这项研究是由以下资金来源支持部分:JSPS资助合援助科学研究（C）25350642（AT），从中山隼雄基金会研究经费用于科技和文化（SS＆YO），和从罗伯特·伍德·约翰逊基金会（格兰特＃66729）（SB＆JAN）健康游戏的研究资助。

此前参与，所有受试者提供按照机构准则知情同意。在这种情况下，该协议被批准，从明治大学（日本神奈川县），哥伦比亚大学医学中心（转移到耶鲁大学医学院进行数据分析），和长岛大学布鲁克林校区这项研究机构的人力保障计划。 1.软件和硬件改造和发展功能神经影像成像（fMRI和fNIRS） <ol><li>通过编辑使用DDR，Stepmania，开源克隆改时机，图形和音乐的功能磁共振成像使用的研究感兴趣区域的配置文件（.SM）的细节之前，fNIRS成像修改游戏热舞革命 （DDR） 。 <ol><li>在.SM文件中指定的变量:背景，音乐，偏移量（启动音乐扫描时间），samplestart，samplelength，BPMS和bgchanges。指定箭头PATTERNS每项措施在.SM文件通过定义每小节的箭头作为值"1"，"0"，或"M"。定义左，上，下，右按键为每个度量。用"1"的箭头，用"0"为空，并用"M"表示在静止时期地雷。 </li></ol></li><li>使用游戏歌曲" 蝴蝶 "（最初由Smile.dk进行，可在原跳舞机3 次混合游戏光盘索尼的PlayStation上），让受试者利用内置的游戏机制交替块设计，以发挥在修改该.SM配置文件。备用30秒游戏次与背景图形指示到播放器时，播放（绿），当放松30秒休息时间（红色; 图1）。 </li></ol><img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/52116/52116fig1.jpg" /> 无花果URE 1:范式设计（ 一 ）DDR图形用户界面。箭头在屏幕的底部移向屏幕的顶部。这些箭头表示科目按哪个按钮。当箭头到达山顶行动区域（在屏幕的顶部灰色箭头），受试者的反应是按正确按钮。播放时间显示一个绿色的背景。其余的时间由表示红色背景。在休息时间，箭被换成"炸弹"的动画。这些有关于游戏性或得分无功能，但被用来作为在休息时期占位。 （ 二）用于扫描的块设计由一共有5分钟的比赛和休息时期。预扫描为10秒的长度，然后交替30秒的发挥和休息块。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/52116/52116fig1highres.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <ol s挞="3"&gt; <li>重复交替间隔五次每次运行，以确保特异性休息和活跃期之间的对比。 </li><li>在功能磁共振成像数据收集的情况下，限制动作，左，右箭头按键使用脚按键功能磁共振成像录音。按钮按压的总数目应保持相等的这两个任务（ 图2）。 </li><li>前向扫描过程，解说比赛的雏形受试者，允许受试者在成像之前几个实践中运行。指示受试者按与他们的脚尽可能接近在移动箭头的路径的顶部概述的完美的时间相应的箭头按钮，而是以最小化尽可能头部运动。 </li></ol><img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/52116/52116fig2.jpg" /> 图2:实验装置的功能磁共振成像（A）受试者躺在核磁共振成像扫描仪，而observi纳克使用安装在头部线圈主体上方的镜面投影互动环境。图2B。一种改进的脚平台包括允许受试者在游戏中进行实时左或右脚尖水龙头回应两个按钮。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/52116/52116fig2highres.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> 2.功能磁共振成像测试和分析<ol><li>获得结构图像的每一个前受游戏体验三维宠坏梯度回波序列（SPGR）（124片，256×256，视野=220毫米场），以10分38秒的总扫描时间。 </li><li>使用扫描以下设置平面回波（EPI）T2 *加权梯度回波序列中获得功能性磁共振图像:回波时间= 51毫秒，重复时间= 3秒，翻转角= 83°。取得脑的27个连续的轴向切片图像的尺寸如下:192×192毫米的视野的视图中，带有128×128网格的1.56 x1.56毫米一个总分辨率为4.5毫米的z轴分辨率。 </li><li>指导患者使用上面的范例，但只用左，右箭头，以减少运动伪影玩游戏。 </li><li>执行功能磁共振成像BOLD信号分析使用SPM8 5，在MATLAB 7.0中实现。 <ol><li>丢弃前10秒EPI系列，以尽量减少T2 *放松神器，功能数据是通过运动最小二乘6，参数"刚体空间变换纠正。 </li><li>正常化的重新调整的EPI扫描到MNI（蒙特利尔神经学研究所）模板具有2毫米3决议随后空间平滑为8毫米全宽度半最大值（FWHM）的高斯核。 </li><li>执行主体级使用一般线性模型（GLM）用于比较所述活动状态中（DDR）相比较，其余条件创建统计参数图。统计分析&lt;/ LI&gt; <li>执行组分析，使用标准的统计参数映射（SPM）个人成绩第二级随机效应的做法。以P &lt;100像素0.01和簇大小阈值的阈值获得的基于组的分析结果感兴趣区域。 </li><li>定义感兴趣的区域作为功能簇和优越和颞中回的解剖掩模之间的结合，从WFU PickAtlas工具13,14获得</li></ol></li></ol> 3. fNIRS设置和数据采集<ol><li>采用22通道fNIRS地形系统，​​记录从排列成一个3×5阵列光极数据。间光极的距离为每个源-检测器对为3cm（ 图3A，B）。 <ol><li>东方含光学传感器阵列，以便它排队从左侧前额叶皮层到左颞叶弹性帽（ 图3A，B）。保证在最低行的光极在最前位置是居中国际10-10系统15对FPZ。光极并联的劣势排与解剖标志FPZ和T7之间的线对齐。 </li></ol></li><li>拧紧光学探针阵列被摄物体的头部，并保证它使用肩带和下巴肩带连接牢固。应注意，从头部表面光极的位移，使得源-检测器对是紧到头部但不舒服向受试者（ 图3C）。 </li><li>样品原料模拟光极源 - 检测器对光线数据输入电脑，在7.9赫兹使用电脑的图形用户界面。 </li></ol><img alt="图3" src="/files/ftp_upload/52116/52116fig3.jpg" /> 图3:光极设置为NIRS记录（A）中该盖由装有的可弯曲的塑料的弹性片的耦合到和豪lding3厘米间隔光极持有人。肩带​​装配到帽，以允许它被紧紧地装配到所述头部。帽是较大，并且允许比3×5阵列（黄色示出）用于该研究的更多光极，但有必要可靠地将其固定到受试者的磁头。 （B）中的光极帽和定位在左前额到颞叶。关于3×5阵列的主题提供覆盖的头的光极帽在左前额区域向左侧颞叶的例子。 （C）光极安置在固定头上有收紧带和南极帽帽显示。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/52116/52116fig3highres.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <ol start="4"><li>使用由记录之前的制造商提供的系统控制软件测试校准和信号强度和信噪比。