is crucial in the assessment of others&#x2019; intentions. Factors such as facial expressions and body language affect our decisions in personal and professional life alike 1. These "friend or foe" judgements are often based on first impressions, which in turn may affect our decisions to "approach or avoid". Previous studies investigating the neural correlates of social cognition tended to use static facial stimuli 2. Here, we illustrate an experimental design in which whole-body animated characters were used in conjunction with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) recordings. Fifteen participants were presented with short movie-clips of guest-host interactions in a business setting, while fMRI data were recorded; at the end of each movie, participants also provided ratings of the host behaviour. This design mimics more closely real-life situations, and hence may contribute to better understanding of the neural mechanisms of social interactions in healthy behaviour, and to gaining insight into possible causes of deficits in social behaviour in such clinical conditions as social anxiety and autism 3.

This article demonstrates an experimental design in which whole-body animated characters are used in conjunction with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate the neural correlates of observing virtual social interactions.

观察虚拟社会交往中的神经关联的脑成像研究

The ability to gauge social interactions is crucial in the assessment of others&#x2019; intentions. Factors such as facial expressions and body language ...

神经科学

Infant Auditory Processing and Event-related Brain Oscillations

Rapid auditory processing and acoustic change detection abilities play a critical role in allowing human infants to efficiently process the fine spectral and temporal changes that are characteristic of human language. These abilities lay the foundation for effective language acquisition; allowing infants to hone in on the sounds of their native language. Invasive procedures in animals and scalp-recorded potentials from human adults suggest that simultaneous, rhythmic activity (oscillations) between and within brain regions are fundamental to sensory development; determining the resolution with which incoming stimuli are parsed. At this time, little is known about oscillatory dynamics in human infant development. However, animal neurophysiology and adult EEG data provide the basis for a strong hypothesis that rapid auditory processing in infants is mediated by oscillatory synchrony in discrete frequency bands. In order to investigate this, 128-channel, high-density EEG responses of 4-month old infants to frequency change in tone pairs, presented in two rate conditions (Rapid: 70 msec ISI and Control: 300 msec ISI) were examined. To determine the frequency band and magnitude of activity, auditory evoked response averages were first co-registered with age-appropriate brain templates. Next, the principal components of the response were identified and localized using a two-dipole model of brain activity. Single-trial analysis of oscillatory power showed a robust index of frequency change processing in bursts of Theta band (3 - 8 Hz) activity in both right and left auditory cortices, with left activation more prominent in the Rapid condition. These methods have produced data that are not only some of the first reported evoked oscillations analyses in infants, but are also, importantly, the product of a well-established method of recording and analyzing clean, meticulously collected, infant EEG and ERPs. In this article, we describe our method for infant EEG net application, recording, dynamic brain response analysis, and representative results.

High-density electroencephalography (dEEG) is being used increasingly to study brain development and plasticity in the early years of life. Here we present an application of sophisticated analysis techniques that builds on traditional EEG recording to understand the oscillatory dynamics of rapid auditory processing in the infant brain.

婴儿听觉处理和事件相关的脑振荡

Rapid auditory processing and acoustic change detection abilities play a critical role in allowing human infants to efficiently process the fine spectral ...

Investigating Social Cognition in Infants and Adults Using Dense Array Electroencephalography (dEEG)

