著者は、ホイットマン カレッジ比較心理学研究データの収集、マーク:arand、マイケル ・ バーカー、エヴァ ・ デイヴィス、久場ジェファーズ、ブレット ・ ランバート、タラ Mah、テオ ・ プラット、Tvan Trinh、ライラ ワディア パトリシア Xi などで彼らの助けのためのメンバーのおかげで拡張します。

ここで説明する手順は人道的なケアと実験動物の使用に関する米国公衆衛生サービス ポリシーと実験動物福祉のオフィスに従って、ホイットマン カレッジ制度動物ケアおよび使用委員会によって承認されました。
1. ハトの重みを減らす
注: ハトの重みは、その自由摂食重量33鳥が健康で十分に独創力のある食品のために働くことを確認するための 80-85% に縮小されます。
<ol><li>水、砂と食品への無制限アクセスを個々 のケージの家素朴な鳥。</li>
	<li>1 日に 2 〜 4 週間、またはそれぞれの鳥の自由摂食量が安定するまで約同時に各鳩の重量を量る。</li>
	<li>その安定した自由摂食量の 85% とピジョン等しいの目標体重を計算します。</li>
	<li>目標体重は34に到達するまで徐々 に各鳩の重量を減らすための食品を制限します。ハトがまだに無制限にアクセス水と粒。 注: このプロトコル29,30,31,32を使用して公開された実験条件ごとの 4 と 6 のハトを使用して重要な結果が得られています。似たような数字は直接のレプリケーションまたは微妙な変化に対して十分なはずです。変更の盲目効果の大きさを減らすのバリエーションより大きなサンプルを必要があります。</li>
</ol>2. 鉄道ハトのオペラントの商工会議所の応答キーに表示される刺激をつつくし、食品のホッパーから穀物を食べる
注: 訓練および実験的セッション精密なコンピューター制御を必要とする、時間分解能が 1 未満さんの柔軟なプログラミング言語を使用して、(参照材料表) I/O リレーを介してオペラントの部屋を制御します。
<ol><li>毎日のセッションの初めに、ハトの重さし、オペラント室 (材料の表を参照してください) にそれらを置きます。素朴なハトは、重さ、取り扱いに順応し、オペラントの商工会議所からの交通手段の時間を必要があります。 それまでは、余分な世話を優しく鳥を処理し、ストレスの兆候を監視します。</li>
	<li>毎日のセッションあたり 100 回の試行を実行します。各試験。<ol>
<li>ランダムにオペラントの商工会議所で視覚刺激要素 (色、線など) と 3 つのキー (材料の表を参照してください) のいずれかを選択します。互換性のある刺激のプロジェクターを使用して関連するキーに選択した刺激要素を照らす (材料の表を参照してください)。 注: 多くのオペラント チャンバー、標準的な白熱電球の発症とオフセットの時間がこのメソッドに適した遅すぎます。オペラントの商工会議所の任意の白熱電球を置き換える LED を高速に相当すると、し、表示が意図したとおりに表示されることと、刺激の手始めは鮮明なことを確認 (未満 1 ピーク輝度を発症から ms)。</li>
		<li>鳩つつき、刺激が表示されるキーまで待ちます。他のキーに pecks を認めていません。 注: 経験豊富なハトはすぐに照らされた応答キーをつつく知ることがあります。世間知らずや経験の少ない鳥の序列は、他研究室の作業させるだろう handshaping または autoshaping の35プロシージャを使用して形作られることが。</li>
		<li>以下の適切な応答のキーに 1 つのペック、刺激画面をクリアし、2 ~ 3 秒間食品ホッパーから穀物へのアクセスを提供します。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>各セッションの終わりに、オペラントのチャンバーからハトを削除し、ホーム檻に返す前に重量を量る。その自由摂食重みの 80-85% で鳥の個別実行中ウェイトを維持するセッション間食品アクセス時間を調整します。</li>
	<li>ハトはすぐに応答するまで、一貫してすべての 3 つの応答のすべてのキーの実験に含まれる個々 の刺激要素に前のトレーニング セッションを続行します。</li>
</ol>3. 鉄道ハトやペック変更応答キーについての検索
<ol><li>毎日のセッションの初めに、ハトの重さし、オペラントの部屋にそれらを置きます。</li>