在高噪声的情况下被检测到，Remove光极和使用LED通道出现干扰头发发亮的塑料棒（ 图4）。 </li></ol><img alt="图4" src="/files/ftp_upload/52116/52116fig4.jpg" /> 图4:光极信号优化头发从使用照明工具塑料取代头发从信道中心，以保证最佳的信号品质的每一个通道搬到<a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/52116/52116fig4highres.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <ol start="5"><li>使用一个三维数字化笔，以确定在弹性帽的每个信道的源和检测器光极的位置的空间值。使用数字化仪立即收集数据和玩游戏（ 图5）之前，以确定每个受试者的鼻根，INION，耳廓和锆石的空间坐标。保存文本文件与源和检测或地点others.txt和解剖坐标origin.txt文件。 </li></ol><img alt="图5" src="/files/ftp_upload/52116/52116fig5.jpg" /> 图5:光极的位置校准磁数字化工具来确定的10-20标志上的光极道头的位置放置<a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/52116/52116fig5highres.jpg" target="_blank">请 ​​点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <ol start="6"><li>处理使用在近红外-SPM 16,17内的MATLAB 7.0（ 图6）的注册选项捕获三维坐标。从SPM的主菜单，挑选独立空间的注册。在下一屏幕上，选择"带三维扫描仪"，并使用相应的对话框中选择之前保存的其他和起源的文本文件。从软件的对话框中，选择"配准N（使用NFRI功能）"，确定空间表征</li></ol><img alt="图6" src="/files/ftp_upload/52116/52116fig6.jpg" /> 图6:对近红外光谱校准数据样本输出数字化数据被用来确定在大脑的特定区域的每个信道的概率。第22频道在这一主题表现出0.4129的颞中回和0.47419于颞上回的概率。该通道是由发射器和检测器对之间的区域限定。各地图中的通道22的圆圈代表促成从这个主题的光极对记录信号的区域的近似。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/52116/52116fig6highres.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <ol start="7"><li>当所有光极频道位置都被数字化，并且每个通道提供关于S在由制造商提供的软件界面的GUI表示ufficient信号强度，要求受试者站立和DDR测试做准备（ 图7A，B）。 </li></ol><img alt="图7" src="/files/ftp_upload/52116/52116fig7.jpg" /> 图7:在舞蹈游戏fNIRS数据收集 （ 一 ）主题站到使用块模式在游戏中扮演一个标准的舞蹈游戏垫，同时被拴在NIRS机。 （B）显示在收集来自受实时背景画面的原始数据收集数据的另一种观点。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/52116/52116fig7highres.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> 4. fNIRS数据收集<ol><li>在此之前建立记录光极的fNIRS，提供科目一简要介绍以游戏和让实践熟悉游戏在功能磁共振成像检测。 </li><li>对于fNIRS测试，使用相同的范例该功能磁共振成像测试中，并添加相对于用于fMRI的仅左箭头和右箭头的向上/向下箭头的。确保箭头压力机的总数是相同的fMRI和fNIRS任务之间，只有图案不同。 </li><li>在fNIRS测试（ 图7A）使用一个标准的4键地板垫按钮响应系统进行游戏。 </li><li>一旦舒适的游戏的基本知识，指导患者打30秒的比赛时间有30秒的休息时间，如步骤1.2。每个科目重复这个5分钟的比赛两次。 <ol><li>责成专门科目不碰自己的脸或鼻子，尤其是他们的头发或头部附近的光极。指导患者尽量减少在游戏过程中其头部的转动，YAWL或俯仰运动。 </li></ol></li></ol> 5. fNIRS数据分析<ol&gt; <li>使用一种改进的比尔-朗伯方法18中的计算分别反映了氧化血红蛋白（氧血红蛋白），脱氧血红蛋白（脱氧血红蛋白），和总血红蛋白（总血红蛋白）的浓度变化ΔoxyHb，ΔdeoxyHb和ΔtotalHb相对信号使用以下公式任意单位（μM厘米）: ΔoxyHb= -1.4887×780ΔABS+ 0.5970×805ΔABS+ 1.4847×830ΔABS ΔdeoxyHb= 1.8545×780ΔABS+（-0.2394）×805ΔABS+（-1.0947）×830ΔABS ΔtotalHb=ΔoxyHb+ΔdeoxyHb; 其中，ΔABS表示在对应的波长光线吸收的变化。 </li><li>从个体血液动力学信号通过25 阶 Savitzky-Golay滤波低通滤波器的原始数据和平均19。 </li><li>与发病设置为零申请基线校正的平均数据。 </li><li>通过由信号的标准偏差除以平均值正常化血液动力学信号振幅记录前的任务10秒。 </li><li>基于三维数字化仪的信息进行分析选择频​​道。这里，使用一个信道，根据登记过程的输出，以利用用于分析具有在中东和颞上回80％或更多的注册的概率）。 </li></ol>功能磁共振成像和fNIRS信号6.比较<ol><li>使用在SPM8结果在功能T&gt; 2.6或相应的P值&lt;0.01，以确定超阈值像素。使用重叠超阈值的体素以限定解剖区域的内侧的簇确定的感兴趣区域（ROI）的区域。 <ol><li>在这种情况下，使用定义包含在挑选WFU阿特拉斯AAL地图集优越，颞中回。在THI案，将所得簇具有572 2×2×2mm的位于颞中回具有峰体素在坐标（-66，-24，0）和峰值T = 5.73 fNIRS体素。 </li></ol></li><li>确定兴趣fNIRS数据使用3D其中使用NIRS-SPM坐标上面的步骤3.5.1转换为数字化MNI坐标通道。在这种情况下，在大多数受试者通道22有活性的，在步骤6.1中定义的投资回报率的概率最高。 </li><li>确定平均，事件触发的投资回报率在功能磁共振成像对fNIRS的60秒块（活动和休息，结合）的响应时间和相应的通道。 </li><li>对于每个受试者，在群集内平均的血氧水平依赖（BOLD）的原料为所述体素信号，以生成fMRI的事件触发的平均数据。 </li><li>比较功能磁共振成像和fNIRS通过缩放功能磁共振成像数据来优化使用线性回归使用fNIRS = B *功能磁共振成像，那里的回归方法获得B值，以便塔匹配fNIRS数据T中的根平均fNIRS -b * fMRI的平方值最小。 </li><li>由两组相关比较fNIRS与fMRI信号。 </li></ol>

