The research and development leading to the above described vibration test was funded by the European Research Council (ERC, ADG 294678) and the German Research Council (grant, SFB665). Thanks go to the Max-Delbr&#252;ck-Center technical and support staff, Mr. R. Fischer, B. Neumann, and Mr. M. Pflaume, who provided invaluable assistance with the project.

测试方案经至Charité-Universitätsmedizin伦理委员会。 1.振动检测阈值（VDT） <ol><li>设备和测试协议组装 - 预测试<ol><li>根据图1A装配该装置的组件。放置一个表面光滑的板英寸（40厘米×80厘米）上的表。将主板上的黄铜棒。 </li><li>连接压电致动器（振动激励器）到控制器单元。 </li><li>连接响应箱和监视器装置的数据采集系统（见补充代码文件）。 </li><li>数据采集​​系统连接到计算机（或膝上型计算机），以及压电致动器控制器单元。 </li><li>螺丝定做刺激探针到压电致动器的运动部分（用于探针的细节见材料 ）。 </li><li>安装压电致动器与平衡黄铜条上的探针。 </li></ol></li><li>测试协议<ol><li>脚本测试协议实现两个间隔强迫选择和转换规则的上下方法。见补充代码文件的脚本的轮廓。 </li><li>构建振动刺激的波形为正弦波，并指定刺激时间，上升和下降的特点。 <ol><li>开放式软件（ 如 LabChart）。选择设置&gt;刺激。 </li><li>选择一个自定义波形和配置选项的刺激。创建2个属于每个间隔（STIM1和STIM2）刺激波。 注意:波形STIM1是由3部分组成:4秒的延迟，接着是正弦波1.8秒和1.8秒（无刺激）的延迟。波形STIM 2由三部分组成:4秒的延迟，接着1.8秒（无刺激）的延迟，和通过1.8秒的正弦波。 </li><li>为正弦波形，创建用于频率和幅度新可变参数。 MODIFŸ通过输入以下功能的兴衰正弦波功能。 上升的波形:（1-E -bt）∙幅度∙正弦（频率），B = 9.1 秋季波形:（E -bt）∙幅度∙正弦（频率），B = 9.1 </li><li>在实验室图表的数据面板，创建一套属于振动刺激的35幅强度（或级别）35电压输出。 见表1。 </li></ol></li><li>设置在测试过程中的宏脚本测试振动频率振动刺激的开始/默认振幅（见补充代码文件部分）。 </li></ol></li><li>编制和学科培训 - 测试环节<ol><li>通知考试科目有关的测试程序，并让他们签署书面同意书。为了保证匿名性和满足数据保护需求，分配给每个参与者一个号码。 </li><li>座位舒适科目在20-30℃之间一个安静的房间。指导他们关于测试以简单明了的方式，使主体知道在测试期间会发生什么。 </li><li>将板上的受检者手臂。垫小指医疗面团，以尽量减少运动。放置在板上的黄铜棒与探针定位在测试手只是甲床下方的小指。确保探头与皮肤之间的适当接触并调整探针的位置，以利用水位水平位置。避免与圆平头的边缘皮肤接触。 注意:这确保了探头的平坦表面施加大约30克（0.3 N），在皮肤表面。锋利的边缘可能会导致降低检测阈值。在黄铜棒的重质量阻止从周围到设备分心振荡的传输并减少所施加的正弦波的耗散。 </li><li>在测试之前，得到的参与者Ş熟悉了设置。根据不同的测试频率，本既容易（级23）和一个硬（等级7），以通过改变振幅感知振动刺激直到受试者感觉到的振动，以确保所述的实验步骤被理解。 </li><li>如果有必要，重新开始（默认）振幅所选择的频率，使拍摄者很容易发现的刺激时，测试协议开始（参见1.2.3）。 </li><li>尽量减少在测试过程中主体与考官之间的相互作用。 </li><li>通过运行使用两个替代强迫选择过程与上下自适应方法22的脚本开始测试。 注:操作在1.3.7-1.3.12由程序脚本自动化。 </li><li>在每个试验中，即在视觉上指示所述测试受试者为"1"和"2"上的显示器（ 图1B）的屏幕上的两个区间中的一个中随机地管理一个振动刺激。有主题指示如果第一或第二顺序间隔按两个按钮"1"或对响应框"2"一包含在振动刺激。让主体进行推测，如果提出的刺激时，他或她不肯定。 注:强迫选择技术需要即使在不感知的振动受试者响应。 </li><li>在一个试验系列中，它由6至最多9单一试验中，重复相同的振动刺激在一个幅度电平连续的至少六倍。如果回答是正确的，减少对后来的审判系列刺激强度水平（下降规则）。 </li><li>基于自适应方法（在脚本逻辑运算符）的决策规则，授予受更多的试验相同的刺激强度，如果这个问题使得审判一系列错误。降低刺激强度如果刺激是在至少5次试验正确识别，并错误地在不到2试验。 </li><li>加大刺激水平，如果这个问题使得审判系列2不正确的反应;或一个以上的不正确的响应和少于5个的正确反应。 </li><li>记录在刺激强度的方向上的变化，作为换向点。根据反转点编号更改刺激强度:前4强度等级第三反转点;在2强度等级第三反转点; 1级其他（更多细节见补充代码文件和图4B）。 </li><li>结束测试时，完成主题共8逆转。 </li><li>通过采取最后6逆转的刺激振幅值的中值计算的VDT危害。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2.触觉敏锐的空间试验<ol><li>确定与使用触觉敏锐立方（TAC）两替代被迫选择光栅定位测试触觉敏锐度。交谘会由6个面各含光栅（巴和凹槽），其宽度为0.75毫米，1.25毫米，1.75毫米，3.0毫米，4.5毫米，和6.0毫米。 </li><li>座椅主体在温度20-30℃，并指示在任务间安静的房间。 </li><li>在实验期间，眼罩使用屏蔽眼镜的测试对象。将优势手与手掌面朝上的表。 </li><li>对准手指的长轴垂直（平行方向）或水平（横方向）:在每个试验中，两个光栅方向之一申请交到手指垫。随机选择每次试验光栅方向的顺序。 </li><li>应用TAC的光栅2秒至食指的指垫，以使立方体施加在手指（231 G）其全部重量。避免按下TAC的指垫。 </li><li>询问受试者以确定对准的取向的立方体从他们的手指移除。 </li><li>避免参与者的网络运动手指，因为它可能提供一个球杆的方向。丢弃试用如果实验者感测手指已经移动。 注意:要注意的是小手指的动作可能不是由于该过程实验者来检测。 </li><li>采用在楼梯算法两向下和一个向上自适应方法。 </li><li>先从最大的光栅，6.0毫米。 </li><li>经过两次正确识别方向（正确反应）的降低光栅宽度。 </li><li>测试下，较小的宽度和步进规则继续下去，直到这个问题做了不正确的响应，并记录光栅宽度为反转点。 </li><li>再次增加光栅宽度逐步直到宽度的两个方向被再次正确地确定。 </li><li>完十三逆转完成后测试。 </li><li>通过采取最后10反向的光栅宽度的中值计算触觉光栅取向的阈值。 </li></ol>

