Solids are composed of atoms with distinct electronic configurations and energy levels. When two identical isolated atoms are brought close together, ...

Materials are broadly categorized into three types as metals, insulators, and semiconductors. Metals have no energy band gap due to the overlap of the ...

A pure silicon wafer used in integrated circuits is an intrinsic semiconductor that lacks impurities and exhibits low electrical conductivity. At zero ...

Carrier generation refers to the creation of electron-hole pairs. Band-to-band generation occurs in direct band gap semiconductors via thermal excitation ...

Carrier transport in semiconductors generates current, through drift and diffusion mechanisms. Drift current arises when an external electric field causes ...

Solar streetlights function independently without the requirement of an external power supply, as they contain p-n junctions within their solar cells. A ...

The p-n junction within an LED requires external biasing to produce light. Forward biasing involves applying a voltage across the p-n junction with the ...

Contact between a Metal and a semiconductor forms a junction with either Schottky or Ohmic behavior. If the metal's work function exceeds that of the ...

Biasing metal and n-type semiconductor junctions involves applying a voltage to metal while grounding the semiconductor. The resulting current is positive ...

The Fermi-Dirac function, represented by a sigmoid curve, indicates the probability of an energy state being occupied by an electron at a given ...

The vacuum level represents the energy threshold for an electron to escape a material's surface. It typically lies above a semiconductor's ...