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fNIRS是，具有可自然活动的神经关联的研究的一个承诺脑功能成像技术。这些技术的发展，是一个活跃的研究方向。我们在这里勾勒出这是有效的，用于记录脑功能活动与参与舞蹈视频游戏相关联的兴趣单个区域的方法。 出版物调查运动学习范式与fNIRS的数量迅速，近年来引进日立和日本岛津（以及其他），能够记录在大脑的多个区域同时20,21功能活动的多通道fNIRS单位增加。它有可能确定fNIRS信号的解剖特异性以及使用所述信号来确定变化的信号的定时和幅度如何有助于运动任务的行为表现，我们以前曾表明<suP&gt; 11。该杂志神经成像的最近特刊集中在近红外光谱技术目前的应用，其中包括一些具体的电机学习22项研究。即使在近红外光谱技术，这种滚雪球的兴趣，很少有研究侧重于验证功能磁共振成像自然行为的神经机制。而这个特殊的问题和许多其他出版物23-26清晰勾勒fNIRS的学习运动行为未来的作用，该协议在这里描述的开发是为了验证一个统一的方法从自然的行为比较功能磁共振成像和fNIRS数据。 结果表明对于fNIRS和组的fMRI信号之间在颞叶的积分区域和高相关性的信号之间的相关性的在线与之前在并发的fMRI / fNIRS研究3中示出。 图9表示在fNIRS活动颞叶不仅皮层在自然界机智ħ差动氧基和deoxyHb chromofore吸光度，而且在颞叶该活动是从出现在额叶不与fMRI的活动关联的颞叶有很大不同。我们强调，研究的几个关键方面，允许数据到两种技术之间进行比较。第一，光极位置的标定被概括为在确认皮质解剖和结果的解释的关键战略。修改为我们做的软件和硬件，使我们与优化，以产生强劲的皮质反应在两个程序块的设计方案同步我们的范例。我们还列出关键战略，以确保高信噪比（光极从表面脱毛）和减少文物，包括运动和面部刺激（受试者特别指示不要触碰他们的头部或面部）的。 这些结果与以往的研究调查并发fNIRS / FM结果RI成像过程确认的信号之间的高度相关性作为理论预测1-3。一个限制到这里给出的数据的解释是，我们无法利用在近红外光谱记录，显示它是能够提高使用高密度记录的个别信道的数据的分辨率的优化更新的技术。这种高密度技术也被用来分离浅表部件从皮质NIRS除了从血压，心脏速率等全身变量6,7,28除去伪影的其它技术的信号27。还已经表明，探针放置和色体的选择可用于控制误报29和近红外光谱信号的自适应滤波，可以在高信号的情况下的信噪比有效地使用。我们在这里和以前使用商业使用近红外系统在模块化设计10,11呈现范式任务已生产与大信号数据，并没有需要进一步的分析技术或硬件显示信号之间的相似性。然而，有可能的是，这里给出的数据可以进一步通过在近红外光谱信号处理中使用的这些和其他技术的提高。 目前的方法在功能NIRS不会取代需要功能磁共振成像扫描;相反，正如我们在这里建议，这两个成像过程（除了脑电图和其他）可以用来互补。在一组个人被禁忌功能磁共振成像扫描的情况下，可以fNIRS证明的唯一可行的方法来确定一个培训计划，如与帕金森氏症的个体跌倒风险预防方案带来的好处。此外，fNIRS具有一定数量的也可用于将信息添加到通过磁共振扫描提供的解剖细节的未来方向。高密度光极安置和增加光极会产生更高的可用于连接的主分量分析以及BOLD信号建模的增加的准确度的时间分辨率。

