We thank Dr. Tadashi Koyama for technical help. This work was supported in part by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers 23249045, 15K09211, 15K19172; a grant to the Respiratory Failure Research Group from the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan; a grant for research on allergic disease and immunology, Japan.

1.準備と文化肺上皮細胞の<ol><li> 10％ウシ胎児血清（FBS）、100 IU / mlペニシリン、および100μg/ mlストレプトマイシンを補充したダルベッコ改変イーグル培地（DMEM）中で培養A549ヒト肺上皮細胞（付着細胞株）。 </li><li>取り外し、廃棄し、細胞培養培地を培養皿から5で1回洗浄 - リン酸緩衝生理食塩水（PBS）10mlの。洗浄後、すぐにPBSを吸引。 </li><li> 3分間CO 2を 2 mlのトリプシン/エチレンジアミン四酢酸（EDTA）（0.05％）を添加し、37℃でインキュベートし、5％。 </li><li> 4分間室温でチューブは150×gで遠心分離、細胞培養培地を含む遠心管で剥離した細胞を収集します。 </li><li>細胞は、細胞培養培地2mlにペレット再懸濁し、細胞計数のためのサンプルを削除します。細胞生存率をチェックするためにトリパンブルー染色と血球計数器を用いて細胞数をカウントします。 </li><li>上のシードA549細胞0.5の密度で10cmのポリスチレンプレート-ゲル収縮アッセイ用培地10mlで1.0×10 6細胞/皿。 0.5の密度で6ウェルのポリスチレンプレート上の細胞をシード- 1.0×10 5細胞/ウェルとEMT確認のための培地2ml。 24時間37℃で細胞を、5％CO 2でインキュベートします。 </li></ol> 2. EMT手順<ol><li>ステップ1.6に播種ゲル収縮アッセイ用プレートにTGF-β1（5μg/ mlの）を10μlおよびTNF-αを10μl（10μg/ ml）を追加します。ステップ1.6に播種EMT確認用のプレートにTGF-β1（5μg/ mlの）2μlのとTNF-αの2μlの（10μg/ ml）を追加します。 37℃でインキュベートし、48時間、5％CO 2。 </li></ol> PCRとウエスタンブロッティングによるEMT手順の3.確認<ol><li>位相差顕微鏡を用いて処理した細胞の（石畳-等からのスピンドル形状に）形態の変化を確認してください。 注：ノームをアルA549細胞は、上皮細胞の特徴である敷石状や三角形の外観を持っていますが、TGF-β1及びTNF-αで刺激した後、細胞が長く表示され、スピンドルはそれが間葉系細胞14,15に似ている形。 </li><li>このようなE-カドヘリンなどの上皮マーカー、およびそのようなN-カドヘリン、ビメンチン、およびPCRまたはウェスタンブロット法を用いて、α平滑筋アクチンなどの間葉系マーカーの発現を評価します。 <ol><li> RNA抽出キット16を用いて細胞から全RNAを抽出し、製造業者のプロトコルに従って逆転写酵素17を用いてcDNAを合成します。 </li><li>リアルタイムPCRシステム18と製造業者の説明書に従って単量体シアニン色素PCRキットを用いてmRNAレベルの発現を測定します。 GAPDHに特異的なプライマー（グリセルアルデヒド-3-リン酸デヒドロゲナーゼ）、ACTA2（α-アクチン-2）、CDH1（E-カドヘリン-1、E-カドヘリン）、及びVIM（ビメンチン）を表1に示します。 </st&gt;栄。 </li><li>溶解する溶解緩衝液（ 表2）1％プロテアーゼ阻害剤カクテルを含む溶液を用いて細胞。タンパク質アッセイキット19,20を使用して、すべてのサンプルのタンパク質濃度を測定し、ポリアクリルアミドゲルへのタンパク質の同じ量を適用します。 <ol><li> SDSゲル電気泳動し、PVDF膜21へのタンパク質のセミドライトランスファーを行います。 2時間 - 1のためのブロッキング緩衝液中で一次抗体で膜をインキュベートします。インキュベーション後、洗浄緩衝液で2回、膜を洗浄し、二次抗体を有する膜で1時間インキュベートします。 