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Neurosci. 23 (8), 3439-3445 (2003).</li><li>Peters, R. M., Goldreich, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tactile+Spatial+Acuity+in+Childhood:+Effects+of+Age+and+Fingertip+Size.">Tactile Spatial Acuity in Childhood: Effects of Age and Fingertip Size.</a> PLoS One. 8 (12), (2013).</li><li>Tong, J., Mao, O., Goldreich, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Two-point+orientation+discrimination+versus+the+traditional+two-point+test+for+tactile+spatial+acuity+assessment.">Two-point orientation discrimination versus the traditional two-point test for tactile spatial acuity assessment.</a> Front Hum Neurosci. 7, 579 (2013).</li><li>Goldreich, D., Wong, M., Peters, R. M., Kanics, I. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Tactile+Automated+Passive-Finger+Stimulator+(TAPS).">A Tactile Automated Passive-Finger Stimulator (TAPS).</a> J Vis Exp. (28), (2009).</li><li>Coste, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Piezo+proteins+are+pore-forming+subunits+of+mechanically+activated+channels.">Piezo proteins are pore-forming subunits of mechanically activated channels.</a> Nature. 483 (7388), 176-181 (2012).</li><li>Martinez-Salgado, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stomatin+and+Sensory+Neuron+Mechanotransduction.">Stomatin and Sensory Neuron Mechanotransduction.</a> J Neurophysiol. 98 (6), 3802-3808 (2007).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

用于评估VDT的技术变化，以设备的规格，硬件和测试协议。国际标准化组织指定的方法和程序来分析和解释振动触觉阈值包括一个振动计的各种部件的建议（ISO 13091-1和2 26,27）所描述的测试系统遵守用于测试的频率范围相关的ISO建议（4-125赫兹），方法，探针大小（上下楼梯和强迫选择的变体）（光滑边缘平坦和圆形），并在室温下测试。设置可配备一个传感器确定所述探头的位置和位移并且任选可以配备一个牢固环绕隔离振动刺激。 所描述的装置在于以下特点的好处:可用性和组件组装方便;可调频率范围1-500赫兹;波幅甚广范围（5纳米-90微米的位移）;多个探头尺寸;振动刺激大小和持续时间的可编程性;和多功能性的各种自适应方法测试心理协议。尽管便携式系统提供28中，设置是运输和各种设置，如学校，科研院所，医院已被使用。研究中心，但是，应该有一个装备精良的车间制造额外的工具和所需的实验装置的设备。有商业组装好并准备使用的系统如案例IV或梅多克，但是这些系统被配置为只提供一组有限的刺激。相比之下，我们的系统可以被用来实现一个非常广泛的刺激方案是仅由所使用的压电元件的规格的限制。由于黄铜棒的大小，它是不可行的测试其他区域比手指和脚趾。我们的设备不使用环绕的刺激限制所测试的皮肤区域和它很可能是一个更宽的区域比实际皮肤探测接触更大的刺激。最后，该过程需要来自的时间更长的时间，平均15分钟的主题的关注。通常情况下，前3逆转在强度水平变化较大（4级）以及一次完成的门槛很可能位于此范围内的4强度等级范围内。随着测试的进展，精确定的门槛而成。有其中可以实施和集成在别处29所述的自适应过程其它的停止标准。 可能会影响振动检测阈值几个器件参数是在设置17调整。这些包括设备参数，诸如探针皮肤的接触面积，利用环绕的环绕探针来限制刺激，所选择的振动频率，手腕姿势，和心理测试算法的面积。心理ŧ掺入的限制的方法和阶梯方法十分有趣的算法已被用于确定对VDT并没有共识利于一个特定的方法。振动触觉阈值不依赖于使用20上的心理测试方法而变化。 VDT的估计125赫兹在使用的心理协议概述自适应方法50至600纳米范围内都取得并可靠在其他研究与5,23 VDT一致。此外;针对不同的自适应方法脚本可以很容易地开发和集成，以执行振动检测阈值25的心理测试。我们的振动阈值的确定中所述的自适应过程保证了对于每个刺激强度水平被检者的正确的响应是超过76％的正确为了向下移动的刺激强度楼梯22。由于只有2个可能的响应，一系列幸运的猜测可能会错误地改变日reshold测量，尤其是在低刺激水平。出于这个原因，我们增加的变形这是一系列在每个振动水平的试验，以最小化此类错误。科目谁审判系列赛中表现没有一致性 - 反转点之间超过4级的偏差 - 通常排除在研究。皮肤的探针接触，以及如何同时刺激皮肤探针的行为是对触觉30,31任何心理实验非常重要。压电致动器配备有一个紧凑的应变仪传感器（SGS）具有相对高的带宽（高达3千赫）中，用良好的重复性（标称位移的0.1％）非常良好的分辨率。因此，压电器件具有高可靠性的特点特别是当它即使在高静负载来细缩进。该议案是直的，因为我们使用的压电（PICMA堆栈压电线性驱动器）被嵌入到一个指南，这确保没有横向莫蒂上。此外，伺服控制器可以自动地补偿变化的负载或力。 我们这里所描述的触觉敏锐的评估依赖于触觉刺激的人工传递。该测试需要的刺激仔细应用以产生皮肤和无剪切扭曲可能提供线索给受试者的垂直变形。我们选择了触觉空间视力和振动触觉阈值测定稍有不同的过程。我们没有选择最初使用一个较大的步长变化使用的TAC，因为它配备有用于光栅宽度（6级）几级，这些都是不恒定的或固定的大小，但是从较大向较小的步长变化而变化。在第一3级之间的光栅宽度的大小的变化为1.5毫米，第3 次和第 4 次级1.25毫米之间，和第 4 次到6 次为0.5mm。主题在光栅定位任务性能affec泰德由引起的触觉刺激的压痕深度，所施加的力，和手指的手指32,33的大小。还有其它替代触觉视力立方体:JVP圆顶，并且两个点辨别任务。该JVP圆顶其他选择触觉立方体。的优点是，JVP圆顶具有8光栅宽度范围为0.35毫米至3.0mm以下。 JVP圆顶可以用来评估舌头和嘴唇8的触觉空间敏度，而2点辨别任务不依赖于识别光栅取向，而不是对触觉空间视力34的有效措施。最近，随着人工测试有关的困难已经通过引入应用于一个强迫选择范例，以确定光栅取向35触觉阈自动化触觉视力系统的改进。 获得我们所描述的震动触觉和触觉的敏锐度阈值的方法已被用于筛选触摸相关性状3,7,9的个体。在我们小组进行的一项研究中，我们发现触摸特征是遗传的，以及某些遗传性病变引起的听力损伤也影响了触控灵敏度7。此外，触摸敏感性可以不同的实验条件下进行评估，例如水诱导的指尖起皱9。这将是重要的，以使患者的可能的功能改变中参与调节机械感受器敏感度3,7-基因的突变VDT危害和触觉敏锐的定量测量。事实上，出现了直接参与像Piezo2和STOML3 1,13,14,36,37这个过程中基因的鉴定近期激增，并在此领域迅速取得进展是一定要确定调节触摸新基因。遗传变异在这种"触摸"基因的影响将在基因型患者进行测试，最好采用定量方法心理升IKE这里描述。

