作者们想确认乔恩博士, PT, 进行分析, 以确定振动频率的振子在本协议中使用。

st. Scholastica 学院的机构审查委员会批准了这项议定书的编写和测试。
注: 本协议中使用的振动器的制造商规格表明, "高" 的频率为 1100 rpm (183.3 赫兹)。这一频率是通过一个采样的振动数据收集通过一个输入的差分放大器采样在2赫。信号的平均周期为 5.56 x 10-3 s, 相当于 180 Hz。在患有雷诺疾病的个体中, 振动可能会引起雷诺的现象, 在应用场所的临时血管收缩, 可能持续几分钟到几小时, 可能伴有麻木、瘙痒或疼痛。23图 1显示了与本协议中所使用的振动类似的雷诺现象的示例。在参加本议定书之前, 应为雷诺的潜在参与者进行筛选。
1. 本体击倒协议:
<ol><li>收集钢笔, 183 赫兹振动器, 2.5 英寸宽表带和橡皮筋 (请参阅材料表)。</li>
	<li>触及在上肢尺沟内的尺神经进行测试。<ol>
<li>在尺沟的皮肤上放置一个 "x" 标记, 刚好优于肱骨鹰嘴过程与尺骨内侧髁之间的界线。 注意:图 2显示了肘部背部的这个位置。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>将振动器的头部放置在有标记的位置上, 并将按摩手柄置于头部。<ol>
<li>适用于振动器和参与者手臂的手柄部分周围的宽表带。</li>
		<li>在振子头部和参与者手臂的颈部周围放置橡皮筋, 以保持振动器头部到位, 保持参与者的皮肤和震动头之间的接触, 确保橡皮筋是一个适当的大小, 以保持头部对皮肤, 但不限制移动或循环。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>请参与者弯曲并伸直肘部。他/她不应该感觉到皮带的干扰。如果他/她报告干扰, 调整皮带和橡皮筋, 以确保行动自由。</li>
	<li>在高上转动振子, 等待2分钟 (基于未发布的数据)。<ol>
<li>进行本体性能测量 (BKT 的 tablet 版本的结果), 在测试期间, 振动器在高处运行。<ol>
<li>进行 BKT。座位参加者在标准高度椅子 (18 寸位子高度), 在标准高度桌 (29 寸高度) 与他们的视觉被遮挡从片剂用窗帘。坐在对面的参与者。</li>
			<li>引导参与者食指, 仅在远端方阵举行, 从线的开始到线 (目标) 的终点, 再回到线的起点。释放参与者的手指, 并指示他们触摸目标。用每根上肢完成20项试验。</li>
			<li>为每个上肢分配参与者的分数作为平均绝对误差 (目标距离) (以厘米为单位)。</li>
		</ol>
</li>
		<li>在消除振动刺激时立即进行心理物理测量 (如视屏)。 注: 在所提出的结果中, 在屏前振动刺激的持续时间为 5 1 分钟。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>2. 振动检测阈值 (适用于13)
<ol><li>收集128赫兹调谐叉, 秒表, 教科书 (提供一个坚定的, 但符合的表面, 以打击调音叉), 表 (29 英寸高), 标准椅 (18 英寸座椅高度), 屏蔽胶带, 和钢笔。<ol>
<li>在课本上创建一个1½英寸 x 1 ½英寸正方形, 使用掩蔽带作为目标, 以达到一致的敲击音叉。</li>
		<li>使用永久性标记, 将调谐叉的阀杆底部的1毫米着色 (此标记将用于在测试期间对调整叉应用程序的压力进行标准化)。</li>
		<li>把参加者坐在椅子上。请她/他延长前臂的肢体被测试 supinated, 并完全休息在桌子上, 包括肘部。让他们放松四肢。 注: 考官应坐在学员的对面。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>在皮肤上标记一个点在远端二头肌肌腱, 大约 1 cm 优于肘折痕。<ol>
<li>将书放在最接近参与者的桌子边缘, 在参与者的肘部之间。</li>
		<li>说: "这是你检测振动能力的测试。现在我要把这个调音叉放在你的二头肌腱上。请告诉我, 如果你感到任何震动, 然后说 ' 现在 ' 立即当振动的感觉消失。这一程序将重复3次在每一个手臂上。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>确保调整叉两端的圆盘在开始前是紧的。如果他们是松散的, 他们将拨浪鼓和减少调谐叉的共振的持续时间, 使测试不可靠。<ol>
<li>在拇指和食指之间松散地握住调谐叉的茎, 并在正方形目标内的书上击打它, 以产生共鸣。<ol>
<li>在撞击后立即, 将调谐叉放在测试位置, 使用足够的压力来压制皮肤, 并在调谐叉上隐藏1毫米波段的视觉。 注意:图 3显示了此协议中使用的远端二头肌肌腱测试位置的调谐叉。</li>
			<li>使用秒表, 量化调整叉放置到参与者的皮肤上的时间, 直到参与者不再感到震动 (说 "现在")。</li>
		</ol>
</li>
		<li>在同一臂上重复两次, 共进行三项试验。<ol>
<li>计算三试验中振动刺激消失的平均时间, 以确定振动检测阈值 (VDT)。</li>
		</ol>
</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>

