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这项研究由德克萨斯大学奥斯汀机构审查委员会大学（IRB 2011-02-0021）知情同意进行全面豁免批准。 1.开始，引进会议<ol><li>请参与者在网上开始会话。 注意:会话可以发生在实验室或参与者自己在实验室外的计算机（台式机或笔记本电脑）。这项研究需要有一个基于时间的自动程序功能（ 例如 ，Qualtrics）的数字调查平台。 </li><li>请参与者如果适用于读取整个调查过程（ 例如 ，预计期限，要求调查回吐装置，以及响应匿名）和在线同意书的基本描述。请参与者点击"继续"按钮在屏幕的时候准备着手的底部。 </li></ol> 2.铺垫中断，提供任务概述<ol><li>目前部分与屏幕上的"特记事项"消息icipants（ 图1）。使用通知，通知说，在会议期间的某个时刻，他们将短暂，但突然被打断了与会者"天然打字任务"，旨在衡量参与者的自然的打字速度。与会人员通报这一任务将涉及与没有意义（ 例如 ，tregran或MIP）输入49个无意义词汇。 <ol><li>下面的通知，提出一个问题，问参与者是否已经仔细阅读所有关于中断的信息。请参与者选择"是"，然后点击"继续"按钮进入下一个页面。 </li></ol></li></ol><img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/55650/55650fig1.jpg" /> 图1.关于未来中断告知参与者。参与者被告知，他们会突然被打断SOMET用在会议期间IME"天然打字任务。" <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55650/55650fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <ol start="2"><li>在接下来的页面，呈现的三个任务，与会者将理应做（ 图2）的概述。提供简短说明和每项任务的预期持续时间。请参与者点击阅读概要信息，以进入下一个页面后的"继续"按钮。 注:这是至关重要的预期持续时间的信息是一致的，因为参与者将在稍后完成或者第二个任务或第三个任务之间进行选择。 </li></ol><img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/55650/55650fig2.jpg" /> 图2.任务概述。与会者显示的所有任务的概览，他们将有可能要完成。预期持续时间提供并保持恒定，从而不影响参与者的选择后，当他们有第二和第三任务之间进行选择。 <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55650/55650fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> 3.建议认知目标的激活<ol><li>与会人员通报他们现在将启动"关系冲突的任务"，并让他们点击"继续"按钮继续。 注:第一个任务的目的是操纵的认知目标的存在与否。在通过Namkoong和亨德森11的工作中，"关系冲突任务"的目的是要操纵或高或低的因果不确定性，因为有人提出，这将激活或不激活一个目标，更抽象思维。下面的步骤用这种特殊procedu重新作为一个例子。 </li><li>请参与者回忆最近的关系冲突，他们与人，他们接近。使用开放式格式（ 即 "什么是关于冲突？"）。 <ol><li>下面以开放式的问题，请教一下这个事件的问题，比如谁的冲突与和多么激烈的冲突了。然后，要求学员点击"继续"按钮进入下一个页面。 注:之所以询问有关召回事件的问题是要确保参与者拿出一个具体冲突的关系（相对于一般的不满）。 </li></ol></li><li>通过询问与会者阐述一下近期的冲突关系，重点是高或低的因果关系的不确定性，分别为（ 图3）操作高或低的因果关系的不确定性。请参与者输入的文本框里面，完成后，点击"继续"按钮，进入到他们的反应下一页。 </li><li>问操纵检查问题（ 即 ，有经验的因果关系的不确定性）。 <ol><li>具体来说，要求学员使用七点尺度来表示他们多么同意或以下两个语句不同意:"我觉得有这个矛盾，我还是不完全了解很多事情"，"我觉得我有关于为何发生冲突"（反向编码）点击之前的‘继续’按钮，进入下一个页面有很好的理解。 </li></ol></li></ol><img alt="图3" src="/files/ftp_upload/55650/55650fig3.jpg" /> 图3.高与低不确定性因果条件的说明。在高因果不确定性条件下（上），参与者被要求写出他们不理解在它发生的原因方面冲突的事情。在低因果不确定性conditioN（底部），参与者被要求写下他们理解以及对冲突的事情。 <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55650/55650fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> 4.操纵期望满足认知目标<ol><li>通知与会者，他们现在就开始"图片印象任务"，并让他们点击"继续"按钮继续。 