	<li>毎日のセッションで各 100 回の試行の開始で今後刺激表示の詳細を決定します。各試験の詳細は、実験コントロール ソフトウェアによってランダムに選択できます。毎日実験的セッションを実行するサンプル プログラムは、補足的なファイル (change.cpp); として含まれています。現在の要素がステップ 2 で単純な操作を実行する可能性があります使用も。<ol>
<li>ランダムに選択、刺激間間隔 (ISI) 250 ms の 0 ミリ秒 ( p = 0.5 ごと)。</li>
		<li>現在、1、2、4、8、または 16 に変更回数をランダム決定 ( p = 0.2 ごと)。</li>
		<li>各応答キーの 1 つまたは複数の要素 (色またはトレーニング中に提示された行) から成るオリジナル刺激表示を定義します。</li>
		<li>追加、削除、または 1 つのキーに 1 つの要素を変更して変更後の表示を定義する元の刺激の表示を変更します。原本と変更された刺激表示例については図 1を参照してください。</li>
		<li>ハトがトレーニング中にすべての景気刺激策を表示を表示されないを確認します。必要に応じて、転送 (ステップ 4) 表示のサブセットを指定する、訓練の間にそれらを提示を控えます。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>現在は 5 秒間試行間隔 (ITI) に houselight とすべての応答キー暗い直前の試験の各試験を分離します。</li>
	<li>3.2 の手順で現在の試験のための値を用いた刺激ディスプレイを紹介します。<ol>
<li>250 ms の元の表示を構成する刺激要素を照らします。</li>
		<li>刺激表示をクリアし、0 または 250 ms の ISI を待ちます。</li>
		<li>250 ms の変更後の表示を構成する刺激要素を照らします。</li>
		<li>刺激表示をクリアし、0 または 250 ms の ISI を待ちます。</li>
		<li>完了するまで現在の裁判の決定以前の繰り返しの数、3.4.1 に 3.4.4 手順を繰り返します。完全にすべての繰り返しを示し刺激呈示中に任意の keypecks を無視します。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>白色光ですべての 3 つの応答キーを照らす、鳩つつき、いずれかの 3 つの応答キーまで待ちます。刺激呈示がその試験のため応答を完了した後は、任意の応答キーの最初のペックを検討してください。ISI の有無の試験の概略については、図 2を参照してください。</li>
	<li>すべてのキーをオフにし、補強やエラー信号と締結します。<ol>
<li>鳥の応答は、変更を表示するキーには場合、2-3 s の粒に食品ホッパーからのアクセスをできます。</li>
		<li>鳥の応答が変更されるキーにありませんでした、もしスイッチ オン/オフごとの 0.5 の間 houselight s を 10 秒の間で不正な応答を示します。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>各セッションの終わりに、オペラントのチャンバーからハトを削除し、ホーム檻に返す前に重量を量る。その自由摂食重みの 80-85% で鳥の個別実行中ウェイトを維持するセッション間食品アクセス時間を調整します。</li>
	<li>ハトの応答の精度が安定して、確実に 33% のチャンスの精度よりまで毎日のトレーニング セッションを続行します。サンプル ファイル (change.xlsx) を提供は、ISI の存在と繰り返し数の影響を表示する生のデータを分析します。</li>
</ol>4. 毎日のセッション内で新規転送試験を提示します。
<ol><li>手順 3 に記載されているとおりになく除外任意の潜在的な表示の手順 (手順 3.2.5 参照)。 注: 多数の潜在的な刺激が表示されますと、トレーニング中に潜在的な表示を除外し、後でそれらを導入する必要はありません。これらのケースは単に、訓練を継続するには通常と決して前に見た表示が自然発生すると。</li>
	<li>ハトが以前に遭遇したディスプレイを除く、前に見たことのない新しい刺激表示の精度を分析します。もハトが一般的な変化検出ルールを学んだし、身近な刺激の暗記に頼らない、チャンスの精度を確認するが表示されます。</li>
</ol>