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作者没有什么可透露的。

本协议提供了一种在上肢中击倒人体本体的方法。在20健康参与者中, 本体击倒的效果很大, 视屏的心理测量方法反映 Aα传入轴突传输。当 Aα传入放电减少时, 在振动消除后, 可快速测量出该视屏。25此协议对到达目标具有视觉闭塞 (tBKT) 的错误的影响是适度的。这可能反映出, 该议定书只涉及一个单一的振动刺激在肘部, 一个联合在多关节的任务达成。关于其他可用的方法, 如缺血性神经阻滞,8这里描述的方法有两个值得注意的区别。首先, 振动对皮肤的应用受到了参与者的良好耐受, 易于应用。第二, 这种方法的结果是减少, 但不是缺席, 本体感。与产生总 deafferentation 的方法相比, 这更密切地类似于神经疾病 (如中风) 的本体损害.26 。
根据这项工作, 以及其他研究者的研究, 三因素对本体击倒是至关重要的: 振动的频率, 时间和位置。首先, 高频振动通常与本体损伤有关。本体畸变在80赫兹大于30赫兹的力量生产任务。12更高频率振动与本体信号中的错误相关,27动觉幻觉 (80 Hz),25,28,29和降低检测移动能力 (300 Hz)。11第二, 虽然在动觉错觉上有一些振动的后果,25,30 , 高频振动对本体损伤影响的持续时间很低;因此, 大多数协议在 (0.1 秒、12三十年代、11和此协议2分钟) 以及在涉及移动的测试期间都应用高频振动。最后, 保持振动源的接触神经, 肌腱, 或肌肉腹部11,12在运动期间不阻碍运动是必要的, 因此一个小轻量的振动源是最佳的。由于尺神经和三头肌肌腱的表面位置, 本协议选择了尺沟。如果参与者报告对该协议的振动修改的不一致感觉可能是必要的, 以确保振动器与皮肤的连续接触, 如使用替代捆扎方法。
这种方法的一个小局限性是, 在雷诺病的个体中, 振动可能引起雷诺的现象。研究人员应该在使用此协议时筛选雷诺的参与者。另一个限制是振动造成的损伤的持续时间是未知的。虽然本协议中的振动器头部超过尺神经, 但不知道本体的变化是由尺神经的振动还是邻近的远端三头肌腱或其他结构引起的。
在今后的发展和试验中, 应采用高频振动的方法, 一次应用于多个结构, 试图达到更大的效果。击倒效应的持续时间是有兴趣的, 正如对神经机制的更深入的理解一样, 这是振动对本体影响的基础。因此, 本议定书将促进对本体定量临床措施的测试和改进, 这是非常需要的。