注：これらの研究において使用される抗体および希釈液のためのマテリアル/機器の表を参照してください。ブロッキング緩衝液の構成要素については、 表2を参照してください。 </li><li>二回洗浄緩衝液で膜を洗浄します。冷たいCCDカメラ11,23を用いてウェスタンブロッティング検出キット22を有する膜の写真を撮ります。 </li></ol></li></ol></li></ol> 4。 EMTを評価するためのゲル収縮アッセイ<ol><li>細胞培養容器からの馴化培地を吸引し、5でよく洗う - 死んだ細胞を除去するためにPBSの10ミリリットル。洗浄後、すぐにPBSを吸引。 </li><li> 3分間CO 2を 0.05％トリプシン/ EDTAの2ミリリットルを加え、37℃でインキュベートし、5％。 </li><li> DMEMを150×gで4分間室温でトリプシンインヒビター（1mg / mlの）、遠心管をを補っ含む遠心チューブに剥離した細胞を収集します。 </li><li>蒸留水で1型コラーゲンゲルを混合し、DMEMを濃縮4×1.75 mg / mlでのコラーゲン濃度を達成するためにボリュームを調整するために、1×DMEM濃度。このステップの間に氷の上でのゲル媒体を保つようにしてください。 注：タイプ1コラーゲンゲル（3 mg / mlで）のほか3.5ミリリットルを混ぜ、ゲル培地の6ミリリットルを作成するには、4×1.5mlのDMEMを濃縮し、蒸留水1ミリリットル。 </li><li> 500μlのPBSで細胞ペレットを再懸濁し、細胞計数のためのサンプルを削除します。カウントトリパンブルー染色を用いて血球計数器を用いて細胞の数は、細胞生存率をチェックします。 </li><li>よく3.0×10 5細胞/（6.0×10 5細胞/ ml）の細胞密度を達成するために、ボリュームを調整し、穏やかに、しかしすぐにゲル化することなく、ピペットでそれを混合するためにゲル媒体を追加します。 </li><li>きちんとした円筒状の形を作るために迅速かつ慎重に、24ウェル、無処理プレートの各ウェルに混合物の0.5ミリリットルを分注します。任意の気泡がゲル（ 図1A）を汚染することを可能にしないように注意してください。 注：細胞を含むゲル培地は、粘性であり、容易に十分にゲル化し、フォームの三日月形することができます。 </li><li> 37℃の細胞インキュベーターで15分間プレートをインキュベートし、5％CO 2および95％湿度で完全にゲル化します。 </li><li> 1方向の周囲を描画する方法で滅菌スパチュラを移動することによって破壊することなく、プレートからゲルを外します。スパチュラを用いて、優しくを60mm組織培養皿にゲルを移しますTGF-β1を含むまたは含まないDMEM / 1％FBS（5ng / ml）およびTNF-α（10ng / mLの）の5 mlを含みます。 </li><li>ゆっくりゲルは媒体上に浮いていることを確認するために料理を振ります。 37℃、5％CO 2および95％湿度で、細胞インキュベーター中でインキュベートします。 </li></ol>ゲルサイズの5測定<ol><li>画像解析システムを用いて、0、24、48、及び72時間後のコラーゲンゲルの大きさを測定します。 <ol><li>ゲルドキュメンテーションシステム（ 図2A）をオンにし、遮光キャビネットに皿を置きます。そして、キャビネット内の皿の蓋を取ります。 </li><li>関連するゲル解​​析ソフトウェアを開きます。キャビネット内のゲルの画像を表示するには、メニューバーにある「画像取得ボタン」をクリックしてください。そして、ゲル（ 図2B）の写真を撮るために、メニューバーの「取得」をクリックします。 </li><li>メニューバー（ 図2C）で「検出ボタン」をクリックして、測定領域（黄色の円の私を調整マウスをドラッグすることによりn個図2C）。次に、メニューバーの「自動検出ボタン」をクリックします（ 図2Dでボタンを参照してください）。ソフトウェアは自動的にヒートマップ（ 図2D）を示すゲルを検出します。 </li><li>画像処理によりゲルの輪郭線を抽出し、アウトライン（ 図2E）で囲まれた領域を計算するために「OK」をクリックします。領域が計算された後、計算された領域は、別個のポップアップウィンドウに表示されています。 注：ゲルは、撮像中に重なる場合は、滅菌ピペットチップを用いて穏やかにゲルを移動します。 </li></ol></li></ol>