这里描述的方法的目标是开发了一个工作协议比较功能磁共振成像（功能性磁共振成像）和fNIRS（功能近红外光谱）中类似的多模态的任务的信号。具体来说，我们的目的是开发与禁忌传统的功能磁共振成像扫描，由于震颤，运动障碍或多个植入设备的个人使用的功能成像过程。虽然许多有效的培训和康复方案为个人存在的风险下降，有潜在的这些方案的疗效的神经机制的不确认。通常，参与这些训练方案的个体是禁忌所援引的原因。我们对这项研究的理由是确定功能近红外光谱（fNIRS）的疗效，以确定与自然电动机的任务，涉及整个身体运动有关的大脑活动模式。长期目标包括工具的发展，根根Ÿ不仅运动学习的范例，但也有助于确认fNIRS是否适合更广泛的品种，都不可能在用传统方法自然主义的方式来执行任务。 fNIRS活动以前被证明是高度相关（r = 0.77-0.94）的同源区域，在有限的研究中测量其中使用经典的心理学和简单的手指敲击范式并发fNIRS和功能磁共振成像功能磁共振成像活动BOLD（血氧水平依赖）信号记录1-3。这些研究的结果证实fNIRS是有效和可靠的，以确定与减少对环境的任务与fMRI的兼容相关皮质活动。然而，fNIRS拥有fMRI的许多优点为神经影像学方法。 fNIRS，重要的是要多运动伪影比fMRI的不敏感，并且允许受试者的行为，因为他们将在一个自然的环境，而不是fMRI研究制约电机paradigMS 4。与fNIRS相关联的时间准确度允许测定变化具有增加的粒度神经响应函数由于增加采样频率。最后，fNIRS的成本比fMRI的扫描下，并允许研究，以更低的成本来进行。但是，也有fNIRS相比的fMRI包括有限的穿透深度，有限的空间分辨率，以及最近的缺点，已经表明，某些生理现象，如血压，心脏速率和头皮血流量的影响可以引入误报的皮质血流信号5-9。而目前正在开发的一些方法和特定的硬件NIRS发展，包括信号处理，硬件提供高密度的光极梯度，它仍然是重要的，发展混合方法，使功能磁共振成像和fNIRS程序，相得益彰。 这项研究用于测试fNIRS用于确定在一个自然的舞蹈视频游戏的任务从事神经机制的方法。这项研究的目的是要在一组个体之间的脑（上级和颞中回）的集成中心比较使用的任务的一个自然版本使用fMRI的另一组受试者使用fNIRS成像的成像活性。我们小组已经使用类似的互动游戏的范例预先调查了这一领域，并表现出活性的颞叶响应二者根据皮质激活10氧和去oxyHb色团。我们还以前试图以前由表示在这个区域响应调制幅度相对于所述任务的皮质负荷和不相关的活动本身11的全 ​​身反应，以控制用于 ​​全身工件。上级和颞中回已经知道有集成多模态感官刺激的相关活动，我们有以前显示此区域是活跃在跳舞机（DDR）试点fMRI研究游戏中除了我们fNIRS出版物10-12。我们的假设为目前的研究是在该领域的使用记录功能fNIRS活动将显著以类似的，但有限的舞蹈游戏使用协议记录功能磁共振成像功能活动密切相关。 这里所描述的协议包括如何修改一个舞蹈视频游戏被用作在这两个fNIRS与fMRI协议的神经影像学范例。然而，整个过程是不特定的视频游戏的范例，可以是适当的任何数量的任务它们不可能在一个功能磁共振成像协议的制约，包括语言和运动任务来执行的。该协议还概述了使用功能磁共振成像的解剖特异性开发的感兴趣区（ROI），它可以在使用fNIRS真实现实世界的任务进一步被研究的特定区域的过程。

<table><tbody><tr><td colspan="4">Equipment</td></tr><tr><td>Shimadzu OMM-3000</td><td><a href="http://www.shimadzu.com/an/lifescience/imaging/nirs/nirs_top.html" target="_blank"><img src="/img/new_window.png" /> Shimadzu</a></td><td></td><td>The OMM-3000 used in this study has been replaced by the LABNIRS</td></tr><tr><td>Polhemus Patriot 3D Digitizer</td><td><a href="http://polhemus.com/motion-tracking/all-trackers/patriot/" target="_blank"><img src="/img/new_window.png" /> Polhemus</a></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>GE Twin-Speed 1.5T MRI scanner</td><td><a href="http://www3.gehealthcare.com/en/Products/Categories/Magnetic_Resonance_Imaging" target="_blank"><img src="/img/new_window.png" /> General Electric</a></td><td></td><td>The Twin-Speed 1.5 T scanner has been retired. A number of new scanners are available to replicate this procedure</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">Software</td></tr><tr><td>Stepmania</td><td><a href="http://www.stepmania.com/" target="_blank"><img src="/img/new_window.png" /> Stepmania</a></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Matlab</td><td><a href="http://www.mathworks.com/" target="_blank"><img src="/img/new_window.png" /> MathWorks</a></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NIRS-SPM</td><td><a href="http://bispl.weebly.com/nirs-spm.html#/" target="_blank"><img src="/img/new_window.png" /> BISPL</a></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>WFU Pick Atlas</td><td><a href="http://fmri.wfubmc.edu/software/PickAtlas" target="_blank"><img src="/img/new_window.png" /> ANSIR</a></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