在神经控制运动的所有贡献者中, 本体可能是测量得最少的。本体使用专用设备的研究措施, 最近取得了可靠性、有效性和精确性;1,2,3相比之下, 本体的临床措施, 最常见的肢体位置感测试,4有低分辨率, 受到其他感官方式,4 , 并有不良或没有发表的心理测量属性。5需要新的精确、可靠的本体措施来阐明本体控制的外围和中枢机制、3用于临床诊断损伤, 并测量本体训练的结果。2,5,6,7为此, 需要一个简单的、非侵入性的方法来暂时损害或 "击倒" 本体。
本体击倒在健康的人允许研究人员推断本体功能的作用在一个感觉运动的任务, 这是有用的, 以通知发展和验证标准化措施。被击倒的模型有两个主要好处比研究人与损伤的本体。第一个是参与者的可用性;许多研究人员不容易接触到有本体损伤的个体。第二, 与体内本体损伤不同, 击倒模型可能允许控制参与者之间的损伤程度。
目前发布的方法的临时本体击倒的上肢是侵入, 不切实际, 或不舒服的参与者。麻醉注射虽然相对安全, 但需要技术专长, 可能被一些研究参与者认为是侵入性的。缺血性神经阻滞引起的不适和血液测试, 以筛查凝血障碍之前, 他们的应用是实践。8冷冻也会引起不适。冷冻治疗的平均使用时间为20.3 本体5.3 分钟9一旦冷冻被删除, 一个简短的窗口, 以测量本体之前, 温遗骸, 这可能导致不一致的效果关节位置感的冷冻治疗。10高频 (300 Hz) 振动成功地用于减少手指运动检测任务中的本体灵敏度;该机制被报告为小细胞诱导抑制其他振动敏感皮肤受体的输入。11最近, 通过对本体信息进行扭曲, 发现比目鱼肌振动 (80 Hz) 可以降低等距力的生产精度。12然而, 还没有发布一个简单的非侵入性的方法来暂时击倒上肢本体。
该方法的目的是利用高频振动暂时击倒上肢本体在健康的成年人。采用两种测量方法, 即振动检测阈值 (动觉) 和平板版的简单测试 (tBKT) 确定了击倒。视屏是反映 Aα传入轴突传输的敏感性思维的心理测量方法。13本体性能是使用我们实验室正在开发的 tBKT 进行量化的。简要的动觉测试 (BKT) 基于艾尔斯的工作, 14 是一项实验性仪器, 经测试, 但未列入国家卫生研究院工具箱核心电池.15,16 BKT 包括对每个上肢的三个达到的试验。tBKT 包括每上肢20项试验, 目前正在研制, 目的是提高对原试验的心理测量性能。tBKT 包括感觉输入 (对目标的上部肢体的考官教导), 中央处理 (记住目标的空间位置) 和马达输出 (试图找到目标在指南被去除之后), 认为是必要的在措施整体本体性能。17屏和 tBKT 测量, 分别表示体感层次结构中的低和高级别,18 , 因此应提供比单独使用的任何度量值更全面的本体量化。
两种神经机制与高频振动引起的本体灵敏度密切相关。首先, 小体是最常见的与振动检测相关的皮肤 mechanoreceptor。该协议中使用的连续振动可能会根据 Aα和β纤维组与小小体相关的短期适应的神经机制, 提高振动检测的受体调谐阈值。19生理上的结果是, 在视屏测试中, 使用相同强度和频率的振动, 如 128 Hz, 可在更短的时间内感觉到。第二, 据认为, 肌肉纺锤, 通过 Aα传入纤维, 编码肌肉长度不准确后, 高频振动导致失真的本体信息, 证明通过降低准确性在部队再生产,12移动错觉,20,21和减少动觉。22

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a simple non-invasive method for temporary knockdown of upper limb proprioception

本体可能是对运动的神经控制的所有贡献者的最不充分的测量。本体的临床诊断需要新的精确、可靠的测量方法, 并测量本体训练的结果。这种简单的, 无创的方法的目的是暂时击倒上肢本体在健康的成年人, 在一定程度上将有助于发展和测试上肢本体措施。击倒模型有两个主要的优势超过研究的人与受损本体: 参与者的可用性和能力, 以控制损害程度, 在参加者。目前发布的方法的临时本体击倒的上肢, 如缺血性神经阻滞和冷冻, 是侵入, 不切实际, 或不舒服的参与者。在这里, 尺沟的振动被用来减少上肢本体。高频振动可抑制小细胞诱导输入, 降低本体视力。采用两种定量方法确定了该协议的振动效果。该方法管理简单, 适合参加者, 实用性强。