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B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Esophageal+epithelial+cells+acquire+functional+characteristics+of+activated+myofibroblasts+after+undergoing+an+epithelial+to+mesenchymal+transition.">Esophageal epithelial cells acquire functional characteristics of activated myofibroblasts after undergoing an epithelial to mesenchymal transition.</a> Experimental cell research. 330, 102-110 (2015).</li><li>Zhong, Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+endoplasmic+reticulum+stress+in+epithelial-mesenchymal+transition+of+alveolar+epithelial+cells:+effects+of+misfolded+surfactant+protein.">Role of endoplasmic reticulum stress in epithelial-mesenchymal transition of alveolar epithelial cells: effects of misfolded surfactant protein.</a> American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology. 45, 498-509 (2011).</li><li>Liu, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inflammatory+cytokines+augments+TGF-beta1-induced+epithelial-mesenchymal+transition+in+A549+cells+by+up-regulating+TbetaR-I.">Inflammatory cytokines augments TGF-beta1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in A549 cells by up-regulating TbetaR-I.</a> Cell motility and the cytoskeleton. 65, 935-944 (2008).</li></ol>

著者らは、開示する利害の競合がありません。

本研究で開発されたプロトコルは、2つのステップを含みます。最初のステップは、第二段階は、ゲル収縮アッセイがあるが、EMTを誘導するために行われます。それは、細胞がEMTを受けたことを確認することが重要であるので、ステップ2は、形態学的および遺伝子発現の変化に優れた補数を提供します。以前の研究は、A549細胞のEMTは、TGF-β1のみ24によって誘導されたことを示しまし?...

線維症は、間質性肺疾患、心臓線維症、肝硬変、末期腎不全、全身性硬化症、および自己免疫疾患の1のような種々の慢性進行性疾患の病因に関与しています。間質性肺炎のうち、特発性肺線維症（IPF）は慢性進行性疾患であり、予後不良を示しています。 IPFの病理学的特徴は予後と関連している活性化された線維芽細胞および筋線維芽細胞からなる線維芽細胞巣の開発です。このような肺の線維芽細胞の起源は、もともと常駐肺線維芽細胞及び骨髄から循環する線維細胞を含むいくつかの間葉系細胞に由来することが提案されています。最近、上皮間葉移行（EMT）は、間葉細胞2の形成に関連することが提案されている、および線維性疾患の病因に貢献します。 これは、と考えられているEMTは、腫瘍の浸潤および転移3を含む胎児の発育、創傷治癒、および癌の進行の過程で重要な役割を果たしています。 EMTのプロセスに続いて、上皮細胞は、E-カドヘリンなどの上皮マーカーの損失により、間葉系細胞の能力を取得し、そのようなビメンチンのような間葉マーカー、およびα平滑筋アクチン（SMA）4,5の発現による。以前の研究は、EMTプロセスは腎臓6および肺7における組織線維症の発症に関連しているという証拠を示しました。さらに、慢性炎症は、線維性疾患8を促進します 。さらに、腫瘍壊死因子スーパーファミリーメンバー14（TNFSF14、LIGHT）などの炎症性サイトカイン、腫瘍壊死因子（TNF）-α、インターロイキン1βは、EMT 9-12を増強することが示されています。 コラーゲンゲル収縮アッセイ線維芽細胞は、I型に埋め込まれたコラーゲンベースの細胞収縮アッセイコラーゲンゲル三次元、収縮性を評価するためのインビトロモデルにおける理想的です。収縮は、線維芽細胞の特徴的な機能の一つであり、正常な創傷修復および線維症13に貢献しています。このアッセイでは、線維芽細胞の付着は、いくつかの条件の下で機械的張力を生成することになっている私はインテグリン依存性のメカニズムを介して型コラーゲン、その結果、組織の収縮につながると考えられています。 ここで、ゲル収縮アッセイの開発は、EMTを受けた細胞における収縮機能の獲得を評価するように適合されることが報告されています。このレポートには、この修正されたアッセイは、EMTを経た間葉細胞で収縮性を評価するのに適していることを示しています。