Specialized mechanosensory receptors in the skin mediate the perception of vibration and grating orientation. Each mechanosensory receptor type is tuned to detect distinct features of tactile stimuli1,2. This property provides the psychophysical basis for a differentiated assessment of mechanosensory function by using tests that deliver simple sinusoidal oscillations (vibration) or fine gratings. It is known that psychophysical thresholds for vibration perception are lower for high than low frequency vibration3,4. Two types of rapidly adapting mechanoreceptors associated with the Meissner and Pacinian corpuscles primarily detect low (10-40 Hz) and high (100-200 Hz) frequency vibration stimuli, respectively5. It is thought that the psychophysical thresholds for vibration perception rely to a considerable extent on the activation of these two sets of mechanoreceptors at their best frequencies6,7. Tactile spatial acuity is tested by the grating orientation task to determine the finest grating whose orientation can be discriminated by a subject7-9. Merkel cell-neurite complex afferents are essential for detecting grating orientation8,10. Interestingly, there has been considerable recent progress in our understanding of the molecular basis of how mechanoreceptors detect extremely small tactile stimuli11. Mechanosensitive ion channels like Piezo2 and modulators like STOML3 have been directly implicated in the detection of fine tactile stimuli in touch receptors12-15. There are already human patients identified with function altering mutations in the Piezo2 gene and it will be important to test whether such patients have touch deficits16. 
The determination of the vibrotactile threshold relies on the delivery of a vibrating stimulus to the skin. Vibration detection thresholds vary with the vibration frequency. Vibration frequency to detection threshold curves were described by von Bekesey, Verillo, and Bolanowski, among many others, from the 1930s up to the 1990s5,17. The devices in the early days were based on shakers and power amplifiers and several devices have been commercialized and there are a lot of variation as to choice of stimulator (testing frequency), the diameter of the probe in contact with skin, the use of a surround to limit the stimulation to one area of the skin, and the testing protocol that determines the threshold (see the following references for more detailed insight on the device and testing features)18-20. Most devices usually test one site; however, there are new devices that use vertical displacement stimulators equipped with 2 probes to deliver vibratory stimuli with separation ranges that can be varied21. Also detection thresholds are measured based on vibration frequency or intensity discrimination with continuous stimulation; or with intermittent vibration stimuli with or without a masking stimulus. Therefore, we recommend that the reader be aware of the plethora of developments in this field. 
Here, we describe the components of the device and a step-by-step guide on how to conduct psychophysical tests to estimate vibration detection threshold in human subjects. We then show how to assess tactile acuity manually by using the tactile acuity cube. We use a two-interval, forced-choice paradigm: the stimulus is always presented during one of two intervals and the subject has to indicate which interval has the vibration stimulus. We employ a transformed-rule up and down as the adaptive method that executes a threshold search by changing the stimulus intensity based on the performance during the test. Both psychophysical protocols can be used by investigators as a screening tool for evaluation of alterations in touch sensitivity.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Piezo actuator</td><td>Physik Instrument, Germany</td><td>P-602.1L</td><td>The linear piezoelectric actuator, with integrated position sensor and motion amplifier, contains a piezoceramic material that elongates and contracts when voltage is applied. The piezoelectric actuator travels up to100 &amp;micro;m. The actuator is equipped with a flexure guide that ensures straight motion without tilting or lateral offset. The displacement is linear and calibration is done and checked by the manufacturer. It is recommended that on-axis movement of the probe be checked under the microscope. According to the manufacturer, the stimulus amplitude dampens by less than 20% at oscillating frequencies of 1000 Hz. This can be checked by using a force or displacement measuring device (e.g. force transducer from Kleindiek).</td></tr><tr><td>Piezo Amplifier/Servo Controller</td><td>Physik Instrument, Germany</td><td>E-665</td><td>E-665 amplifier/controller drives and controls the displacement of a low-voltage piezoelectric actuator in a system with sensor position feedback (SGS sensors). The servo-controller provides the option for closed loop operation. When applying sinusoidal and oscillating stimuli the amplitude signal deviates from the set amplitude starting from 500 Hz and reaches a maximum decrease of 20% at 1000Hz.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>LabChart Software</td><td>ADInstruments, USA</td><td>LabChart 7, MLU60/8</td><td>Can create, store and run macro of the psychophysical testing algorithm.&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>PowerLab</td><td>ADInstruments, USA</td><td>PowerLab 4/35 PL3504</td><td>Data Acquisition Hardware. Used with LabChart software.</td></tr><tr><td>Brass bar</td><td>Custom-made</td><td></td><td>Bar made of pure brass, weighs 15.5 kg. When the peizoelectric actuator is mounted on the brass bar it should exert a force of 30 g weight on skin surface.</td></tr><tr><td>Monitor</td><td>Custom-made</td><td></td><td>To mark the 1st and the 2nd interval. The monitor indicates to the subject the time intervals during which the stimulus may be presented.</td></tr><tr><td>Response box</td><td>Custom-made</td><td></td><td>The subject indicates the interval at which stimulus occurred.&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Board&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Custom-made</td><td></td><td>Upper surface should be smooth (Plastic), lower surface made of foam to prevent stray vibration ot be transmitted to the stimulating pobe.&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Probe</td><td>Custom-made</td><td></td><td>A flat circular probe with smoothed edges (thermoplastic material) attached to a screw head. The screw should be of appropriate size to be tightened directly to the moving part of piezoelectric actuator. Size of the probe can be according to preference; in our case, diameter 8.21 mm and surface area 52.9 mm&lt;sup&gt;2.&lt;/sup&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Labchart Script</td><td></td><td></td><td>Can be sent on request. See supplementary code file.&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Tactile Acuity Cube</td><td>MedCore</td><td></td><td>The cube is comprised of 6 sides each containing a grating (bar and groove) whose widths are 0.75, 1.25, 1.75, 3.0, 4.5, and 6.0 mm.&amp;nbsp;</td></tr></tbody></table>