使用这里介绍的协议, 我们测试了20健康成人, 8 是男性 (平均年龄 (SD) = 32.5 (12.5) 年; 19 右, 和1左手)。参加者没有已知的病理涉及上肢。使用爱丁堡惯用手的清单对惯用手进行了评估。24研究参与者未报告任何不良事件。
每位参加者的上肢都在两个单独的疗程, 一周的时间内用 tBKT 和双腿进行测试。如《议定书》所述, 在远端二头肌肌腱中, 视屏被量化。三项试验的平均值用于分析。对于 tBKT, 20 项试验的平均绝对误差用于分析。在第二次测试阶段, 参加者在临时本体击倒的情况下完成了同样的措施。ThePearson 产品力矩相关性 (r) 评估了振动检测阈值 (VDT) 的测试复用可靠性。在右侧的测试时间点 (r = 0.64, p = 0.002, n = 20) 和左 (r = 0.61, p = 0.004, n = 20) 上肢 (图 4) 之间发现了一个统计学意义上的良好关系。组内相关系数 (icc) 为正确的视屏是 (icc 1, 3) = 0.77, n = 20, 为左视屏是 (ICC 1, 3) = 0.76, n = 20。右视屏测量的标准误差为0.96 秒, 95% CI = 6.5-10.3 s, 最小可检测差 (MDD) 为 2.2 s。对于左视屏, 测量的标准误差为 0.83 s, 95% CI = 6.7-9.9 秒, MDD 为 1.9 s。组内相关系数 (icc) 为正确 tBKT 是 (icc 1, 3) = 0.55, n = 20, 为左 tBKT 是 (ICC 1, 3) = 0.72, n = 20。
为了测试本体击倒 (PK) 使用振动将导致本体损伤的方向性假说, 采用单尾配对的t测试方法比较了1周、2周和 BKT 的 PK 条件之间的平均误差。本体被击倒的协议导致统计上更穷的比分在视屏和 tBKT 为两上肢, 而控制情况没有统计学上不同 (图 5和6)。
通过计算效果大小 (科恩的 d) 量化了协议产生的本体击击的程度。效果大小在视屏上是 d = 4.04 为右上肢和 d = 4.24 为左。对于 tBKT d = 0.68 和0.56 的左右, 分别。
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57218/57218fig1.jpg"> 图 1: 雷诺的现象.由振动引起的雷诺现象的一个例子。<a href="/files/ftp_upload/57218/57218fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57218/57218fig2.jpg"> 图 2: 本体击倒的振动站点.该协议中的振动位置位于尺沟内的肘背上, 刚好优于鹰嘴过程和内侧髁之间的线。<a href="/files/ftp_upload/57218/57218fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 3" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57218/57218fig3.jpg"> 图 3:现场放置的调谐叉的振动检测试验。本研究采用128赫兹调谐叉对远端二头肌肌腱的振动检测阈值进行量化。<a href="/files/ftp_upload/57218/57218fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 4" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57218/57218fig4.jpg"> 图 4: 1 和2周之间的视屏关联.使用在正常情况下测试的参与者的数据一周后, 皮尔逊产品-力矩相关 (r) 被用来评估振动检测阈值 (VDT) 的测试复验可靠性。在右侧的测试时间点 (r = 0.64, p = 0.002) 和左 (r = 0.61, p = 0.004) 上肢之间发现了一个统计学意义上的良好关系。
<img alt="Figure 5" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57218/57218fig5.jpg"> 图 5: 在1、2周和 PK 条件下的视屏比较.在1周、2周和本体击击 (PK) 条件 (n=20) 之间, 采用单尾、配对 t 检验方法比较了振动检测阈值 (VDT) 的平均时间。误差线显示标准偏差。(*)p-值 < 0.001。
<img alt="Figure 6" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57218/57218fig6.jpg"> 图 6: 在 BKT 1、2周和 PK 条件之间进行比较.在1周、2周和本体击倒 (PK) 条件 (n = 20) 之间, 用单尾、配对 t 检验来比较短动觉试验 (BKT) 的平板版上厘米的平均误差。误差线显示标准偏差。(*)p-值 < 0.001;(**)p-值 = 0.001;NS = 没有统计学意义。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Simple Non-invasive Method for Temporary Knockdown of Upper Limb Proprioception at JoVE.com

A Simple Non-invasive Method for Temporary Knockdown of Upper Limb Proprioception

本议定书的目的是演示一种实用的方法来暂时干预健康人上肢的本体。

一种简单无创的上肢本体临时击倒方法

Proprioception may be the least well measured of all contributors to the neural control of movement. New precise, reliable measures of proprioception are ...

