우리 지 시 Borok와 고헤이 Miyazono 원고 준비에 대 한 감사. 당사와 수소 우에하라 기념 재단 연구 친교에 의해 지원 되 고 당사 해외 유학에 대 한 수정 Hayaishi 기념 장학금에 의해 지원 됩니다. 이 작품은 다케다 과학 재단 (A.S.)에서 교부 금에 의해 지원 되었다.

1입니다. EndMT의 유도
<ol><li>표준 문화 조건에 MS-1 세포를 유지 하 고 confluency을 피하기 위해. MS-1 셀의 소스 테이블의 자료에 설명 되어 있습니다. MS-1 셀에 10% 태아 종 아리 혈 청 (FCS), 50 U/mL 페니실린, 및 50 μ g/mL 스 최소 필수 매체-α (MEM-α)를 사용 합니다.</li>
	<li>10 cm에 씻어 MS-1 셀 버퍼링 하는 인산 염 (PBS) x 1 접시 하 고 접시에 trypsin의 1.0 mL를 추가 합니다. 37 ° c.에 5 분 동안 품 어</li>
	<li>문화 미디어의 9 mL를 사용 하 여 셀을 분리 합니다. 15 mL 튜브에 세포 현 탁 액을 수집 합니다.</li>
	<li>실 온에서 5 분 동안 300-400 x g 에 세포 현 탁 액 원심</li>
	<li>조심 스럽게는 상쾌한을 제거 하 고 미리 데워 진된 문화 미디어에 셀 펠 릿을 중단.</li>
	<li>Trypan 블루 솔루션 및 표준 hemocytometer 또는 자동 셀 카운터를 사용 하 여 가능한 셀을 계산 합니다.</li>
	<li>긴 기간 문화에 대 한 c m2 당 103 셀 x 0.5에서 코팅된 표준 문화 접시에 접시 MS-1 셀. 예를 들어 당 6에서 잘 플레이트 5.0 x 103 셀 잘 격판덮개 문화. FCS의 동일한 농도 포함 하 여 동일한 문화 매체를 사용 합니다. MS-1 셀, TGF-β FCS의 사용으로 장기 문화 (적어도 48-72 h)에 EndMT을 유도합니다.</li>
	<li>24 시간 후 TGF-β2 (1 ng/mL의 최종 농도)와 내 피 세포를 자극.</li>
	<li>(5% CO2, 37 ° C) 습도 인큐베이터에 문화 세포. 때 형태학 변화에 초점을 맞추고 세포를 매일 모니터링 합니다.</li>
	<li>장기적인 문화에서 TGF-β와 치료의 48 h 후 TGF-β2를 포함 하는 신선한 미리 데워 진된 문화 미디어에 미디어를 바꿉니다.</li>
	<li>다운스트림 분석을 진행 합니다. 일반적으로, 말라 개편 후 치료, 24 h 관찰 하 고 내 피 마커의 downregulation 및 엽 마커의 upregulation TGF-β와 치료의 48-72 시간 후 관찰 된다.</li>
</ol>2. Immunocytochemical 분석
<ol><li>MS-1 셀 표준 문화 조건에 유지 합니다.</li>
	<li>플레이트 MS-1 셀 4에 잘 잘 (1.7 cm2) 당 103 셀 x 1.0에서 문화 챔버 슬라이드 세포. 슬라이드는 미리 젤라틴 코팅. 잘 당 문화 미디어의 사용 0.5-1.0 mL.</li>
	<li>24 시간 후 TGF-β2 (1 ng/mL의 최종 농도)와 내 피 세포를 자극. 분석할 때 EndMT에 바위의 참여, TGF-β 치료 록 억제제 Y-27632 (10 μ M) 1 시간 전에 추가 합니다. TGF-β 신호 억제의 효과 평가할 때는 TGF-β 수용 체 키 니 아 제 억제제를 사용할 수 있습니다.</li>
	<li>(5% CO2, 37 ° C) 습도 인큐베이터에 문화 세포. 말라 개편 TGF-β와 치료의 24 h 후 MS-1 셀에서 관찰 됩니다. 다른 변경 후 48-72 h 치료의 명백한 될. 72 h 문화에 대 한 신선한 미디어 TGF-β와 치료의 48 h 후 TGF-β를 포함 미디어를 교체 합니다.</li>
	<li>
F-말라 얼룩
	<ol>
<li>TGF-β 치료의 24 h 후 미디어를 제거 하 고 실 온에서 20 분에 대 한 1 x PBS에 4 %paraformaldehyde 셀 수정 1 x PBS 가진 세포를 씻어.</li>
		<li>실 온에서 5 분에 대 한 Triton X-100 0.2% 품 어.</li>
		<li>3 번 1 x PBS와 셀 린스.</li>
		<li>Phalloidin tetramethylrhodamine B isothiocyanate 버섯 phalloides 희석 150-fold에서 함께 품 어 실 온에서 1 h에 대 한 차단 버퍼.</li>
		<li>3 번 1 x PBS와 셀 린스.</li>
		<li>실 온에서 5 분 동안 cyanine 핵 산 바인딩 염료와 핵 얼룩.</li>
		<li>린스 슬라이드 마운트 coverslips 미디어를 탑재 하는 슬라이드를 사용 하 여 슬라이드에 얼굴.</li>
		<li>Confocal 현미경으로 관찰 합니다. 543 nm 레이저와 560-615 nm의 방출 필터를 사용 하 여 phalloidin의 형광의 탐지를 위해. 633 nm 레이저와 650 이상 방출 필터를 사용 하 여 핵 얼룩에 대 한 nm. TGF-β와 치료, 시 두꺼운 스트레스 섬유의 형성 관찰 될 것 이다.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
