这项工作是由卫生批授予TAP国家研究院​​（R15MH098246）的支持。

此程序需要使用的动物;这些程序批准了欧柏林大学实验动物管理和使用委员会，并按照指南实验动物46的护理和使用。 1 5CSRTT设备<ol><li>在5CSRTT装置的示意图如图1中提供。 <ol><li>该5CSRTT装置由一个操作性条件反射室（30.5 X 24.1点¯x29.2厘米）与2树脂玻璃侧壁，和一个不锈钢格栅地板。 </li><li>铝前壁是圆形的，并包含5鼻子戳孔（每2.5 X 2.2 X 2.2厘米）;每个孔都配有发光二极管（LED）和能够检测大鼠的鼻子的插入的红外线传感器。 </li><li>背面铝壁包含食品盒;这被连接到小球的分配器和装备有红外线传感器和一个小incandescenT灯。 </li><li>白炽房子光，能够照亮整个室内的固定邻近后壁的顶部。 </li></ol></li><li>房子5CSRTT设备内的通风，降低噪音操作性条件反射腔。 </li><li>使用一台PC计算机控制操作性室和收集数据。 </li></ol> 2，动物房和准备<ol><li>该过程需要使用实验动物;获得来自机构动物照顾及使用委员会（IACUC）之前，在开始任何试验的批准。 </li><li>房子大鼠对。 <ol><li>大鼠保持在14时10光/暗周期（灯上7:00）在一个房间里的22±1℃的恒温</li><li>让大鼠自由饮水，同时在他们家的笼子，但食物限制他们。 </li><li>食物前两天至五天限制大鼠以它们的游离馈送重量85-90％，以杂志训练的开始和整个5CSRTT培训和测试。每天的训练课程后喂老鼠，每天衡量他们，以确保他们体重增加（〜5克/周）。 </li></ol></li></ol> 3 5CSRTT程序<ol><li>一般5CSRTT培训工作的思考<ol><li>列车只在一天的标准时间，每周至少5天;发生在训练许多阶段（ 见表1）和需要几个星期。 </li><li>训练和测试大鼠在相同的操作性室（见第3.2-3.5下文）;在大鼠环境小的偏差会影响他们的表现。 </li><li>在每个会话的清洁腔室的水含有消毒剂次氯酸钠（或另一消毒剂与兽医协商之后）的所有表面的末端。 </li></ol></li><li>杂志社培训<ol><li>引入糖球（45毫克），以大鼠前的第一次会议的笼子。这最大限度地减少恐新症，并确保只将沤rieve糖颗粒从美食杂志。 </li><li>大鼠放置在操作性室（上风扇）与孔眼堵塞。允许大鼠，观察者向腔室5分钟。 </li><li>兑现一个固定的时间间隔20秒（FI-20，1天）时间表或FI-30的时间表（2天）60糖颗粒到杂志。 注：houselight可继续点亮了会议的时间和该杂志在光球团交付应点亮，并能保持照明，直到沉淀检索。 </li><li>在会话音符糖粒料是否被消耗的结束;继续培养至少2天，或直至所有的颗粒都消耗。 </li></ol></li><li> 5CSRTT培训<ol><li> 图2提供了一个单一的5CSRTT试验的示意图。 </li><li>发生在一个操作性室各组大鼠与球迷。允许大鼠，观察者向腔室5分钟。 </li><li>在驯化期间结束时，照亮杂志光，并提供øNE糖球。当这种沉淀检索一审开始。 </li><li>开始每个审判与审判之间的​​时间间隔（ITI），在此期间，只有房子指示灯亮起。在ITI的末端，伪随机地照亮的孔径灯的规定刺激持续时间之一。使大鼠的时间来刺激呈现响应;大鼠被允许响应时间是有限的保持（LH）。 </li><li>鼻子戳反应到照明光圈导致糖颗粒的杂志以及杂志的光照射的交付;这样的反应是正确的反应。熄灭灯光的杂志，并开始在颗粒检索下一个试验。 </li><li>鼻子捅成回应熄灭孔（不正确的反应）和失败的LH（疏忽）导致超时（TO）时作出回应。熄灭期间的houselight。通过点亮houselight信号在于：末尾的下一个试验的开始。 </li><li>在ITI过早反应过程中分数的鼻子戳反应;惩治与与周期这些反应。造成过早响应后重新开始的同一审判。 </li><li> 90试验或30分钟，以先到者为准结束后，每个会话。 </li><li>对于训练的第一阶段设定的刺激持续时间为30秒，左脑至30秒时，ITI〜2秒，向2秒。跨越训练调整这些参数，使得所述刺激持续时间为1秒和LH，ITI和TO均为5秒（ 见表1）。鼠移动到下一个训练阶段，一旦他们达到建议的培训标准。测试大鼠后它们表现出性能上的最后阶段稳定。 注意：Sprague-Dawley大鼠一般4-8周内达到标准性能（〜65％的准确度，&lt;20％遗漏）如果经过培训，每周5天。大鼠的不同菌株然而，有不同的能力，以执行任务。例如，李斯特连帽鼠可以达到很高的水平精确度（&gt; 80％）使用短刺激时间（0.5秒）减少遗漏（&lt;20％）（ 例如 ，巴里等人，2008; Mizra明亮，2001）。因此建议研究者调整刺激参数和标准性能以反映大鼠（或小鼠）的菌株中。 </li></ol></li><li> 5CSRTT测试<ol><li>计算基准性能（％准确度，％遗漏，过早的反应）通过在最后3-5会话平均每小节的性能（参见下文）。利用这些数据来划分大鼠分组（如果需要的话），或者作为一个单独的大鼠的基线。 </li><li>使用测试当天的挑战（ 表2），以进一步探测行为。 </li><li>对于中科设计，点缀以考试当日的挑战会话的培训课程。 注：考试当天的挑战，可以用来补充在标准工作检查的行为。这些操作可以揭示行为的微妙变化，是看不出来的经过广泛在标准的任务和/或培训被用来更好地了解一个性能缺陷的性质。 </li></ol></li><li> 5CSRTT绩效衡量<ol><li>用电脑来计算绩效指标。 </li><li>回应（％精度）精度：按正确的和不正确的反应总鸿沟的正确反应的次数。这是关注的主要措施。 [＃正确反应/（＃正确答案+＃不正确的响应）]×100 </li><li>遗漏：除试验中，大鼠未通过试验完成的总数响应的数目。 ％疏漏反映的关注，但也可以用镇静，动机和运动能力的影响，从而遗漏的解释取决于其他措施的表现。 [＃遗漏/（＃遗漏+＃正确答案+＃不正确的反应）]×100 </li><li>正确答案：通过试验可比总数除以正确反应数leted。 [＃正确反应/（＃遗漏+＃正确答案+＃不正确的反应）]×100 </li><li>不正确的反应：通过试验完成总数除以不正确的响应数。 [＃不正确的反应/（＃遗漏+＃正确答案+＃不正确的反应）]×100 </li><li>过早的回应：确定的ITI期间所做的响应数。这是对冲动行为的主要措施。 </li><li>固着回应：确定鼻子戳响应数到任何光圈后大鼠做出了正确的反应，但在糖球团的检索之前。这是强迫行为的措施。 </li><li>杂志条目：确定鼻子戳反应到该杂志的数量。这是积极性的措施。 </li><li>延迟到正确的回应：从刺激到正确的反应发作计算的平均时间;措施处理速度或决策。 </li><li>晚NCY到不正确的回应：计算从刺激发病的平均时间是不正确的响应;措施处理速度或决策。 </li><li>奖励检索延迟：计算的平均时间为大鼠检索糖球团奖励;能反映动力。 </li></ol></li></ol>