fmri validation of fnirs measurements during a naturalistic task

We present a method to compare brain activity recorded with near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) in a dance video game task to that recorded in a reduced version of the task using fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging). Recently, it has been shown that fNIRS can accurately record functional brain activities equivalent to those concurrently recorded with functional magnetic resonance imaging for classic psychophysical tasks and simple finger tapping paradigms. However, an often quoted benefit of fNIRS is that the technique allows for studying neural mechanisms of complex, naturalistic behaviors that are not possible using the constrained environment of fMRI. Our goal was to extend the findings of previous studies that have shown high correlation between concurrently recorded fNIRS and fMRI signals to compare neural recordings obtained in fMRI procedures to those separately obtained in naturalistic fNIRS experiments. Specifically, we developed a modified version of the dance video game Dance Dance Revolution (DDR) to be compatible with both fMRI and fNIRS imaging procedures. In this methodology we explain the modifications to the software and hardware for compatibility with each technique as well as the scanning and calibration procedures used to obtain representative results. The results of the study show a task-related increase in oxyhemoglobin in both modalities and demonstrate that it is possible to replicate the findings of fMRI using fNIRS in a naturalistic task. This technique represents a methodology to compare fMRI imaging paradigms which utilize a reduced-world environment to fNIRS in closer approximation to naturalistic, full-body activities and behaviors. Further development of this technique may apply to neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson&#8217;s disease, late states of dementia, or those with magnetic susceptibility which are contraindicated for fMRI scanning.

该实验的结果表明，从集成的中心在使用功能性磁共振成像（fMRI）上级和中间颞上回得到活性具有高度相关的功能的近红外光谱（fNIRS）信号形成相同的区域中的任务的自然版本图8示出了从由磁共振成像扫描过程（蓝色迹线），并从fNIRS协议（红色迹线）的26个受试者16受试者的标准化和平均的原始数据。该数据被固定在0时间和游戏交互的活跃期在第30秒的曲线图（标有任务）的发生。垂直虚线表示绿色到红色背景中的任务和休息阶段开始的过渡（表示为休息）两个数据集显示增加的响应，在活跃期和下降中的其余阶段具有增加的可变性见于功能磁共振成像信号。比较采用第一章的痕迹之间进行ressing功能磁共振成像信号，以减少根意味着两种走线之间方差。两个信号之间的所得的相关系数为0.78和相关P值为0.03。 图9表示一个大脑与来自一个单一的主题叠加通道的位置呈现。平均从通道1和22迹线显示与代表氧合血红蛋白的信号的实线和虚线表示的脱氧血红蛋白的信号线。红色和蓝色的痕迹代表了游戏，音乐和非音乐两个版本，分别为。来自通道1的信号作为一个控制例与感兴趣区域比较。在这两个地区不同的信号相对于任务的响应。 <img alt="图8" src="/files/ftp_upload/52116/52116fig8.jpg" /> 图8:从颞中回和fNIRS功能磁共振成像信号之间关系的fNIRS（红色）和磁共振成像（蓝色）信号显示每个组平均值±SEM由阴影边缘表示。这两者之间的相关系数为0.78; P = 0.03。插入显示了活动的功能磁共振成像与MNI在活动高峰确定的投资回报率的渲染坐标（-66，-24，0）与簇大小= 571，峰值T = 5.73。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/52116/52116fig8highres.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看大图这个数字。</a> <img alt="图9" src="/files/ftp_upload/52116/52116fig9.jpg" /> 图9:差异在时间和额叶信号的时间，当然ΔoxyHb（实线）和ΔdeoxyHb（虚线）一个单一的主题，从舞蹈游戏呈现出两个条件，"用音乐的两个单审判响应（红色）。 "和"无音乐（蓝色）"的条件。这个数字已经被修改小野等人。 </eM&gt; 10。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about fMRI Validation of fNIRS Measurements During a Naturalistic Task at JoVE.com

fMRI Validation of fNIRS Measurements During a Naturalistic Task

We present a method to compare functional brain activity recorded during a naturalistic task using fNIRS with activity recorded during fMRI.

的fNIRS功能磁共振成像测量验证过程中一个自然主义任务

We present a method to compare brain activity recorded with near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) in a dance video game task to that recorded in a reduced ...

fmri-validation-of-fnirs-measurements-during-a-naturalistic-task

Nanyang Technological University

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JoVE Journal

Behavior

20.8K 次观看.  Yale School of Medicine. We present a method to compare functional brain activity recorded during a naturalistic task using fNIRS with activity recorded during fMRI. 