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			<td>1:3000 dilution</td>
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			<td style="width:119px;">#5741</td>
			<td>1:3000 dilution</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Anti-&#945;-Tubulin antibody</td>
			<td style="width:96px;">sigma aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">T9026</td>
			<td>1:10000 dilution</td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Monoclonal Anti-Actin, &#945;-Smooth Muscle antibody&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:96px;">sigma aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A5228</td>
			<td>1:10000 dilution</td>
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			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Anti-N-cadherin antibody</td>
			<td style="width:96px;">BD Transduction Laboratories</td>
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			<td>1:1000 dilution</td>
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			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Anti-Mouse IgG, HRP-Linked Whole Ab Sheep (secondary antibody)</td>
			<td style="width:96px;">GE Healthcare</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">NA931-100UL</td>
			<td>1:20000 dilution</td>
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		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Anti-Rabbit IgG, HRP-Linked Whole Ab Donkey (secondary antibody)</td>
			<td style="width:96px;">GE Healthcare</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">NA934-100UL</td>
			<td>1:20000 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">blocking reagent</td>
			<td style="width:96px;">GE Healthcare</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">RPN418</td>
			<td>2% in TBS-T</td>
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		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">6 Well Clear Flat Bottom TC-Treated Multiwell Cell Culture Plate, with Lid</td>
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			<td style="width:119px;">#353046</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">100 mm cell culture dish</td>
			<td style="width:96px;">TPP</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">#93100</td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">DMEM, powder</td>
			<td style="width:96px;">life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">12100-046</td>
			<td>For 4&#215;DMEM</td>
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		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">type 1 collagen gel</td>
			<td style="width:96px;">Nitta gelatin</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Cellmatrix type I-A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">24 well cell culture plate</td>
			<td style="width:96px;">AGC TECHNO GLASS</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1820-024</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Gel Documentation System&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:96px;">ATTO</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">AE-6911FXN</td>
			<td>Gel imager</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">gel analyzing software</td>
			<td style="width:96px;">ATTO</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Densitograph, ver. 3.00</td>
			<td>analysing software bundled with AE-6911FXN</td>
		</tr>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Trypsin-EDTA (0.05%), phenol red</td>
			<td style="width:96px;">life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">25300054</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">24 Well Plates, Non-Treated</td>
			<td style="width:96px;">IWAKI</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1820-024</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Trypan Blue Solution, 0.4%</td>
			<td style="width:96px;">life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15250-061</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">RNA extraction kit</td>
			<td style="width:96px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">74106</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">reverse transcriptase</td>
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			<td style="width:119px;">18080044</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">real time PCR system</td>
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			<td style="width:119px;">Mx-3000P</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">SYBR green PCR kit</td>
			<td style="width:96px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">204145</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Protease Inhibitor Cocktail (100X)</td>
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			<td style="width:119px;">78429</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">PVDF membrane</td>
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			<td style="width:119px;">2392390</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">protein assay kit</td>
			<td style="width:96px;">bio-rad</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">5000006JA&#160;</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">polyacrylamide gel</td>
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			<td style="width:119px;">2331810</td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">western blotting detection reagent</td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">cold CCD camera</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Trypsin inhibitor</td>
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			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Polyoxyethylene (20)Sorbitan Monolaurate</td>
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			<td style="width:119px;">163-11512</td>
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			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">polyoxyethylene (9) octyiphenyl ether</td>
			<td style="width:96px;">Wako Laboratory chemicals</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">141-08321</td>
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development of an in vitro assay to evaluate contractile function of mesenchymal cells that underwent epithelial-mesenchymal transition

Fibrosis is often involved in the pathogenesis of various chronic progressive diseases such as interstitial pulmonary disease. Pathological hallmark is the formation of fibroblastic foci, which is associated with the disease severity. Mesenchymal cells consisting of the fibroblastic foci are proposed to be derived from several cell sources, including originally resident intrapulmonary fibroblasts and circulating fibrocytes from bone marrow. Recently, mesenchymal cells that underwent epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) have been also supposed to contribute to the pathogenesis of fibrosis. In addition, EMT can be induced by transforming growth factor &#946;, and EMT can be enhanced by pro-inflammatory cytokines like tumor necrosis factor &#945;. The gel contraction assay is an ideal in vitro model for the evaluation of contractility, which is one of the characteristic functions of fibroblasts and contributes to wound repair and fibrosis. Here, the development of a gel contraction assay is demonstrated for evaluating contractile ability of mesenchymal cells that underwent EMT.

EMTの間に、上皮細胞は、E-カドヘリンなどの上皮マーカーを失い、そのようなビメンチンおよびα平滑筋アクチン4,5などの間葉系マーカーの発現を得ることができます。 TGF-β1及びTNF-αとのA549ヒト肺上皮細胞のインキュベーションは、EMTを誘導します。通常のA549細胞の出現は、上皮細胞（ 図3A）の特徴である形状や三角形のような石畳ですが、TGF...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Development of an In Vitro Assay to Evaluate Contractile Function of Mesenchymal Cells that Underwent Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition at JoVE.com

Development of an In Vitro Assay to Evaluate Contractile Function of Mesenchymal Cells that Underwent Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition

Here, we describe the development and application of a gel contraction assay for evaluating contractile function in mesenchymal cells that underwent epithelial-mesenchymal transition.

開発<em&gt;インビトロ</em&gt;アッセイは、間葉細胞受けた上皮間葉移行の収縮機能を評価します

Fibrosis is often involved in the pathogenesis of various chronic progressive diseases such as interstitial pulmonary disease. Pathological hallmark is ...

development-an-vitro-assay-to-evaluate-contractile-function

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Development of an In Vitro Assay to Evaluate Contractile Function of Mesenchymal Cells that Underwent Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition

12.1K ビュー.  The University of Tokyo Hospital. Here, we describe the development and application of a gel contraction assay for evaluating contractile function in mesenchymal cells that underwent epithelial-mesenchymal transition.