作者什么都没有透露。

该5CSRTT是一种广泛使用的任务，以评估在啮齿类动物的关注和冲动控制。注意的是最常见的反应1,7,10的精度测量。因为响应不包括遗漏，并因为正确和不正确响应的准确性具有相同的反应条件（ 即 ，在开口的鼻子戳），精度不运动能力，动机或镇静的影响。在％疏漏，也可作为关注的指标，因为训练有素的啮齿动物往往会隐瞒的回应，而不是&#39;想&#39;如果他们不确定这洞照在特定的试验1,10的。问题在于，镇静，降低动机和运动障碍也会干扰了老鼠的反应能力，使得遗漏难以解释。从某种程度上说，这些因素可以排除通过评估绩效等措施，或实施考试当天的挑战第例如，动机减损可通过在刀库表项的减少和增加奖励检索潜伏期和镇静和/或运动功能障碍指示可以通过一般的减少来表示的响应（ 即 ，增加的遗漏，降低过早反应和降低杂志条目），并在反应潜伏期的整体增加。这就是说，如果它是不明确的不作为的变化是否反映了注意缺陷或者是一些其他因素的结果，最好是实行考试当天的挑战。 冲动性是最常见的5CSRTT使用过早反应测定。过早的反应是认为ITI时，之前刺激呈现出现这些反应。据认为，这些看法反映了一个无法隐瞒鼻子戳预有力回应，从而反映了冲动性特征是缺乏反应抑制1,9的一种形式。过早的反应是日应该是类似于在电机冲动的其他任务，如去没有去工作1,8做出冲动反应。反应抑制的5CSRTT的另一项措施是固着的反应;这些都是发生在光圈正确的反应已经取得和糖球团奖赏交付后的反应。固执的反应被认为是反映了强迫响应，而不是一个冲动的反应本身 1。值得注意的是，反应的抑制这两种措施都介导，部分地由不同的神经基板11;这表明它们实际上是不同的响应的抑制措施。 正确的响应延迟（和/或不正确的响应延迟）被用于确定操作是否会导致在大鼠的处理速度或决策时间1,7的变化。与省略，但是，响应延迟会受到许多其它因素，包括镇静，动机和运动能力。因此，业绩的整体格局，必须进行评估，以确定特定的操作是否会影响处理和决策速度。 有几个优点使用5CSRTT为了测量注意力和冲动控制在啮齿动物;这可能解释了为什么这个任务已经被世界各地的实验室。首先，5CSRTT允许多个认知功能并发的调查。第二，大鼠可维持在几个星期稳定的性能水平，以月，并且可以在一段时间内关闭后容易再训练。因为基线性能是稳定的，可以使用一个受试者内设计或测试的任务表现慢性操作的影响。第三，在任务的通用性提高了可实现的各种测试天的挑战。重要的是，这些操作会导致在性能预测的变化，其中有许多是复制在多个实验室1,7,10,12的。考试当天的挑战使研究人员能够进一步刻画上是标准的任务观察到的性能缺陷（或改善），也可以揭示未观察到大鼠的标准的任务16测试性能变化。第四，由于是同时采集多种行为的措施，研究人员能够评估其他潜在的干扰因素，因素对任务绩效的影响。最后，由于操作室由外部计算机控制有增强刺激呈现，事件和数据7的无偏集的准确定时的控制。 尽管它的强项，5CSRTT也不是没有缺点。该5CSRTT的主要缺点是，它需要大鼠几个星期才能完成培训，达到了性能稳定的水平。此外，延长培训时间可能会导致性能成为“汽车MATIC“或习惯性反应10;这可以在标准的任务不能透过特定的操作使性能。实施考试当天的挑战，从而增加任务的要求或改变响应突发事件，可以自动响应对性能的影响最小化。长时间的训练但是没有导致性能是跨时比较稳定，允许个别科目进行反复测试，并作为自己的控制。因此，训练个体受试者所需要的时间是由数据，每个对象可以生成量减轻。该5CSRTT的另一个缺点是使用温和的食物限制为激励工作性能的一种手段的要求。作为本届会议继续进行，受试者成为心满意足的动力响应可能会受到影响;这可以导致改变的任务性能25。预喂养受试者在测试之前是确定饱足是否介导的部分的效果的手段之一icular操作7,25,47。此外，还有可能是担心慢性轻度限食会引起不必要的压力，以啮齿动物;然而，越来越多的证据，相反48。或许更成问题，温和的限食可以改变，研究人员正在努力研究的非常途径;这可能影响对任务绩效49药物的影响。 要注意的是不同的实验室报告在性能上的标准任务的基线水平的差异是很重要的。这可能部分是由于自己在操作室的差异，例如一些实验室使用9洞盒遮挡每隔1,2,7洞，而其他实验室用5孔箱12,23。此外，在一些腔室的刺激光白炽灯泡2，而在其它配置中它是一个发光二极管（LED）23。在性能基线水平的差异也可能是由于吨在培训战略Ø变化来实现。最后，用在大鼠（或鼠标）的菌株差异也可以解释在性能基线水平的差异。只有少数实验室有比较过的大鼠品系的表现，结果好坏参半。例如，Sprague-Dawley大鼠具有的性能相比做利斯特罩住大鼠28下基线水平。相比之下，奥克莱尔和同事50发现SD大鼠获得了更快的任务（ 即，更少的培训课程），比没有Long-Evans大鼠，但两组最终达到相同的性能水平。使用鼠标时，应变的差异也被观察到; C57BL / 6小鼠是更准确，使较少的过早反应比做DBA / 2小鼠，当刺激持续时间缩短51。 虽然任务采集和性能相似的鼠标和鼠，稍有偏差，从这里列出的培训策略可能会重新quired。首先，为了适应其尺寸更小，鼠标5CSRTT装置比鼠5CSRTT 5,6,36-39,51,52小。其次，老鼠可能需要更大习惯的操作室前，开始训练5,6,52。第三，有饱食更大的风险和损失的动机与小鼠5,6,52回应。为了容纳的饱食小食物颗粒的风险（ 例如，12毫克对小鼠与45毫克的大鼠），应使用52。备选液体增强剂也被描述5,6,37。最后，这可能是必要的运行与houselight所有会话关闭，这增加的刺激灯6的判别性能。 综上所述，5CSRTT是一个用于研究的关注和冲动控制啮齿动物的广泛应用操作性条件反射的基础任务。有几个优势，使用不其中最重要的任务是能够方便地修改任务更仔细地调查任何关注或冲动控制。