注意:为了测试显示参与者涉及任一抽象思维的的抽象思维目标，"图片展示任务"和描述激活（ 即 ，相似性聚焦;预期满足认知目标）或具体思维（ 即 ，difference-重点;预计基于以前的工作25,26和试点研究结果11不满足认知目标）。 </li><li> ðescribe参与者什么"图片印象任务"需要。在相似性聚焦（差聚焦）的条件下，通知参与者，他们将看到5双图片的和，对于每对，它们必须识别一个东西，它使类似（从不同）彼此的照片（ 图4） 。请参与者点击"继续"按钮进入下一个页面读取的描述后。 </li><li>如同第一对"图片展示任务"的照片的被加载，而不显示画面的（ 图5）的任何部件显示参与者不完整的图像，使屏幕显示。经过2 - 3秒，具备屏幕自动进入不同的页面，启动任务中断程序。 </li></ol><img alt="图4" src="/files/ftp_upload/55650/55650fig4.jpg" /> 图4."图片印象任务"在structions在Similarity- 对战差异对焦条件。在相似聚焦状态下的（上图），参与者被告知，他们将寻找图片之间的相似性;在差异聚焦状态（底部），参与者被告知，他们将寻找图片之间的差异。 <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55650/55650fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图5" src="/files/ftp_upload/55650/55650fig5.jpg" /> 图5.加载图像。与会者看到一个画面，显然是加载第一对图片。该图中属于相似对焦状态。需要注意的是，图片的任何部位出现之前，参与者被中断，并在网络显示其屏幕切换到"自然打字任务"屏幕是非常重要的<html>古尔6。 <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55650/55650fig5large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> 5.任务中断<ol><li>指导参与者通过点击"开始"按钮，输入显示在屏幕上的49个无意义词汇，并单击"继续"按钮完成（ 图6），当完成了"自然打字任务"。 注:研究人员应记录中断的持续时间（ 即 ，多少时间参加中断页面键入屏幕上的字就如何花），以检查它是否改变的任何操作的结果。停电持续时间也应被视为主要的控制变量分析中，因为它可能会影响任务恢复率27。 </li></ol>/55650fig6.jpg" /&gt; 图6.任务中断。参与者被打断的"自然打字任务。"在这里，他们被要求输入49无意义词汇，因此研究人员可以测量其自然的打字速度。 <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55650/55650fig6large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> 6.任务恢复作为一个因变量<ol><li>告知参与者，而不是完成所有任务，按照原计划，他们必须在第二个任务和第三个任务之间进行选择。具体而言，指示参与者恢复中断"图片展示任务"（这意味着放弃"幽默评估任务"）或在完成"幽默评估任务"（这意味着放弃"图片展示任务"）之间进行选择。 注:所观察到的因变量是任务恢复的速度。该premi<html>本身就是参与者将更有可能，如果被中断的任务被看作是一个机会，以满足积极的认知目标，更愉快的替代从事的成本以恢复被中断的任务。 <ol><li>在同一屏幕上，显示任务描述（ 图7）。提醒参与者，这两个任务将在2分钟，将包含五个试验（5对图片或五个幽默故事，根据不同的条件），以防止他们选择简单地似乎更容易或更快速地完成任务。 注:应进行试验性测试，以验证第三项任务是通过参与者预计会比在没有认知目标11第二个任务更加愉快。这也将有助于避免天花板效应，这是一个潜在的问题，因为任务的恢复动机普遍较高，即使没有特定的认知目标的激活，由蔡加尼克作为证明外部参照"&gt; 28。 </li></ol></li></ol><img alt="图7" src="/files/ftp_upload/55650/55650fig7.jpg" /> 图7.记录任务恢复。参与者被告知，他们现在只能做剩余的两个任务之一。他们可以恢复"图片印象任务"（而不是"幽默评价任务"），或跳转到"幽默评价任务"（和放弃"图片印象任务"）。 <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55650/55650fig7large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> 7.结束会议<ol><li>通过允许参与者来完成他们所选择的任务，并通过询问感兴趣的人口统计问题，总结了会议。汇报的参与者。 注:因变量的数据收集在前一阶段，所以实际的任务活性状况联系（参与者如何回答"图片印象任务"或"幽默评价工作"的问题）不再从实证的角度有关，只要任务显示现实的参与者。 </li></ol>