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Psychol. 128 (2), 181-187 (2014).</li><li>Poling, A., Nickel, M., Alling, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Free+birds+aren't+fat:+Weight+gain+in+captured+wild+pigeons+maintained+under+laboratory+conditions.">Free birds aren't fat: Weight gain in captured wild pigeons maintained under laboratory conditions.</a> J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 53 (3), 423-424 (1990).</li><li>National Institute of Mental Health. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Methods and welfare considerations in behavioral research with animals: Report of a National Institutes of Health workshop (NIH Publication No. 02-5083). , (2002).</li><li>Brown, P. L., Jenkins, H. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autoshaping+of+the+pigeon's+keypeck.">Autoshaping of the pigeon's keypeck.</a> J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 11, 1-8 (1968).</li><li>Smilek, D., Eastwood, J. D., Merikle, P. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Does+unattended+information+facilitate+change+detection?.">Does unattended information facilitate change detection?.</a> J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. 26, 480-487 (2000).</li><li>Herbranson, W. T., Call, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selective+and+divided+attention+in+comparative+psychology.">Selective and divided attention in comparative psychology.</a> APA handbook of comparative psychology. , 183-201 (2017).</li></ol>

著者は、何を開示します。

ここで紹介した方法は、いわゆるに触発され「ちらつきのパラダイム」一般的人間9変化の見落とし現象を研究する認知心理学者によって使用されます。この人間の研究では、変化の見落とし運用刺激が表示されます間の遷移を中断する ISI の存在によって生成される変更の検出で障害として定義されます。ここで説明するピジョン実装の場合も同じです。さらに、人間は、?...

認知心理学は、私たち自身の認知過程における印象的なしばしば意外な欠点を繰り返し実証してきました。顕著な例のいくつかは偽りの記憶1、準最適決定ヒューリスティック2、および障害のある統計的推論3に限定されていませんが。このリストに加えより最近の変化の見落とし現象であります。変化の見落としは 1 つが環境にも顕著な変化に気づくに失敗した、注目の一貫性のあるエラーです。1 つのデモ4、実験者は方向を要求する同盟アプローチ個人を持っていた。彼らの会話の中に簡単に視覚的な接触を中断して、別の人の南軍を交換する機会を提供する、2 つのドアを運ぶ労働者が渡されます。この秘密の交換後ほとんどの個人は会話相手が同じ人ではもはやことに気づくに失敗しました。瞬間に変化が我々 の注意を引くべきである可能性のある重要なイベントの信号と思われるのでこの失敗は驚くべきことです。
変化の見落とし現象が発生する方法と理由を明らかにするために研究者が研究室にそれを持って、いくつか独創的な手順5,6,7,8以上の下で研究するために開発条件を制御します。特に成功した方法の 1 つは、「ちらつきタスク」9と呼ばれています。この手順で実験者は、機能を削除することによって写真を編集し、参加者、急速にオリジナルと変更されたバージョンの間で交互に画像を提示します。参加者はすぐに違いを発見しました。しかし、連続の間簡単な空白のフィールドが挿入されている場合 (生産するプロシージャの名前を点滅表示) 画像変化検出だった悪い精度と応答時間の遅れの結果、はるかに難しかった。変化の見落とし現象の正確な測定を提供します、サイズ、際立った点、変更のタイミングなど表示の特定の側面を操作し易いので、この手順は魅力的です。
ちらつきのパラダイムは、知覚と人間10の注意について学ぶのための強力なツールであること証明しています。効果は、驚くほど強力な永続的なです。変化の見落としは、11の簡単なアニメーションにのみオブジェクトに変更のため発生することが変更場所12で直接みる。変化の見落とし現象の意識と経験でさえ場合13を排除しません。また、変化の見落とし現象は非常に多様、眼球のサッケード5、mudsplashes14、動画カット7、視覚遮断4など、さまざまなイベントの数によって引き起こされることができます。15聴覚と触覚16モダリティ、それが視覚刺激への排他的ではないかもしれないし、注目のより一般的な現象である可能性があることを示す平行現象が発生します。
もちろん人間、注意の使用でない唯一の動物があります。ハトは、たとえば、人間同じ注意能力の多くを表示します。(とき検索イメージを使用して、特定の食品のターゲットを見つける) として優遇処理17,18に対して特定の機能を選択できます。彼らは、特定の地域や空間位置19に向かって注意を指示できます。彼らは、階層組織20,21の間彼らの注意をシフトします。彼らはまた刺激表示22,23のさまざまな側面間の注意を分割できます。その後、ハトが注意を便利になる人間の同じ機能の多くを持っているそうです。変化の見落としに注意の固有の制限のいくつかを行うには、ハト (およびおそらく他の動物) の並列変更盲目効果を参照してくださいしたいと思うかもしれない。さらに、最近研究されている複数成功した変更の検出を行ったハトを使用して、広く様々 な方法24,25,26,27を実装するの 28。
最近研究29,30,31,32はハト、変化の見落とし現象を調査するちらつきパラダイムを適応しているし、人間の変化の見落としと並行する結果を生んだ。現在のレポートでは、オペラントの商工会議所でこの手順を実装するための簡単な方法について説明します。同様に人間のバージョンのタスクでは、分離および変更の検出に対する彼らの影響を調査し、変更の盲目のために刺激プレゼンテーションの特定の側面を操作する簡単です。したがって、プロシージャは鳥注意と、人間の注意の限界に類似する範囲の限界の研究のための貴重なツールを構成する必要があります。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Small Environment Cublicle</td>
			<td>BRS/LVE</td>
			<td>SEC-002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pigeon Intelligence Panel</td>
			<td>BRS/LVE</td>
			<td>PIP-016</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Grain Feeder</td>
			<td>BRS/LVE</td>
			<td>GFM-001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pigeon Pecking Key</td>
			<td>BRS/LVE</td>
			<td>PPK-001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stimulus projector</td>
			<td>BRS/LVE</td>
			<td>IC-901</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LED Lamp</td>
			<td>Martek Industries, Cherry Hill NJ</td>
			<td>1820</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>I/O module</td>
			<td>Acces IO</td>
			<td>USB-IDIO-8</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Personal Computer</td>
			<td>Dell</td>
			<td>Optiplex 3040</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Visual C++</td>
			<td>Microsoft</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>White Carneau pigeons</td>
			<td>Double-T Farm</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a method for investigating change blindness in pigeons (columba livia)