视频: fMRI Validation of fNIRS Measurements During a Naturalistic Task

Measurement of Fronto-limbic Activity Using an Emotional Oddball Task in Children with Familial High Risk for Schizophrenia

Adolescence is a critical developmental period where the early symptoms of schizophrenia frequently emerge. First-degree relatives of people with schizophrenia who are at familial high risk (FHR) may show similar cognitive and emotional changes. However, the neurological changes underlying the emergence of these symptoms remain unclear. This study sought to identify differences in frontal, striatal, and limbic regions in children and adolescents with FHR using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Groups of 21 children and adolescents at FHR and 21 healthy controls completed an emotional oddball task that relied on selective attention and the suppression of task-irrelevant emotional information. The standard oddball task was modified to include aversive and neutral distractors in order to examine potential group differences in both emotional and executive processing. This task was designed specifically to allow for children and adolescents to complete by keeping the difficulty and emotional image content age-appropriate. Furthermore, we demonstrate a technique for suitable fMRI registration for children and adolescent participants. This paradigm may also be applied in future studies to measure changes in neural activity in other populations with hypothesized developmental changes in executive and emotional processing.

This paper describes how to use the emotional oddball task and fMRI to measure brain activation in children and adolescents at familial high risk for schizophrenia (FHR).&#160;FMRI was used to measure differences in fronto-striato-limbic regions during an emotional oddball task. Children with FHR exhibited abnormal functional activation during adolescence.

的额边缘活度测量在儿童使用情绪穿着或行为古怪的任务与家族性高风险的精神分裂症

Adolescence is a critical developmental period where the early symptoms of schizophrenia frequently emerge. First-degree relatives of people with ...

科研

行为学

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Observing Virtual Social Interactions

The ability to gauge social interactions is crucial in the assessment of others&#x2019; intentions. Factors such as facial expressions and body language affect our decisions in personal and professional life alike 1. These "friend or foe" judgements are often based on first impressions, which in turn may affect our decisions to "approach or avoid". Previous studies investigating the neural correlates of social cognition tended to use static facial stimuli 2. Here, we illustrate an experimental design in which whole-body animated characters were used in conjunction with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) recordings. Fifteen participants were presented with short movie-clips of guest-host interactions in a business setting, while fMRI data were recorded; at the end of each movie, participants also provided ratings of the host behaviour. This design mimics more closely real-life situations, and hence may contribute to better understanding of the neural mechanisms of social interactions in healthy behaviour, and to gaining insight into possible causes of deficits in social behaviour in such clinical conditions as social anxiety and autism 3.

This article demonstrates an experimental design in which whole-body animated characters are used in conjunction with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate the neural correlates of observing virtual social interactions.

观察虚拟社会交往中的神经关联的脑成像研究

The ability to gauge social interactions is crucial in the assessment of others&#x2019; intentions. Factors such as facial expressions and body language ...

神经科学

Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy of the Sensory and Motor Brain Regions with Simultaneous Kinematic and EMG Monitoring During Motor Tasks

There are several advantages that functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) presents in the study of the neural control of human movement. It is relatively flexible with respect to participant positioning and allows for some head movements during tasks. Additionally, it is inexpensive, light weight, and portable, with very few contraindications to its use. This presents a unique opportunity to study functional brain activity during motor tasks in individuals who are typically developing, as well as those with movement disorders, such as cerebral palsy. An additional consideration when studying movement disorders, however, is the quality of actual movements performed and the potential for additional, unintended movements. Therefore, concurrent monitoring of both blood flow changes in the brain and actual movements of the body during testing is required for appropriate interpretation of fNIRS results. Here, we show a protocol for the combination of fNIRS with muscle and kinematic monitoring during motor tasks. We explore gait, a unilateral multi-joint movement (cycling), and two unilateral single-joint movements (isolated ankle dorsiflexion, and isolated hand squeezing). The techniques presented can be useful in studying both typical and atypical motor control, and can be modified to investigate a broad range of tasks and scientific questions.

Monitoring brain activity during upright motor tasks is of great value when investigating the neural source of movement disorders. Here, we demonstrate a protocol that combines functional near infrared spectroscopy with continuous monitoring of muscle and kinematic activity during 4 types of motor tasks.

感觉和运动脑区与运动同步和肌电图监测功能近红外光谱在运动任务

There are several advantages that functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) presents in the study of the neural control of human movement. It is ...

Using Fiberless, Wearable fNIRS to Monitor Brain Activity in Real-world Cognitive Tasks

Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a neuroimaging technique that uses near-infrared light to monitor brain activity. Based on neurovascular coupling, fNIRS is able to measure the haemoglobin concentration changes secondary to neuronal activity. Compared to other neuroimaging techniques, fNIRS represents a good compromise in terms of spatial and temporal resolution. Moreover, it is portable, lightweight, less sensitive to motion artifacts and does not impose significant physical restraints. It is therefore appropriate to monitor a wide range of cognitive tasks (e.g., auditory, gait analysis, social interaction) and different age populations (e.g., new-borns, adults, elderly people). The recent development of fiberless fNIRS devices has opened the way to new applications in neuroscience research. This represents a unique opportunity to study functional activity during real-world tests, which can be more sensitive and accurate in assessing cognitive function and dysfunction than lab-based tests. This study explored the use of fiberless fNIRS to monitor brain activity during a real-world prospective memory task. This protocol is performed outside the lab and brain haemoglobin concentration changes are continuously measured over the prefrontal cortex while the subject walks around in order to accomplish several different tasks.