VE cadherin와 α-SMA 얼룩
	<ol>
<li>TGF-β 치료의 72 h 후 미디어를 제거, 감기 50% 메탄올 및 50% 아세톤 셀 수정 (0.5-1.0 mL 잘 당) 5 분.</li>
		<li>3 번 1 x PBS와 셀 린스 (0.5-1.0 mL 잘 당).</li>
		<li>제조업체의 권장된 농도 따라 어둠 속에서 4 ° C에서 하룻밤 블로킹 버퍼에 1 차 항 체로 품 어. 사용 하 여 VE cadherin 단일 클론 항 체 (BV13, 1: 100 희석)와 α-SMA Cy3 활용 된 단일 클론 항 체 (1A4, 1: 200 희석)20.</li>
		<li>3 번 1 x PBS와 셀 린스.</li>
		<li>녹색 염료 활용 된 이차 항 체 제조 업체의 권장된 농도 따라 어둠 속에서 실 온에서 1 h에 대 한 블로킹 버퍼에 VE cadherin 항 체를 가진 세포를 품 어.</li>
		<li>3 번 1 x PBS와 셀 린스.</li>
		<li>실 온에서 5 분 동안 cyanine 핵 산 바인딩 염료와 핵 얼룩.</li>
		<li>린스 슬라이드 마운트 coverslips 미디어를 탑재 하는 슬라이드를 사용 하 여 슬라이드에 얼굴.</li>
		<li>Confocal 현미경으로 관찰 합니다. 543 nm 레이저와 560-615 nm의 방출 필터를 사용 하 여 α-SMA (Cy3)의 탐지를 위해. 488 nm 레이저와 505-550 nm의 방출 필터를 사용 하 여 VE cadherin의 검출에 대 한. 일반적으로, TGF-β 치료와 치료, 따라 VE cadherin 신호 감소 하 고 α-SMA 신호에서 증가 관찰 될 것 이다.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>3. 3 차원 콜라겐 젤 수축 시험
<ol><li>콜라겐 젤 수축 시험 전에 72 h에 대 한 MS-1 세포와 함께/없이 TGF-β의 문화를 수행 합니다.</li>
	<li>유형 준비 나 얼음에 콜라겐 젤. 믹스 차가운 콜라겐 솔루션, 집중 10 x 메모리 매체, 0.05 N NaOH, 2.2% NaHCO3및 8: 1에서 200 mM HEPES pH 7.4 포함 된 콜라겐 희석 버퍼: 1의 비율.</li>
	<li>혼합 제어 또는 내 피 성장 세포 TGF-β-취급 정지 (106 셀/200 μ x 1.0) 200 mL와 콜라겐 젤 솔루션의 800 μ. TGF-β에 대 한 치료 샘플 추가 TGF-β2 (1 ng/mL)는 세포 현 탁 액을.</li>
	<li>12 잘 문화 접시의 각 음에 혼합물의 1.0 mL를 추가 하 고 30-60 분 동안 37 ° C에서 인큐베이터에서 공고히 하 허용.</li>
	<li>젤라틴, 후 1.0 mL MEM-α의 10 %FCS, 50 U/mL 페니실린, 및 50 μ g/mL 스 젤을 오버레이. TGF-β에 대 한 치료 샘플 추가 TGF-β2 (1 ng/mL)는 미디어. 참고: TGF-β 처리 샘플에 대 한 젤 및 문화 미디어 TGF-β를 추가 합니다.</li>
	<li>48 h에 대 한 37 ° C에서 부동 젤 품 어.</li>
	<li>스캐너를 사용 하 여 접시의 아래쪽에서 젤의 이미지 스캔 합니다. 또는 젤은 젤 위에 고정 된 거리에서 디지털 카메라를 사용 하 여 이미지를 기록 합니다.</li>
	<li>ImageJ를 사용 하 여 픽셀 수에 따라 젤 표면적 계량. 자유형 선택 또는 관련된 선택 도구를 사용 하 여 젤을 선택 하거나 선택 하는 젤을 사용 하 여 "이미지 | 조정 | 색상 임계값"도구를, 그리고 다음의 젤을 사용 하 여 영역을 결정" 분석 | 측정"명령입니다.</li>
</ol>4. 잠겨 핵 산 기반 미르 억제제 여 miRNA 활동의 억제
<ol><li>MS-1 셀 표준 문화 조건에 유지 합니다.</li>
	<li>Transfect 잠겨 핵 산 (LNA) 미르 억제제, 합성 미르 duplexes 또는 siRNAs (20 또는 50 nM) 제조 업체의 지시에 따라 lipofection 시 약을 사용 하 여. 세부 사항 및 LNA 미르 억제제, 합성 미르 duplexes와 siRNAs의 소스 우리의 이전 보고서26,27에 설명 했다. MS-1 셀, 제조업체의 지시에 따라 표준 transfection 절차 LNA 미르 억제제, 합성 미르 duplexes 또는 siRNAs의 도입을 위해 잘 작동.</li>
	<li>16-48 h 후 TGF-β2 (1 ng/mL의 최종 농도)와 내 피 세포를 자극.</li>
	<li>RNA 식 분석 (양적 RT-PCR 및 RNA 시퀀싱 (RNA-seq) 분석), immunocytochemical 분석 및 기자 시험을 포함 하 여 다양 한 다운스트림 분석을 진행 합니다. 다운스트림 분석 우리의 이전 보고서20,,2627에 설명 되어 있다.</li>
</ol>

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저자는 공개 없다.