変化の見落とし現象の視覚的注意、ビジュアル表示に変更がある特定の状況下で見過ごされている行くという現象であります。人間の変化の見落とし現象を生成する多くの検査手順が開発されている中、ちらつきパラダイムは特に効果的な方法として浮上しています。ちらつきのパラダイムでは、2 つの視覚的な表示は互いと交互に掲載されています。連続表示は、短い刺激間間隔 (ISI) によって区切られている場合、は、変更の検出が損なわれます。プロシージャのシンプルさと変化の見落としの明確なパフォーマンス ベースの運用定義するちらつきパラダイムはヒト以外の動物を用いた比較研究に適しています。確かに、バリアントを開発したハトにおける変化の見落とし現象を研究するオペラントの部屋で実装することができます。ハトは、人間のような 2 つの連続表示が空白の ISI によって時間で区切られている場合、変更の場所を検出するのに悪化していることが示唆されました。さらに、ハトの変更の検出が選択的注意を必要とするアクティブな場所によって検索プロセスと一貫性のあります。ちらつきタスクしたがって人間と比較するとハトの選択的空間的注意のダイナミクスの調査に貢献する可能性があります。変化の見落とし現象は、人間の視覚に排他的ではないが、選択的注意の一般的な結果であるかもしれない代わりにも示します。最後に、一方、注目の有益な側面は広く高く評価し、理解し、また、彼ら伴う可能性があります特定の欠陥などを認めることが重要だ変更失明し、これらの欠点が広範囲にわたって影響を持つコンテキストの範囲。

興味の主な結果は、ISI と試験の精度の違いです。特に、ちらつきパラダイムの変化の見落としの操作上定義は、ISI のない試験を基準にして ISI の試験で大幅に減少変化検出精度です。この効果は図 3、以前発行したデータ29を表わすで見ることができます。この実験ではハトは、色要素 (図 1の左側に描か?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Method for Investigating Change Blindness in Pigeons Columba Livia at JoVE.com