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B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=There+are+many+ways+to+see+the+forest+for+the+trees:+A+tour+guide+for+abstraction.">There are many ways to see the forest for the trees: A tour guide for abstraction.</a> Perspect. Psychol. Sci. 8 (5), 501-520 (2013).</li><li>Altmann, E. M., Trafton, J. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Memory+for+goals:+An+activation-based+model.">Memory for goals: An activation-based model.</a> Cogn. Sci. 26 (1), 39-83 (2002).</li><li>Zeigarnik, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Das+Behalten+erledigter+und+unerledigter+Handlungen.">Das Behalten erledigter und unerledigter Handlungen.</a> Psychologische Forschung. 9, 1-85 (1927).</li><li>Bargh, J. A., , ., , . <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+four+horsemen+of+automaticity:+Intention,+awareness,+efficiency,+and+control+in+social+cognition.">The four horsemen of automaticity: Intention, awareness, efficiency, and control in social cognition.</a> Handbook of Social Cognition. 1, 1-40 (1994).</li><li>Webster, D. M., Kruglanski, A. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cognitive+and+social+consequences+of+the+need+for+cognitive+closure.">Cognitive and social consequences of the need for cognitive closure.</a> Eur. Rev. Soc. Psychol. 8 (1), 133-173 (1997).</li><li>Kruglanski, A. W., Webster, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Motivated+closing+of+the+mind:+'Seizing'+and+'freezing'.">Motivated closing of the mind: 'Seizing' and 'freezing'.</a> Psychol. Rev. 103 (2), 263-283 (1996).</li><li>Cacioppo, J. T., Petty, R. E., Feinstein, J. A., Jarvis, W. B. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dispositional+differences+in+cognitive+motivation:+The+life+and+times+of+individuals+varying+in+need+for+cognition.">Dispositional differences in cognitive motivation: The life and times of individuals varying in need for cognition.</a> Psychol. Bull. 119 (2), 197-253 (1996).</li><li>Birdi, K. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=No+idea?+Evaluating+the+effectiveness+of+creativity+training.">No idea? Evaluating the effectiveness of creativity training.</a> J. Eur. Ind. Train. 29 (2), 102-111 (2005).</li><li>. Qualtrics Survery Software Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://mccombs.qualtrics.com/SE/?SID=SV_dnDvKjR8hO5qP0V">https://mccombs.qualtrics.com/SE/?SID=SV_dnDvKjR8hO5qP0V</a> (2017)</li></ol>