measurement of vibration detection threshold and tactile spatial acuity in human subjects

Tests that allow the precise determination of psychophysical thresholds for vibration and grating orientation provide valuable information about mechanosensory function that are relevant for clinical diagnosis as well as for basic research. Here, we describe two psychophysical tests designed to determine the vibration detection threshold (automated system) and tactile spatial acuity (handheld device). Both procedures implement a two-interval forced-choice and a transformed-rule up and down experimental paradigm. These tests have been used to obtain mechanosensory profiles for individuals from distinct human cohorts such as twins or people with sensorineural deafness.

压电致动器提供振动刺激受试者。振动刺激有1.8秒的总的持续时间和所述第一或第二时间间隔（ 图2A）在试用期间呈现一次。上升，并在发病下降时间和刺激的偏移是由功能（1-E -bt）∙振幅∙正弦（频率），和（e -bt）∙振幅∙正弦（频率），分别，其中确定b设定在9.1。上升，并在发病下降时间和偏移是500和600毫秒，分别和独立于测试频率和幅度的。其发作和之间的刺激的持续时间偏移相是700毫秒。逐渐兴衰确保平稳刺激交付。 振动检测阈值是依赖于刺激频率，因为它们是由不同蟾酥介RY受体。根据人类心理物理调谐曲线，阈值位于之间〜20nm到〜45微米5。因此，一组（从18纳米到45微米范围内）的振动波形35的水平刺激的构造（ 图2B），其幅度值被布置对数（基数为10;刺激的n + 1 = 10 0.1∙刺激n）的 。幅度这个范围被设计为允许在频率范围从1-250赫兹进行测试。起始刺激幅度通常在上面特定的振动频率的测试平均振动检测阈值设置。关于频率调谐曲线以前的意见，从测量的平均检测阈值周围高频300纳米两种心理研究中获得的（&gt; 100赫兹）的刺激，以及3〜微米的较低频率（&lt;40赫兹）5,23,24。 驱动输入电压的关系为th由应变计传感器（SGS）在10和125赫兹测得的压电致动器电子输出位移在图3A和3B中示出。的关系是使用（ 图3C）该组振动强度的线性（相关系数，R 2 = 0.9992）。有在20纳米振幅（ 图3D）的正弦波输入电压和输出位移之间几乎相同的关系。 在图4中，其中在合适的小指振动检测阈值，在125赫兹确定的典型测试会话。阈值搜索，使用的刺激的是幅度高于23级（676纳米位移）的门槛开始。实验期间由多个系列单审判的。一系列包含在一个振动刺激级别应用多达9个单独审判的。在stimulu的下降S IN一般强度（水平）要求至少6个连续的正确反应（ 图4A）。在刺激强度方向的变化，标志着试系列轨道的逆转点，至少需要两个不正确的反应。在刺激强度的变化幅度取决于反转数。快速搜索的阈值时，刺激强度是在4个级别的步骤改变时反转的数目是小于3，接着在第3次反转（上方向）2的水平。否则，该刺激强度中的1级的步骤改变为微细确定阈值（ 图4B）。被检者的阈值可通过换算最后6折返点的中值刺激强度计算;在这种情况下，401纳米。经变换规则上下过程收敛于阈值在该响应的75％是正确的。这是计算基于领先于下跌规则中使用以下的响应序列<html>式:P 6 + 6P 6（1-P）+ 6P 6（1-P）2，其中p是一个正确的响应的概率。 在同一主题，触觉立方体有人做过实验（ 图5）。每次试验包括2个刺激。两降一式规则采用后13分逆转实验结束。触觉视力阈为1.6mm是过去10反转点的光栅宽度的中间值。 2.关闭和1向上的楼梯规则收敛于71％的正确的阈值25。 <img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/52966/52966fig1.jpg" /> 图1:示出了用于振动触觉阈值（A）和典型的测试试验（B）的测量安装组件示意图。e.jpg"目标="_空白"&gt;点击此处查看该图的放大版本。 <img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/52966/52966fig2.jpg" /> 图 2: 振动刺激的物理特性 （A）的刺激波形的示意图演示。 （B）的振幅振动刺激（x轴具有对数刻度）。黑色圆圈表示在125赫兹振动测试起始振幅强度。 <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/52966/52966fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图3" src="/files/ftp_upload/52966/52966fig3.jpg" /> 图3:在10Hz和125H驱动输入电压到压电致动器的输出位移的关系ž正弦输入波形（A和B），通过了SGS的集成传感器测量。 （C）在125赫兹驱动输入电压和测得的输出位移对于该组测试中使用的振动强度级之间的关系。 （D）几乎相同的输入电压在最低强度等级，20纳米输出位移。 <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/52966/52966fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图4" src="/files/ftp_upload/52966/52966fig4.jpg" /> 图4:显示在两个间隔强迫选择振动检测试验的受试者的典型表现 （ 一 ）主体的反应（正确的，空心圆;不正确，黑色圆圈）被暗算试用序列号。 （B）中的图depic婷认为，通过改变两种步长和方向（ 即 ，增加和减少级）在一组试验用于阈值搜索自适应方法。 <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/52966/52966fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图5" src="/files/ftp_upload/52966/52966fig5.jpg" /> 图5:在两个替代强迫选择算法使用触觉敏锐立方光栅定位任务的主题的典型表现主体的反应（正确的，空心圆;不正确，黑色圆圈）被暗算审判数。 <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/52966/52966fig5large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <table fo:keep-together.within-page="1"><tbody><tr><td colspan="6"> Stimul我们水平和刺激幅度相应的输出电压（V）的</td></tr><tr><td colspan="6"> （1 V = 10微米的位移振幅） </td></tr><tr><td> 1 </td><td> 0.00179 </td><td> 13 </td><td> 0.02839 </td><td> 25 </td><td> 0.45 </td></tr><tr><td> 2 </td><td> 0.00226 </td><td> 14 </td><td> 0.03574 </td><td> 26 </td><td> 0.56652 </td></tr><tr><td> 3 </td><td> 0.00284 </td><td> 15 </td><td> 0.045 </td><td> 27 </td><td> 0.7132 </td></tr><tr><td> 4 </td><td> 0.00357 </td><td> 16 </td><td> 0.05665 </td><td> 28 </td><td> 0.89787 </td></tr><tr><td>五</td><td> 0.0045 </td><td> 17 </td><td> 0.07132 </td><td> 29 </td><td> 1.13035 </td></tr><tr><td> 6 </td><td> 0.00567 </td><td> 18 </td><td> 0.08979 </td><td>三十</td><td> 1.42302 </td></tr><tr><td> 7 </td><td> 0.00713 </td><td> 19 </td><td> 0.11303 </td><td> 31 </td><td&gt; 1.79148 </td></tr><tr><td> 8 </td><td> 0.00898 </td><td> 20 </td><td> 0.1423 </td><td> 32 </td><td> 2.25534 </td></tr><tr><td> 9 </td><td> 0.0113 </td><td> 21 </td><td> 0.17915 </td><td> 33 </td><td> 2.83931 </td></tr><tr><td> 10 </td><td> 0.01423 </td><td> 22 </td><td> 0.22553 </td><td> 34 </td><td> 3.57448 </td></tr><tr><td> 11 </td><td> 0.01791 </td><td> 23 </td><td> 0.28393 </td><td> 35 </td><td> 4.5 </td></tr><tr><td> 12 </td><td> 0.02255 </td><td> 24 </td><td> 0.35745 </td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> 表1:刺激水平和刺激幅度相应的输出电压（V）。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measurement of Vibration Detection Threshold and Tactile Spatial Acuity in Human Subjects at JoVE.com

Measurement of Vibration Detection Threshold and Tactile Spatial Acuity in Human Subjects

这里，我们目前使用的协议在人类心理物理学方法来确定振动检测阈值和触觉敏锐度。

振动检测阈值和触觉敏锐的空间在人类受试者的测量

Tests that allow the precise determination of psychophysical thresholds for vibration and grating orientation provide valuable information about ...

measurement-vibration-detection-threshold-tactile-spatial-acuity

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

12.6K 次观看.  Charite Universitätsmedzin, Campus Virchow Klinikum und Campus Charite Mitte. 这里，我们目前使用的协议在人类心理物理学方法来确定振动检测阈值和触觉敏锐度。 

视频: Measurement of Vibration Detection Threshold and Tactile Spatial Acuity in Human Subjects