a-simple-non-invasive-method-for-temporary-knockdown-upper-limb

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

9.4K 次观看.  The College of St. Scholastica. 本议定书的目的是演示一种实用的方法来暂时干预健康人上肢的本体。

视频: A Simple Non-invasive Method for Temporary Knockdown of Upper Limb Proprioception

Simultaneous Scalp Electroencephalography (EEG), Electromyography (EMG), and Whole-body Segmental Inertial Recording for Multi-modal Neural Decoding

Recent studies support the involvement of supraspinal networks in control of bipedal human walking. Part of this evidence encompasses studies, including our previous work, demonstrating that gait kinematics and limb coordination during treadmill walking can be inferred from the scalp electroencephalogram (EEG) with reasonably high decoding accuracies. These results provide impetus for development of non-invasive brain-machine-interface (BMI) systems for use in restoration and/or augmentation of gait- a primary goal of rehabilitation research. To date, studies examining EEG decoding of activity during gait have been limited to treadmill walking in a controlled environment. However, to be practically viable a BMI system must be applicable for use in everyday locomotor tasks such as over ground walking and turning. Here, we present a novel protocol for non-invasive collection of brain activity (EEG), muscle activity (electromyography (EMG)), and whole-body kinematic data (head, torso, and limb trajectories) during both treadmill and over ground walking tasks. By collecting these data in the uncontrolled environment insight can be gained regarding the feasibility of decoding unconstrained gait and surface EMG from scalp EEG.

Simultaneous Scalp Electroencephalography EEG, Electromyography EMG, and Whole-body Segmental Inertial Recording for Multi-modal Neural Decoding

Development of an effective brain-machine-interface (BMI) system for restoration and rehabilitation of bipedal locomotion requires accurate decoding of user's intent. Here we present a novel experimental protocol and data collection technique for simultaneous non-invasive acquisition of neural activity, muscle activity, and whole-body kinematics during various locomotion tasks and conditions.

同时头皮脑电图（EEG），肌电图（EMG）和全身分部惯性录制多模态神经解码

Recent  studies support the involvement of supraspinal networks in control of bipedal  human walking. Part of this evidence  encompasses studies, ...

科研

行为学

Compensatory Limb Use and Behavioral Assessment of Motor Skill Learning Following Sensorimotor Cortex Injury in a Mouse Model of Ischemic Stroke

Mouse models have become increasingly popular in the field of behavioral neuroscience, and specifically in studies of experimental stroke. As models advance, it is important to develop sensitive behavioral measures specific to the mouse. The present protocol describes a skilled motor task for use in mouse models of stroke. The Pasta Matrix Reaching Task functions as a versatile and sensitive behavioral assay that permits experimenters to collect accurate outcome data and manipulate limb use to mimic human clinical phenomena including compensatory strategies (i.e., learned non-use) and focused rehabilitative training. When combined with neuroanatomical tools, this task also permits researchers to explore the mechanisms that support behavioral recovery of function (or lack thereof) following stroke. The task is both simple and affordable to set up and conduct, offering a variety of training and testing options for numerous research questions concerning functional outcome following injury. Though the task has been applied to mouse models of stroke, it may also be beneficial in studies of functional outcome in other upper extremity injury models.

Mouse models have become increasingly popular in studies of behavioral neuroscience. As models advance, it is important to develop sensitive behavioral measures specific to the mouse. This protocol describes the Pasta Matrix Reaching Task, which is a skilled motor task for use in mouse models of stroke.

补偿肢使用和运动技能学习行为评估以下感觉运动皮层损伤缺血性脑卒中的小鼠模型

Mouse models have become increasingly popular in the field of behavioral neuroscience, and specifically in studies of experimental stroke. As models ...