A Method for Investigating Change Blindness in Pigeons Columba Livia

ハト (コルンバ ・ リヴィア) における変化の見落とし現象を調査するためのメソッド

変化の見落とし現象の視覚的注意、ビジュアル表示に変更がある特定の状況下で見過ごされている行くという現象であります。このプロトコルでは、ハトとの研究は、適切かつ効果的な変化の見落とし現象を調査するためちらつきパラダイムのバリエーションについて説明します。

Change blindness is a phenomenon of visual attention, whereby changes to a visual display go unnoticed under certain specific circumstances. While many ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

A Method for Investigating Change Blindness in Pigeons (Columba Livia)

6.3K ビュー.  Whitman College. 変化の見落とし現象の視覚的注意、ビジュアル表示に変更がある特定の状況下で見過ごされている行くという現象であります。このプロトコルでは、ハトとの研究は、適切かつ効果的な変化の見落とし現象を調査するためちらつきパラダイムのバリエーションについて説明します。

ビデオ: A Method for Investigating Change Blindness in Pigeons Columba Livia

Measuring Sensitivity to Viewpoint Change with and without Stereoscopic Cues

The speed and accuracy of object recognition is compromised by a change in viewpoint; demonstrating that human observers are sensitive to this transformation. Here we discuss a novel method for simulating the appearance of an object that has undergone a rotation-in-depth, and include an exposition of the differences between perspective and orthographic projections. Next we describe a method by which human sensitivity to rotation-in-depth can be measured. Finally we discuss an apparatus for creating a vivid percept of a 3-dimensional rotation-in-depth; the Wheatstone Eight Mirror Stereoscope. By doing so, we reveal a means by which to evaluate the role of stereoscopic cues in the discrimination of viewpoint rotated shapes and objects.

We discuss a novel method forviewpoint-rotation of visual stimuli, and demonstrate using a mirror stereoscopethe three-dimensional percept of rotation-in-depth. The technique can be used to investigate the role of stereoscopic cues in encoding viewpoint-rotated figures.

で立体手がかりなしで視点変更感受性測定

The speed and accuracy of object recognition is compromised by a change in viewpoint; demonstrating that human observers are sensitive to this ...

行動学

A Method for Investigating Age-related Differences in the Functional Connectivity of Cognitive Control Networks Associated with Dimensional Change Card Sort Performance

The ability to adjust behavior to sudden changes in the environment develops gradually in childhood and adolescence. For example, in the Dimensional Change Card Sort task, participants switch from sorting cards one way, such as shape, to sorting them a different way, such as color. Adjusting behavior in this way exacts a small performance cost, or switch cost, such that responses are typically slower and more error-prone on switch trials in which the sorting rule changes as compared to repeat trials in which the sorting rule remains the same. The ability to flexibly adjust behavior is often said to develop gradually, in part because behavioral costs such as switch costs typically decrease with increasing age. Why aspects of higher-order cognition, such as behavioral flexibility, develop so gradually remains an open question. One hypothesis is that these changes occur in association with functional changes in broad-scale cognitive control networks. On this view, complex mental operations, such as switching, involve rapid interactions between several distributed brain regions, including those that update and maintain task rules, re-orient attention, and select behaviors. With development, functional connections between these regions strengthen, leading to faster and more efficient switching operations. The current video describes a method of testing this hypothesis through the collection and multivariate analysis of fMRI data from participants of different ages.

This video presents a method of examining age-related changes in functional connectivity of cognitive control networks engaged by targeted tasks/processes. The technique is based on multi-variate analysis of fMRI data.

寸法変化カードソート·パフォーマンスと認知制御ネットワーク関連の機能的結合の加齢の違いを調査するための方法

The ability to adjust behavior to sudden changes in the environment develops gradually in childhood and adolescence. For example, in the Dimensional ...

