这项工作是由美国国立卫生研究院院内研究计划（NIH），国家糖尿病研究所，消化道和肾脏疾病（NIDDK）的支持。我们感谢对仪表的NIH科和美国国立卫生研究院图书馆与3D打印的援助。

注:此协议是在材料的表命名的专门组件写入。虽然可以使用其他硬件来实现类似的功能，FED已编程的Arduino的专业微控制器（以下称为:微控制器）和上市附件。其它微控制器可以同样出色的工作，但会要求用户修改代码来支持它们。离线数据分析使用Python编程语言编码。 1.准备和软件安装<ol><li>采购，构建FED（ 见表1 andFed Github上BoM.xlxs在:https://github.com/KravitzLab/FED/tree/master/doc）所需的电子元器件。 注:可替代的供应商可用于许多地方在此表中，只要它们具有同等规格。 </li><li>打印所有的3D设计的部件（ 图1，可在:https://github.com/KravitzLab/FED/wiki/3D-Printed-Components）。用200微米的3D打印机分辨率应该是能够打印FED的。 </li><li>下载并安装集成开发环境（IDE）平台，以单片机编程。 </li><li>下载并安装额外的库，使电机罩和数据记录器（网址为:https://github.com/KravitzLab/fed/tree/master/fed-arduino）的功能。 </li><li>购买组装所需的工具（ 如烙铁，热风枪，焊锡，剥线钳，尖嘴钳，两个平头和螺丝刀）。 </li></ol> 2.焊接电气元件注:使用热缩管保护所有焊点。前焊接连接，滑动片收缩包装管（〜2厘米）管导线之一左右。焊接连接之后，围绕该连接点的管道，并使用加热枪来加热收缩管。 <ol><li> 制备的连接器（图2A） <ol><li>准备4个2针连接器JST对，标签男性和女性双方"A"，"B"，"C"和"D"，分别为。从连接器对"D"两侧拆除红线。 </li><li>准备一个3针连接器JST对和标注的男性和女性双方"E"。 </li></ol></li><li> 微控制器和可堆叠盾牌（图2B） <ol><li>焊料在微控制器的顶部插槽女堆叠头。夹在微控制器的底部伸出的头线。 </li><li>焊料雌性可堆叠报头与在SD数据记录罩的顶侧的插座。在离开盾牌的底部伸出的电线。 </li><li>男性焊接头到从底部伸出销电机盾。 </li><li>放置一个纽扣电池至SD护罩的槽，以提供电源给实时时钟模块。 </li></ol></li><li> 外接电源按钮（图2C） 注:锁定按钮金属公顷五个连接:电源，地，常闭（NC1），常开（NO1）和通用（C1）。 <ol><li>焊接2针插头"A"到C1（用红色线）和地（用黑线）。热收缩所有连接。 </li><li>焊接2针插头"B"至+（用红色线）和NO1（用黑线）。热收缩所有连接。 </li></ol></li><li> 光电断路器（图2D） <ol><li>焊接光电断路器（黑色部分）接口板。 </li><li>焊接一个4.7K电阻到接口板的前面。 </li><li>焊接男3针连接器"E"到接口板的背面:红色线为PWR，绿线到GND，白线为SGL。 </li><li>修剪上光电断路器的背部松散的电线打破板。 </li></ol></li><li> 升压板（图2E） <ol><li>焊接2针母连接器"A"到升压板5V和接地引脚。 </li><li>焊料马黑线乐接口"D"到升压板的附加GND引脚。 </li></ol></li><li> BNC输出线（选配:图2F） <ol><li>焊接2针连接器"C"，以BNC电缆的终端（红色线为中心销，黑色线外针）。 注:对于装配，2针连接器必须通过合适的BNC插头螺母。我们使用较小的连接器，或刮走在JST连接用刀片以使其适合。 </li></ol></li><li> 汽车之盾（图2G） <ol><li>扭动母连接器"B"一起和焊料的红色和黑色导线到第五 。 </li><li>焊接母连接器"C"到接地引脚旁AREF的黑线，而这个连接器的红色线针脚3。 </li><li>焊接母连接器"D"以接地针脚的黑线旁边V 中 。 </li><li>焊接母连接器"E"的绿线的接地引脚旁边5V，该连接器至5V的红线，而这种连接器的白线到引脚2。 </li></ol></li></ol> 3.软件上传<ol><li> FTDI的接口板连接到单片机的编程引脚，然后通过微型USB电缆FTDI接口板连接到计算机上。 </li><li>打开IDE（集成开发环境）计划。 </li><li>选择正确的微控制器板，通过工具软件上传&gt;董事会下拉菜单。 </li><li>通过工具&gt;处理器菜单中选择ATMEGA 328（5V，16MHz的）。 </li><li>选择微控制器连接到通过工具的端口&gt;端口&gt; COM＃（将取决于哪个端口正在使用而异）。 </li><li>点击"上传"按钮上传FED草图到板（网址为:https://github.com/KravitzLab/fed/tree/master/fed-arduino）。 </li></ol> 4.硬件组装<ol><li> 步进电机和MOTOR罩（图1C和3A和3B） <ol><li>固定5V步进电机到3D打印的电机用两个＃6×¼"钣金螺丝（ 图1C和3A）安装。 </li><li>将旋转盘成电机安装并推到安全地连接到步进电机轴（ 图3B）。 </li><li>三维打印的食品仓扭到电机安装，确保颗粒矫直机臂在电机安装孔。 </li><li>从上面的连接件拧（步骤4.1.1 - 4.1.3）到印刷基底的顶部，与位于朝向基体的背面和位于前部的孔中的步进电机。 </li><li>从每根电线切成末由步进电机电线条〜2毫米5针连接器。 </li><li>连接从步进电机的电线上的马达屏蔽接线端接头:红色到地面，橙色和红色到一个马达端口（ 例如 ，M1），以及蓝色和黄色到其它MOTOR端口（ 例如 ，M2）。 </li></ol></li><li> 外部电源按钮 <ol><li>移除电源按钮螺母和插入电源按钮入底座的右侧的孔。用六角螺母固定到位按钮。 </li></ol></li><li> 光电断路器（图3C） <ol><li>将光断续进入其3D打印的住房。 注意:使用热风枪加热住房，如果光断续不会一路座位。 </li><li>字符串通过3D打印底座前端中间有孔的3针插头"E"，从光电断路器（PWR，GND和SGL）。 </li><li>固定外壳到FED基地，2个1"的尼龙螺钉和相应的螺母。 </li></ol></li><li> BNC输出电缆（选购） <ol><li>将BNC连接器插入FED底座的左侧孔。安全的地方用螺母。 </li><li>如果不使用BNC连接器，插头与3D打印的塞孔。 </l我&gt; </ol></li><li>电池和升压板（ 图3D） <ol><li>通过JST 2针连接进行连接3.7 V电池组的DC / DC升压转换器模块。如果电池充电蓝色的升压板上的LED会亮起。 </li></ol></li><li> 安装板内侧壳体的（图3E） <ol><li>微山与FTDI连接所面临的电源开关，使用＃4×¼"钢板五金螺丝基地内。 </li><li>堆栈上的单片机的顶级汽车盾牌和数据记录的盾牌。 </li><li>拧升压板插入使用＃2×¼"钢板金属螺丝。安装升压用的micro-SD插槽朝下的情况下，美联储可以通过该端口进行充电，无需打开的情况下。 </li><li>连接五个连接器，"A"的男性为"A"的女性，"B"男为"B"的女性，等等</li><li>放置3D印刷基地内的电池，并通过滑动后盖关闭。 </l我&gt; <li>滑动对3D打印的面盘。 </li></ol></li></ol> 5.验证和数据采集注:在美联储系统电源时，确保SD卡插入的SD屏蔽，否则美联储不会免除颗粒。此外，确保电机罩（只是电源块以上）电源跳线到位。 <ol><li> 电力馈系统与电源按钮和测试设备的功能上。 <ol><li>上电前填充20毫克的食物颗粒的食物仓。 注:电源开关应点亮，也应在微控制器，SD盾，屏蔽电机的LED。如果在井没有沉淀，应该分配。 </li><li>从食品10丸井和确认更换颗粒分散 - 手动删除5。 </li></ol></li><li>取出SD卡，并验证数据是否被正确记录。数据应该在名为逗号分隔值（.csv）根据VA被收购riable FILENAME中的代码。 </li><li>放置的FED单元实验设置，关于功率内，并确保粒料被分配到食品良好。 </li><li>在数据采集的过程中，每天检查FED以验证它被确认电源开关上的LED灯上正常工作（这表示电池有足够的电量）和沉淀坐在食物好（指有与粒料分配没有问题）。 </li><li>数据采集​​后，检索SD卡和接入.csv文件。 注:膳食和喂养方式的分析脚本可在:https://github.com/KravitzLab/fed。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Ellacott, K. L., Morton, G. J., Woods, S. C., Tso, P., Schwartz, M. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessment+of+feeding+behavior+in+laboratory+mice.">Assessment of feeding behavior in laboratory mice.</a> Cell Metab. 12 (1), 10-17 (2010).</li><li>Betley, J. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neurons+for+hunger+and+thirst+transmit+a+negative-valence+teaching+signal.">Neurons for hunger and thirst transmit a negative-valence teaching signal.</a> Nature. 521 (7551), 180-185 (2015).</li><li>van den Heuvel, J. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuropeptide+Y+activity+in+the+nucleus+accumbens+modulates+feeding+behavior+and+neuronal+activity.">Neuropeptide Y activity in the nucleus accumbens modulates feeding behavior and neuronal activity.</a> Biol Psychiatry. 77 (7), 633-641 (2015).</li><li>Cone, J. J., Roitman, J. D., Roitman, M. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ghrelin+regulates+phasic+dopamine+and+nucleus+accumbens+signaling+evoked+by+food-predictive+stimuli.">Ghrelin regulates phasic dopamine and nucleus accumbens signaling evoked by food-predictive stimuli.</a> J Neurochem. 133 (6), 844-856 (2015).</li><li>Ulman, E. A., Compton, D., Kochanek, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measuring+food+and+water+intake+in+rats+and+mice.">Measuring food and water intake in rats and mice.</a> ALN Mag. , 17-20 (2008).</li><li>Nguyen, K. P., O'Neal, T. J., Bolonduro, O. A., White, E., Kravitz, A. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Feeding+Experimentation+Device+(FED):+A+flexible+open-source+device+for+measuring+feeding+behavior.">Feeding Experimentation Device (FED): A flexible open-source device for measuring feeding behavior.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 267, 108-114 (2016).</li><li>Aguiar, P., Mendonca, L., Galhardo, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=OpenControl:+a+free+opensource+software+for+video+tracking+and+automated+control+of+behavioral+mazes.">OpenControl: a free opensource software for video tracking and automated control of behavioral mazes.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 166 (1), 66-72 (2007).</li><li>Devarakonda, K., Nguyen, K. P., Kravitz, A. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ROBucket:+A+low+cost+operant+chamber+based+on+the+Arduino+microcontroller.">ROBucket: A low cost operant chamber based on the Arduino microcontroller.</a> Behav Res Methods. 48 (2), 503-509 (2016).</li><li>Hoffman, A. M., Song, J., Tuttle, E. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ELOPTA:+a+novel+microcontroller-based+operant+device.">ELOPTA: a novel microcontroller-based operant device.</a> Behav Res Methods. 39 (4), 776-782 (2007).</li><li>Crall, J. D., Gravish, N., Mountcastle, A. M., Combes, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=BEEtag:+A+Low-Cost,+Image-Based+Tracking+System+for+the+Study+of+Animal+Behavior+and+Locomotion.">BEEtag: A Low-Cost, Image-Based Tracking System for the Study of Animal Behavior and Locomotion.</a> PLoS One. 10 (9), (2015).</li></ol>

Authors declare no conflict of interests, financial or otherwise.