그것은 24 h에 대 한 활성화 된 Ras 및 TGF-β 치료에 MS-1 셀, EndMT 유도 TGF-β 혼자21이 짧은 기간 EndMT를 유도 하는 데 실패 하는 동안 보고 되었습니다. 지속적으로, 우리는 TGF-β 실질적으로 유도 EndMT 더 이상 치료 (48-72 h) 후 MS-1 셀20에 관찰. 인간의 배꼽 등 다양 한 내 피 세포에서 TGF-β (2-6 일)와 장기 치료 정 맥 내 피 세포 (HUVEC), 인간의 피부 microvascular 내 피 세포 (HC...

내 피 엽 전환 (EndMT)는 차별화 된 내 피 세포 다양 한 섬유 아 세포와 같은 mesenchymal 세포1의 결과로 분자 변화를 겪 습 하는 과정입니다. EndMT 처음 심장2,3의 개발 하는 동안 내 피 세포 변환으로 설명 했다. 초기 심장 개발, 심장 관 내부 endocardium 및 외부 심근 구성 됩니다. 이 두 개의 레이어 심장 젤리 라고 하는 세포 외 매트릭스의 계층으로 구분 됩니다. 내 피 세포 마커를 획득, 배아 endocardial 셀 중간 엽 세포로 환승, 기본 심장 젤리, 침략 및 것 밸브 및 심장에 대 한 기초를 제공 하는 심장 쿠션의 형성을 촉진 그리고 semilunar 밸브입니다. 또한, EndMT 관상 동맥 혈관, 복 부 대동맥 및 폐 동맥4,,56을 포함 하 여 다른 배아 혈관 시스템에 pericytes 및 혈관 평활 근 세포의 소스를 되도록 제안 되었습니다. 또한, EndMT7돋 아 생리 신생에 연루 이다.
증거를 축적 하는 것은 EndMT도 여러 심혈 관 질환과 다른 질병1,8에 관련 된 것을 제안 했다. EndMT 관련 된 조건이 포함 혈관 석 회화, 동맥 경화 증, 폐 동맥 고혈압, 동굴 같은 기형, 기관 섬유 증, 정 맥 이식 개장, 이식 부전 신장 이식과 암8, 9,10,11,12,13,14,15,,1617, 18. 최근 보고서 설명 여러 분자 EndMT 마커 신장 이식17에서 신장 이식 부전의 진단 및 예 후 예측에 대 한 도구가 될 수 있습니다. EndMT 관련 세포 신호 통로의 변조 표시 되었습니다 심장 섬유 증을 포함 하 여 몇몇 질병 상태를 개량 하 고8,15모델 동물에 정 맥 이식 개장. 따라서, 메커니즘을 이해 기본 EndMT는 EndMT를 대상으로 하는 진단 및 치료 전략을 개발 해야 합니다.
EndMT-셀 접합, 철새 가능성, VE cadherin 같은 내 피 관련 유전자의 downregulation α-부드러운 근육 걸 (α-SMA)를 포함 한 엽 유전자의 upregulation의 손실에 의해 특징입니다. 또한, EndMT 및 상피 엽 전환 (응급), 중간 엽 세포, 상피 세포를 변환 하는 비슷한 과정 변경 된 생산의 발전에 기여할 수 있습니다 다양 한 세포 외 매트릭스 구성 요소와 연결 된 조직의 섬유 증8,19의.
최근, 여러 생체 외에서 연구 EndMT의 EndMT15,20의 분자 메커니즘의 세부 사항을 해명 했습니다. EndMT 변형 성장 인자 (TGF) 등 다양 한 신호 통로 의해 유도-β, Wnt,1단계 고. 그 중 TGF-β 응급 및 EndMT의 유도에서 중추적인 역할을 재생합니다. EndMT에 짧은 노출 부족21나타납니다 동안 노출 EndMT 다양 한 내 피 세포에서 TGF-β에 연장 한다. 우리는 여기 EndMT 유도, 어떤 마일 스벤 1 (MS-1)에서 마우스 췌 microvascular 내 피 세포 받 다 생체 외에서 EndMT TGF-β20에 장기간된 노출 후에 대 한 간단한 프로토콜을 설명 합니다. 이 모델에서 여러 다운스트림 분석 형태 변경, 내 피 마커의 downregulation 엽 마커 및 염증 성 유전자, cytoskeletal의 upregulation 포함 하 여 EndMT의 특징 기능 조사를 수행할 수 있습니다. 재배열, 및 콜라겐 수축 젤.
MicroRNAs (miRNAs)는 22 ~ nt 다양 한 mRNA 대상22,23posttranscriptional 억압을 직접 작은 규제 RNAs. 씨앗 시퀀스 중재 대상 인식, 통해 miRNAs 대상 유전자의 수백을 억제 하 고 세포 분화, 확산, 운동 성 등 다양 한 세포 기능을 조절. 이 구급 대 및 EndMT, 규제에 대 한 경우 이며 또한 몇몇 miRNAs 응급 및 EndMT,2425의 레 귤 레이 터로 보고 되었습니다. 이 검토에서 제시 하는 EndMT 모델 EndMT에서 miRNAs의 역할을 테스트 하려면 미르 변조 절차와 쉽게 결합할 수 있습니다. 현재 검토 MS-1 세포에서 TGF-β-유도 EndMT를 조사 하기 위해 우리의 실험 절차를 요약 하 고 또한 다른 내 피 세포에서 TGF-β에 의해 EndMT 유도의 조건의 비교를 포함 한다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:1435px;" width="1434">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:361px;">MS-1 cells</td>
			<td style="width:289px;">American Type Culture Collection</td>
			<td style="width:593px;">CRL-2279</td>
			<td style="width:191px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">MEM-alpha</td>
			<td style="width:289px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:593px;">32571036</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">TGF-beta2</td>
			<td>R&#38;D</td>
			<td style="width:593px;">302-B2-002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">4 well Lab-Tek II Chamber Slide</td>
			<td style="width:289px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:593px;">154526</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">Y-27632&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:593px;">Y0503</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">Blocking One</td>
			<td style="width:289px;">nacalai tesque</td>
			<td style="width:593px;">03953-95</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">phalloidin-tetramethylrhodamine B isothiocyanate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P1951</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">TOTO-3 iodide</td>
			<td style="width:289px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:593px;">T3604</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">VE cadherin monoclonal antibody (BV13)</td>
			<td style="width:289px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14-1441-82</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">alpha-SMA Cy3 monoclonal antibody (1A4)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C6198</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">Alexa Fluor 488 goat anti-mouse IgG (H+L)</td>
			<td style="width:289px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:593px;">A-11001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">Cover slip</td>
			<td style="width:289px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>174934</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">Collagen solution</td>
			<td style="width:289px;">Nitta gelatin Inc.</td>
			<td>Cellmatrix I-P</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:361px;">Collagen dilution buffer</td>
			<td style="width:289px;">Nitta gelatin Inc.</td>
			<td>Cellmatrix I-P</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">LNA miRNA inhibitor</td>
			<td>EXIQON&#160;</td>
			<td colspan="2">miRCURY LNAmicroRNA Power Inhibitor (Negative Control B and target miRNA)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">synthetic miRNA duplex</td>
			<td>Qiagen&#160;</td>
			<td>miScript miRNA Mimic</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">Lipofectamine RNAiMAX</td>
			<td style="width:289px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:593px;">13778030</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">Lipofectamine 2000</td>
			<td style="width:289px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:593px;">11668027</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