ビデオ: Development of an In Vitro Assay to Evaluate Contractile Function of Mesenchymal Cells that Underwent Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition

An Enzymatic Method to Rescue Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Clotted Bone Marrow Samples

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) - usually obtained from bone marrow - often require expansion culture. Our protocol uses clinical grade urokinase to degrade clots in the bone marrow and release MSCs for further use. This protocol provides a rapid and inexpensive alternative to bone marrow resampling. Bone marrow is a major source of MSCs, which are interesting for tissue engineering and autologous stem cell therapies. Upon withdrawal bone marrow may clot, as it comprises all of the hematopoietic system. The resulting clots contain also MSCs that are lost for expansion culture or direct stem cell therapy. We experienced that 74% of canine bone marrow samples contained clots and yielded less than half of the stem cell number expected from unclotted samples. Thus, we developed a protocol for enzymatic digestion of those clots to avoid labor-intense and costly bone marrow resampling. Urokinase - a clinically approved and readily available thrombolytic drug &#8211; clears away the bone marrow clots almost completely. As a consequence, treated bone marrow aspirates yield similar numbers of MSCs as unclotted samples. Also, after urokinase treatment the cells kept their metabolic activity and the ability to differentiate into chondrogenic, osteogenic and adipogenic lineages. Our protocol salvages clotted blood and bone marrow samples without affecting the quality of the cells. This obsoletes resampling, considerably reduces sampling costs and enables the use of clotted samples for research or therapy.

Mesenchymal stem cells are usually obtained from bone marrow and require expansion culture. When samples clot before processing, a protocol using the (enzymatic) thrombolytic drug urokinase can be applied to degrade the clot. Thus, cells are released and available for expansion culture. This protocol provides a rapid and inexpensive alternative to resampling.

酵素法は、凝固した骨髄試料からの間葉系幹細胞を救出する

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) - usually obtained from bone marrow - often require expansion culture. Our protocol uses clinical grade urokinase to degrade ...

発生生物学

In Vitro and In Vivo Models to Study Corneal Endothelial-mesenchymal Transition

Corneal endothelial cells (CECs) play a crucial role in maintaining corneal clarity through active pumping. A reduced CEC count may lead to corneal edema and diminished visual acuity. However, human CECs are prone to compromised proliferative potential. Furthermore, stimulation of cell growth is often complicated by gradual endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EnMT). Therefore, understanding the mechanism of EnMT is necessary for facilitating the regeneration of CECs with competent function. In this study, we prepared a primary culture of bovine CECs by peeling the CECs with Descemet's membrane from the corneal button and demonstrated that bovine CECs exhibited the EnMT process, including phenotypic change, nuclear translocation of &#946;-catenin, and EMT regulators snail and slug, in the in vitro culture. Furthermore, we used a rat corneal endothelium cryoinjury model to demonstrate the EnMT process in vivo. Collectively, the in vitro primary culture of bovine CECs and in vivo rat corneal endothelium cryoinjury models offers useful platforms for investigating the mechanism of EnMT.

In Vitro and In Vivo Models to Study Corneal Endothelial-mesenchymal Transition

A primary culture of bovine corneal endothelial cells was used to investigate the mechanism of corneal endothelial-mesenchymal transition. Furthermore, a rat corneal endothelium cryoinjury model was used to demonstrate corneal endothelial-mesenchymal transition in vivo.

in vitroおよびin vivoモデルで角膜内皮間葉転換を研究します

Corneal endothelial cells (CECs) play a crucial role in maintaining corneal clarity through active pumping. A reduced CEC count may lead to corneal edema ...

Isolation of Mouse Endometrial Epithelial and Stromal Cells for In Vitro Decidualization

Decidualization is a progesterone-dependent differentiation process of endometrial stromal cells and is a prerequisite for successful embryo implantation. Although many efforts have been made to reveal the underlying mechanisms of decidualization, the exact signaling between the epithelial cells that are in contact with the embryo and the underlying stromal cells remains poorly understood. Therefore, studying decidualization in a way that takes both the epithelial and stromal cells into account could improve our knowledge about the molecular details of decidualization. For this purpose, in vivo models of artificial decidualization are physiologically the most relevant; however, manipulation of intercellular communication is limited. Currently, in vitro cultures of endometrial stromal cells are being used to investigate the modulation of decidualization by several signaling molecules. Conventionally, human or mouse endometrial stromal cells are used. However, the availability of human samples is very often limited. Furthermore, the use of murine tissues is accompanied with variety in the method of culturing. This study presents a validated and standardized method to obtain pure Endometrial Epithelial Cell (EEC) and Stromal Cell (ESC) cultures using adult intact mice treated with estrogen for three consecutive days. The protocol is optimized to improve the yield, viability, and purity of the cells and was further extended in order to study decidualization in a coculture of EEC and ESC. This model may be suitable to exploit the importance of both cell types in decidualization and to evaluate the contribution of significant signaling molecules secreted by EEC or ESC during the intercellular communication.