喂养实验设备（FED）是一种灵活的食物摄入量监测系统。在这里，我们描述了在制造和诊断设备，包括3D打印硬件，电子元件焊接，和素描上传的组装到微控制器的详细说明。虽然它遵循谨慎协议列出的所有步骤是很重要的，也有值得特别注意在每个部分，以确保一个成功的终端产品的关键步骤。三维印刷旋转盘应紧贴到步进电机轴，并能够以最小的阻力来自相邻部件旋转。当焊接引脚连接，确保焊点是无需多余的焊锡安全。确保安装了所有附加库必须位于正确的目录上传脚本到微控制器之前。组装的FED的过程涉及很容易实现的，即使没有事先的任务在3D打印或电子产品的经验。 没有与FED一些限制。首先，每个FED使用一个内部SD卡记录和存储数据。的SD卡可以是一个麻烦的手段来跟踪和从许多的FED存储数据。我们正在探索无线数据传输来缓解这个问题，但FED的当前迭代依赖于在SD卡上的本地存储。第二，〜时间FED的5％分注2丸粒而不是一个。而在我们的手中都没有发生拥堵的颗粒有足够的频率来算，这种可能性应该严格监测，因为我们不能排除他们彻底。用户永远留下喂养的老鼠因为没有日常检查美联储的功能，他们唯一的食物来源。尽管有这些限制，我们认为美联储的错误率是大多数研究报告可以接受的。这就是说，在今后的工作中，我们将寻求进一步减少这些错误。最后，三维打印的公差可以根据具体的三维打印机和材料的不同而不同。如我们提供了这样的三维设计文件可能需要调整有关三维打印机，或与其它材料的其它型号打印。作为一个有用的提示，我们发现一个加热枪可以打印到软化了小幅调整3D打印的部件后即可使用。 单个FED可组装大约$ 350。这个价格，我们估计为商业3D打印〜200 $出聚乳酸材料，并〜$ 150购买电子元件。 3D打印成本相差很大视质量和材料。它可以减少相当如果用户打印自己的份该费用。 FED也可以印刷或机械加工出更多的耐用的材料，如不锈钢或铝的，虽然这将是昂贵的。 我们选择与可编程电路板上的微控制器，一个开源平台打造FED。为此，我们选择了开源的微控制器（见材料表 ），因为它有一个低功耗。然而，我们的代码应具有足够的输入/输出管脚的任何板工作。更改单片机电路板可能会要求对代码小的改动。我们提供所有设计文件和代码在网上，我们的设计是开源的，以提供灵活的研究人员修改FED，以满足他们的需求，包括使用其他微控制器板。 现在，正在向开源硬件科学研究不断增长的趋势。各种团体取得了开源设备为神经科学研究，包括OpenControl，期间的行为任务7视频跟踪动物软件; ROBucket，液体输送结果8的基于Arduino的操作性室; ELOPTA，球团矿结果交付9基于的PICmicro-操作性装置;和BEEtag，大黄蜂为10的基于图像的跟踪系统。 FED凭借其独特的外形和L这些补充流动成本。对于FED的一个关键目标是使开源。开源硬件使研究人员能够进行小的调整，设计（例如修改尺寸），但特别厉害，当用户进行重大修改，扩大硬件的功能。例如，它是相当容易的修改的FED的设计用于外部安装在一个笼子里，这两个保护FED并增加了笼（ 图5A）中的地面空间。此外，我们设计的FED具有对操作性训练进给井的每一侧的空间鼻捅，并已成功地实施了这些轻微的设计变更（ 图5B）。我们将发布在我们的网站（https://github.com/KravitzLab/fed），在这里我们也期待着接待来自研究界其他类似的改进，例如发展。