Dense array electroencephalography (dEEG), which provides a non-invasive window for measuring brain activity and a temporal resolution unsurpassed by any other current brain imaging technology1,2, is being used increasingly in the study of social cognitive functioning in infants and adults. While dEEG is enabling researchers to examine brain activity patterns with unprecedented levels of sensitivity, conventional EEG recording systems continue to face certain limitations, including 1) poor spatial resolution and source localization3,4,2) the physical discomfort for test subjects of enduring the individual application of numerous electrodes to the surface of the scalp, and 3) the complexity for researchers of learning to use multiple software packages to collect and process data. Here we present an overview of an established methodology that represents a significant improvement on conventional methodologies for studying EEG in infants and adults. Although several analytical software techniques can be used to establish indirect indices of source localization to improve the spatial resolution of dEEG, the HydroCel Geodesic Sensor Net (HCGSN) by Electrical Geodesics, Inc. (EGI), a dense sensory array that maintains equal distances among adjacent recording electrodes on all surfaces of the scalp, further enhances spatial resolution4,5,6 compared to standard dEEG systems. The sponge-based HCGSN can be applied rapidly and without scalp abrasion, making it ideal for use with adults7,8, children9,10,11, and infants12, in both research and clinical4,5,6,13,14,15 settings. This feature allows for considerable cost and time savings by decreasing the average net application time compared to other dEEG systems. Moreover, the HCGSN includes unified, seamless software applications for all phases of data, greatly simplifying the collection, processing, and analysis of dEEG data.
The HCGSN features a low-profile electrode pedestal, which, when filled with electrolyte solution, creates a sealed microenvironment and an electrode-scalp interface. In all Geodesic dEEG systems, EEG sensors detect changes in voltage originating from the participant's scalp, along with a small amount of electrical noise originating from the room environment. Electrical signals from all sensors of the Geodesic sensor net are received simultaneously by the amplifier, where they are automatically processed, packaged, and sent to the data-acquisition computer (DAC). Once received by the DAC, scalp electrical activity can be isolated from artifacts for analysis using the filtering and artifact detection tools included in the EGI software. Typically, the HCGSN can be used continuously for only up to two hours because the electrolyte solution dries out over time, gradually decreasing the quality of the scalp-electrode interface.
In the Parent-Infant Research Lab at the University of Toronto, we are using dEEG to study social cognitive processes including memory, emotion, goals, intentionality, anticipation, and executive functioning in both adult and infant participants.

Investigating Social Cognition in Infants and Adults Using Dense Array Electroencephalography dEEG

Dense array electroencephalography is being used increasingly to study social cognitive functions in infants and adults. Here we present an established methodology that represents a significant improvement on conventional methodologies for studying EEG in infants and adults.

调查婴儿和成人使用密集阵脑电图的社会认知（ D脑电图）

Dense array electroencephalography (dEEG), which provides a non-invasive window for measuring brain activity and a temporal resolution unsurpassed by any ...

A Within-subjects Experimental Protocol to Assess the Effects of Social Input on Infant EEG

Despite the importance of social interactions for infant brain development, little research has assessed functional neural activation while infants socially interact. Electroencephalography (EEG) power is an advantageous technique to assess infant functional neural activation. However, many studies record infant EEG only during one baseline condition. This protocol describes a paradigm that is designed to comprehensively assess infant EEG activity in both social and nonsocial contexts as well as tease apart how different types of social inputs differentially relate to infant EEG. The within-subjects paradigm includes four controlled conditions. In the nonsocial condition, infants view objects on computer screens. The joint attention condition involves an experimenter directing the infant's attention to pictures. The joint attention condition includes three types of social input: language, face-to-face interaction, and the presence of joint attention. Differences in infant EEG between the nonsocial and joint attention conditions could be due to any of these three types of input. Therefore, two additional conditions (one with language input while the experimenter is hidden behind a screen and one with face-to-face interaction) were included to assess the driving contextual factors in patterns of infant neural activation. Representative results demonstrate that infant EEG power varied by condition, both overall and differentially by brain region, supporting the functional nature of infant EEG power. This technique is advantageous in that it includes conditions that are clearly social or nonsocial and allows for examination of how specific types of social input relate to EEG power. This paradigm can be used to assess how individual differences in age, affect, socioeconomic status, and parent-infant interaction quality relate to the development of the social brain. Based on the demonstrated functional nature of infant EEG power, future studies should consider the role of EEG recording context and design conditions that are clearly social or nonsocial.

This novel protocol is designed to assess the neural bases of social interaction in infants. The paradigm is designed to tease apart how various social inputs such as language, joint attention, and face-to-face interaction relate to infant neural activation. Infant EEG power is recorded during both social and nonsocial conditions.

一个被试内实验协议，以评估对婴幼儿脑社会投入的影响

Despite the importance of social interactions for infant brain development, little research has assessed functional neural activation while infants ...