molecular analysis of endothelial-mesenchymal transition induced by transforming growth factor-&#946; signaling

내 피 세포의 phenotypic가 소성 기초 심장 혈관 시스템 개발, 심장 혈관 질병, 및 기관 섬유 증과 관련 된 다양 한 조건. 이러한 조건에서 차별화 된 내 피 세포는 엽 같은 고기를 획득. 이 프로세스 내 피 엽 전환 (EndMT) 이라고 하 고 내 피 마커의 downregulation, 엽 마커 및 형태학 상 변화의 upregulation에 의해 특징입니다. EndMT 변형 성장 인자 (TGF)를 포함 하 여 여러 신호 통로 의해 유도-β, Wnt, 및 노치, 그리고 gastrulation, 조직 섬유 증에 대 한 비슷한 상피 엽 전환 (응급) 중요 한 분자 기계 장치에 의해 규제 및 암 전이입니다. EndMT의 메커니즘을 이해 하는 것은 EndMT를 대상으로 하는 진단 및 치료 접근을 개발 해야 합니다. 생체 외에서 EndMT의 강력한 유도 일반적인 유전자 식 서명 특성, druggable 분자 메커니즘을 식별 및 변조기 EndMT의 화면을 유용 합니다. 여기, 우리 EndMT의 유도 대 한 생체 외에서 방법을 설명합니다. MS 1 마우스 췌 microvascular 내 피 세포 TGF-β에 장기간된 노출 후 EndMT를 받아야 하 고 upregulation 엽 마커 및 형태학 적 변화 뿐만 아니라 여러 염증 성 발산 및 cytokines의 유도 보여줍니다. 예측에 관한 (미르) 변조 분석을 위한 방법 또한 포함 되어 있습니다. 이 메서드는 기본 EndMT 및 EndMT miRNAs의 기여 하는 메커니즘을 조사 하는 플랫폼을 제공 합니다.

TGF-β는 다양 한 내 피 세포에서 EndMT의 강력한 유도. 24 시간 치료 후 MS-1 세포에서 TGF-β로, F 걸 대 한 얼룩 말라 스트레스 섬유 (그림 1A)20의 개편을 보여 줍니다. Y-27632 바위 억제제와 전처리 말라 개편20의 유도 억제. MS-1 내 피 세포 클래식 조약돌 모양의 형태에서 TGF-β 치료 (그림 1B)에 따라 ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Molecular Analysis of Endothelial-mesenchymal Transition Induced by Transforming Growth Factor-ÃŽÂ² Signaling at JoVE.com

Molecular Analysis of Endothelial-mesenchymal Transition Induced by Transforming Growth Factor-&#946; Signaling

내 피 엽 전환 (EndMT)는 EndMT에 관련 된 세포 신호 경로 조사 하는 데 유용의 생체 외에서 유도 대 한 프로토콜을 설명 합니다. 이 실험 모델에서 EndMT MS-1 내 피 세포에서 TGF-β와 치료에 의해 유발 됩니다.