随着全球肥胖的兴起在20 世纪后期，有再度上下层饲养1，2，3，4机制的关注。通常，食物摄入量是手动称量5，或用市售的馈送系统。商业系统都很出色，但在修改其设计或代码提供有限的灵活性。在这里，我们描述了实验饲养设备（FED）:用于测量食物的摄入量以优良的时间分辨率和最小的人为干扰6的开源料系统。 FED是电池供电，可以容纳标准的殖民地齿条笼或其他科学仪器内部的3D打印的情况下，在完全包含。 在稳态下，FED在低功耗模式下工作，在其FO食物丸安息OD好。粒料的存在通过红外光束进行监测。当鼠标移除粒料，一个光断续传感器将信号发送到微控制器和时间标记被记录板载安全数字（SD）卡上。同时，晶体管 - 晶体管逻辑（TTL）输出提供粒料检索的实时输出。紧接这种情况下，马达旋转以分配另一个粒料，并且系统返回到其低功率模式。由于它的开源本质，美联储可以进行修改和完善，以适应特定的研究需求。例如，代码可以容易地改变，以进料限制在每天的特定时间，或停止分配时已经达到一个数量的颗粒，而不需要人为干预。 在这里，我们概括为建筑，验证和使用FED的一步一步的说明在小鼠体内测量食物的摄入。我们提供的所有组件的列表来构造一个系统。重要的是，没有事先恩在电子perience需要来构造的FED。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Electronics</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adafruit Motor/Stepper/Servo Shield for Arduino v2 Kit - v2.3</td>
			<td>Adafruit</td>
			<td>1438</td>
			<td>Use of other motor shields has not been tested and will require changes to the code</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adafruit Assembled Data Logging shield for Arduino</td>
			<td>Adafruit</td>
			<td>1141</td>
			<td>Use of other data logging shields has not been tested and will require changes to the code</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PowerBoost 500 Charger</td>
			<td>Adafruit</td>
			<td>1944</td>
			<td>Other voltge regulator boards have not been tested, but should work if they have similar specifications</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FTDI Friend + extras - v1.0</td>
			<td>Adafruit</td>
			<td>284</td>
			<td>Any FTDI-USB connection will work</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Small Reduction Stepper Motor - 5VDC 32-Step 1/16 Gearing</td>
			<td>Adafruit</td>
			<td>858</td>
			<td>Use of other stepper motors has not been tested</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Arduino Pro 328 - 5V/16MHz</td>
			<td>SparkFun</td>
			<td>DEV-10915</td>
			<td>Other Arduino boards should work, although may require changes to the code</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Photo Interrupter - GP1A57HRJ00F</td>
			<td>SparkFun</td>
			<td>SEN-09299</td>
			<td>Other photointerrupters will work, but may require changes to the 3D design</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SparkFun Photo Interrupter Breakout Board - GP1A57HRJ00F</td>
			<td>SparkFun</td>
			<td>BOB-09322</td>
			<td>Other photointerrupters will work, but may require changes to the 3D design</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Connectors, screws, and miscellaneous items</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Shield stacking headers for Arduino (R3 Compatible)</td>
			<td>Adafruit</td>
			<td>85</td>
			<td>Any stacking header that says Arduiono R3 compatible will work</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multi-Colored Heat Shrink Pack - 3/32&#34; + 1/8&#34; + 3/16&#34;</td>
			<td>Adafruit</td>
			<td>1649</td>
			<td>Any heatshrink will work</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hook-up Wire Spool Set - 22AWG Solid Core - 6x25ft</td>
			<td>Adafruit</td>
			<td>1311</td>
			<td>Any wire will work</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lithium Ion Battery Pack - 3.7V 4400mAh</td>
			<td>Adafruit</td>
			<td>354</td>
			<td>Any 3.7V Lithium battery with a JST connector will work&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SD/MicroSD Memory Card (8GB SDHC)</td>
			<td>Adafruit</td>
			<td>1294</td>
			<td>Any SD card will work</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 Ohm BNC Bulkhead Jack (3/8&#34; D-Hole)</td>
			<td>L-com</td>
			<td>BAC70A</td>
			<td>Any BNC bulkhead will work</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Type 316 Stainless Steel Pan Head Phillips Sheet metal screw, No 6 size, 1/4&#34; Length</td>
			<td>McMaster-Carr</td>
			<td>90184A120</td>
			<td>Any screws of this specification will work</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Type 316 Stainless Steel Pan Head Phillips Sheet metal screw, No 2 size, 1/4&#34; Length</td>
			<td>McMaster-Carr</td>
			<td>91735A102</td>
			<td>Any screws of this specification will work</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nylon 100 Degree Flat Head Slotted Machine Screw, 4-40 Thread, 1&#34; Length</td>
			<td>McMaster-Carr</td>
			<td>90241A253</td>
			<td>Any screws of this specification will work</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nylon Hex Nut, 4-40 Thread Size</td>
			<td>McMaster-Carr</td>
			<td>94812A200</td>
			<td>Any nut of this specification will work</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2Pin JST M F Connector 200mm 22AWG Wire Cable</td>
			<td>NewEgg</td>
			<td>9SIA27C3FY2876</td>
			<td>Any 2 pin connector will work for this connection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Metal Pushbutton - Latching (16mm, Red)</td>
			<td>SparkFun</td>
			<td>COM-11971</td>
			<td>Any push button or switch will work</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Resistor Kit - 1/4W</td>
			<td>SparkFun</td>
			<td>COM-10969</td>
			<td>Any 1/4W resistors will work</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

feeding experimentation device (fed): construction and validation of an open-source device for measuring food intake in rodents

Food intake measurements are essential for many research studies. Here, we provide a detailed description of a novel solution for measuring food intake in mice: the Feeding Experimentation Device (FED). FED is an open-source system that was designed to facilitate flexibility in food intake studies. Due to its compact and battery powered design, FED can be placed within standard home cages or other experimental equipment. Food intake measurements can also be synchronized with other equipment in real-time via FED's transistor-transistor logic (TTL) digital output, or in post-acquisition processing as FED timestamps every event with a real-time clock. When in use, a food pellet sits within FED's food well where it is monitored via an infrared beam. When the pellet is removed by the mouse, FED logs the timestamp onto its internal secure digital (SD) card and dispenses another pellet. FED can run for up to 5 days before it is necessary to charge the battery and refill the pellet hopper, minimizing human interference in data collection. Assembly of FED requires minimal engineering background, and off-the-shelf materials and electronics were prioritized in its construction. We also provide scripts for analysis of food intake and meal patterns. Finally, FED is open-source and all design and construction files are online, to facilitate modifications and improvements by other researchers.