5选择序列反应时任务（5CSRTT）是由特雷弗·罗宾斯和同事在剑桥大学以了解的人诊断出患有注意缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）1,2显示的行为缺陷的发展。它是基于用于研究人类3注意连续执行任务;注意力被定义为分配和维持认知资源集中在特定的刺激或信息，而忽略了其他信息4的能力。虽然任务最初是设计用于大鼠1,2使用，鼠标的版本也已经开发了5,6。 基本5CSRTT要求大鼠扫描五个孔，用于简要光刺激（线索）中的孔中的一个的呈现一水平阵列;一旦检测大鼠的刺激，必须鼻子戳在照明光圈收到糖颗粒的奖励。因此，，该任务需要大鼠分为两种注意力跨越5空间不同孔径和维持注意力，直到刺激是在一个给定的试验并在多个临床试验中的会话1,7。注意通常评估的响应的准确性。虽然5CSRTT最初被设计来评估注意力，它也被用来评估冲动行为或反应抑制1,7,8：扣压预烈性或不适当响应9的能力。在该任务中，大鼠必须截留响应的间试间隔的持续时间（ITI），并且仅当刺激呈现在孔1中的一个响应。因此过早的反应，那些ITI前刺激呈现过程中发生，为冲动行为的有用指标。 该5CSRTT是一个令人难以置信的灵活的任务，也有一些基本任务的修改（ 即考试当天的挑战）可实现更仔细地研究如何操作实验影响行为。例如，减少刺激持续时间或缩短ITI是不同的机制来提高任务的注意力的负荷，并且可以被用来系统地评估注意力1,7,10-12子域。相反，增加的刺激持续时间最小化任务的注意力需求;这可以被用来确定是否操纵干扰来执行任务12的基本响应要求的能力。增加了ITI的持续时间可用于确定特定的操作是否会影响脉冲响应1,7,8,13-15。此外，使用测试一天的挑战，如刚才所述，可以揭示赤字10或16,17的增强行为是不是训练有素的大鼠视测试使用标准的测试参数。 重要的是，5CSRTT是经得起吨有许多不同的技术Ø结合;例如认知进行了研究离散脑区10,18-20以下病变，或选择性神经递质耗竭2,21,22。行为药理学研究已经使用，也可以全身16,17,23-28或分立颅内药物29-32管理。而且表现的急性12,16,17,29-32和慢性药物管理局13,14,23,33后容易评估。任务绩效对神经递质释放34和代谢活动35分立的大脑区域的影响也进行了评估。此外，在该任务的性能可用于大鼠分成基于基线的注意力表现30,31或冲动15,32的水平基团。最后，随着5CSRTT 5,6鼠标版本的出现，该任务已经被用来研究对注意力和IMP的遗传贡献ulse控制5,36-39。 因为5CSRTT同时评估多种认知功能，并且是适合于对具有多种药理，分子和遗传方法已经常规地用于评估的精神和神经障碍的动物模型的上下文中的认知功能障碍的组合来使用。例如，5CSRTT已被用于研究神经生物学的认知干扰在注意缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）37,40,41，精神分裂症23,33,42，药物成瘾13,14,43-45，阿尔茨海默氏病18基本39，帕金森氏病36，和亨廷顿氏病37。 该协议规定了训练大鼠的5CSRTT准则。由于多项措施性能可以收集，我们描述resul如何共同模式TS应当解释。除了常见的几种变型的基本协议中，测试天的挑战，进行说明。

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the 5-choice serial reaction time task: a task of attention and impulse control for rodents