Acute and Chronic Tactile Sensory Testing after Spinal Cord Injury in Rats

Spinal cord injury (SCI) impairs sensory systems causing allodynia1-8. To identify cellular and molecular causes of allodynia, sensitive and valid sensory testing in rat SCI models is needed. However, until recently, no single testing approach had been validated for SCI so that standardized methods have not been implemented across labs. Additionally, available testing methods could not be implemented acutely or when severe motor impairments existed, preventing studies of the development of SCI-induced allodynia3. Here we present two validated sensory testing methods using von Frey Hair (VFH) monofilaments which quantify changes in tactile sensory thresholds after SCI4-5. One test is the well-established Up-Down test which demonstrates high sensitivity and specificity across different SCI severities when tested chronically5. The other test is a newly-developed dorsal VFH test that can be applied acutely after SCI when allodynia develops, prior to motor recovery4-5. Each VFH monofilament applies a calibrated force when touched to the skin of the hind paw until it bends. In the up-down method, alternating VFHs of higher or lower forces are used on the plantar L5 dermatome to delineate flexor withdrawal thresholds. Successively higher forces are applied until withdrawal occurs then lower force VFHs are used until withdrawal ceases. The tactile threshold reflects the force required to elicit withdrawal in 50% of the stimuli. For the new test, each VFH is applied to the dorsal L5 dermatome of the paw while the rat is supported by the examiner. The VFH stimulation occurs in ascending order of force until at least 2 of 3 applications at a given force produces paw withdrawal. Tactile sensory threshold is the lowest force to elicit withdrawal 66% of the time. Acclimation, testing and scoring procedures are described. Aberrant trials that require a retest and typical trials are defined. Animal use was approved by Ohio State University Animal Care and Use Committee.

We describe two tactile sensory testing methods for acute or chronic periods of spinal cord injury in rats. These validated procedures can detect the development and maintenance of allodynia-like sensations.

在大鼠脊髓损伤后的急性和慢性触觉测试

Spinal cord injury (SCI) impairs sensory systems causing allodynia1-8. To identify cellular and molecular causes of allodynia, sensitive and valid sensory ...

科研

医学

Testing Tactile Masking between the Forearms

Masking, in which one stimulus affects the detection of another, is a classic technique that has been used in visual, auditory, and tactile research, usually using stimuli that are close together to reveal local interactions. Masking effects have also been demonstrated in which a tactile stimulus alters the perception of a touch at a distant location. Such effects can provide insight into how components of the body's representations in the brain may be linked. Occasional reports have indicated that touches on one hand or forearm can affect tactile sensitivity at corresponding contralateral locations. To explore the matching of corresponding points across the body, we can measure the spatial tuning and effect of posture on contralateral masking. Careful controls are required to rule out direct effects of the remote stimulus, for example by mechanical transmission, and also attention effects in which thresholds may be altered by the participant's attention being drawn away from the stimulus of interest. The use of this technique is beneficial as a behavioural measure for exploring which parts of the body are functionally connected and whether the two sides of the body interact in a somatotopic representation. This manuscript describes a behavioural protocol that can be used for studying contralateral tactile masking.

Here we explore contralateral tactile masking between the forearms in which tactile detection thresholds are modulated by vibration applied to a remote site. The details of which remote sites have an effect can tell us about how the body is represented in the brain.

前臂之间的测试触觉掩蔽

Masking, in which one stimulus affects the detection of another, is a classic technique that has been used in visual, auditory, and tactile research, ...

行为学

A Simple Non-invasive Method for Temporary Knockdown of Upper Limb Proprioception

Proprioception may be the least well measured of all contributors to the neural control of movement. New precise, reliable measures of proprioception are needed for clinical diagnosis of impairment, and to measure outcomes of proprioceptive training. The purpose of this simple, non-invasive method is to temporarily knockdown upper limb proprioception in healthy adults, to an extent that would be useful in the development and testing of upper limb proprioception measures. Knockdown models have two main advantages over studying humans with impaired proprioception: participant availability and the ability to control the extent of impairment across participants. Current published methods of temporary proprioception knockdown of the upper limb, such as ischemic nerve blocks and cryotherapy, are invasive, impractical, or uncomfortable for the participant. Here, vibration over the ulnar groove was used to reduce upper limb proprioception. High frequency vibration may reduce proprioceptive acuity by inhibiting pacinian corpuscle-induced input. The effect of vibration used in this protocol was confirmed using two quantitative measures. This method was simple to administer, comfortable for participants, and practical.

The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate a practical method to temporarily interfere with proprioception in the upper limb of healthy humans.

一种简单无创的上肢本体临时击倒方法

Proprioception may be the least well measured of all contributors to the neural control of movement. New precise, reliable measures of proprioception are ...

Applying Incongruent Visual-Tactile Stimuli during Object Transfer with Vibro-Tactile Feedback

The application of incongruent sensory signals that involves disrupted tactile feedback is rarely explored, specifically with the presence of vibrotactile feedback (VTF). This protocol aims to test the effect of VTF on the response to incongruent visual-tactile stimuli. The tactile feedback is acquired by grasping a block and moving it across a partition. The visual feedback is a real-time virtual presentation of the moving block, acquired using a motion capture system. The congruent feedback is the reliable presentation of the movement of the block, so that the subject feels that the block is grasped and see it move along with the path of the hand. The incongruent feedback appears as the movement of the block diverts from the actual movement path, so that it seems to drop from the hand when it is actually still held by the subject, thereby contradicting the tactile feedback. Twenty subjects (age 30.2 &#177; 16.3) repeated 16 block transfers, while their hand was hidden. These were repeated with VTF and without VTF (total of 32 block transfers). Incongruent stimuli were presented randomly twice within the 16 repetitions in each condition (with and without VTF). Each subject was asked to rate the difficulty level of performing the task with and without the VTF. There were no statistically significant differences in the length of the hand paths and durations between transfers recorded with congruent and incongruent visual-tactile signals &#8211; with and without the VTF. The perceived difficulty level of performing the task with the VTF significantly correlated with the normalized path length of the block with VTF (r = 0.675, p = 0.002). This setup is used to quantify the additive or reductive value of VTF during motor function that involves incongruent visual-tactile stimuli. Possible applications are prosthetics design, smart sport-wear, or any other garments that incorporate VTF.