涉及使用动物的验证试验，审查和糖尿病研究所，消化和肾脏疾病的动物护理和使用委员会的批准。为了说明如何使用FED的用于测量家笼喂养，成年雌性C57BL / 6小鼠（n = 4）单独圈养用12/12小时光照/黑暗循环下以水和标准实验室食物随意访问（灯上05:00）。后一个星期习惯期，除去粮食料斗，并用FED置换为验证测试​​的五天。在测试期结束时，场发射，从笼子里喂养和删除数据从各个SD卡是用自定义的，可免费提供的脚本和电子表格程序进行分析。 如图4A所示 ，对于单个小鼠粒料检索（顶面板;栅格表示单个丸检索事件）在30分钟内箱和平均粒料检索所有小鼠（博TTOM面板;线表示平均值±SEM）显示整个验证测试期间连续进料，以清晰显示昼夜节律。量化美联储的数据记录容量的准确性，每个FED系统给定1000粒料的验证测试期，其余颗粒手工计数相比，在SD卡上记录的数据。 FED记录与分装到SD卡中（ 图4B）颗粒的95.35±1.25％。 <img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/55098/55098fig1.jpg" /> 图1:3D 设计FED组件。 （A）组装FED的测量。 （B）在组装FED 3D印刷组件的分解图。 （C）的完整粒料料斗组件（左）的分解图，步进电机的装配以旋转盘（中），和食品筒仓装配到旋转盘（R飞行）。 （D）以及与武器食物的设计，以确保为颗粒检测的光电断路器。完全组装的FED（E）照片。 <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55098/55098fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/55098/55098fig2.jpg" /> 图2:FED 电气元件接线。接线和（A）接口（B）微控制器，数据记录/ SD盾，汽车罩，（C）电源按钮，（D）光中断，（E）升压板，（F）BNC输出线，组装（G）接线电机盾。 <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55098/55098fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看大图</a>这个数字。 <img alt="图3" src="/files/ftp_upload/55098/55098fig3.jpg" /> 图3:FED 硬件的组装。 （A）安装步进电机（左）到电机安装和附加颗粒盘（右）。 （B）接线步进电动机驱动盾。 （c）将光电断路器为3D打印的住房。 （D）安装电池升压板。 FED组装外壳内（E）板。 <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55098/55098fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图4" src="/files/ftp_upload/55098/55098fig4.jpg" /> 图4: 通过收集FED代表食物摄入量的数据。 （ 一 ）食品的摄入量数据<html> 通过收集FED使用开放源代码的分析脚本可视化。顶板:个人栅格表示单颗粒检索事件，含个体小鼠行。底板:行表示平均食物摄入量的±SEM跨越小鼠（n = 4）。 （ 二 ）个人FED单位记录的准确性分散颗粒。颜色对应于图3A栅格。 <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55098/55098fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图5" src="/files/ftp_upload/55098/55098fig5.jpg" /> 图5:FED修改用途。 （A）外装FED在啮齿动物的笼子减少占地空间。 （B）中改变的前面配置允许增加两个鼻戳端口操作性训练。ve.com/files/ftp_upload/55098/55098fig5large.jpg"目标="_空白"&gt;点击此处查看该图的放大版本。 补充文件1:硬件原理图。平面示意图，显示FED的电子连接。 <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55098/SDFED_redPI.png">请点击这里下载此文件。</a> 补充文件2:示例输出代码。示例.csv文件显示美联储输出代码。 <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55098/SampleFEDoutputfile.csv">请点击这里下载此文件。</a> 补充文件3-6:分析脚本。提供用于分析数据FED四分析脚本:eating_rate.py，meals.py，meal_bars.py和plotmice.py。输入参数及说明是提供d。在每个脚本的顶部的注释部分。 <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55098/eating_rate.py">请点击这里下载此文件。</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Feeding Experimentation Device FED: Construction and Validation of an Open-source Device for Measuring Food Intake in Rodents at JoVE.com

Feeding Experimentation Device FED: Construction and Validation of an Open-source Device for Measuring Food Intake in Rodents

Feeding Experimentation Device (FED) is an open-source device for measuring food intake in mice. FED can also synchronize food intake measurements with other techniques via a real-time digital output. Here, we provide a step-by-step tutorial for the construction, validation, and usage of FED.

饲养实验装置（FED）:建筑和验​​证的开源设备的在鼠害测量摄食

Food intake measurements are essential for many research studies. Here, we provide a detailed description of a novel solution for measuring food intake in ...

feeding-experimentation-device-fed-construction-validation-an-open

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

Feeding Experimentation Device (FED): Construction and Validation of an Open-source Device for Measuring Food Intake in Rodents

8.1K 次观看.  National Insttitute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Feeding Experimentation Device (FED) is an open-source device for measuring food intake in mice. FED can also synchronize food intake measurements with other techniques via a real-time digital output. Here, we provide a step-by-step tutorial for the construction, validation, and usage of FED.

视频: Feeding Experimentation Device FED: Construction and Validation of an Open-source Device for Measuring Food Intake in Rodents

Use of the Operant Orofacial Pain Assessment Device (OPAD) to Measure Changes in Nociceptive Behavior

We present an operant system for the detection of pain in awake, conscious rodents. The Orofacial Pain Assessment Device (OPAD) assesses pain behaviors in a more clinically relevant way by not relying on reflex-based measures of nociception. Food fasted, hairless (or shaved) rodents are placed into a Plexiglas chamber which has two Peltier-based thermodes that can be programmed to any temperature between 7 &deg;C and 60 &deg;C. The rodent is trained to make contact with these in order to access a reward bottle. During a session, a number of behavioral pain outcomes are automatically recorded and saved. These measures include the number of reward bottle activations (licks) and facial contact stimuli (face contacts), but custom measures like the lick/face ratio (total number of licks per session/total number of contacts) can also be created. The stimulus temperature can be set to a single temperature or multiple temperatures within a session. The OPAD is a high-throughput, easy to use operant assay which will lead to better translation of pain research in the future as it includes cortical input instead of relying on spinal reflex-based nociceptive assays.

Use of the Operant Orofacial Pain Assessment Device OPAD to Measure Changes in Nociceptive Behavior

We present a user-friendly, high-throughput operant system for the evaluation of pain behaviors in awake, conscious rodents. The Orofacial Pain Assessment Device (OPAD) can assess pain through a reward/conflict paradigm thus providing a more humane way of testing. This protocol will yield more clinically relevant and translational data from rodents.