내 피 엽 전환 성장 인자-β 신호 변환에 의해 유도 된의 분자 분석

Phenotypic plasticity of endothelial cells underlies cardiovascular system development, cardiovascular diseases, and various conditions associated with ...

molecular-analysis-endothelial-mesenchymal-transition-induced

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

11.2K 조회수.  Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 내 피 엽 전환 (EndMT)는 EndMT에 관련 된 세포 신호 경로 조사 하는 데 유용의 생체 외에서 유도 대 한 프로토콜을 설명 합니다. 이 실험 모델에서 EndMT MS-1 내 피 세포에서 TGF-β와 치료에 의해 유발 됩니다.

비디오: Molecular Analysis of Endothelial-mesenchymal Transition Induced by Transforming Growth Factor-β Signaling

Identification of Growth Inhibition Phenotypes Induced by Expression of Bacterial Type III Effectors in Yeast

Many Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria use a type III secretion system to translocate a suite of effector proteins into the cytosol of host cells. Within the cell, type III effectors subvert host cellular processes to suppress immune responses and promote pathogen growth. Numerous type III effectors of plant and animal bacterial pathogens have been identified to date, yet only a few of them are well characterized. Understanding the functions of these effectors has been undermined by a combination of functional redundancy in the effector repertoire of a given bacterial strain, the subtle effects that they may exert to increase virulence, roles that are possibly specific to certain infection stages, and difficulties in genetically manipulating certain pathogens. Expression of type III effectors in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae may allow circumventing these limitations and aid to the functional characterization of effector proteins. Because type III effectors often target cellular processes that are conserved between yeast and other eukaryotes, their expression in yeast may result in growth inhibition phenotypes that can be exploited to elucidate effector functions and targets. Additional advantages to using yeast for functional studies of bacterial effectors include their genetic tractability, information on predicted functions of the vast majority of their ORFs, and availability of numerous tools and resources for both genome-wide and small-scale experiments. Here we discuss critical factors for designing a yeast system for the expression of bacterial type III effector proteins. These include an appropriate promoter for driving expression of the effector gene(s) of interest, the copy number of the effector gene, the epitope tag used to verify protein expression, and the yeast strain. We present procedures to induce expression of effectors in yeast and to verify their expression by immunoblotting. In addition, we describe a spotting assay on agar plates for the identification of effector-induced growth inhibition phenotypes. The use of this protocol may be extended to the study of pathogenicity factors delivered into the host cell by any pathogen and translocation mechanism.

In this video, we describe a procedure for the expression of bacterial type III effectors in yeast and the identification of effector-induced growth inhibition phenotypes. Such phenotypes can be subsequently exploited to elucidate effector functions and targets.

성장 저해 Phenotypes의 확인은 효모에서 세균의 종류 III Effectors 표현에 의해 유도된

Many Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria use a type III secretion system to translocate a suite of effector proteins into the cytosol of host cells. Within ...

연구

생물학

Video Bioinformatics Analysis of Human Embryonic Stem Cell Colony Growth

Because video data are complex and are comprised of many images, mining information from video material is difficult to do without the aid of computer software.  Video bioinformatics is a powerful quantitative approach for extracting spatio-temporal data from video images using computer software to perform dating mining and analysis. In this article, we introduce a video bioinformatics method for quantifying the growth of human embryonic stem cells (hESC) by analyzing time-lapse videos collected in a Nikon BioStation CT incubator equipped with a camera for video imaging. In our experiments, hESC colonies that were attached to Matrigel were filmed for 48 hours in the BioStation CT.  To determine the rate of growth of these colonies, recipes were developed using CL-Quant software which enables users to extract various types of data from video images.  To accurately evaluate colony growth, three recipes were created. The first segmented the image into the colony and background, the second enhanced the image to define colonies throughout the video sequence accurately, and the third measured the number of pixels in the colony over time.  The three recipes were run in sequence on video data collected in a BioStation CT to analyze the rate of growth of individual hESC colonies over 48 hours. To verify the truthfulness of the CL-Quant recipes, the same data were analyzed manually using Adobe Photoshop software. When the data obtained using the CL-Quant recipes and Photoshop were compared, results were virtually identical, indicating the CL-Quant recipes were truthful. The method described here could be applied to any video data to measure growth rates of hESC or other cells that grow in colonies. In addition, other video bioinformatics recipes can be developed in the future for other cell processes such as migration, apoptosis, and cell adhesion.  

Video bioinformatics is the automated processing, analysis, understanding, and data mining of biological spatio-temporal data extracted from microscopic videos. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate a method for measuring human embryonic stem cell colony growth using a video bioinformatics method.

비디오 생물 정보학 인간의 배아 줄기 세포 콜로니 성장 분석

Because video data are complex and are comprised of many images, mining information from video material is difficult to do without the aid of computer ...