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Investigating Causal Brain-behavioral Relationships and their Time Course

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a safe, non-invasive brain stimulation technique that uses a strong electromagnet in order to temporarily disrupt information processing in a brain region, generating a short-lived &#8220;virtual lesion.&#8221; Stimulation that interferes with task performance indicates that the affected brain region is necessary to perform the task normally. In other words, unlike neuroimaging methods such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) that indicate correlations between brain and behavior, TMS can be used to demonstrate causal brain-behavior relations. Furthermore, by varying the duration and onset of the virtual lesion, TMS can also reveal the time course of normal processing. As a result, TMS has become an important tool in cognitive neuroscience. Advantages of the technique over lesion-deficit studies include better spatial-temporal precision of the disruption effect, the ability to use participants as their own control subjects, and the accessibility of participants. Limitations include concurrent auditory and somatosensory stimulation that may influence task performance, limited access to structures more than a few centimeters from the surface of the scalp, and the relatively large space of free parameters that need to be optimized in order for the experiment to work. Experimental designs that give careful consideration to appropriate control conditions help to address these concerns. This article illustrates these issues with TMS results that investigate the spatial and temporal contributions of the left supramarginal gyrus (SMG) to reading.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a technique for non-invasively disrupting neural information processing and measuring its effect on behavior. When TMS interferes with a task, it indicates that the stimulated brain region is necessary for normal task performance, allowing one to systematically relate brain regions to cognitive functions.

因果脳行動の関係とその経時変化を調査するための経頭蓋磁気刺激

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a safe, non-invasive brain stimulation technique that uses a strong electromagnet in order to temporarily ...

A Procedure to Observe Context-induced Renewal of Pavlovian-conditioned Alcohol-seeking Behavior in Rats

Environmental contexts in which drugs of abuse are consumed can trigger craving, a subjective Pavlovian-conditioned response that can facilitate drug-seeking behavior and prompt relapse in abstinent drug users. We have developed a procedure to study the behavioral and neural processes that mediate the impact of context on alcohol-seeking behavior in rats. Following acclimation to the taste and pharmacological effects of 15% ethanol in the home cage, male Long-Evans rats receive Pavlovian discrimination training (PDT) in conditioning chambers. In each daily (Mon-Fri) PDT session, 16 trials each of two different 10 sec auditory conditioned stimuli occur. During one stimulus, the CS+, 0.2 ml of 15% ethanol is delivered into a fluid port for oral consumption. The second stimulus, the CS-, is not paired with ethanol. Across sessions, entries into the fluid port during the CS+ increase, whereas entries during the CS- stabilize at a lower level, indicating that a predictive association between the CS+ and ethanol is acquired. During PDT each chamber is equipped with a specific configuration of visual, olfactory and tactile contextual stimuli. Following PDT, extinction training is conducted in the same chamber that is now equipped with a different configuration of contextual stimuli. The CS+ and CS- are presented as before, but ethanol is withheld, which causes a gradual decline in port entries during the CS+. At test, rats are placed back into the PDT context and presented with the CS+ and CS- as before, but without ethanol. This manipulation triggers a robust and selective increase in the number of port entries made during the alcohol predictive CS+, with no change in responding during the CS-. This effect, referred to as context-induced renewal, illustrates the powerful capacity of contexts associated with alcohol consumption to stimulate alcohol-seeking behavior in response to Pavlovian alcohol cues.

A procedure to study the capacity of an alcohol associated environmental context to trigger the renewal of alcohol-seeking behavior in rats is described.

ラットにおけるパブロフ付きアルコール探索行動の状況誘発性のリニューアルを観察する手順

Environmental contexts in which drugs of abuse are consumed can trigger craving, a subjective Pavlovian-conditioned response that can facilitate ...

A Pressure Injection System for Investigating the Neuropharmacology of Information Processing in Awake Behaving Macaque Monkey Cortex

The top-down modulation of feed-forward cortical information processing is functionally important for many cognitive processes, including the modulation of sensory information processing by attention. However, little is known about which neurotransmitter systems are involved in such modulations. A practical way to address this question is to combine single-cell recording with local and temporary neuropharmacological manipulation in a suitable animal model. Here we demonstrate a technique combining acute single-cell recordings with the injection of neuropharmacological agents in the direct vicinity of the recording electrode. The video shows the preparation of the pressure injection/recording system, including preparation of the substance to be injected. We show a rhesus monkey performing a visual attention task and the procedure of single-unit recording with block-wise pharmacological manipulations.