Monitoring brain activity outside the lab without physical constraints presents methodological challenges. A fiberless, wearable functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) system was used to measure brain activity during an ecological prospective memory task. It was demonstrated that this system could be used to monitor brain activity during non-lab based experiments.

用无纤维，耐磨fNIRS监视在真实世界的认知任务脑活动

Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a neuroimaging technique that uses near-infrared light to monitor brain activity. Based on neurovascular ...

Neuroimaging Field Methods Using Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) Neuroimaging to Study Global Child Development: Rural Sub-Saharan Africa

Portable neuroimaging approaches provide new advances to the study of brain function and brain development with previously inaccessible populations and in remote locations. This paper shows the development of field functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) imaging to the study of child language, reading, and cognitive development in a rural village setting of C&#244;te d&#39;Ivoire. Innovation in methods and the development of culturally appropriate neuroimaging protocols allow&#160;a first-time look into the brain&#39;s development and children&#39;s learning outcomes in understudied environments. This paper demonstrates protocols for transporting and setting up a mobile laboratory, discusses considerations for field versus laboratory neuroimaging, and presents a guide for developing neuroimaging consent procedures and building meaningful long-term collaborations with local government and science partners. Portable neuroimaging methods can be used to study complex child development contexts, including the impact of significant poverty and adversity on brain development. The protocol presented here has been developed for use in C&#244;te d&#39;Ivoire, the world&#39;s primary source of cocoa, and where reports of child labor in the cocoa sector are common. Yet, little is known about the impact of child labor on brain development and learning. Field neuroimaging methods have the potential to yield new insights into such urgent issues, and the development of children globally.

Neuroimaging Field Methods Using Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy NIRS Neuroimaging to Study Global Child Development: Rural Sub-Saharan Africa

Portable neuroimaging approaches (functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy) provide advances to the study of the brain in previously inaccessible regions; here, rural C&#244;te d&#39;Ivoire. Innovation in methods and development of culturally-appropriate neuroimaging protocols permits novel study of the brain&#39;s development and children&#39;s learning outcomes in environments with significant poverty and adversity.

利用功能近红外光谱成像技术研究全球儿童发展: 农村撒哈拉以南非洲地区的神经影像场方法

Portable neuroimaging approaches provide new advances to the study of brain function and brain development with previously inaccessible populations and in ...

Conducting Hyperscanning Experiments with Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

Concurrent brain recordings of two or more interacting persons, an approach termed hyperscanning, are gaining increasing importance for our understanding of the neurobiological underpinnings of social interactions, and possibly interpersonal relationships. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is well suited for conducting hyperscanning experiments because it measures local hemodynamic effects with a high sampling rate and, importantly, it can be applied in natural settings, not requiring strict motion restrictions. In this article, we present a protocol for conducting fNIRS hyperscanning experiments with parent-child dyads and for analyzing brain-to-brain synchrony. Furthermore, we discuss critical issues and future directions, regarding the experimental design, spatial registration of the fNIRS channels, physiological influences and data analysis methods. The described protocol is not specific to parent-child dyads, but can be applied to a variety of different dyadic constellations, such as adult strangers, romantic partners or siblings. To conclude, fNIRS hyperscanning has the potential to yield new insights into the dynamics of the ongoing social interaction, which possibly go beyond what can be studied by examining the activities of individual brains.

The present protocol describes how to conduct fNIRS hyperscanning experiments and analyze brain-to-brain synchrony. Further, we discuss challenges and possible solutions.

利用功能近红外光谱进行超扫描实验

Concurrent brain recordings of two or more interacting persons, an approach termed hyperscanning, are gaining increasing importance for our understanding ...

Qualitative and Comparative Cortical Activity Data Analyses from a Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Experiment Applying Block Design

Neuroimaging studies play a pivotal role in the evaluation of pre- vs. post-interventional neurological conditions such as in rehabilitation and surgical treatment. Among the many neuroimaging technologies used to measure brain activity, functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) enables the evaluation of dynamic cortical activities by measuring the local hemoglobin levels similar to functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Also, due to lesser physical restriction in fNIRS, multiple variants of sensorimotor tasks can be evaluated. Many laboratories have developed several methods for fNIRS data analysis; however, despite the fact that the general principles are the same, there is no universally standardized method. Here, we present the qualitative and comparative analytic methods of data obtained from a multi-channel fNIRS experiment using a block design. For qualitative analysis, we used a software for NIRS as a mass-univariate approach based on the generalized linear model. The NIRS-SPM analysis shows qualitative results for each session by visualizing the activated area during the task. In addition, the non-invasive three-dimensional digitizer can be used to estimate the fNIRS channel locations relative to the brain. To corroborate the NIRS-SPM findings, the amplitude of the changes in hemoglobin levels induced by the sensorimotor task can be statistically analyzed by comparing the data obtained from two different sessions (before and after intervention) of the same study subject using a multi-channel hierarchical mixed model. Our methods can be used to measure the pre- vs. post-intervention analysis in a variety of neurological disorders such as movement disorders, cerebrovascular diseases, and neuropsychiatric disorders.

We describe the analysis of continuous-wave functional near-infrared spectroscopy experiment using a block design with a sensorimotor task. To increase the reliability of the data analysis, we used the qualitative general linear model-based statistical parametric mapping and the comparative hierarchical mixed models for multi-channels.

功能近红外光谱实验应用块设计的定性和比较皮质活动数据分析

Neuroimaging studies play a pivotal role in the evaluation of pre- vs. post-interventional neurological conditions such as in rehabilitation and surgical ...