Herbivore-induced Blueberry Volatiles and Intra-plant Signaling

Herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) are commonly emitted from plants after herbivore attack1,2. These HIPVs are mainly regulated by the defensive plant hormone jasmonic acid (JA) and its volatile derivative methyl jasmonate (MeJA)3,4,5. Over the past 3 decades researchers have documented that HIPVs can repel or attract herbivores, attract the natural enemies of herbivores, and in some cases they can induce or prime plant defenses prior to herbivore attack. In a recent paper6, I reported that feeding by gypsy moth caterpillars, exogenous MeJA application, and mechanical damage induce the emissions of volatiles from blueberry plants, albeit differently. In addition, blueberry branches respond to HIPVs emitted from neighboring branches of the same plant by increasing the levels of JA and resistance to herbivores (i.e., direct plant defenses), and by priming volatile emissions (i.e., indirect plant defenses). Similar findings have been reported recently for sagebrush7, poplar8, and lima beans9..
Here, I describe a push-pull method for collecting blueberry volatiles induced by herbivore (gypsy moth) feeding, exogenous MeJA application, and mechanical damage. The volatile collection unit consists of a 4 L volatile collection chamber, a 2-piece guillotine, an air delivery system that purifies incoming air, and a vacuum system connected to a trap filled with Super-Q adsorbent to collect volatiles5,6,10. Volatiles collected in Super-Q traps are eluted with dichloromethane and then separated and quantified using Gas Chromatography (GC). This volatile collection method was used n my study6 to investigate the volatile response of undamaged branches to exposure to volatiles from herbivore-damaged branches within blueberry plants. These methods are described here. Briefly, undamaged blueberry branches are exposed to HIPVs from neighboring branches within the same plant. Using the same techniques described above, volatiles emitted from branches after exposure to HIPVs are collected and analyzed.

A push-pull method for collecting plant volatiles is described. The method allows for a comparison of volatiles induced by herbivore feeding, exogenous methyl jasmonate, and mechanical damage. This technique is also used to investigate the volatile response of undamaged branches to exposure to volatiles from herbivore-damaged branches within blueberry plants.

Herbivore 유도 블루베리 휘발성 물질과 내부 식물 신호

Herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) are commonly emitted from plants after herbivore attack1,2.  These HIPVs are mainly regulated by the defensive ...

In Vitro Analysis of PDZ-dependent CFTR Macromolecular Signaling Complexes

Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), a chloride channel located primarily at the apical membranes of epithelial cells, plays a crucial role in transepithelial fluid homeostasis1-3. CFTR has been implicated in two major diseases: cystic fibrosis (CF)4 and secretory diarrhea5. In CF, the synthesis or functional activity of the CFTR Cl- channel is reduced. This disorder affects approximately 1 in 2,500 Caucasians in the United States6. Excessive CFTR activity has also been implicated in cases of toxin-induced secretory diarrhea (e.g., by cholera toxin and heat stable E. coli enterotoxin) that stimulates cAMP or cGMP production in the gut7.
Accumulating evidence suggest the existence of physical and functional interactions between CFTR and a growing number of other proteins, including transporters, ion channels, receptors, kinases, phosphatases, signaling molecules, and cytoskeletal elements, and these interactions between CFTR and its binding proteins have been shown to be critically involved in regulating CFTR-mediated transepithelial ion transport in vitro and also in vivo8-19. In this protocol, we focus only on the methods that aid in the study of the interactions between CFTR carboxyl terminal tail, which possesses a protein-binding motif [referred to as PSD95/Dlg1/ZO-1 (PDZ) motif], and a group of scaffold proteins, which contain a specific binding module referred to as PDZ domains. So far, several different PDZ scaffold proteins have been reported to bind to the carboxyl terminal tail of CFTR with various affinities, such as NHERF1, NHERF2, PDZK1, PDZK2, CAL (CFTR-associated ligand), Shank2, and GRASP20-27. The PDZ motif within CFTR that is recognized by PDZ scaffold proteins is the last four amino acids at the C terminus (i.e., 1477-DTRL-1480 in human CFTR)20. Interestingly, CFTR can bind more than one PDZ domain of both NHERFs and PDZK1, albeit with varying affinities22. This multivalency with respect to CFTR binding has been shown to be of functional significance, suggesting that PDZ scaffold proteins may facilitate formation of CFTR macromolecular signaling complexes for specific/selective and efficient signaling in cells16-18.
Multiple biochemical assays have been developed to study CFTR-involving protein interactions, such as co-immunoprecipitation, pull-down assay, pair-wise binding assay, colorimetric pair-wise binding assay, and macromolecular complex assembly assay16-19,28,29. Here we focus on the detailed procedures of assembling a PDZ motif-dependent CFTR-containing macromolecular complex in vitro, which is used extensively by our laboratory to study protein-protein or domain-domain interactions involving CFTR16-19,28,29.

In Vitro Analysis of PDZ-dependent CFTR Macromolecular Signaling Complexes

Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), an epithelial chloride channel, has been reported to interact with various proteins and regulate important cellular processes; among them the CFTR PDZ motif-mediated interactions have been well documented. This protocol describes methods we developed to assemble a PDZ-dependent CFTR macromolecular signaling complex in vitro.

PDZ-의존 CFTR의 Macromolecular 신호 단지의 체외 분석

Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), a chloride channel located primarily at the apical membranes of epithelial cells, plays a ...