作者什么都没有透露。

在本文中详细介绍的方法，使研究人员能够测试的认知目标的激活和追求简单和经济的方式。因为自动目标追求的是更有效的29和打字中断（ 即 "自然打字任务"），可以防止目标从通过无意识的认知过程正在履行它特别适用于自动认知目标。那些参与者的意识之外激活认知目标也要求效应较不敏感。 在一些修改和实施该协议的关键因素涉及到任务选择。研究人员应确保第二，中断的任务被看作是一个机会，以满足或不能满足被测试的认知目标。第二项任务也应该是免费的混淆，使参与者没有恢复任务，以满足相关的目标是不是目标的研究兴趣。例如，参与者经历高因果的不确定性可能会继续执行该任务以满足情绪增强的目标（而不是抽象思维的目标）;因此，重要的是，以显示介绍时相似焦点并没有被视为比差焦点更愉快"图片展示任务"。同样重要的是，中断任务不能看作是一个机会，以满足被测试的认知目标;这可能是一个相关的关注，如果被测试的目标，涉及到需要完成或成就，因为，如果参与者感到满意，因为中断任务的结果，恢复速度会降低，而事实上，它应该增加来证明目标激活与此协议。选择在参加第三任务时列表中，因为任务是参加替代恢复同样的逻辑也适用。 适当的任务已经提出由以前的工作并且可以通过中间试验来评价。例如，Namkoong和Henderson 11排除了这些问题和潜在的其他解释通过进行小规模试验，其结果表明，相似聚焦"图片展示任务"被认为是比两者的差聚焦任务和"幽默更难评估任务"。此外，相似对焦任务没有看到任何比差对焦任务更加美好，但被视为显著比不太愉快"幽默评估任务。"此外，如果有的话，打字中断应该在高（ 与低）因果关系的不确定性条件下，如果完成打字任务提供满意感下降的恢复速度。然而，在焦点相比，这是相似对焦条件中，任务恢复具有较高的不确定性因果增加，显示出的抽象思维追求的目标。 从理论上说，各种认知目标可被激活，并且通过调整协议测试。研究认知动机，如需要认知闭合30,31或需要认知32，或创造性动机33已经通过在个体水平作为前因或后果测量他们检查的构建体。然而，临时激活这些认知动机可能让科学家OBSERVE没有混杂变量的关注，相关的影响。当前协议可以用作操纵支票或经验测试来验证的所关注的目标的认知激活。例如，为了适应这一协议有关的外部因素是否激活需要认知研究问题，首要的任务可以操纵外部因素和第二个任务可以是一系列的解谜活动，其中的难题解释给参与者由于涉及复杂的认知思维（感知目标的满意潜力）与情商（被认为缺乏目标满意的潜力）。个人层面的因素也可被测量并用作慢化剂，以查看是否由协议正在测试的认知目标取决于个人特质差异激活。 除了学术界，在谁是有意激活认知目标也可能会发现此协议的各种领域从业者有价值。例如，营销人员，管理人员，政治家和教育家常常试图分别影响消费者，员工，成分，和学生，采取一定的思维定势或发展思维的一种特殊方式。举例来说，如果一个经理想知道一个新的训练计划是否有利于创造力的动机雇员之间，这个想法可以被操纵训练计划的广泛性和随后引入被看作是一个创造性的任务（ 相对于非测试创意）活动，只能中断任务事后测量恢复率。 该协议的潜在限制是必须发生，以满足特定研究需要作出必要的修改。根据认知的目标正在测试中，一个显著的调整可能需要适应的协议，这些调整的决策应该基于理论和以前的研究，以及对从精心设计的调查结果试点测试。然而，通过适当的调整，该协议是通用性高，并且可以应用到广泛的学术和应用上下文中，如以上所讨论。该协议的另一个限制是它不允许研究人员测量目标激活的力量，因为因变量是一个二元决策的结果。要了解目标强度，研究人员有可能操纵中断的严重程度或持续时间条件之间比较任务恢复率。