这个协议描述了5-选择串行反应时间的任务，这是用来研究注意力和冲动控制啮齿动物的操作性基于任务。试验天的挑战，修改标准的任务，可以被用来系统地征税的神经系统控制或者注意力或冲动控制。重要的是，这些挑战对行为的跨实验室完整的动物一致的效果，并可以揭示既增强或缺陷的认知功能是看不出来的，当大鼠只考了标准的任务。对各种收集的行为测量可以被用来确定是否有其他因素（ 即 ，镇静，动机缺乏，运动障碍）正在促进性能变化。该5CSRTT的通用性进一步提高，因为它是适合于与药理学，分子和遗传技术的组合。

在5CSRTT的探头视觉空间注意的操纵 一种方法中，以不同任务的注意力需求是改变刺激的持续时间。作为刺激持续时间减少，％精度降低（ 图3A）和％遗漏的增加（ 图3B;改编自12）。由此较短的刺激持续时间增加任务的注意力需求和更长的刺激持续时间的减少任务的注意力需求。改变刺激的持续时间不能可靠地影响过早响应和响应延迟（数据未显示）7,10,12。 另一种方法中，以增加5CSRTT的注意力需求是通过缩短ITI并由此增加了“事件发生率”来探测性能。该ITI既可以降低与固定持续时间的（ 即 ，缩短为1.5秒），或者它可以是既降低Ä次取得不可预测（ 即 ，缩短了0.5，1.5，3.0，或4.5秒与每个ITI发生在伪随机的方式）。降低ITI下降％的准确率，并增加％疏漏。由于ITI的时间短，过早响应数也趋于减少（假设数据见图4A-C，根据潘恩和Carlezon，未发表的观察）11。 还有其他的修改标准5CSRTT（引入的“分散”白噪声脉冲串，从而将闪烁的光，或调光激励灯）1,2,7,10，可用来探测关注。因为这些测试天的挑战需要使用额外的设备，他们在这里没有详细讨论。这就是说，这些挑战通常导致降低的准确度和/或增加的遗漏1,2,7,10。 在5CSRTT的操作是探头IMPULSE控制如示于图4D-F，反应抑制，可系统地增加了ITI的持续挑战中5CSRTT。该ITI既可以增加与固定持续时间（ 即 ，增加至7秒），或者它可以既增加并取得不可预测（ 即 ，上升到4.5，6.0，7.5，或与每个ITI发生伪9.0秒随机） 。增加ITI可靠增加了承诺，而无需其他措施的表现产生重大影响早产的响应数（根据潘恩和Carlezon，未发表的观察）7,10,11,13,14。 测试日挑战赛数据解读 重要的是，它是可能的，以更好地了解性能缺陷的性质观察标准的任务与绩效相结合的性能分析在考试当天的挑战任务ð以下特定的操作。例如， 图5A和5B表明，阻断皮层GABA的合成与谷氨酸脱羧酶（GAD）的抑制剂L-烯丙基甘氨酸（LAG）的帧内前额叶皮质输注增加省略，但不影响％的准确度，在标准5CSRTT 12。自行增加遗漏可能难以解释，因为它们可以反映注意力缺陷，镇静，动机缺陷的或改变的运动能力。因此，为了更好地了解这些赤字的意义，我们使用的测试一天的挑战，以确定增加的疏漏，是否反映了注意缺陷或者是其他因素造成的。首先，我们评估了更加困难的版本中，刺激持续时间从1.0降低到0.5秒（ 图5D-5F）任务的性能，然后我们评估了其中的刺激持续时间的任务更简单的版本性能从1.0提高到5秒（ 图5G-5I）。由于疏漏分别提高到相同程度（折从0.0微克/微升剂量的增加）在所有三个版本的任务（ 图5B，5E和5H），并因为精度是不受LAG输注在所有三个版本的任务（ 图5A，5D和5G），我们的结论是，增加疏漏可能并不反映注意力不集中。我们排除了在遗漏的变化反映在动机的降低，因为既没有奖赏检索潜伏期（ 图5C，图5F和5I），也不杂志中的条目数（未示出）进行了系统受LAG输注的可能性。使用开放领域我们确定LAG输注可能增加遗漏，因为它们影响了运动能力（数据未示出）12。 <imgALT =“图1”FO：内容宽度=“5英寸”SRC =“/文件/ ftp_upload /五万一千五百七十四分之五万一千五百七十四/ 51574fig1highres.jpg”WIDTH =“500”/&gt; 图1 5CSRTT装置。一）示意图的5CSRTT框显示的孔和排列从鸟瞰杂志。每个光圈和食品杂志社都配备了红外传感器，以检测鼻子戳。B）5CSRTT操作性条件反射箱（MED-Associates公司，圣奥尔本斯VT）。在腔室中的铝的前壁是第5鼻子戳孔，每一个都包含一个LED激励光（1）;背面铝壁包含食品盒（2），其连接到所述粒料的分配器（3），和房子的光（4）。地板是由不锈钢制成的棒（5）;地板下面是一个可移动的废物托盘（6）。侧壁（包括门）的构建透明聚碳酸酯（七）。该室坐落在一个声音衰减柜（8）和风扇（9）提供了掩蔽噪声和<html>流通的空气。 <img alt="图2" fo:content-width="5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51574/51574/51574fig2highres.jpg" width="500" /> 图2结构的5CSRTT审判，审判过程中与houselight亮起开头的intertrial间隔（ITI）。在ITI的端部的刺激光被呈现在5CSRTT孔中的一个。如果鼠鼻戳被照明光圈，食物颗粒被传递到刀库和该杂志的光照亮。佩莱检索灭光杂志，并开始下一次的审判。不正确的反应和遗漏（不回应），在超时的结果（TO），在此期间，houselight熄灭。下试开始在TO的末端。过早的反应（在ITI期间发生）也导致于，但经过同样的审判重新开始通过提前反应引起的。 ve_content“FO：保together.within页=”总是“&gt; <img alt="图3" fo:content-width="5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51574/51574/51574fig3highres.jpg" width="500" /> 图3：操作影响刺激时间上的关注。减少刺激导致的持续时间由精度（A）的减少和增加的遗漏（二）降低注意力的措施。 <img alt="图4" fo:content-width="5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51574/51574/51574fig4highres.jpg" width="500" /> 操作上5CSRTT性能ITI的持续时间。降低了ITI的时间，使之不可预测的图4假设的影响降低精度（A）和过早反应（C）和增加％遗漏（B）。增加了ITI的时间，使í吨不可预测的不可靠的影响％的准确度（D）或％遗漏（五）增加，但过早的反应（F）。 <img alt="图5" fo:content-width="5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51574/51574/51574fig5highres.jpg" width="500" /> 图5影响的标准（AC），短（DF）的GABA合成抑制剂，和龙（GI）的刺激时间版本5CSRTT的 。当刺激的持续时间缩短（D，E），％精度降低，遗漏％提高相对于标准任务（A，B）。与此相反，当刺激持续时间被延长（G，H），％精度提高，％遗漏相对于标准任务减少。 （这个数字已经被修改Asinof＆潘恩12;从神经药理学许可转载）。 <table border="0" cellpadding =“0”CELLSPACING =“0”&gt; <tbody><tr><td>训练阶段</td><td>试验/会话</td><td>刺激时间（SD） </td><td> ITI时间</td><td>有限公司持有（LH） </td><td>超时（TO） </td><td>标准</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> ％正确</td><td>遗漏％ </td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> TR-1型</td><td> 90或30分钟</td><td> 30 </td><td> 2 </td><td> 30 </td><td> 2 </td><td> &gt; 75 </td><td> &lt;10 </td></tr><tr><td> TR-2的</td><td> 90或30分钟</td><td> 15 </td><td> 2 </td><td> 15 </td><td> 2 </td><td> &gt; 75 </td><td> &lt;10 </td></tr><tr><td> TR-3 </td><td> 90或30分钟</td><td> 15 </td><td> 3 </td><td> 15 </td><td> 3 </td><td> &gt; 75 </td><td> &lt;10 </td></tr><tr><td> TR-4 </td><td> 90或30分钟</td><td> 5 </td><td> 3 </td><td> 10 </td><td> 3 </td><td> &gt; 75 </td><td>&lt;15 </td></tr><tr><td> TR-5 </td><td> 90或30分钟</td><td> 2 </td><td> 3 </td><td> 5 </td><td> 3 </td><td> &gt; 70 * </td><td> &lt;15 * </td></tr><tr><td> TR-6 </td><td> 90或30分钟</td><td> 2 </td><td> 5 </td><td> 5 </td><td> 5 </td><td> &gt; 65 * </td><td> &lt;15 * </td></tr><tr><td> TR-7 </td><td> 90或30分钟</td><td> 1 </td><td> 5 </td><td> 5 </td><td> 5 </td><td> &gt; 50 </td><td> &lt;20 </td></tr></tbody></table> 表1。培训时间表标准5CSRTT。在每一个训练阶段，老鼠必须达到或超过标准，连续2天前被移动到下一个训练阶段进行。 ％的正确是正确试验的总试验（ 即 ，正确的，不正确和遗漏）×100％和遗漏除以数为遗漏的总试验X100划分的数目。 *表示不是所有的大鼠将能够达到这种性能水平，但是这些训练更好的表现自己的阶段，他们越有可能会成功地完成训练的最后阶段。刺激的持续时间，ITI，LH，和TO都在几秒钟。 <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td>培训计划</td><td>认知功能</td><td>刺激时间（SD） </td><td> ITI时间</td><td>有限公司持有（LH） </td><td>超时（TO） </td></tr><tr><td>短的SD </td><td>注意事项</td><td> 0.5 </td><td> 5 </td><td> 5 </td><td> 5 </td></tr><tr><td>龙标清</td><td>注意事项</td><td> 2月5日</td><td> 5 </td><td> 5 </td><td> 5 </td></tr><tr><td>短ITI </td><td>注意事项</td><td> 1 </td><td> 1.5 </td><td> 5 </td><td> 5 </td></tr><tr><td>变短ITI </td><td>注意事项</td><td> 1 </td><td> 0.5,1.5，3.0，4.5 </td><td> 5 </td><td> 5 </td></tr><tr><td>长ITI </td><td>冲动</td><td> 1 </td><td> 7或9的</td><td> 5 </td><td> 5 </td></tr><tr><td>长变量ITI </td><td>冲动</td><td> 1 </td><td> 4.5，6.0，7.5，9.0 </td><td> 5 </td><td> 5 </td></tr></tbody></table> 表2常用的测试日的挑战，5CSRTT参数可以有系统地操纵以探讨不同的认知功能。降低刺激持续时间或降低ITI都可以用来挑战注意力系统。如果缩短ITI时，该ITI可以是一个固定的持续时间（ 例如 ，1.5秒）或可变（ 例如 ，0.5，1.5，3.0和4.5秒）。延长刺激时间减少注意力需求。脉冲控制可以通过增加ITI的持续时间受到挑战。该ITI可以是一个固定的持续时间（ 例如 ，7秒）或者是可变的（ 例如 ，4.5，6.0，7.5，9.0秒）。如果使用一个变量ITIêACH ITI的持续时间应会出现伪随机每只大鼠应受到同等数量的每个ITI试验。会话长度的试验和/或数目应以适应这种增加。刺激，ITI，黄体生成素和所有的时间都是以秒为单位。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The 5-Choice Serial Reaction Time Task: A Task of Attention and Impulse Control for Rodents at JoVE.com