Mechanical Stimulation-induced Calcium Wave Propagation in Cell Monolayers: The Example of Bovine Corneal Endothelial Cells

Intercellular communication is essential for the coordination of physiological processes between cells in a variety of organs and tissues, including the brain, liver, retina, cochlea and vasculature. In experimental settings, intercellular Ca2+-waves can be elicited by applying a mechanical stimulus to a single cell. This leads to the release of the intracellular signaling molecules IP3 and Ca2+ that initiate the propagation of the Ca2+-wave concentrically from the mechanically stimulated cell to the neighboring cells. The main molecular pathways that control intercellular Ca2+-wave propagation are provided by gap junction channels through the direct transfer of IP3 and by hemichannels through the release of ATP. Identification and characterization of the properties and regulation of different connexin and pannexin isoforms as gap junction channels and hemichannels are allowed by the quantification of the spread of the intercellular Ca2+-wave, siRNA, and the use of inhibitors of gap junction channels and hemichannels. Here, we describe a method to measure intercellular Ca2+-wave in monolayers of primary corneal endothelial cells loaded with Fluo4-AM in response to a controlled and localized mechanical stimulus provoked by an acute, short-lasting deformation of the cell as a result of touching the cell membrane with a micromanipulator-controlled glass micropipette with a tip diameter of less than 1 &mu;m. We also describe the isolation of primary bovine corneal endothelial cells and its use as model system to assess Cx43-hemichannel activity as the driven force for intercellular Ca2+-waves through the release of ATP. Finally, we discuss the use, advantages, limitations and alternatives of this method in the context of gap junction channel and hemichannel research.

Intercellular Ca2+-waves are driven by gap junction channels and hemichannels. Here, we describe a method to measure intercellular Ca2+-waves in cell monolayers in response to a local single-cell mechanical stimulus and its application to investigate the properties and regulation of gap junction channels and hemichannels.

세포 단일 층의 기계적 자극에 의​​한 칼슘 웨이브 전파 : 소 각막 내피 세포의 예

Intercellular communication is essential for the coordination of physiological processes between cells in a variety of organs and tissues, including the ...

Induction and Analysis of Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition

Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is essential for proper morphogenesis during development. Misregulation of this process has been implicated as a key event in fibrosis and the progression of carcinomas to a metastatic state. Understanding the processes that underlie EMT is imperative for the early diagnosis and clinical control of these disease states. Reliable induction of EMT in vitro is a useful tool for drug discovery as well as to identify common gene expression signatures for diagnostic purposes. Here we demonstrate a straightforward method for the induction of EMT in a variety of cell types. Methods for the analysis of cells pre- and post-EMT induction by immunocytochemistry are also included. Additionally, we demonstrate the effectiveness of this method through antibody-based array analysis and migration/invasion assays.

A straightforward method is described for the induction of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in a variety of cell types. Methods for the analysis of cells in EMT states by immunocytochemistry are included.

간엽 전환을 유도하고 상피의 분석

Epithelial  to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is essential for proper morphogenesis during  development. Misregulation of this  process has been implicated ...

Metabolic Labeling and Membrane Fractionation for Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana Suspension Cell Cultures

Plasma membrane microdomains are features based on the physical properties of the lipid and sterol environment and have particular roles in signaling processes. Extracting sterol-enriched membrane microdomains from plant cells for proteomic analysis is a difficult task mainly due to multiple preparation steps and sources for contaminations from other cellular compartments. The plasma membrane constitutes only about 5-20% of all the membranes in a plant cell, and therefore isolation of highly purified plasma membrane fraction is challenging. A frequently used method involves aqueous two-phase partitioning in polyethylene glycol and dextran, which yields plasma membrane vesicles with a purity of 95% 1. Sterol-rich membrane microdomains within the plasma membrane are insoluble upon treatment with cold nonionic detergents at alkaline pH. This detergent-resistant membrane fraction can be separated from the bulk plasma membrane by ultracentrifugation in a sucrose gradient 2. Subsequently, proteins can be extracted from the low density band of the sucrose gradient by methanol/chloroform precipitation. Extracted protein will then be trypsin digested, desalted and finally analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Our extraction protocol for sterol-rich microdomains is optimized for the preparation of clean detergent-resistant membrane fractions from Arabidopsis thaliana cell cultures.
We use full metabolic labeling of Arabidopsis thaliana suspension cell cultures with K15NO3 as the only nitrogen source for quantitative comparative proteomic studies following biological treatment of interest 3. By mixing equal ratios of labeled and unlabeled cell cultures for joint protein extraction the influence of preparation steps on final quantitative result is kept at a minimum. Also loss of material during extraction will affect both control and treatment samples in the same way, and therefore the ratio of light and heave peptide will remain constant. In the proposed method either labeled or unlabeled cell culture undergoes a biological treatment, while the other serves as control 4.

Metabolic Labeling and Membrane Fractionation for Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana Suspension Cell Cultures

Here we describe a robust method for the fractionation of plant plasma membranes into detergent resistant and detergent soluble membranes based on a mixture of unlabeled and in vivo fully 15N labeled Arabidopsis thaliana cell cultures. The procedure is applied for comparative proteomic studies to understand signaling processes.

비교 단백체 분석을위한 신진 대사 라벨링 및 막 분별<em&gt; 애기 장대</em&gt; 서스펜션 세포 배양

Plasma membrane microdomains are features based on the physical properties of the lipid and sterol environment and have particular roles in signaling ...