Here, we show the pressure injection of neuropharmacological substances during single-cell recording in an awake, behaving macaque monkey. This procedure allows pharmacological manipulation in the direct vicinity of a cortical recording site.

目を覚まし振る舞うマカクザルのCortexに情報処理の神経薬理学の調査用圧力注入システム

The top-down modulation of feed-forward cortical information processing is functionally important for many cognitive processes, including the modulation ...

Psychophysical Tracking Method to Measure Taste Preferences in Children and Adults

The Monell two-series, forced-choice, paired-comparison tracking method provides a reliable measure of sweet taste preferences from childhood to adulthood. The method, which is identical for children, adolescents, and adults, is of short duration (&#60; 15 min), does not rely on sustained attention or place demands on memory (which would yield spurious age differences), and minimizes the impact of language development, making this method amenable to the cognitive limitations of pediatric populations. In this whole-mouth tasting method, subjects are asked to taste (without swallowing) pairs of solutions of different sucrose concentrations and to point to the solution they prefer. Each subsequent pair contains the participant&#39;s preceding preferred concentration and an adjacent stimulus concentration. The procedure continues until the subject chooses either a given concentration of sucrose when paired with both a higher and a lower concentration, or the highest or lowest concentration two consecutive times. Subjects are prevented from reaching response criteria on the basis of first or second position bias by the two-series design of the method, which counterbalances the order of solution presentation within each pair between the series (the weaker concentration is presented first in Series 1, second in Series 2). The geometric mean of the two sucrose concentrations chosen in Series 1 and 2 is an estimate of the participant&#39;s most preferred level of sucrose. Sucrose preference as determined with this laboratory-based measure has been shown to be associated with preference for sugars in foods and beverages and with taste receptor genotype, family history of alcoholism, and race/ethnicity, as well as depressive symptomatology among pediatric populations. The method has real-world relevance and has been applied to determine most preferred level of other tastes (e.g., salt), making it a valuable psychophysical tool.

Sweet taste has powerful hedonic appeal among people of all ages, particularly children. Described herein is a reliable and valid method that can be used to determine the level of sweetness most preferred, making it a valuable psychophysical tool for scientists.

子どもと大人で味の環境を測定するために心理物理追跡方法

The Monell two-series, forced-choice, paired-comparison tracking method provides a reliable measure of sweet taste preferences from childhood to ...

Investigating Motor Skill Learning Processes with a Robotic Manipulandum

Skilled reaching tasks are commonly used in studies of motor skill learning and motor function under healthy and pathological conditions, but can be time-intensive and ambiguous to quantify beyond simple success rates. Here, we describe the training procedure for reach-and-pull tasks with ETH Pattus, a robotic platform for automated forelimb reaching training that records pulling and hand rotation movements in rats. Kinematic quantification of the performed pulling attempts reveals the presence of distinct temporal profiles of movement parameters such as pulling velocity, spatial variability of the pulling trajectory, deviation from midline, as well as pulling success. We show how minor adjustments in the training paradigm result in alterations in these parameters, revealing their relation to task difficulty, general motor function or skilled task execution. Combined with electrophysiological, pharmacological and optogenetic techniques, this paradigm can be used to explore the mechanisms underlying motor learning and memory formation, as well as loss and recovery of function (e.g. after stroke).

A paradigm is presented for training and analysis of an automated skilled reaching task in rats. Analysis of pulling attempts reveals distinct subprocesses of motor learning.

ロボットマニピュランダムに運動スキルの学習過程を調査

Skilled reaching tasks are commonly used in studies of motor skill learning and motor function under healthy and pathological conditions, but can be ...

A Method to Test the Effect of Environmental Cues on Mating Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster

An individual's sexual drive is influenced by genotype, experience and environmental conditions. How these factors interact to modulate sexual behaviors remains poorly understood. In Drosophila melanogaster, environmental cues, such as food availability, affect mating activity offering a tractable system to investigate the mechanisms modulating sexual behavior. In D. melanogaster, environmental cues are often sensed via the chemosensory gustatory and olfactory systems. Here, we present a method to test the effect of environmental chemical cues on mating behavior. The assay consists of a small mating arena containing food medium and a mating couple. The mating frequency for each couple is continuously monitored for 24 h. Here we present the applicability of this assay to test environmental compounds from an external source through a pressurized air system as well as manipulation of the environmental components directly in the mating arena. The use of a pressurized air system is especially useful to test the effect of very volatile compounds, while manipulating components directly in the mating arena can be of value to ascertain a compound's presence. This assay can be adapted to answer questions about the influence of genetic and environmental cues on mating behavior and fecundity as well as other male and female reproductive behaviors.