追求目标可以采取多种形式，从教育程度到健康饮食来寻找快乐。在追求目标的许多研究调查的是适度的动机水平或因素目标的承诺1，2，3，4，5，而其他重点考查的积极目标6，7，8，9，10的后果。在目前的论文中描述和讨论的方法，专门开发设计测试的认知目标和相关后果的激活和追求。认知目标（或目标思维）被定义为心11的期望的状态。认知目标可包括特定的思想的结果，如涉及到motivated推理12或证实偏见13，也可能是对实现思想的特定模式，无论是更准确14或觉得更有创意15或更高的水平11。尽管各种认知目标的前因和后果的各种经验设置了检查，这些激励状态的激活经常被暗示而不是直接测试。例如，若干研究已经间接操纵用于通过操纵时间压力认知闭合的需要，但是基于以前的研究16，17，18，19上的动机状态的实际活化暗示。 这种方法的建立是基于追求目标6的原则之一，10，20:即不满意积极的目标造成持续性，所以个人有一个高的恢复，如果他们追求目标时被中断。相反，如果被中断的任务是无关的追求目标，恢复的个体之间的速度会相对较低。为了说明，一个人拍摄篮球要达到一定的成功率很可能被午休被中断后恢复活动，即使有其他可用的活动，可能是更有吸引力的（ 例如 ，玩视频游戏或拍摄小憩）。相反，如果个人仅仅是拍摄箍，因为它在当时是一个方便的活动，有机会较低，这个人会采取午休后继续，特别是在其他有吸引力的活动可供选择。 认知目标，激活时，也将导致更高的resumptio如果个人目标的追求过程中中断氮肥用量。然而，中断行为目标的追求和中断认知目标的追求之间的关键区别。中断的行为追求目标通常意味着中断是成功暂停追求的目标的过程，因为，例如，只是因为它是很难拍出篮球，并在同一时间吃午饭，很有挑战性，为人们在物理上从事两同时独立的任务。这是不是这样的，但是，中断的认知的追求目标的时候。人们可以继续拥有和开发的想法，即使在中断期间，这就是为什么人们常常发现自己琢磨持续未解决的问题，即使被迫一步之遥吃一顿饭或洗澡。事实上，最近的研究表明，人在搞，即使睡着了复杂的认知过程21，22，&lt;/ SUP&gt; 23。在目前的研究中引入的协议旨在解决认知目标追求的这种独特的特点:人们可以继续追求甚至可能在中断时间满足激活认知目标。具体地，该协议包括在中断阶段，以防止自动目标的追求分心参与者的活动。 此协议的要点涉及:（1）操纵的建议的认知目标的激活，（2）呈现参与者预料要么满足或不满足激活的认知目标的一个"无关"认知任务，（3）中断认知任务而造成分心，以及（4）观察参与者的选择，以恢复或放弃被中断的任务。该协议的基本前提是，如果该任务被视为一个opportu参与者会更容易恢复中断的任务无穷大，以满足激活认知目标;因此，在这种情况下更高的恢复速度提供了经验证据，提出的认知目标确实正在积极进行。 在实施该协议，参与者被告知，他们将完成3个理应不相关的任务。在现实中，参与者完成的第一个任务，但随后有仅做第二或第三个任务之间进行选择。此外，任务实际上是相关的，而且每个任务提供了实验的一个重要目的。第一项任务操纵认知目标激活。第二个任务（被打断）操纵该任务是否被预期为满足激活认知目标。第三项任务用作当参与者只完成第二个任务（恢复在一个更愉快的任务的成本被中断的任务），或者只有在完成第三个任务之间以后选择有吸引力的选择（放弃interru一个更愉快的任务PTED任务）。在第二个任务开始引入的中断涉及打字的无意义词汇。虽然参与者警告这个中断在整个会议开始时，他们还被告知，时间将是随机的。这是为了提高破裂性的感觉。 虽然这个协议可以适用于测试各种认知目标的激活，最近的一项研究为例，其测试是否因果关系的不确定性（ 即， 为什么事情发生的不确定性）激活一个目标去思考更抽象11，在这里使用在试图提供更多的细节和在协议上下文背景。被提出的理论，并表现出作为现有工作的延伸示出了抽象思维（考虑跨越事件中心，总体主题和相似性，而不是外围，较低级别的细节和betwee差异n个事件）减少因果的不确定性24。作为个人，反复体验抽象思维的利益，他们发展到激活目标经历因果不确定性时更抽象思维的倾向。这项调查是在网上提供34。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="789">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="49">
			<td height="49" style="height:49px;width:156px;">Computer</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:389px;">The survey requires a computer and cannot be implemented using a paper-and-pencil format.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="72">
			<td height="72" style="height:73px;width:156px;">Qualtrics Insight Platform</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Qualtrics</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:389px;">Qualtrics is only one example. Both online and offline survey platforms are appropriate as long as a time-based automatic proceeding feature is available.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="32">
			<td height="32" style="height:33px;width:156px;">IBM SPSS Statistics</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">IBM Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Other statistical software may be used.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

task interruption and resumption paradigm for testing the activation and pursuit of an abstract thinking goal

该协议是基于任务的中断和恢复模式，它的前提是积极的目标，导致持续的行为，因此一段时间的延迟或中断后恢复较高速度。在这项研究中所描述的任务中断和恢复的协议是专为测试认知目标的活化（ 例如 ，一个目标去思考更抽象）。认知目标可能即使在中断期间追求的目标;因此，为了防止这种情况，协议涉及认知分心。该协议包括几个阶段。具体而言，初始阶段包括所述目标激活过程，其中，所述处理（相对于对照）的条件下接收的操作，以激活由研究人员正在测试的认知目标。在下一阶段，参与者都带有引入被认为要么满足或不满足的利益认知目标任务的。重要的是，这个任务被中断几秒钟之后结束。任务中断强制延迟时间，并引入认知分心，防止认知目标的自动追求和实现。中断时间后，学员给出恢复被中断的任务，放弃被中断的任务来完成替代工作，而不是之间做出选择。其中的参与者，其认知目标已经在前期被激活，任务恢复率应该更高，如果任务被视为一个机会，以满足（ 对不能满足）的目标。这一发现将提供经验证据表明，认知目标已被激活和追求。在以往的研究，该协议已经被用于测试因果不确定性是否激活一个抽象思维的目标。适配协议来测试的其它认知目标的活化进行了讨论。