How to Calculate and Validate Inter-brain Synchronization in a fNIRS Hyperscanning Study

The dynamics between coupled brains of individuals have been increasingly represented by inter-brain synchronization (IBS) when they coordinate with each other, mostly using simultaneous-recording signals of brains (namely hyperscanning) with fNIRS. In fNIRS hyperscanning studies, IBS has been commonly assessed through the wavelet transform coherence (WTC) method because of its advantage on expanding time series into time-frequency space where oscillations can be seen in a highly intuitive way. The observed IBS can be further validated via the permutation-based random pairing of the trial, partner, and condition. Here, a protocol is presented to describe how to obtain brain signals via fNIRS technology, calculate IBS through the WTC method, and validate IBS by permutation in a hyperscanning study. Further, we discuss the critical issues when using the above methods, including the choice of fNIRS signals, methods of data preprocessing, and optional parameters of computations.&#160;In summary, using the WTC method and permutation is a potentially standard pipeline for analyzing IBS in fNIRS hyperscanning studies, contributing to both the reproducibility and reliability of IBS.

如何在fNIRS超扫描研究中计算和验证脑间同步

The dynamics between coupled brains of individuals have been increasingly represented by inter-brain synchronization (IBS) when they coordinate with each ...

Simultaneous Data Collection of fMRI and fNIRS Measurements Using a Whole-Head Optode Array and Short-Distance Channels

Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a portable neuroimaging methodology, more robust to motion and more cost-effective than functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), which makes it highly suitable for conducting naturalistic studies of brain function and for use with developmental and clinical populations. Both fNIRS and fMRI methodologies detect changes in cerebral blood oxygenation during functional brain activation, and prior studies have shown high spatial and temporal correspondence between the two signals. There is, however, no quantitative comparison of the two signals collected simultaneously from the same subjects with whole-head fNIRS coverage. This comparison is necessary to comprehensively validate area-level activations and functional connectivity against the fMRI gold standard, which in turn has the potential to facilitate comparisons of the two signals across the lifespan. We address this gap by describing a protocol for simultaneous data collection of fMRI&#160;and fNIRS signals that: i) provides whole-head fNIRS coverage; ii) includes short-distance measurements for regression of the non-cortical, systemic physiological signal; and iii) implements two different methods for optode-to-scalp co-registration of fNIRS measurements. fMRI and fNIRS data from three subjects are presented, and recommendations for adapting the protocol to test developmental and clinical populations are discussed. The current setup with adults allows scanning sessions for an average of approximately 40 min, which includes both functional and structural scans. The protocol outlines the steps required to adapt the fNIRS equipment for use in the magnetic resonance (MR) environment, provides recommendations for both data recording and optode-to-scalp co-registration, and discusses potential modifications of the protocol to fit the specifics of the available MR-safe fNIRS system. Representative subject-specific responses from a flashing-checkerboard task illustrate the feasibility of the protocol to measure whole-head fNIRS signals in the MR environment. This protocol will be particularly relevant for researchers interested in validating fNIRS signals against fMRI across the lifespan.

We present a method for simultaneously collecting fMRI and fNIRS signals from the same subjects with whole-head fNIRS coverage. The protocol has been tested with three young adults and can be adapted for data collection for developmental studies and clinical populations.

使用全头光电阵列和短距离通道同时收集 fMRI 和 fNIRS 测量数据

Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a portable neuroimaging methodology, more robust to motion and more cost-effective than functional ...

在下肢机器人治疗期间评估 fNIRS 的大脑激活

An Experiment Using Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Robot-Assisted Multi-Joint Pointing Movements of the Lower Limb

Stroke affects approximately 17 million individuals worldwide each year and is a leading cause of long-term disability. Robotic therapy has shown promise in helping stroke patients regain lost motor functions. One potential avenue for increasing the understanding of how motor recovery occurs is to study brain activation during the movements that are targeted by therapy in healthy individuals. Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) has emerged as a promising neuroimaging technique for examining neural underpinnings of motor function. This study aimed to investigate fNIRS neural correlates of complex lower limb movements in healthy subjects. Participants were asked to perform cycles of rest and movement for 6 min using a robotic device for motor rehabilitation. The task required coordinated knee and ankle joint movements to point to targets displayed on a computer screen. Two experimental conditions with different levels of movement assistance provided by the robot were explored. The results showed that the fNIRS protocol effectively detected brain regions associated with motor control during the task. Notably, all subjects exhibited greater activation in the contralateral premotor area during the no-assistance condition compared to the assisted condition. In conclusion, fNIRS appears to be a valuable approach for detecting changes in oxyhemoglobin concentration associated with multi-joint pointing movements of the lower limb. This research might contribute to the understanding of stroke motor recovery mechanisms and might pave the way for improved rehabilitation treatments for stroke patients. However, further research is needed to fully elucidate the potential of fNIRS in studying motor function and its applications in clinical settings.

作者聚焦：使用 fNIRS 评估机器人辅助下肢康复中的大脑活动

It is estimated that 1 in 6 individuals worldwide will have a stroke in their lifetime, causing long-term disability, whose rehabilitation mechanisms are still poorly understood. This study proposes a protocol to evaluate brain activation by functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) during a lower limb robotic therapy session.

使用功能性近红外光谱和机器人辅助下肢多关节指向运动的实验

Stroke affects approximately 17 million individuals worldwide each year and is a leading cause of long-term disability. Robotic therapy has shown promise ...