Isolation of Mouse Endometrial Epithelial and Stromal Cells for In Vitro Decidualization

This study presents a standardized and validated method for the isolation and culture of primary mouse endometrial stromal and epithelial cells, which can be used in a coculture system to study in vitro decidualization.

マウス子宮内膜上皮と間質細胞の単離のために<em&gt;インビトロ</em&gt;脱落膜化

Decidualization is a progesterone-dependent differentiation process of endometrial stromal cells and is a prerequisite for successful embryo implantation. ...

In Vitro Growth of Mouse Preantral Follicles Under Simulated Microgravity

14 day-old mouse ovarian tissue and preantral follicles isolated from same-aged mice were incubated in a simulated microgravity culture system. We quantitatively assessed follicle survival, measured follicle and oocyte diameters, and examined ultrastructure of the oocytes produced from the system. We observed decreased follicle survival, downregulation of expressions of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and growth differentiation factor 9, as indicators for the development of granulosa cells and oocytes, respectively, and oocyte ultrastructural abnormalities under the simulated microgravity condition. The simulated microgravity experimental setup needs to be optimized to provide a model for investigation of the mechanisms involved in the oocyte/follicle in vitro development.

In Vitro Growth of Mouse Preantral Follicles Under Simulated Microgravity

A highly promising technique to generate tissue constructs without using matrix is to culture cells in a simulated microgravity condition. Using a rotary culture system, we examined ovarian follicle growth and oocyte maturation in terms of follicle survival, morphology, growth, and oocyte function under the simulated microgravity condition.

体外模擬微小重力下でのマウス前胞状卵胞の成長

14 day-old mouse ovarian tissue and preantral follicles isolated from same-aged mice were incubated in a simulated microgravity culture system. We ...

In Vitro Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Functional Cardiomyocyte-like Cells

Myocardial infarction and the subsequent ischemic cascade result in the extensive loss of cardiomyocytes, leading to congestive heart failure, the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a promising option for cell-based therapies to replace current, invasive techniques. MSCs can differentiate into mesenchymal lineages, including cardiac cell types, but complete differentiation into functional cells has not yet been achieved. Previous methods of differentiation were based on pharmacological agents or growth factors. However, more physiologically relevant strategies can also enable MSCs to undergo cardiomyogenic transformation. Here, we present a differentiation method using MSC aggregates on cardiomyocyte feeder layers to produce cardiomyocyte-like contracting cells.
Human umbilical cord perivascular cells (HUCPVCs) have been shown to have a greater differentiation potential than commonly investigated MSC types, such as bone marrow MSCs (BMSCs). As an ontogenetically younger source, we investigated the cardiomyogenic potential of first-trimester (FTM) HUCPVCs compared to older sources. FTM HUCPVCs are a novel, rich source of MSCs that retain their in utero immunoprivileged properties when cultured in vitro. Using this differentiation protocol, FTM and term HUCPVCs achieved significantly increased cardiomyogenic differentiation compared to BMSCs, as indicated by the increased expression of cardiomyocyte markers (i.e., myocyte enhancer factor 2C, cardiac troponin T, heavy chain cardiac myosin, signal regulatory protein &#945;, and connexin 43). They also maintained significantly lower immunogenicity, as demonstrated by their lower HLA-A expression and higher HLA-G expression. Applying aggregate-based differentiation, FTM HUCPVCs showed increased aggregate formation potential and generated contracting cells clusters within 1 week of co-culture on cardiac feeder layers, becoming the first MSC type to do so. 
Our results demonstrate that this differentiation strategy can effectively harness the cardiomyogenic potential of young MSCs, such as FTM HUCPVCs, and suggests that in vitro pre-differentiation could be a potential strategy to increase their regenerative efficacy in vivo.

In Vitro Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Functional Cardiomyocyte-like Cells

Here, we present a method to efficiently harness the cardiac differentiation potential of young sources of human mesenchymal stem cells in order to generate functional, contracting, cardiomyocyte-like cells in vitro.

体外ヒト間葉系幹細胞の心筋細胞のような細胞への分化

Myocardial infarction and the subsequent ischemic cascade result in the extensive loss of cardiomyocytes, leading to congestive heart failure, the leading ...