上述方法是通过Namkoong和Henderson 11在它们的第一项研究，其中包括的两个数据集实现。合并这两个数据集的分析，因为结果的模式是在两个一致。与会者分别来自两个不同的公立大学297名大学生（女168例;年龄范围17〜48岁，平均（M）年龄=20.43年，标准差（SD）= 3.78Hz岁），他们完成了调查，以换取额外的课程信用。 为了检验因果关系不确定性的操作是否成功，我们平均参与者对有经验的因果关系的不确定性这两个问题的答复（见协议的步骤3.4）。 t检验结果表明，该操作是成功的，作为参与者在高因果的不确定性（HCU），条件经历了更多的不确定性因果关系（M <suB&gt; HCU = 3.32，SD HCU = 1.55）比在低因果不确定性（LCU）条件（M LCU = 2.54，SD LCU = 1.35; T（295）= 4.64，P &lt;0.0001，D = 0.54）。时间参与者的量花费完成"天然打字任务"的范围为47秒至240秒，平均为112秒（SD = 39个S）。 ANOVA检验显示，参加者的输入的时间没有作为的任何操纵变量或它们的相互作用（PS&gt; 0.3）的函数而变化。总体而言，参与者的69％恢复被中断的任务。 总括来说，本实验是一个2（因果的不确定性:与低高）×2（任务建构:差聚焦与相似对焦）参与者之间的设计。两个操纵因素影响编码进行分析。具体地，对于不确定性因果因数，低因果不确定性（N= 149）被编码为-1和高因果不确定度编码为1（N = 148）。对于任务建构因子，所不同的聚焦编码为-1（N = 146）和相似聚焦被编码为1（N = 151）。由于（如果该任务被放弃，1，如果该任务被恢复0），因变量是二进制用两个操纵因子和它们的相互作用项作为预测执行二进制逻辑回归分析。 的分析表明，该相互作用项，这是感兴趣的主要变量，具有0.377的系数（B）用0.13标准误差（SE）和对任务恢复速率的影响显著由沃尔德所示罗致光平方值35 7.98（ 沃尔德 ）及0.005的双尾p值（p）。只有交互项是在模型显著。据预测，在高因果不确定性conditi上，相对于差聚焦状态（61.45％收率）的参与者的显著更大数量的恢复在相似性聚焦状态（恢复率78.46％）的任务。一个简单的效果分析可知，此差异具有统计学显著（B = 0.41，SE = 0.19， 沃尔德 = 4.82和p = 0.03）。在低因果不确定条件，有在相反方向上的轻微显著效果，作为任务恢复率在参与者的相似性聚焦及差对焦条件分别为63.95％和77.78％，（B = -0.34，SE = 0.19， 沃尔德 = 3.24和p = 0.07）。 图8示出每个条件的任务恢复率。看到关于这一发现，Namkoong和亨德森11的讨论。 <img alt="图8" src="/files/ftp_upload/55650/55650fig8.jpg" /> 图8.原因不确定X上任务恢复速度任务识解。二进制逻辑回归分析显示在预测任务恢复的速度因果关系的不确定性和任务建构之间的互动显著。该图表显示如何与会者的恢复任务的百分比是由相互作用的影响。具体而言，在高的不确定性因果条件下，任务恢复率为更大如果被中断的任务为约相似度（相对于差）聚焦。任务建构或聚焦的效果是不是在低因果不确定性条件显著。误差棒代表标准误差。 <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55650/55650fig8large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> 总之，参与者的任务恢复模式的高（ 相对于低）因果不确定CON之间差异扬长避短。有了更大的不确定性因果关系，对于相似性任务的重点任务恢复率变得更高，而这种差异，重点任务变得更低。因为相似对焦与抽象思维和差异对焦与具象思维一致一致，所表现出的结果支持所提出的理论，因果不确定性激活目标更加抽象思维。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Task Interruption and Resumption Paradigm for Testing the Activation and Pursuit of an Abstract Thinking Goal at JoVE.com