Portable Intermodal Preferential Looking (IPL): Investigating Language Comprehension in Typically Developing Toddlers and Young Children with Autism

One of the defining characteristics of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is difficulty with language and communication.1 Children with ASD's onset of speaking is usually delayed, and many children with ASD consistently produce language less frequently and of lower lexical and grammatical complexity than their typically developing (TD) peers.6,8,12,23 However, children with ASD also exhibit a significant social deficit, and researchers and clinicians continue to debate the extent to which the deficits in social interaction account for or contribute to the deficits in language production.5,14,19,25
Standardized assessments of language in children with ASD usually do include a comprehension component; however, many such comprehension tasks assess just one aspect of language (e.g., vocabulary),5 or include a significant motor component (e.g., pointing, act-out), and/or require children to deliberately choose between a number of alternatives. These last two behaviors are known to also be challenging to children with ASD.7,12,13,16
We present a method which can assess the language comprehension of young typically developing children (9-36 months) and children with autism.2,4,9,11,22 This method, Portable Intermodal Preferential Looking (P-IPL), projects side-by-side video images from a laptop onto a portable screen. The video images are paired first with a 'baseline' (nondirecting) audio, and then presented again paired with a 'test' linguistic audio that matches only one of the video images. Children's eye movements while watching the video are filmed and later coded. Children who understand the linguistic audio will look more quickly to, and longer at, the video that matches the linguistic audio.2,4,11,18,22,26
This paradigm includes a number of components that have recently been miniaturized (projector, camcorder, digitizer) to enable portability and easy setup in children's homes. This is a crucial point for assessing young children with ASD, who are frequently uncomfortable in new (e.g., laboratory) settings. Videos can be created to assess a wide range of specific components of linguistic knowledge, such as Subject-Verb-Object word order, wh-questions, and tense/aspect suffixes on verbs; videos can also assess principles of word learning such as a noun bias, a shape bias, and syntactic bootstrapping.10,14,17,21,24 Videos include characters and speech that are visually and acoustically salient and well tolerated by children with ASD.

Portable Intermodal Preferential Looking IPL: Investigating Language Comprehension in Typically Developing Toddlers and Young Children with Autism

A reliable home-based way to assess the language comprehension of very young typically developing children, as well as those with autism, is described. The method analyzes children's eye gaze while viewing side-by-side images but hearing an audio that matches only one image. Stimuli are designed with young participants in mind.

便携式联运优惠展望（IPL）：研究语言理解在通常情况下发展幼儿和儿童自闭症

One  of the defining characteristics of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is difficulty  with language and communication.1  Children with ASD's onset of ...

医学

Using the Visual World Paradigm to Study Sentence Comprehension in Mandarin-Speaking Children with Autism

Sentence comprehension relies on the ability to rapidly integrate different types of linguistic and non-linguistic information. However, there is currently a paucity of research exploring how preschool children with autism understand sentences using different types of cues. The mechanisms underlying sentence comprehension remains largely unclear. The present study presents a protocol to examine the sentence comprehension abilities of preschool children with autism. More specifically, a visual world paradigm of eye-tracking is used to explore the moment-to-moment sentence comprehension in the children. The paradigm has multiple advantages. First, it is sensitive to the time course of sentence comprehension and thus can provide rich information about how sentence comprehension unfolds over time. Second, it requires minimal task and communication demands, so it is ideal for testing children with autism. To further minimize the computational burden of children, the present study measures eye movements that arise as automatic responses to linguistic input rather than measuring eye movements that accompany conscious responses to spoken instructions.

We present a protocol to examine the use of morphological cues during real-time sentence comprehension by children with autism.

用视觉世界范式研究自闭症普通话儿童的句子理解

Sentence comprehension relies on the ability to rapidly integrate different types of linguistic and non-linguistic information. However, there is ...

Exploring Infant Sensitivity to Visual Language using Eye Tracking and the Preferential Looking Paradigm

We discuss the use of the preferential looking paradigm in eye tracking studies in order to study how infants develop, understand, and attend to the world around them. Eye tracking is a safe and non-invasive way to collect gaze data from infants, and the preferential looking paradigm is simple to design and only requires the infant to be attending to the screen. By simultaneously showing two visual stimuli that differ in one dimension, we can assess whether infants show different looking behavior for either stimulus, thus demonstrating sensitivity to that difference. The challenges in such experimental approaches are that experiments must be kept brief (no more than 10 min) and be carefully controlled such that the two stimuli differ in only one way. The interpretation of null results must also be carefully considered. In this paper, we illustrate a successful example of an infant eye tracking study with a preferential looking paradigm to discover that 6-month-olds are sensitive to linguistic cues in a signed language despite having no prior exposure to signed language, suggesting that infants possess intrinsic or innate sensitivities to these cues.

Eye tracking studies using a preferential looking paradigm can be used to study infants&#39;&#160;emerging understanding of, and attention to, their external visual world.