使用操作性口面疼痛评估设备（OPAD）测量伤害行为的变化

We present an operant  system for the detection of pain in awake, conscious rodents. The Orofacial  Pain Assessment Device (OPAD) assesses pain behaviors ...

科研

行为学

A Procedure to Study the Effect of Prolonged Food Restriction on Heroin Seeking in Abstinent Rats

In human drug addicts, exposure to drug-associated cues or environments that were previously associated with drug taking can trigger relapse during abstinence. Moreover, various environmental challenges can exacerbate this effect, as well as increase ongoing drug intake.
The procedure we describe here highlights the impact of a common environmental challenge, food restriction, on drug craving that is expressed as an augmentation of drug seeking in abstinent rats.
Rats are implanted with chronic intravenous i.v. catheters, and then trained to press a lever for i.v. heroin over a period of 10-12 days. Following the heroin self-administration phase the rats are removed from the operant conditioning chambers and housed in the animal care facility for a period of at least 14 days. While one group is maintained under unrestricted access to food (sated group), a second group (FDR group) is exposed to a mild food restriction regimen that results in their body weights maintained at 90% of their nonrestricted body weight. On day 14 of food restriction the rats are transferred back to the drug-training environment, and a drug-seeking test is run under extinction conditions (i.e.&#160;lever presses do not result in heroin delivery).
The procedure presented here results in a highly robust augmentation of heroin seeking on test day in the food restricted rats. In addition, compared to the acute food deprivation manipulations we have used before, the current procedure is a more clinically relevant model for the impact of caloric restriction on drug seeking. Moreover, it might be closer to the human condition as the rats are not required to go through an extinction-training phase before the drug-seeking test, which is an integral component of the popular reinstatement procedure.

A procedure that allows a demonstration of robust augmentation of drug seeking in food-restricted rats is described. Following heroin self-administration training, rats go through an abstinence period, in a drug-free environment, during which they are mildly food restricted. Drug seeking is then tested in the drug-associated environment.

一个过程来研究延长食品的限制对海洛因寻求戒断大鼠的影响

In human drug addicts, exposure to drug-associated cues or environments that were previously associated with drug taking can trigger relapse during ...

Studying Food Reward and Motivation in Humans

A key challenge in studying reward processing in humans is to go beyond subjective self-report measures and quantify different aspects of reward such as hedonics, motivation, and goal value in more objective ways. This is particularly relevant for the understanding of overeating and obesity as well as their potential treatments. In this paper are described a set of measures of food-related motivation using handgrip force as a motivational measure. These methods can be used to examine changes in food related motivation with metabolic (satiety) and pharmacological manipulations and can be used to evaluate interventions targeted at overeating and obesity. However to understand food-related decision making in the complex food environment it is essential to be able to ascertain the reward goal values that guide the decisions and behavioral choices that people make. These values are hidden but it is possible to ascertain them more objectively using metrics such as the willingness to pay and a method for this is described. Both these sets of methods provide quantitative measures of motivation and goal value that can be compared within and between individuals.

This article describes a set of methods for the measurement of food related motivation and food related goal values in humans.

研究食品奖赏和动机在人类

A key challenge in studying reward processing in humans is to go beyond subjective self-report measures and quantify different aspects of reward such as ...

Assessment of Social Cognition in Non-human Primates Using a Network of Computerized Automated Learning Device (ALDM) Test Systems

Fagot &#38; Paleressompoulle1 and Fagot &#38; Bonte2 have published an automated learning device (ALDM) for the study of cognitive abilities of monkeys maintained in semi-free ranging conditions. Data accumulated during the last five years have consistently demonstrated the efficiency of this protocol to investigate individual/physical cognition in monkeys, and have further shown that this procedure reduces stress level during animal testing3. This paper demonstrates that networks of ALDM can also be used to investigate different facets of social cognition and in-group expressed behaviors in monkeys, and describes three illustrative protocols developed for that purpose. The first study demonstrates how ethological assessments of social behavior and computerized assessments of cognitive performance could be integrated to investigate the effects of socially exhibited moods on the cognitive performance of individuals. The second study shows that batteries of ALDM running in parallel can provide unique information on the influence of the presence of others on task performance. Finally, the last study shows that networks of ALDM test units can also be used to study issues related to social transmission and cultural evolution. Combined together, these three studies demonstrate clearly that ALDM testing is a highly promising experimental tool for bridging the gap in the animal literature between research on individual cognition and research on social cognition.

Assessment of Social Cognition in Non-human Primates Using a Network of Computerized Automated Learning Device ALDM Test Systems

Fagot &#38; Paleressompoulle1 have published an automated learning device (ALDM) aimed at testing individual cognitive abilities in semi-free ranging monkeys. The main goal of our protocol is to use a network of ALDM test units to study social cognition in non-human primates.

社会认知的非人类灵长类动物评估使用电脑自动学习设备（ALDM）测试系统的网络

Fagot &#38; Paleressompoulle1 and Fagot &#38; Bonte2 have published an automated learning device (ALDM) for the study of cognitive abilities of monkeys ...

Combining Quantitative Food-intake Assays and Forcibly Activating Neurons to Study Appetite in Drosophila

Food consumption is under the tight control of the brain, which integrates the physiological status, palatability, and nutritional contents of the food, and issues commands to start or stop feeding. Deciphering the processes underlying the decision-making of timely and moderate feeding carries major implications in our understanding of physiological and psychological disorders related to feeding control. Simple, quantitative, and robust methods are required to measure the food ingestion of animals after experimental manipulation, such as forcibly increasing the activities of certain target neurons. Here, we introduced dye-labeling-based feeding assays to facilitate the neurogenetic study of feeding control in adult fruit flies. We review available feeding assays, and then describe our methods step-by-step from setup to analysis, which combine thermogenetic and optogenetic manipulation of neurons controlling feeding motivation with dye-labeled food intake assay. We also discuss the advantages and limitations of our methods, compared with other feeding assays, to help readers choose an appropriate assay.