Task Interruption and Resumption Paradigm for Testing the Activation and Pursuit of an Abstract Thinking Goal

该协议的目的是测试的使用任务中断和恢复模式的认知目标（ 例如 ，抽象思维的目标）的激活和追求。该协议是适用于自动实行一次激活，如牵引过程期间中断时间防止目标的追求认知目标。

任务中断和抽象思维的目标测试的激活和恢复追求范式

This protocol is based on the task interruption and resumption paradigm, the premise of which is that active goals lead to persistent behavior and thus a ...

task-interruption-resumption-paradigm-for-testing-activation-pursuit

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

6.1K 次观看.  University of Nevada. 该协议的目的是测试的使用任务中断和恢复模式的认知目标（ 例如 ，抽象思维的目标）的激活和追求。该协议是适用于自动实行一次激活，如牵引过程期间中断时间防止目标的追求认知目标。 

视频: Task Interruption and Resumption Paradigm for Testing the Activation and Pursuit of an Abstract Thinking Goal

The Crossmodal Congruency Task as a Means to Obtain an Objective Behavioral Measure in the Rubber Hand Illusion Paradigm

The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is a popular experimental paradigm. Participants view touch on an artificial rubber hand while the participants' own hidden hand is touched. If the viewed and felt touches are given at the same time then this is sufficient to induce the compelling experience that the rubber hand is one's own hand. The RHI can be used to investigate exactly how the brain constructs distinct body representations for one's own body. Such representations are crucial for successful interactions with the external world. To obtain a subjective measure of the RHI, researchers typically ask participants to rate statements such as "I felt as if the rubber hand were my hand". Here we demonstrate how the crossmodal congruency task can be used to obtain an objective behavioral measure within this paradigm.
The variant of the crossmodal congruency task we employ involves the presentation of tactile targets and visual distractors. Targets and distractors are spatially congruent (i.e. same finger) on some trials and incongruent (i.e. different finger) on others. The difference in performance between incongruent and congruent trials - the crossmodal congruency effect (CCE) - indexes multisensory interactions. Importantly, the CCE is modulated both by viewing a hand as well as the synchrony of viewed and felt touch which are both crucial factors for the RHI.
The use of the crossmodal congruency task within the RHI paradigm has several advantages. It is a simple behavioral measure which can be repeated many times and which can be obtained during the illusion while participants view the artificial hand. Furthermore, this measure is not susceptible to observer and experimenter biases. The combination of the RHI paradigm with the crossmodal congruency task allows in particular for the investigation of multisensory processes which are critical for modulations of body representations as in the RHI.

We demonstrate how an objective measure can be employed in the widely employed rubber hand illusion paradigm. This measure is obtained by modifying the well-established crossmodal congruency task. This task allows the investigation of multisensory processes which are critical for modulations of body representations as in the rubber hand illusion.

一致性的任务作为一种手段来获取目标行为的措施中的橡胶手错觉范式Crossmodal

The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is a popular experimental paradigm. Participants view touch on an artificial rubber hand while the participants' own hidden ...

科研

行为学

The 5-Choice Serial Reaction Time Task: A Task of Attention and Impulse Control for Rodents

This protocol describes the 5-choice serial reaction time task, which is an operant based task used to study attention and impulse control in rodents. Test day challenges, modifications to the standard task, can be used to systematically tax the neural systems controlling either attention or impulse control. Importantly, these challenges have consistent effects on behavior across laboratories in intact animals and can reveal either enhancements or deficits in cognitive function that are not apparent when rats are only tested on the standard task. The variety of behavioral measures that are collected can be used to determine if other factors (i.e., sedation, motivation deficits, locomotor impairments) are contributing to changes in performance. The versatility of the 5CSRTT is further enhanced because it is amenable to combination with pharmacological, molecular, and genetic techniques.