The 5-Choice Serial Reaction Time Task: A Task of Attention and Impulse Control for Rodents

这个协议描述了5-选择串行反应时间的任务，这是用来研究注意力和冲动控制啮齿动物的操作性基于任务。试验天的挑战，这是标准的任务的修改，增加了任务的灵活性，并且可以与其他操作组合，以更充分地描述的行为。

5选择序列反应时任务：注意的任务和脉冲控制鼠害

This protocol describes the 5-choice serial reaction time task, which is an operant based task used to study attention and impulse control in rodents. ...

the-5-choice-serial-reaction-time-task-task-attention-impulse-control

Universidad Científica del Sur

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

46.0K 次观看.  Oberlin College. 这个协议描述了5-选择串行反应时间的任务，这是用来研究注意力和冲动控制啮齿动物的操作性基于任务。试验天的挑战，这是标准的任务的修改，增加了任务的灵活性，并且可以与其他操作组合，以更充分地描述的行为。 

视频: The 5-Choice Serial Reaction Time Task: A Task of Attention and Impulse Control for Rodents

Automated Visual Cognitive Tasks for Recording Neural Activity Using a Floor Projection Maze

Neuropsychological tasks used in primates to investigate mechanisms of learning and memory are typically visually guided cognitive tasks. We have developed visual cognitive tasks for rats using the Floor Projection Maze1,2&#160;that are optimized for visual abilities of rats permitting stronger comparisons of experimental findings with other species.
In order to investigate neural correlates of learning and memory, we have integrated electrophysiological recordings into fully automated cognitive tasks on the Floor Projection Maze1,2. Behavioral software interfaced with an animal tracking system allows monitoring of the animal's behavior with precise control of image presentation and reward contingencies for better trained animals. Integration with an in vivo electrophysiological recording system enables examination of behavioral correlates of neural activity at selected epochs of a given cognitive task.
We describe protocols for a model system that combines automated visual presentation of information to rodents and intracranial reward with electrophysiological approaches. Our model system offers a sophisticated set of tools as a framework for other cognitive tasks to better isolate and identify specific mechanisms contributing to particular cognitive processes.

We describe protocols for training rats for chronic electrophysiological recordings in fully automated cognitive tasks on a Floor Projection Maze.

使用地面投影迷宫自动化视觉认知任务记录神经活动

Neuropsychological tasks used in primates to investigate mechanisms of learning and memory are typically visually guided cognitive tasks. We have ...

科研

行为学

Using the Threat Probability Task to Assess Anxiety and Fear During Uncertain and Certain Threat

Fear of certain threat and anxiety about uncertain threat are distinct emotions with unique behavioral, cognitive-attentional, and neuroanatomical components. Both anxiety and fear can be studied in the laboratory by measuring the potentiation of the startle reflex. The startle reflex is a defensive reflex that is potentiated when an organism is threatened and the need for defense is high. The startle reflex is assessed via electromyography (EMG) in the orbicularis oculi muscle elicited by brief, intense, bursts of acoustic white noise (i.e., &#8220;startle probes&#8221;). Startle potentiation is calculated as the increase in startle response magnitude during presentation of sets of visual threat cues that signal delivery of mild electric shock relative to sets of matched cues that signal the absence of shock (no-threat cues). In the Threat Probability Task, fear is measured via startle potentiation to high probability (100% cue-contingent shock; certain) threat cues whereas anxiety is measured via startle potentiation to low probability (20% cue-contingent shock; uncertain) threat cues. Measurement of startle potentiation during the Threat Probability Task provides an objective and easily implemented alternative to assessment of negative affect via self-report or other methods (e.g., neuroimaging) that may be inappropriate or impractical for some researchers. Startle potentiation has been studied rigorously in both animals (e.g., rodents, non-human primates) and humans which facilitates animal-to-human translational research. Startle potentiation during certain and uncertain threat provides an objective measure of negative affective and distinct emotional states (fear, anxiety) to use in research on psychopathology, substance use/abuse and broadly in affective science. As such, it has been used extensively by clinical scientists interested in psychopathology etiology and by affective scientists interested in individual differences in emotion.

Potentiation of the startle reflex is measured via electromyography of the orbicularis oculi muscle during low (uncertain) and high (certain) probability electric shock threat in the Threat Probability Task. This provides an objective measure of distinct negative emotional states (fear/anxiety) for research on psychopathology, substance use/abuse, and broad affective science.

使用威胁概率任务，以评估焦虑和恐惧在不确定性和一定的威胁

Fear of certain threat and anxiety about uncertain threat are distinct emotions with unique behavioral, cognitive-attentional, and neuroanatomical ...

fMRI Validation of fNIRS Measurements During a Naturalistic Task

We present a method to compare brain activity recorded with near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) in a dance video game task to that recorded in a reduced version of the task using fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging). Recently, it has been shown that fNIRS can accurately record functional brain activities equivalent to those concurrently recorded with functional magnetic resonance imaging for classic psychophysical tasks and simple finger tapping paradigms. However, an often quoted benefit of fNIRS is that the technique allows for studying neural mechanisms of complex, naturalistic behaviors that are not possible using the constrained environment of fMRI. Our goal was to extend the findings of previous studies that have shown high correlation between concurrently recorded fNIRS and fMRI signals to compare neural recordings obtained in fMRI procedures to those separately obtained in naturalistic fNIRS experiments. Specifically, we developed a modified version of the dance video game Dance Dance Revolution (DDR) to be compatible with both fMRI and fNIRS imaging procedures. In this methodology we explain the modifications to the software and hardware for compatibility with each technique as well as the scanning and calibration procedures used to obtain representative results. The results of the study show a task-related increase in oxyhemoglobin in both modalities and demonstrate that it is possible to replicate the findings of fMRI using fNIRS in a naturalistic task. This technique represents a methodology to compare fMRI imaging paradigms which utilize a reduced-world environment to fNIRS in closer approximation to naturalistic, full-body activities and behaviors. Further development of this technique may apply to neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson&#8217;s disease, late states of dementia, or those with magnetic susceptibility which are contraindicated for fMRI scanning.

We present a method to compare functional brain activity recorded during a naturalistic task using fNIRS with activity recorded during fMRI.

的fNIRS功能磁共振成像测量验证过程中一个自然主义任务

We present a method to compare brain activity recorded with near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) in a dance video game task to that recorded in a reduced ...