Combining Quantitative Food-intake Assays and Forcibly Activating Neurons to Study Appetite in Drosophila

Quantitative food-intake assays with dyed food provide a robust and high-throughput means to evaluate feeding motivation. Combining the food consumption assay with thermogenetic and optogenetic screens is a powerful approach to investigate the neural circuits underlying appetite in adult Drosophila melanogaster.

在果蝇中结合定量食物摄入量测定和强迫激活神经元研究食欲

Food consumption is under the tight control of the brain, which integrates the physiological status, palatability, and nutritional contents of the food, ...

An Automated T-maze Based Apparatus and Protocol for Analyzing Delay- and Effort-based Decision Making in  Free Moving Rodents

Many neurological and psychiatric patients demonstrate difficulties and/or deficits in decision making. Rodent models are helpful to produce a deeper understanding of the neurobiological causes underlying the decision-making problems. A cost-benefit based T-maze task is used for measuring decision making in which rodents choose between a high reward arm (HRA) and a low reward arm (LRA). There are two paradigms of the T-maze decision-making task, one in which the cost is a time delay and the other in which it is physical effort. Both paradigms require a tedious and labor-intensive management of experimental animals, multiple doors, pellet reward, and arm choice recordings. In the current work, we invented an apparatus based on traditional T-maze with full automation for pellet delivery, door management and choice recordings. This automated setup can be used for the evaluation of both delay- and effort-based decision making in rodents. With the protocol described here, our lab investigated the decision-making phenotypes of multiple genetically modified mice. In the representative data, we showed that the mice with ablated medial habenular showed aversions of both delay and effort and tended to choose the immediate and effortless reward. This protocol helps to decrease the variability caused by experimenter intervention and to enhance experiment efficiency. In addition, chronic silicon probe or microelectrode recording, fiber-optic imaging and/or manipulation of neural activity can be easily applied during the decision-making task using the setup described here.

This article introduces an automated T-maze apparatus that we invented, and a protocol based on this apparatus for analyzing delay-based decision making and effort-based decision making in free moving rodents.

基于自动 T 迷宫的自由移动啮齿动物延迟和努力决策分析装置及协议

Many neurological and psychiatric patients demonstrate difficulties and/or deficits in decision making. Rodent models are helpful to produce a deeper ...

A Vibrotactile Feedback Device for Seated Balance Assessment and Training

Postural perturbations, motion tracking, and sensory feedback are modern techniques used to challenge, assess, and train upright sitting, respectively. The goal of the developed protocol is to construct and operate a sitting platform that can be passively destabilized while an inertial measurement unit quantifies its motion and vibrating elements deliver tactile feedback to the user. Interchangeable seat attachments alter the stability level of the device to safely challenge sitting balance. A built-in microcontroller allows fine-tuning of the feedback parameters to augment sensory function. Posturographic measures, typical of balance assessment protocols, summarize the motion signals acquired during timed balance trials. No dynamic sitting protocol to date provides variable challenge, quantification, and sensory feedback free of laboratory constraints. Our results demonstrate that non-disabled users of the device exhibit significant changes in posturographic measures when balance difficulty is altered or vibrational feedback provided. The portable, versatile device has potential applications in rehabilitation (following skeletal, muscular, or neurological injury), training (for sports or spatial awareness), entertainment (via virtual or augmented reality), and research (of sitting-related disorders).

A sitting platform has been developed and assembled that passively destabilizes sitting posture in humans. During the user&#39;s stabilizing task, an inertial measurement unit records the device&#39;s motion, and vibrating elements deliver performance-based feedback to the seat. The portable, versatile device may be used in rehabilitation, assessment, and training paradigms.

一种用于座位平衡评估和训练的振动反馈装置

Postural perturbations, motion tracking, and sensory feedback are modern techniques used to challenge, assess, and train upright sitting, respectively. ...

In Vivo Protocol of Controlled Subconcussive Head Impacts for the Validation of Field Study Data

Subconcussive hits pose a threat to neuronal health as they have shown to induce neuronal structural damage and functional impairment without causing outward symptomology and appear to be a key contributor to an irreversible neurodegenerative disease, chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). In addition, athletes can incur more than 1,000 of these hits per season. The subconcussive soccer heading model (SSHM) is a relevant, reproducible, and leading method of isolating and examining the effects of these subconcussive head impacts. By controlling variables such as ball traveling speed, the frequency of impacts, interval, ball placement to the head, as well as by measuring head impact magnitude, the SSHM provides the scientific community with a superior avenue of investigating the acute subconcussive effects on neuronal health. In this paper, we demonstrate the utility of SSHM in studying a time-course expression of neurofilament-light polypeptide (NF-L) in plasma in a repeated measures fashion. NF-L is an axonal injury marker that has previously been shown to be elevated in boxers and football players following subconcussive head trauma. Thirty-four adult aged soccer players were recruited and randomly assigned to either a soccer heading (n = 18) or kicking (n = 16) group. The heading group executed 10 headers with soccer balls projected at a velocity of 25 mph over 10 min. The kicking group followed the same protocol with 10 kicks. Plasma samples were obtained before and at 0 h, 2 h, and 24 h after heading/kicking and assessed for NF-L expressions. The heading group showed a gradual increase in plasma NF-L expression and peaked at 24 h after the heading protocol, whereas the kicking group remained consistent across the time points. These results confirmed the NF-L data from clinical field studies, encouraging the use of SSHM to validate clinical subconcussion data.