We present a protocol to apply incongruent visual-tactile stimuli during an object transfer task. Specifically, during block transfers, performed while the hand is hidden, a virtual presentation of the block shows random occurrences of false block drops. The protocol also describes adding vibrotactile feedback while performing the motor task.

在振动触觉反馈的对象传递过程中应用不一致的视觉触觉刺激

The application of incongruent sensory signals that involves disrupted tactile feedback is rarely explored, specifically with the presence of vibrotactile ...

A Tactile Automated Passive-Finger Stimulator (TAPS)

Although tactile spatial acuity tests are used in both neuroscience research and clinical assessment, few automated devices exist for delivering controlled spatially structured stimuli to the skin. Consequently, investigators often apply tactile stimuli manually. Manual stimulus application is time consuming, requires great care and concentration on the part of the investigator, and leaves many stimulus parameters uncontrolled. We describe here a computer-controlled tactile stimulus system, the Tactile Automated Passive-finger Stimulator (TAPS), that applies spatially structured stimuli to the skin, controlling for onset velocity, contact force, and contact duration. TAPS is a versatile, programmable system, capable of efficiently conducting a variety of psychophysical procedures. We describe the components of TAPS, and show how TAPS is used to administer a two-interval forced-choice tactile grating orientation test.
Corresponding Author: Daniel Goldreich

A Tactile Automated Passive-Finger Stimulator TAPS

We describe a computer-controlled device for investigating the sense of touch: the Tactile Automated Passive-finger Stimulator (TAPS). We describe the components of TAPS, and show how TAPS is used to administer a two-interval forced-choice tactile grating orientation test.

自动化被动手指触觉刺激器（TAPS）

Although tactile spatial acuity tests are used in both neuroscience research and clinical assessment, few automated devices exist for delivering ...

生物学

Assessment of Midline Lingual Point-Pressure Somatosensation Using Von Frey Hair Monofilaments

Detection and discrimination threshold estimates for oral point pressure are assessed using Von Frey Hair monofilaments. Consistent with previously published protocols, threshold estimates are determined using a two-interval forced choice (2-IFC) paradigm with a three down/one up approach. Detection threshold estimates determine the mean force in which a participant can identify the presence of pressure. During the detection threshold procedure, the participant is instructed to choose which of two sequentially presented observation intervals contained the tactile test stimulus. If the participant performs three correct detections in a row (i.e., 3 &#39;hits&#39;), the researcher decreases the stimulus to the next lower target force level. With one incorrect detection (a &#39;miss&#39;), the researcher increases the force delivered to the next higher level. This threshold estimation approach is known as a 3-down/1-up adaptive staircase. Reponses are recorded on a paper ballot, and a participant&#39;s estimated threshold is defined as the geometric mean of five reversals. During the discrimination threshold procedure, the participant is asked to make a choice between two serially presented stimuli as to which is the &#34;harder&#34; or &#34;stronger&#34; pressure. The same scoring of &#39;hits&#39;, &#39;misses&#39;, and stopping points are used. Detection and discrimination testing for oral point pressure at tongue midline takes approximately 20 min to complete. Using these commercially-available clinical tools, individual touch sensation profiles for the midline tongue can be achieved in a relatively time and cost effective means.

This work describes a standard method to assess tactile sensation at the midline of the tongue tip. Using Von Frey Hair (VFH) monofilaments, this protocol provides estimates of detection and discrimination threshold estimates for oral point pressure (OPP).

使用冯·弗雷头发蒙飞丝的中线语言点-压力感觉的评估

Detection and discrimination threshold estimates for oral point pressure are assessed using Von Frey Hair monofilaments. Consistent with previously ...

Tactile Semiautomatic Passive-Finger Angle Stimulator (TSPAS)

Passive tactile perception is the ability to passively and statically perceive stimulus information coming from the skin; for example, the ability to sense spatial information is the strongest in the skin on the hands. This ability is termed tactile spatial acuity, and is measured by the tactile threshold or discrimination threshold. At present, the two-point threshold is extensively used as a measure of tactile spatial acuity, although many studies have indicated that critical deficits exist in two-point discrimination. Therefore, a computer-controlled tactile stimulus system was developed, the tactile semiautomated passive-finger angle stimulator (TSPAS), using the tactile angle discrimination threshold as a new measure for tactile spatial acuity. The TSPAS is a simple, easily operated system that applies raised angle stimuli to a subject&#39;s passive fingerpad, while controlling movement speed, distance, and contact duration. The components of the TSPAS are described in detail as well as the procedure to calculate the tactile angle discrimination threshold.

Tactile Semiautomatic Passive-Finger Angle Stimulator TSPAS

Presented is the tactile semiautomated passive-finger angle stimulator TSPAS, a new way to assess tactile spatial acuity and tactile angle discrimination using a computer-controlled tactile stimulus system that applies raised angle stimuli to a subject&#39;s passive fingerpad, while controlling for movement speed, distance, and contact duration.

触觉半自动被动手指角刺激器 （TSPAS）

Passive tactile perception is the ability to passively and statically perceive stimulus information coming from the skin; for example, the ability to ...