A Dual Task Procedure Combined with Rapid Serial Visual Presentation to Test Attentional Blink for Nontargets

When viewers search for targets in a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) stream, if two targets are presented within about 500 msec of each other, the first target may be easy to spot but the second is likely to be missed. This phenomenon of attentional blink (AB) has been widely studied to probe the temporal capacity of attention for detecting visual targets. However, with the typical procedure of AB experiments, it is not possible to examine how the processing of non-target items in RSVP may be affected by attention. This paper describes a novel dual task procedure combined with RSVP to test effects of AB for nontargets at varied stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs). In an exemplar experiment, a target category was first displayed, followed by a sequence of 8 nouns. If one of the nouns belonged to the target category, participants would respond &#8216;yes&#8217; at the end of the sequence, otherwise participants would respond &#8216;no&#8217;. Two 2-alternative forced choice memory tasks followed the response to determine if participants remembered the words immediately before or after the target, as well as a random word from another part of the sequence. In a second exemplar experiment, the same design was used, except that 1) the memory task was counterbalanced into two groups with SOAs of either 120 or 240 msec and 2) three memory tasks followed the sequence and tested remembrance for nontarget nouns in the sequence that could be anywhere from 3 items prior the target noun position to 3 items following the target noun position. Representative results from a previously published study demonstrate that our procedure can be used to examine divergent effects of attention that not only enhance targets but also suppress nontargets. Here we show results from a representative participant that replicated the previous finding.&#160;

This paper describes a novel dual task procedure combined with Rapid Serial Visual Presentation to look at attentional blink at varied stimulus onset asynchronies. This experimental procedure differed from others in that it tested attentional blink for nontargets.

的双任务过程结合快速系列视觉呈现到测试的注意闪烁Nontargets

When viewers search for targets in a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) stream, if two targets are presented within about 500 msec of each other, the ...

Operant Procedures for Assessing Behavioral Flexibility in Rats

Executive functions consist of multiple high-level cognitive processes that drive rule generation and behavioral selection. An emergent property of these processes is the ability to adjust behavior in response to changes in one&#8217;s environment (i.e., behavioral flexibility). These processes are essential to normal human behavior, and may be disrupted in diverse neuropsychiatric conditions, including schizophrenia, alcoholism, depression, stroke, and Alzheimer&#8217;s disease. Understanding of the neurobiology of executive functions has been greatly advanced by the availability of animal tasks for assessing discrete components of behavioral flexibility, particularly strategy shifting and reversal learning. While several types of tasks have been developed, most are non-automated, labor intensive, and allow testing of only one animal at a time. The recent development of automated, operant-based tasks for assessing behavioral flexibility streamlines testing, standardizes stimulus presentation and data recording, and dramatically improves throughput. Here, we describe automated strategy shifting and reversal tasks, using operant chambers controlled by custom written software programs. Using these tasks, we have shown that the medial prefrontal cortex governs strategy shifting but not reversal learning in the rat, similar to the dissociation observed in humans. Moreover, animals with a neonatal hippocampal lesion, a neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia, are selectively impaired on the strategy shifting task but not the reversal task. The strategy shifting task also allows the identification of separate types of performance errors, each of which is attributable to distinct neural substrates. The availability of these automated tasks, and the evidence supporting the dissociable contributions of separate prefrontal areas, makes them particularly well-suited assays for the investigation of basic neurobiological processes as well as drug discovery and screening in disease models.

The ability to assess executive functions such as behavioral flexibility in rats is useful for investigating the neurobiology of cognition in both intact animals and disease models. Here we describe automated tasks for assessing strategy shifting and reversal learning, which are particularly sensitive to disruptions in prefrontal cortical networks.

操作性程序，以评估大鼠的行为灵活性

Executive functions consist of multiple high-level cognitive processes that drive rule generation and behavioral selection. An emergent property of these ...

Task Interruption and Resumption Paradigm for Testing the Activation and Pursuit of an Abstract Thinking Goal

This protocol is based on the task interruption and resumption paradigm, the premise of which is that active goals lead to persistent behavior and thus a higher resumption rate after a period of delay or interruption. The task interruption and resumption protocol described in this research is tailored to test the activation of cognitive goals (e.g., a goal to think more abstractly). Cognitive goals may be pursued even during the interruption period; thus, to prevent this, the protocol involves cognitive distraction. The protocol consists of several stages. Specifically, the initial stage includes the goal activation process, where the treatment (versus control) condition receives a manipulation to activate the cognitive goal being tested by the researcher. In the next stage, participants are presented with the introduction of a task that is perceived to either satisfy or not satisfy the cognitive goal of interest. Importantly, this task is interrupted a few seconds after it begins. The task interruption forces a delay period and introduces a cognitive distraction to prevent the automatic pursuit and fulfillment of the cognitive goal. After the interruption period, participants are given a choice between resuming the interrupted task and abandoning the interrupted task to complete an alternative task instead. Among participants whose cognitive goals had been activated at the earlier stage, the task resumption rate should be higher if the task was perceived as an opportunity to satisfy (versus not satisfy) the goal. Such a finding would provide empirical evidence that the cognitive goal has been activated and pursued. In previous research, this protocol has been used to test whether causal uncertainty activates an abstract thinking goal. Adapting the protocol to test the activation of other cognitive goals is also discussed.

This protocol was designed to test the activation and pursuit of cognitive goals (e.g., an abstract thinking goal) using the task interruption and resumption paradigm. The protocol is suitable for cognitive goals that are automatically pursued once activated, as the distraction procedure prevents goal pursuit during the interruption period.

任务中断和抽象思维的目标测试的激活和恢复追求范式

This protocol is based on the task interruption and resumption paradigm, the premise of which is that active goals lead to persistent behavior and thus a ...

Automated, Long-term Behavioral Assay for Cognitive Functions in Multiple Genetic Models of Alzheimer's Disease, Using IntelliCage

Multiple factors&#8212;such as aging and genes&#8212;are frequently associated with cognitive decline. Genetically modified mouse models of cognitive decline, such as Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD), have become a promising tool to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and promote the therapeutic advances. An important step is the validation and characterization of expected behavioral abnormality in the models, in the case of AD, cognitive decline. The long-term behavioral investigations of laboratory animals to study the effect of aging demand substantial efforts from researchers. The IntelliCage system is a high-throughput and cost-effective test battery for mice that eliminates the need for daily human handling. Here, we describe how the system is utilized in the long-term phenotyping of a genetic Alzheimer&#39;s disease model, specifically focusing on the cognitive functions. The experiment employs repeated battery of tests that assess spatial learning and executive functions. This cost-effective age-dependent phenotyping allows us to identify the transient and/or permanent effects of genes on various cognitive aspects.