Simple and Computer-assisted Olfactory Testing for Mice

Olfaction is highly conserved among species and is required for reproduction and survival.
In humans, olfaction is also one of the senses that is affected with aging and is a strong predictor of neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, olfaction testing is used as a non-invasive diagnostic method to detect neurological deficits early on. In order to understand the mechanisms underlying olfactory network susceptibility, olfactory research in rodents has gained momentum in the past decade.
Here, we present a very simple, time efficient and reproducible olfactory testing method of innate odor perception and sensitivity in mice without the need of any prior food or water restriction. The tests are performed in a familiar environment to the mice, require only the scents and a 2 min session of odorant exposure. The analysis is performed, post-hoc, using computer-assisted commands on ImageJ and can be, therefore, carried out from start to end by one researcher.
This protocol does not require any special hardware or setup and is indicated for any laboratory interested in testing olfactory perception and sensitivity.

We present a simple and unbiased olfactory test in mice. With this protocol olfactory discrimination, preference, avoidance and sensitivity to a novel odor as compared to water can be assessed in single behavioral sessions. This method is indicated for a single experimenter and analysis is based on computer-assisted video processing.

简单和计算机辅助测试嗅觉的小鼠

Olfaction is highly conserved among species and is required for reproduction and survival.
In humans, olfaction is also one of the senses that is affected ...

Non-Invasive Electrical Brain Stimulation Montages for Modulation of Human Motor Function

Non-invasive electrical brain stimulation (NEBS) is used to modulate brain function and behavior, both for research and clinical purposes. In particular, NEBS can be applied transcranially either as direct current stimulation (tDCS) or alternating current stimulation (tACS). These stimulation types exert time-, dose- and in the case of tDCS polarity-specific effects on motor function and skill learning in healthy subjects. Lately, tDCS has been used to augment the therapy of motor disabilities in patients with stroke or movement disorders. This article provides a step-by-step protocol for targeting the primary motor cortex with tDCS and transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS), a specific form of tACS using an electrical current applied randomly within a pre-defined frequency range. The setup of two different stimulation montages is explained. In both montages the emitting electrode (the anode for tDCS) is placed on the primary motor cortex of interest. For unilateral motor cortex stimulation the receiving electrode is placed on the contralateral forehead while for bilateral motor cortex stimulation the receiving electrode is placed on the opposite primary motor cortex. The advantages and disadvantages of each montage for the modulation of cortical excitability and motor function including learning are discussed, as well as safety, tolerability and blinding aspects.

Non-invasive electrical brain stimulation can modulate cortical function and behavior, both for research and clinical purposes. This protocol describes different brain stimulation approaches for modulation of the human motor system.

非侵入电脑刺激蒙太奇的人体运动功能的调节

Non-invasive electrical brain stimulation (NEBS) is used to modulate brain function and behavior, both for research and clinical purposes. In particular, ...

Event-related Potentials During Target-response Tasks to Study Cognitive Processes of Upper Limb Use in Children with Unilateral Cerebral Palsy

Unilateral Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is a very common cause of disability in childhood. It is characterized by unilateral motor impairments that are frequently dominated in the upper limb. In addition to a reduced movement capacity of the affected upper limb, several children with unilateral CP show a reduced awareness of the remaining movement capacity of that limb. This phenomenon of disregarding the preserved capacity of the affected upper limb is regularly referred to as Developmental Disregard (DD). Different theories have been postulated to explain DD, each suggesting slightly different guidelines for therapy. Still, cognitive processes that might additionally contribute to DD in children with unilateral CP have never been directly studied. The current protocol was developed to study cognitive aspects involved in upper limb control in children with unilateral CP with and without DD. This was done by recording event-related potentials (ERPs) extracted from the ongoing EEG during target-response tasks asking for a hand-movement response. ERPs consist of several components, each of them associated with a well-defined cognitive process (e.g., the N1 with early attention processes, the N2 with cognitive control and the P3 with cognitive load and mental effort). Due to its excellent temporal resolution, the ERP technique enables to study several covert cognitive processes preceding overt motor responses and thus allows insight into the cognitive processes that might contribute to the phenomenon of DD. Using this protocol adds a new level of explanation to existing behavioral studies and opens new avenues to the broader implementation of research on cognitive aspects of developmental movement restrictions in children.

Several children with unilateral Cerebral Palsy seem to disregard the preserved capacity of their affected upper limb. This Developmental Disregard is extensively described in the literature but the involved cognitive processes have not been studied. To study underlying cognitive factors of upper limb control, an event-related potential protocol was developed.

事件相关电位在目标响应的任务，研究的上肢使用在儿童认知过程单侧脑性麻痹

Unilateral Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is a very common cause of disability in childhood. It is characterized by unilateral ...