Tactile Vibrating Toolkit and Driving Simulation Platform for Driving-Related Research

Collision warning system plays a key role in the prevention of driving distractions and drowsy driving. Previous studies have proven the advantages of tactile warnings in reducing driver&#8217;s brake response time. At the same time, tactile warnings have been proved effective in take-over request (TOR) for partially autonomous vehicles.
How the performance of tactile warnings can be optimized is an ongoing hot research topic in this field. Thus, the presented low-cost driving simulation software and methods are introduced to attract more researchers to take part in the investigation. The presented protocol has been divided into five sections: 1) participants, 2) driving simulation software configuration, 3) driving simulator preparation, 4) vibrating toolkit configuration and preparation, and 5) conducting the experiment.
In the exemplar study, participants wore the tactile vibrating toolkit and performed an established car-following task using the customized driving simulation software. The front vehicle braked intermittently, and vibrating warnings were delivered whenever the front vehicle was braking. Participants were instructed to respond as quickly as possible to the sudden brakes of the front vehicle. Driving dynamics, such as the brake response time and brake response rate, were recorded by the simulation software for data analysis.
The presented protocol offers insight into the exploration of the effectiveness of tactile warnings on different body locations. In addition to the car-following task that is demonstrated in the exemplar experiment, this protocol also provides options&#160;to apply other paradigms to the driving simulation studies by making simple software configuration without any code development. However, it is important to note that due to its affordable price, the driving simulation software and hardware introduced here may not be able to fully compete with other high-fidelity commercial driving simulators. Nevertheless, this protocol can act as an affordable and user-friendly alternative to the general high-fidelity commercial driving simulators.

This protocol describes a driving simulation platform and a tactile vibrating toolkit for the investigation of driving-related research. An exemplar experiment exploring the effectiveness of tactile warnings is also presented.&#160;

触觉振动工具包和驾驶模拟平台，用于驾驶相关研究

Collision warning system plays a key role in the prevention of driving distractions and drowsy driving. Previous studies have proven the advantages of ...

Measuring Changes in Tactile Sensitivity in the Hind Paw of Mice Using an Electronic von Frey Apparatus

Measuring inflammation-induced changes in thresholds of hind paw withdrawal from mechanical pressure is a useful technique to assess changes in pain perception in rodents. Withdrawal thresholds can be measured first at baseline and then following drug, venom, injury, allergen,&#160;or otherwise evoked inflammation by applying an accurate force on very specific areas of the skin. An electronic von Frey apparatus allows precise assessment of mouse hind paw withdrawal thresholds that are not limited by the available filament sizes in contrast to classical von Frey measurements. The ease and rapidity of measurements allow for incorporation of assessment of tactile sensitivity outcomes in diverse models of rapid-onset inflammatory and neuropathic pain as multiple measurements can be taken within a short time period. Experimental measurements for individual rodent subjects can be internally controlled against individual baseline responses and exclusion criteria easily established to standardize baseline responses within and across experimental groups. Thus, measurements using an electronic von Frey apparatus represent a useful modification of the well-established classical von Frey filament-based assays for rodent mechanical allodynia that may also be applied to other nonhuman mammalian models.

Electronic von Frey measurements are an effective and improved alternative to classical von Frey filaments, as they allow rapid and precise measurement of changes in rodent mechanical withdrawal thresholds to continuously applied pressure stimuli before and after an inflammatory event.

Measuring inflammation-induced changes in thresholds of hind paw withdrawal from mechanical pressure is a useful technique to assess changes in pain ...

神经科学

A Method for Evaluating Timeliness and Accuracy of Volitional Motor Responses to Vibrotactile Stimuli

Artificial sensory feedback (ASF) systems can be used to compensate for lost proprioception in individuals with lower-limb impairments. Effective design of these ASF systems requires an in-depth understanding of how the parameters of specific feedback mechanism affect user perception and reaction to stimuli. This article presents a method for applying vibrotactile stimuli to human participants and measuring their response. Rotating mass vibratory motors are placed at pre-defined locations on the participant's thigh, and controlled through custom hardware and software. The speed and accuracy of participants' volitional responses to vibrotactile stimuli are measured for researcher-specified combinations of motor placement and vibration frequency. While the protocol described here uses push-buttons to collect a simple binary response to the vibrotactile stimuli, the technique can be extended to other response mechanisms using inertial measurement units or pressure sensors to measure joint angle and weight bearing ratios, respectively. Similarly, the application of vibrotactile stimuli can be explored for body segments other than the thigh.

This article describes a technique for applying vibrotactile stimuli to the thigh of a human participant, and measuring the accuracy and reaction time of the participant&#39;s volitional response for various combinations of stimulation location and frequency.

一种意志的运动反应的及时性和准确性，以振动触觉刺激评价方法

Artificial sensory feedback (ASF) systems can be used to compensate for lost proprioception in individuals with lower-limb impairments.  Effective design ...

振动检测阈值和触觉敏锐的空间在人类受试者的测量

摘要

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此视频中的章节

在大鼠脊髓损伤后的急性和慢性触觉测试

前臂之间的测试触觉掩蔽

一种简单无创的上肢本体临时击倒方法

在振动触觉反馈的对象传递过程中应用不一致的视觉触觉刺激

自动化被动手指触觉刺激器（TAPS）

使用冯·弗雷头发蒙飞丝的中线语言点-压力感觉的评估

触觉半自动被动手指角刺激器（TSPAS）

触觉振动工具包和驾驶模拟平台，用于驾驶相关研究

Measuring Changes in Tactile Sensitivity in the Hind Paw of Mice Using an Electronic von Frey Apparatus

一种意志的运动反应的及时性和准确性，以振动触觉刺激评价方法

振动检测阈值和触觉敏锐的空间在人类受试者的测量

摘要

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此视频中的章节

在大鼠脊髓损伤后的急性和慢性触觉测试

前臂之间的测试触觉掩蔽

一种简单无创的上肢本体临时击倒方法

在振动触觉反馈的对象传递过程中应用不一致的视觉触觉刺激

自动化被动手指触觉刺激器（TAPS）

使用冯·弗雷头发蒙飞丝的中线语言点-压力感觉的评估

触觉半自动被动手指角刺激器 （TSPAS）

触觉振动工具包和驾驶模拟平台，用于驾驶相关研究

Measuring Changes in Tactile Sensitivity in the Hind Paw of Mice Using an Electronic von Frey Apparatus

一种意志的运动反应的及时性和准确性，以振动触觉刺激评价方法

触觉半自动被动手指角刺激器（TSPAS）