This paper describes a protocol for cognitive assessments for genetic models of the Alzheimer&#39;s disease using the IntelliCage system, which is a high throughput automated behavioral monitoring system with operant conditioning.

基于 IntelliCage 的阿尔茨海默病多基因模型认知功能的自动、长期行为检测

Multiple factors&#8212;such as aging and genes&#8212;are frequently associated with cognitive decline. Genetically modified mouse models of cognitive ...

Three Laboratory Procedures for Assessing Different Manifestations of Impulsivity in Rats

The present article provides a guide for the conduction and analysis of three conditioning-based protocols to evaluate impulsivity in rats. Impulsivity is a meaningful concept because it is associated with psychiatric conditions in humans and with maladaptive behavior in non-human animals. It is believed that impulsivity is composed of separate factors. There are laboratory protocols devised to assess each of these factors using standardized automated equipment. Delay discounting is associated with the incapacity to be motivated by delayed outcomes. This factor is evaluated through intertemporal choice protocols, which consist&#160;of presenting the individual with a choice situation involving an immediate reward and a larger but delayed reward. Response inhibition deficit is associated with the incapacity to withhold prepotent responses. Differential reinforcement of low rates (DLR) and feature-negative discrimination protocols assess the response inhibition deficit factor of impulsivity. The former imposes a condition to a motivated individual in which most wait a minimum period of time for a response to be rewarded. The latter evaluates the capacity of individuals to refrain from food seeking responses when a signal of the absence of food is presented. The purpose of these protocols is to construct an objective quantitative measure of impulsivity, which serves to make cross-species comparisons, allowing the possibility of translational research. The advantages of these particular protocols include their easy set-up and application, which stems from the relatively small amount of equipment needed and the automated nature of these protocols.

We present three protocols that assess different forms of impulsivity in rats and other small mammals. Intertemporal choice procedures evaluate the tendency to discount the value of delayed outcomes. Differential reinforcement of low rates and feature-negative discrimination evaluate response inhibition capacity with and without punishment for inappropriate responses, respectively.

评估大鼠冲动不同表现的三个实验室程序

The present article provides a guide for the conduction and analysis of three conditioning-based protocols to evaluate impulsivity in rats. Impulsivity is ...

An Open-Source, Fully Customizable 5-Choice Serial Reaction Time Task Toolbox for Automated Behavioral Training of Rodents

The 5-choice serial reaction time task (5-CSRTT) is a behavioral test often used to study visuospatial attention and impulsiveness in rodents. The task requires animals to allocate attention to a horizontal array of five small apertures equipped with light sources and, within a limited time window, nose-poke one illuminated target aperture to get a food reward at the food magazine located in the opposite wall of the chamber. The task considers behavioral control measures such as response accuracy and reaction times and allows to infer selective attention and impulsivity. Task difficulty can be controlled by modifying the stimulus duration and task design in general. Commercially available apparatus usually consists of an experimental chamber and particular software to specify task parameters, but due to fixed hard- and software, they pose many limitations on changes in the general experimental design and specific task requirements and the related data output. This article explains a fully customizable alternative based on an easy-to-use single-board microcontroller and standard electrotechnical components, an open-access Arduino script, and a Matlab-toolbox for hardware control and behavioral task specifications, respectively. The toolbox includes an optional staircase procedure, enabling automated behavioral training. The complete hardware setup, which can be installed in customized chambers, and the freely adaptable software encourage non-standardized task and chamber design. The design of the system and the open-source code for hardware control and experimental setup are described.

The present protocol describes the development of an open-source 5-choice serial reaction time task toolbox for rodent animal models, using Arduino and related hardware and a versatile Matlab toolbox, including an optional script for automated behavioral training. The scripts are customizable and facilitate the implementation of different trial-and-test designs.

一个开源的，完全可定制的5选择串行反应时间任务工具箱，用于啮齿动物的自动行为训练

The 5-choice serial reaction time task (5-CSRTT) is a behavioral test often used to study visuospatial attention and impulsiveness in rodents. The task ...

Touchscreen Sustained Attention Task (SAT) for Rats

Sustained attention is the ability to monitor intermittent and unpredictable events over a prolonged period of time. This attentional process subserves other aspects of cognition and is disrupted in certain neurodevelopmental, neuropsychiatric, and neurodegenerative disorders. Thus, it is clinically important to identify mechanisms that impair and improve sustained attention. Such mechanisms are often first discovered using rodent models. Therefore, several behavior procedures for testing aspects of sustained attention have been developed for rodents. One, first described by McGaughy and Sarter (1995), called the sustained attention task (SAT), trains rats to distinguish between signal (i.e., brief light presentation) and non-signal trials. The signals are short and thus require careful attention to be perceived. Attentional demands can be increased further by introducing a distractor (e.g., flashing houselight). We have modified this task for touchscreen operant chambers, which are configured with a touchscreen on one wall that can present stimuli and record responses. Here we detail our protocol for SAT in touchscreen chambers. Additionally, we present standard measures of performance in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. Comparable performance on this task in both sexes highlights its use for attention studies, especially as more researchers are including female rodents in their experimental design. Moreover, the easy implementation of SAT for the increasingly popular touchscreen chambers increases its utility.

Touchscreen Sustained Attention Task SAT for Rats

Sustained attention, or continuously monitoring situations for intermittent and unpredictable events, is a critical aspect of cognition. Here we detail how to test sustained attention in rats using touchscreen operant chambers. We demonstrate comparable performance in male and female rats, making this task useful for studying attention in both sexes.

触摸屏持续注意任务 (SAT) 大鼠

Sustained attention is the ability to monitor intermittent and unpredictable events over a prolonged period of time. This attentional process subserves ...