A Method to Test the Effect of Environmental Cues on Mating Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster

We demonstrate an assay to analyze the environmental and genetic cues that influence mating behavior in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster.

環境内の交信が交配行動に及ぼす影響を調べる方法<em&gt;ショウジョウバエmelanogaster</em

An individual's sexual drive is influenced by genotype, experience and environmental conditions. How these factors interact to modulate sexual behaviors ...

A Behavioral Assay for Investigating the Role of Spatial Memory During Instinctive Defense in Mice

Evolution has selected a repertoire of defensive behaviors that are essential for survival across all animal species. These behaviors are often stereotyped actions elicited in response to innately aversive sensory stimuli, but their success requires enough flexibility for adapting to different spatial environments, which can change rapidly. Here, we describe a behavioral assay to evaluate the influence of learned spatial knowledge on defensive behaviors in mice. We have adapted the widely used Barnes maze spatial memory assay to investigate how mice navigate to a shelter during escape responses to innately aversive sensory stimuli in a novel environment, and how they adapt to acute changes in the environment. This new assay is an ethological paradigm that does not require training and exploits the natural exploration patterns and navigation strategies in mice. We propose that the set of protocols described here are a powerful means of studying goal-directed behaviors and stimulus-triggered navigation, which should be of interest to both the fields of instinctive behaviors and spatial memory.

This protocol describes a behavioral assay, based on the Barnes maze test, to study how instinctive defensive actions are modified by the knowledge of spatial environment.

マウスで本能的な防衛中に空間記憶の役割を調査するため行動分析

Evolution has selected a repertoire of defensive behaviors that are essential for survival across all animal species. These behaviors are often ...

A New Method for Inducing a Depression-Like Behavior in Rats

Contagious depression is a phenomenon that is yet to be fully recognized and this stems from insufficient material on the subject. At the moment, there is no existing format for studying the mechanism of action, prevention, containment, and treatment of contagious depression. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to establish the first animal model of contagious depression.
Healthy rats can contract depressive behaviors if exposed to depressed rats. Depression is induced in rats by subjecting them to several manipulations of chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) over 5 weeks, as described in the protocol. A successful sucrose preference test confirmed the development of depression in the rats. The CUS-exposed rats were then caged with na&#239;ve rats from the contagion group (1 na&#239;ve rat/2 depressed rats in a cage) for an additional 5 weeks. 30 social groups were created from the combination of CUS-exposed rats and na&#239;ve rats.
This proposed depression-contagion protocol in animals consists mainly of cohabiting CUS-exposed and healthy rats for 5 weeks. To ensure that this method works, a series of tests are carried out - first, the sucrose preference test upon inducing depression to rats, then, the sucrose preference test, alongside the open field and forced-swim tests at the end of the cohabitation period. Throughout the experiment, rats are given tags and are always returned to their cages after each test.
A few limitations to this method are the weak differences recorded between the experimental and control groups in the sucrose preference test and the irreversible traumatic outcome of the forced swim test. These may be worth considering for suitability before any future application of the protocol. Nonetheless, following the experiment, na&#239;ve rats developed contagion depression after 5 weeks of sharing the same cage with the CUS-exposed rats.

This protocol describes a new model by which healthy rats could contract depression over a given time periodthrough contagion by exposure to chronic unpredictable stressed (CUS) rats.

ラットにおけるうつ病のような動作を誘導する新しい方法

Contagious depression is a phenomenon that is yet to be fully recognized and this stems from insufficient material on the subject. At the moment, there is ...

ハト (コルンバ ・ リヴィア) における変化の見落とし現象を調査するためのメソッド

ハト (コルンバ・リヴィア) における変化の見落とし現象を調査するためのメソッド