The subconcussive soccer heading model is a safe and concise methodological approach to isolate and measure the effects of subconcussive head impacts.

控制下冲击头冲击的活体协议对现场研究数据的验证

Subconcussive hits pose a threat to neuronal health as they have shown to induce neuronal structural damage and functional impairment without causing ...

Providing Meaningful Environmental Enrichment and Measuring Saliva Cortisol in Pigs Housed on Slatted Flooring

As pork is the most consumed meat worldwide, the welfare of animals in the swine industry has increasingly become a major public concern, which imposes a substantial pressure coming from customers, legislators and other stakeholders, to make management changes to improve the well-being of these animals. Several studies have demonstrated that providing environmental enrichment to pigs allows them to express their natural behavior, such as rooting and exploring, as well as nesting prior to farrowing, and is associated with reduced stress and improved production and welfare. However, many considerations should be taken into account when providing environmental enrichment, such as the type of floor, drainage and sewage systems, the pigs&#39; stage in life, the material, as well as its hanging method, height and location within the pen. The objectives of this paper are (1) to give methodologic information on how to provide a relatively simple and practical meaningful environmental enrichment for pigs which are housed on slatted floors during the different stages of their life, and (2) to demonstrate how to collect saliva samples for the measurement of cortisol concentrations, as a biomarker for acute stress. Protocols include information regarding the use of jute, cotton ropes, straw in racks, as well as chewable silicone sticks devices as environmental enrichment in pens of farrowing and lactation, weaners and finishers. In addition, the use of cotton rope for a non-invasive saliva samples collection for cortisol concentrations analysis is detailed. The protocols provided are relevant for professionals aiming to improve and monitor animal welfare, in both research and industrial swine farming.

This protocol demonstrates how to provide practical meaningful environmental enrichment for pigs which are housed on slatted flooring during the different stages of their lives, and how to collect saliva samples in a non-invasive manner for the measurement of cortisol concentrations, as a biomarker for acute stress.

提供有意义的环境富集和测量唾液皮质醇在猪安置在板状地板

As pork is the most consumed meat worldwide, the welfare of animals in the swine industry has increasingly become a major public concern, which imposes a ...

An Improved Assay and Tools for Measuring Mechanical Nociception in Drosophila Larvae

Published assays for mechanical nociception in Drosophila have led to variable assessments of behavior. Here, we fabricated, for use with Drosophila larvae, customized metal nickel-titanium alloy (nitinol) filaments. These mechanical probes are similar to the von Frey filaments used in vertebrates to measure mechanical nociception. Here, we demonstrate how to make and calibrate these mechanical probes and how to generate a full behavioral dose-response from subthreshold (innocuous or non-noxious range) to suprathreshold (low to high noxious range) stimuli. To demonstrate the utility of the probes, we investigated tissue damage-induced hypersensitivity in Drosophila larvae. Mechanical allodynia (hypersensitivity to a normally innocuous mechanical stimulus) and hyperalgesia (exaggerated responsiveness to a noxious mechanical stimulus) have not yet been established in Drosophila larvae. Using mechanical probes that are normally innocuous or probes that typically elicit an aversive behavior, we found that Drosophila larvae develop mechanical hypersensitization (both allodynia and hyperalgesia) after tissue damage. Thus, the mechanical probes and assay that we illustrate here will likely be important tools to dissect the fundamental molecular/genetic mechanisms of mechanical hypersensitivity.

An Improved Assay and Tools for Measuring Mechanical Nociception in Drosophila Larvae

The goal of this protocol is to show how to perform an improved assay for mechanical nociception in Drosophila larvae. We use the assay here to demonstrate that mechanical hypersensitivity (allodynia and hyperalgesia) exists in Drosophila larvae.

测量 果蝇 拉瓦的机械结节的改进的检测和工具

Published assays for mechanical nociception in Drosophila have led to variable assessments of behavior. Here, we fabricated, for use with Drosophila ...

饲养实验装置（FED）:建筑和验证的开源设备的在鼠害测量摄食

摘要

探索更多视频

此视频中的章节

使用操作性口面疼痛评估设备（OPAD）测量伤害行为的变化

一个过程来研究延长食品的限制对海洛因寻求戒断大鼠的影响

研究食品奖赏和动机在人类

社会认知的非人类灵长类动物评估使用电脑自动学习设备（ALDM）测试系统的网络

在果蝇中结合定量食物摄入量测定和强迫激活神经元研究食欲

基于自动 T 迷宫的自由移动啮齿动物延迟和努力决策分析装置及协议

一种用于座位平衡评估和训练的振动反馈装置

控制下冲击头冲击的活体协议对现场研究数据的验证

提供有意义的环境富集和测量唾液皮质醇在猪安置在板状地板

测量果蝇拉瓦的机械结节的改进的检测和工具

饲养实验装置（FED）:建筑和验​​证的开源设备的在鼠害测量摄食

摘要

探索更多视频

此视频中的章节

使用操作性口面疼痛评估设备（OPAD）测量伤害行为的变化

一个过程来研究延长食品的限制对海洛因寻求戒断大鼠的影响

研究食品奖赏和动机在人类

社会认知的非人类灵长类动物评估使用电脑自动学习设备（ALDM）测试系统的网络

在果蝇中结合定量食物摄入量测定和强迫激活神经元研究食欲

基于自动 T 迷宫的自由移动啮齿动物延迟和努力决策分析装置及协议

一种用于座位平衡评估和训练的振动反馈装置

控制下冲击头冲击的活体协议对现场研究数据的验证

提供有意义的环境富集和测量唾液皮质醇在猪安置在板状地板

测量 果蝇 拉瓦的机械结节的改进的检测和工具

饲养实验装置（FED）:建筑和验证的开源设备的在鼠害测量摄食

测量果蝇拉瓦的机械结节的改进的检测和工具