Combined Invasive Subcortical and Non-invasive Surface Neurophysiological Recordings for the Assessment of Cognitive and Emotional Functions in Humans

In spite of the success in applying non-invasive electroencephalography (EEG), magneto-encephalography (MEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) for extracting crucial information about the mechanism of the human brain, such methods remain insufficient to provide information about physiological processes reflecting cognitive and emotional functions at the subcortical level. In this respect, modern invasive clinical approaches in humans, such as deep brain stimulation (DBS), offer a tremendous possibility to record subcortical brain activity, namely local field potentials (LFPs) representing coherent activity of neural assemblies from localized basal ganglia or thalamic regions. Notwithstanding the fact that invasive approaches in humans are applied only after medical indication and thus recorded data correspond to altered brain circuits, valuable insight can be gained regarding the presence of intact brain functions in relation to brain oscillatory activity and the pathophysiology of disorders in response to experimental cognitive paradigms. In this direction, a growing number of DBS studies in patients with Parkinson&#39;s disease (PD) target not only motor functions but also higher level processes such as emotions, decision-making, attention, memory and sensory perception. Recent clinical trials also emphasize the role of DBS as an alternative treatment in neuropsychiatric disorders ranging from obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) to chronic disorders of consciousness (DOC). Consequently, we focus on the use of combined invasive (LFP) and non-invasive (EEG) human brain recordings in assessing the role of cortical-subcortical structures in cognitive and emotional processing trough experimental paradigms (e.g. speech stimuli with emotional connotation or paradigms of cognitive control such as the Flanker task), for patients undergoing DBS treatment.

The present protocol aims at assessing cognitive-emotional functions in the basal ganglia by simultaneous neurophysiological recording of local field potentials and non-invasive brain cortical activity (EEG). The procedure is exemplified by the use of paradigms involving speech stimuli with emotional connotation or the Flanker task involving cognitive control.

在人类联合微创皮层下和非侵入性的表面神经生理学录音认知的评估和情感作用

In spite of the success in applying non-invasive electroencephalography (EEG), magneto-encephalography (MEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging ...

The Treadmill Fatigue Test: A Simple, High-throughput Assay of Fatigue-like Behavior for the Mouse

Fatigue is a prominent symptom in many diseases and disorders and reduces quality of life for many people. The lack of clear pathogenesis and failure of current interventions to adequately treat fatigue in all patients leaves a need for new treatment options. Despite the therapeutic need and importance of preclinical research in helping identify promising novel treatments, few preclinical assays of fatigue are available. Moreover, the most common preclinical assay used to assess fatigue-like behavior, voluntary wheel running, is not suitable for use with some strains of mice, may not be sensitive to drugs that reduce fatigue, and has relatively low throughput. The current protocol describes a novel, non-voluntary preclinical assay of fatigue-like behavior, the treadmill fatigue test, and provides evidence of its efficacy in detecting fatigue-like behavior in mice treated with a chemotherapy drug known to cause fatigue in humans and fatigue-like behavior in animals. This assay may be a beneficial alternative to wheel running, as fatigue-like behavior and potential interventions can be assessed in a greater number of mice over a shorter time frame, thus permitting faster discovery of new therapeutic options.

Fatigue is a common, undertreated and frequently poorly-understood symptom in many diseases and disorders. New preclinical assays of fatigue may help to improve current understanding and future treatment of fatigue. To that end, the current protocol provides a novel means of measuring fatigue-like behavior in the mouse.

跑步机疲劳试验:疲劳类似的行为，为鼠标操作简单，高通量检测

Fatigue is a prominent symptom in many diseases and disorders and reduces quality of life for many people. The lack of clear pathogenesis and failure of ...