The Aortic Ring Co-culture Assay: A Convenient Tool to Assess the Angiogenic Potential of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells In Vitro

Angiogenesis is a complex, highly regulated process responsible for providing and maintaining adequate tissue perfusion. Insufficient vasculature maintenance and pathological malformations can result in severe ischemic diseases, while overly abundant vascular development is associated with cancer and inflammatory disorders. A promising form of pro-angiogenic therapy is the use of angiogenic cell sources, which can provide regulatory factors as well as physical support for newly developing vasculature.
Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs) are extensively investigated candidates for vascular regeneration due to their paracrine effects and their ability to detect and home to ischemic or inflamed tissues. In particular, first trimester human umbilical cord perivascular cells (FTM HUCPVCs) are a highly promising candidate due to their pericyte-like properties, high proliferative and multilineage potential, immune-privileged properties, and robust paracrine profile. To effectively evaluate potentially angiogenic regenerative cells, it is a requisite to test them in reliable and &#34;translatable&#34; pre-clinical assays. The aortic ring assay is an ex vivo angiogenesis model that allows for easy quantification of tubular endothelial structures, provides accessory supportive cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) from the host, excludes inflammatory components, and is fast and inexpensive to set up. This is advantageous when compared to in vivo models (e.g., corneal assay, Matrigel plug assay); the aortic ring assay can track the administered cells and observe intercellular interactions while avoiding xeno-immune rejection.
We present a protocol for a novel application of the aortic ring assay, which includes human MSCs in co-cultures with developing rat aortic endothelial networks. This assay allows for the analysis of the MSC contribution to tube formation and development through physical pericyte-like interactions and of their potency for actively migrating to sites of angiogenesis, and for evaluating their ability to perform and mediate ECM processing. This protocol provides further information on changes in MSC phenotype and gene expression following co-culture.

The Aortic Ring Co-culture Assay: A Convenient Tool to Assess the Angiogenic Potential of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells In Vitro

Here, we present a novel application of the aortic ring assay where prelabelled mesenchymal cells are co-cultured with rat aorta-derived endothelial networks. This novel method allows visualization of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs) homing and integration with endothelial networks, quantification of network properties, and evaluation of MSC immunophenotypes and gene expression.

大動脈リング共培養アッセイ:体外間葉系間質細胞の血管新生の可能性を評価するために便利なツール

Angiogenesis is a complex, highly regulated process responsible for providing and maintaining adequate tissue perfusion. Insufficient vasculature ...

Development of an In Vitro Assay to Quantitate Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells (HSPCs) in Developing Zebrafish Embryos

Hematopoiesis is an essential cellular process in which hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) differentiate into the multitude of different cell lineages that comprise mature blood. Isolation and identification of these HSPCs is difficult because they are defined ex post facto; they can only be defined after their differentiation into specific cell lineages. Over the past few decades, the zebrafish (Danio rerio) has become a model organism to study hematopoiesis. Zebrafish embryos develop ex utero, and by 48 h post-fertilization (hpf) have generated definitive HSPCs. Assays to assess HSPC differentiation and proliferation capabilities have been developed, utilizing transplantation and subsequent reconstitution of the hematopoietic system in addition to visualizing specialized transgenic lines with confocal microscopy. However, these assays are cost prohibitive, technically difficult, and time consuming for many laboratories. Development of an in vitro model to assess HSPCs would be cost effective, quicker, and present fewer difficulties compared to previously described methods, allowing laboratories to quickly assess mutagenesis and drug screens that affect HSPC biology. This novel in vitro assay to assess HSPCs is performed by plating dissociated whole zebrafish embryos and adding exogenous factors that promote only HSPC differentiation and proliferation. Embryos are dissociated into single cells and plated with HSPC-supportive colony stimulating factors that cause them to generate colony forming units (CFUs) that arise from a single progenitor cell. These assays should allow more careful examination of the molecular pathways responsible for HSPC proliferation, differentiation, and regulation, which will allow researchers to understand the underpinnings of vertebrate hematopoiesis and its dysregulation during disease.

Development of an In Vitro Assay to Quantitate Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells HSPCs in Developing Zebrafish Embryos

Here, we present a simple method to quantitate hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) in embryonic zebrafish. HSPCs from dissociated zebrafish are plated in methylcellulose with supportive factors, differentiating into mature blood. This allows the detection of blood defects and allows drug screening to be easily conducted.

ゼブラフィッシュ初期胚細胞 (HSPCs) を造血幹・前駆細胞の量的にIn Vitroアッセイの開発

Hematopoiesis is an essential cellular process in which hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) differentiate into the multitude of different cell ...