利用眼动追踪和偏好外观范式探索婴儿对视觉语言的敏感度

We discuss the use of the preferential looking paradigm in eye tracking studies in order to study how infants develop, understand, and attend to the world ...

A Common Marmoset Model of Mother-Infant Intervention for Breastfeeding Disorders in the Presence of Paternal Inhibition and Maternal Neglect

Parents&#39; psychological stress during the perinatal and neonatal periods continues to increase in an environment of declining birthrates, aging populations, and shrinking family sizes. The increase in child abuse and neglect cases, most likely by inexperienced and insufficiently knowledgeable parents, necessitates education on childcare and intervention techniques in nursing and midwifery training. In particular, attachment formation early in life between mother and infant is crucial. To accurately teach sensitive and comprehensive information on intervention techniques for mother-child attachment formation, realistic videos, and educational materials are necessary. Although pseudoeducational materials are available, they might be limited in explaining complex realism, particularly to support breastfeeding that involves both parents and child and that encourages interaction between the two.
In a previous study in a common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) model, we experimentally controlled infant feeding and nurturing through 24 h of constant sensing and collected 1 month of quantitative data on psychological indices that possibly translated to psychological development. Age-dependent dynamic visualization of these data by multivariate analyses inferred causal relationships between early parental feeding and psychobiological rhythm formation. In the same primate model, we identified a spontaneous case of breastfeeding failure in which the father inhibited his neonatal infant&#39;s feeding and the mother appeared to abandon nurturing, leading to clinically significant weight loss in the infant.
Thus, we explored intervention techniques to promote mother-infant interaction. The mother was trained to allow the infant to spontaneously explore her breast. Initially, the mother refused to display the feeding pose potentially due to pain associated with breast engorgement. Massage was used to soften the breast and feeding was reintroduced. We hypothesize that activation of instinctive attachment formation mechanisms by encouraging spontaneity in each parent and child is the key to successful feeding intervention.

Here, we present a nonhuman primate model of mother-infant intervention for breastfeeding disorders in the presence of paternal inhibition and maternal neglect. The mate model video complements education to support primate and human caregivers with respect to infants with breastfeeding problems such as pain.

在存在父亲抑制和母亲忽视的情况下母婴干预母乳喂养障碍的常见狨猴模型

Parents&#39; psychological stress during the perinatal and neonatal periods continues to increase in an environment of declining birthrates, aging ...

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>用于分析 MRI 环境中对外部线索的行为反应的管道

Profiling Maternal Behavior Responses During Whole-Brain Imaging

Recent advancements in whole-brain imaging tools have enabled neuroscientists to investigate how coordinated brain activity processes external cues, influencing internal state changes and eliciting behavioral responses. For example, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a noninvasive technique that allows for the measurement of whole-brain activity in awake, behaving mice using the blood oxygenation-level-dependent (BOLD) response. However, to fully understand BOLD responses evoked by external stimuli, it is crucial that experimenters also assess behavioral responses during scans. The MRI environment poses challenges to this goal, rendering commonly employed methods of behavioral monitoring incompatible. These challenges include (1) a restricted field of view and (2) the limited availability of equipment without ferromagnetic components. Presented here is a behavioral video analysis pipeline that overcomes these limitations by extracting valuable information from videos acquired within these environmental constraints, enabling the evaluation of behavior during the acquisition of whole-brain neural data. Employing methods such as optical flow estimation and dimensionality reduction, robust differences can be detected in behavioral responses to stimuli presented during fMRI scans. For example, representative results suggest that mouse pup vocalizations, but not pure tones, evoke significantly different behavioral responses in maternal versus virgin female mice. Moving forward, this behavioral analysis pipeline, initially tailored to overcome challenges in fMRI experiments, can be extended to various neural recording methods, providing versatile behavioral monitoring in constrained environments. The coordinated evaluation of behavioral and neural responses will offer a more comprehensive understanding of how the perception of stimuli leads to the coordination of complex behavioral outputs.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>在全脑成像过程中分析母体行为反应

Presented here is a video analysis pipeline that overcomes challenges in behavioral monitoring within MRI environments, allowing for the detection of uninstructed behavioral responses to external cues. This analysis will facilitate a more comprehensive understanding of evoked internal state changes and brain-wide activity.

在全脑成像过程中分析母体行为反应

Recent advancements in whole-brain imaging tools have enabled neuroscientists to investigate how coordinated brain activity processes external cues, ...