Sit-to-stand-and-walk from 120% Knee Height: A Novel Approach to Assess Dynamic Postural Control Independent of Lead-limb

Individuals with sensorimotor pathology e.g., stroke have difficulty executing the common task of rising from sitting and initiating gait (sit-to-walk: STW). Thus, in clinical rehabilitation separation of sit-to-stand and gait initiation - termed sit-to-stand-and-walk (STSW) - is usual. However, a standardized STSW protocol with a clearly defined analytical approach suitable for pathological assessment has yet to be defined.
Hence, a goal-orientated protocol is defined that is suitable for healthy and compromised individuals by requiring the rising phase to be initiated from 120% knee height with a wide base of support independent of lead limb. Optical capture of three-dimensional (3D) segmental movement trajectories, and force platforms to yield two-dimensional (2D) center-of-pressure (COP) trajectories permit tracking of the horizontal distance between COP and whole-body-center-of-mass (BCOM), the decrease of which increases positional stability but is proposed to represent poor dynamic postural control.
BCOM-COP distance is expressed with and without normalization to subjects&#39; leg length. Whilst COP-BCOM distances vary through STSW, normalized data at the key movement events of seat-off and initial toe-off (TO1) during steps 1 and 2 have low intra and inter subject variability in 5 repeated trials performed by 10 young healthy individuals. Thus, comparing COP-BCOM distance at key events during performance of an STSW paradigm between patients with upper motor neuron injury, or other compromised patient groups, and normative data in young healthy individuals is a novel methodology for evaluation of dynamic postural stability.

Here, we present a novel protocol to measure positional stability at key events during the sit-to-stand-to-walk using the center-of-pressure to the whole-body-center-of-mass distance. This was derived from the force platform and three-dimensional motion-capture technology. The paradigm is reliable and can be utilized for the assessment of neurologically compromised individuals.

坐姿到站姿和步行距离120％膝盖高度:新方法来评估铅肢体的动态姿势控制独立

Individuals with sensorimotor pathology e.g., stroke have difficulty executing the common task of rising from sitting and initiating gait (sit-to-walk: ...

A Method to Test the Effect of Environmental Cues on Mating Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster

An individual's sexual drive is influenced by genotype, experience and environmental conditions. How these factors interact to modulate sexual behaviors remains poorly understood. In Drosophila melanogaster, environmental cues, such as food availability, affect mating activity offering a tractable system to investigate the mechanisms modulating sexual behavior. In D. melanogaster, environmental cues are often sensed via the chemosensory gustatory and olfactory systems. Here, we present a method to test the effect of environmental chemical cues on mating behavior. The assay consists of a small mating arena containing food medium and a mating couple. The mating frequency for each couple is continuously monitored for 24 h. Here we present the applicability of this assay to test environmental compounds from an external source through a pressurized air system as well as manipulation of the environmental components directly in the mating arena. The use of a pressurized air system is especially useful to test the effect of very volatile compounds, while manipulating components directly in the mating arena can be of value to ascertain a compound's presence. This assay can be adapted to answer questions about the influence of genetic and environmental cues on mating behavior and fecundity as well as other male and female reproductive behaviors.

A Method to Test the Effect of Environmental Cues on Mating Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster

We demonstrate an assay to analyze the environmental and genetic cues that influence mating behavior in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster.

测试环境线索对交配行为的影响的方法<em&gt;黑腹果蝇</em

An individual's sexual drive is influenced by genotype, experience and environmental conditions. How these factors interact to modulate sexual behaviors ...

Mobile Game-based Virtual Reality Program for Upper Extremity Stroke Rehabilitation

Stroke rehabilitation requires repetitive, intensive, goal-oriented therapy. Virtual reality (VR) has the potential to satisfy these requirements. Game-based therapy can promote patients&#39; engagement in rehabilitation therapy as a more interesting and a motivating tool. Mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet PCs can provide personalized home-based therapy with interactive communication between patients and clinicians. In this study, a mobile VR upper extremity rehabilitation program using game applications was developed. The findings from the study show that the mobile game-based VR program effectively promotes upper extremity recovery in patients with stroke. In addition, patients completed two weeks of treatment using the program without adverse effects and were generally satisfied with the program. This mobile game-based VR upper extremity rehabilitation program can substitute for some parts of the conventional therapy that are delivered one-on-one by an occupational therapist. This time-efficient, easy to implement, and clinically effective program would be a good candidate tool for tele-rehabilitation for upper extremity recovery in patients with stroke. Patients and therapists can collaborate remotely through these e-health rehabilitation programs while reducing economic and social costs.

Here, we present a protocol to develop and apply a mobile game-based virtual reality program for the recovery of upper limb dysfunction in patients with stroke. The present study shows that the mobile program is feasible and effectively promotes upper limb recovery in stroke patients.