Computational Analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans Germline to Study the Distribution of Nuclei, Proteins, and the Cytoskeleton

The Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) germline is used to study several biologically important processes including stem cell development, apoptosis, and chromosome dynamics. While the germline is an excellent model, the analysis is often two dimensional due to the time and labor required for three-dimensional analysis. Major readouts in such studies are the number/position of nuclei and protein distribution within the germline. Here, we present a method to perform automated analysis of the germline using confocal microscopy and computational approaches to determine the number and position of nuclei in each region of the germline. Our method also analyzes germline protein distribution that enables the three-dimensional examination of protein expression in different genetic backgrounds. Further, our study shows variations in cytoskeletal architecture in distinct regions of the germline that may accommodate specific spatial developmental requirements. Finally, our method enables automated counting of the sperm in the spermatheca of each germline. Taken together, our method enables rapid and reproducible phenotypic analysis of the C. elegans germline.

Computational Analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans Germline to Study the Distribution of Nuclei, Proteins, and the Cytoskeleton

We present an automated method for three-dimensional reconstruction of the Caenorhabditis elegans germline. Our method determines the number and position of each nucleus within the germline and analyses germline protein distribution and cytoskeletal structure.

核の分布、蛋白質および細胞骨格を研究する線虫生殖細胞の解析

The Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) germline is used to study several biologically important processes including stem cell development, apoptosis, and ...

In Vitro Generation of Somite Derivatives from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

In response to signals such as WNTs, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), and sonic hedgehog (SHH) secreted from surrounding tissues, somites (SMs) give rise to multiple cell types, including the myotome (MYO), sclerotome (SCL), dermatome (D), and syndetome (SYN), which in turn develop into skeletal muscle, axial skeleton, dorsal dermis, and axial tendon/ligament, respectively. Therefore, the generation of SMs and their derivatives from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is critical to obtain pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) for application in regenerative medicine and for disease research in the field of orthopedic surgery. Although the induction protocols for MYO and SCL from PSCs have been previously reported by several researchers, no study has yet demonstrated the induction of SYN and D from iPSCs. Therefore, efficient induction of fully competent SMs remains a major challenge. Here, we recapitulate human SM patterning with human iPSCs in vitro by mimicking the signaling environment during chick/mouse SM development, and report on methods of systematic induction of SM derivatives (MYO, SCL, D, and SYN) from human iPSCs under chemically defined conditions through the presomitic mesoderm (PSM) and SM states. Knowledge regarding chick/mouse&#160;SM development was successfully applied to the induction of SMs with human iPSCs. This method could be a novel tool for studying human somitogenesis and patterning without the use of embryos and for cell-based therapy and disease modeling.

We present here a protocol for the differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells into each somite derivative (myotome, sclerotome, dermatome, and syndetome) in chemically defined conditions, which has applications in future disease modeling and cell-based therapies in orthopedic surgery.

体節誘導体誘導される人間からの体外世代多能性幹細胞します。

In response to signals such as WNTs, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), and sonic hedgehog (SHH) secreted from surrounding tissues, somites (SMs) give ...

Assessment of Oxidative Damage in the Primary Mouse Ocular Surface Cells/Stem Cells in Response to Ultraviolet-C (UV-C) Damage

The ocular surface is subjected to regular wear and tear due to various environmental factors. Exposure to UV-C radiation constitutes an occupational health hazard. Here, we demonstrate the exposure of primary stem cells from the mouse ocular surface to UV-C radiation. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation is the readout of the extent of oxidative stress/damage. In an experimental in vitro setting, it is also essential to assess the percentage of dead cells generated due to oxidative stress. In this article, we will demonstrate the 2&#39;,7&#39;-Dichlorofluoresceindiacetate (DCFDA) staining of UV-C exposed mouse primary ocular surface stem cells and their quantification based on the fluorescent images of DCFDA staining. DCFDA staining directly corresponds to ROS generation. We also demonstrate the quantification of dead and live cells by simultaneous staining with propidium iodide (PI) and Hoechst 3332 respectively and the percentage of DCFDA (ROS positive) and PI positive cells.

Assessment of Oxidative Damage in the Primary Mouse Ocular Surface Cells/Stem Cells in Response to Ultraviolet-C UV-C Damage

This protocol demonstrates the simultaneous detection of reactive oxygen species (ROS), live cells, and dead cells in live primary cultures from mouse ocular surface cells. 2&#39;,7&#39;-Dichlorofluoresceindiacetate, propidium iodide, and Hoechst staining are used to assess the ROS, dead cells, and live cells, respectively, followed by imaging and analysis.

紫外C(UV-C)損傷に対する主なマウス眼表面細胞/幹細胞における酸化的損傷の評価

The ocular surface is subjected to regular wear and tear due to various environmental factors. Exposure to UV-C radiation constitutes an occupational ...