Tracking Drug-induced Changes in Receptor Post-internalization Trafficking by Colocalizational Analysis

The intracellular trafficking of receptors is a collection of complex and highly controlled processes. Receptor trafficking modulates signaling and overall cell responsiveness to ligands and is, itself, influenced by intra- and extracellular conditions, including ligand-induced signaling. Optimized for use with monolayer-plated cultured cells, but extendable to free-floating tissue slices, this protocol uses immunolabelling and colocalizational analysis to track changes in intracellular receptor trafficking following both chronic/prolonged and acute interventions, including exogenous drug treatment. After drug treatment, cells are double-immunolabelled for the receptor and for markers for the intracellular compartments of interest. Sequential confocal microscopy is then used to capture two-channel photomicrographs of individual cells, which are subjected to computerized colocalizational analysis to yield quantitative colocalization scores. These scores are normalized to permit pooling of independent replicates prior to statistical analysis. Representative photomicrographs may also be processed to generate illustrative figures. Here, we describe a powerful and flexible technique for quantitatively assessing induced receptor trafficking.

Receptor trafficking modulates signaling and cell responsiveness to ligands and is, itself, responsive to cell conditions, including ligand-induced signaling. Here, we describe a powerful and flexible technique for quantitatively assessing drug-induced receptor trafficking using immunolabeling and colocalizational analysis.

Colocalizational 분석에 의한 수용체 후 국제화 인신 매매에 약물 유발의 이동을 추적

The intracellular trafficking of receptors is a collection of complex and highly controlled processes. Receptor trafficking modulates signaling and ...

Fecal Glucocorticoid Analysis: Non-invasive Adrenal Monitoring in Equids

Adrenal activity can be assessed in the equine species by analysis of feces for corticosterone metabolites. During a potentially aversive situation, corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH) is released from the hypothalamus in the brain. This stimulates the release of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) from the pituitary gland, which in turn stimulates release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal gland. In horses the glucocorticoid corticosterone is responsible for several adaptations needed to support equine flight behaviour and subsequent removal from the aversive situation. Corticosterone metabolites can be detected in the feces of horses and assessment offers a non-invasive option to evaluate long term patterns of adrenal activity. Fecal assessment offers advantages over other techniques that monitor adrenal activity including blood plasma and saliva analysis. The non-invasive nature of the method avoids sampling stress which can confound results. It also allows the opportunity for repeated sampling over time and is ideal for studies in free ranging horses. This protocol describes the enzyme linked immunoassay (EIA) used to assess feces for corticosterone, in addition to the associated biochemical validation.

Adrenal activity can be assessed in the equine species by analysis of feces for corticosterone metabolites. The method offers a non-invasive option to assess long term patterns in both domestic and free ranging horses. This protocol describes the enzyme linked immunoassay involved and the associated biochemical validation.

대변​​ 글루코 코르티코이드 분석 : equids는 비 침습적 부신 모니터링

Adrenal activity can be assessed in the equine species by analysis of feces for corticosterone metabolites. During a potentially aversive situation, ...

Identification of Intracellular Signaling Events Induced in Viable Cells by Interaction with Neighboring Cells Undergoing Apoptotic Cell Death

Cells dying by apoptosis, also referred to as regulated cell death, acquire multiple new activities that enable them to influence the function of adjacent live cells. Vital activities, such as survival, proliferation, growth, and differentiation, are among the many cellular functions modulated by apoptotic cells. The ability to recognize and respond to apoptotic cells appears to be a universal feature of all cells, regardless of lineage or organ of origination. However, the diversity and complexity of the response to apoptotic cells mandates that great care be taken in dissecting the signaling events and pathways responsible for any particular outcome. In particular, one must distinguish among the multiple mechanisms by which apoptotic cells can influence intracellular signaling pathways within viable responder cells, including: receptor-mediated recognition of the apoptotic cell, release of soluble mediators by the apoptotic cell, and/or engagement of the phagocytic machinery. Here, we provide a protocol for identifying intracellular signaling events that are induced in viable responder cells following their exposure to apoptotic cells. A major advantage of the protocol lies in the attention it pays to dissection of the mechanism by which apoptotic cells modulate signaling events within responding cells. While the protocol is specific for a conditionally immortalized mouse kidney proximal tubular cell line (BU.MPT cells), it is easily adapted to cell lines that are non-epithelial in origin and/or derived from organs other than the kidney. The use of dead cells as a stimulus introduces several unique factors that can hinder the detection of intracellular signaling events. These problems, as well as strategies to minimize or circumvent them, are discussed within the protocol. Application of this protocol should aid our expanding knowledge of the broad influence that dead or dying cells exert on their live neighbors, both in health and in disease.

Here, we present a protocol for the determination of intracellular signaling events induced in viable cells by physical interaction with adjacent dead or dying cells. The protocol focuses on signaling events induced by receptor-mediated recognition of the dead cells, as opposed to their phagocytic uptake or release of soluble mediators.

세포 내 이웃 셀을받은 사멸 세포 죽음과의 상호 작용에 의해 실행 가능한 세포에서 유도 된 이벤트를 시그널링의 식별

Cells dying by apoptosis, also referred to as regulated cell death, acquire multiple new activities that enable them to influence the function of adjacent ...