This protocol describes the 5-choice serial reaction time task, which is an operant based task used to study attention and impulse control in rodents. Test day challenges, which are modifications of the standard task, increase flexibility of the task and can be combined with other manipulations to more fully characterize behavior.

5选择序列反应时任务:注意的任务和脉冲控制鼠害

This protocol describes the 5-choice serial reaction time task, which is an operant based task used to study attention and impulse control in rodents. ...

An Operant Intra-/Extra-dimensional Set-shift Task for Mice

Alterations in executive control and cognitive flexibility, such as attentional set-shifting abilities, are core features of several neuropsychiatric diseases. The most widely used neuropsychological tests for the evaluation of attentional set-shifting in human subjects are the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) and the CANTAB Intra-/Extra-dimensional set shift task (ID/ED). These tasks have proven clinical relevance and have been modified and successfully adapted for research in animal models. However, currently available tasks for rodents present several limitations, mainly due to their manual-based testing procedures, which are hampering translational advances in psychiatric medicine. To overcome these limitations and to better mimic the original version in primates, we present the development of a novel operant-based two-chamber ID/ED "Operon" task for rodents. We demonstrated the effectiveness of this novel task to measure different facets of cognitive flexibility in mice including attentional set formation and shifting, and reversal learning. Moreover, we show the high flexibility of this task in which three different perceptual dimensions can be manipulated with a high number of stimuli cues for each dimension. This novel ID/ED Operon task can be an effective preclinical tool for drug testing and/or large genetic screening relevant to the study of executive dysfunction and cognitive symptoms found in psychiatric disorders.

Attentional set-shifting cognitive abnormalities are a core feature of many psychiatric diseases. Here, we present the development of a novel automatic system for the effective study of attentional set-shifting abilities, executive functions and other cognitive abilities in mice with high translational validity to human studies.

一个操作性内/外维特班任务的小鼠

Alterations in executive control and cognitive flexibility, such as attentional set-shifting abilities, are core features of several neuropsychiatric ...

Determining Pain Detection and Tolerance Thresholds Using an Integrated, Multi-Modal Pain Task Battery

Human pain models are useful in the assessing the analgesic effect of drugs, providing information about a drug&#39;s pharmacology and identify potentially suitable therapeutic populations. The need to use a comprehensive battery of pain models is highlighted by studies whereby only a single pain model, thought to relate to the clinical situation, demonstrates lack of efficacy. No single experimental model can mimic the complex nature of clinical pain. The integrated, multi-modal pain task&#160;battery presented here encompasses the electrical stimulation task, pressure stimulation task, cold pressor task, the UVB inflammatory model which includes a thermal task and a paradigm for inhibitory conditioned pain modulation. These human pain models have been tested for predicative validity and reliability both in their own right and in combination, and can be used repeatedly, quickly, in short succession, with minimum burden for the subject and with a modest quantity of equipment. This allows a drug to be fully characterized and profiled for analgesic effect which is especially useful for drugs with a novel or untested mechanism of action.

Human pain models are valuable tools used to assess the analgesic potential of novel compounds and predict their clinical efficacy, especially when used in an integrated manner. Although implementation of these models is complex, with proper execution, the pain models described in this protocol can provide predictive and reliable results.

确定疼痛的检测和容忍阈值使用集成的，多模式疼痛任务电池

Human pain models are useful in the assessing the analgesic effect of drugs, providing information about a drug&#39;s pharmacology and identify ...

The Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) Task: A Simple Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate False Memories in the Laboratory

The Deese,&#160;Roediger and McDermott&#160;(DRM) task is a false memory paradigm in which subjects are presented with lists of semantically related words (e.g., nurse, hospital, etc.) at encoding. After a delay, subjects are asked to recall or recognize these words. In the recognition memory version of the task, subjects are asked whether they remember previously presented words, as well as related (but never presented) critical lure words (&#39;doctor&#39;). Typically, the critical word is recognized with high probability and confidence. This false memory effect has been robustly demonstrated across short (e.g., immediate, 20 min) and long (e.g., 1, 7, 60 d) delays between encoding and memory testing. A strength of using this task to study false memory is its simplicity and short duration. If encoding and retrieval components of the task occur in the same session, the entire task can take as little as 2 - 30 min. However, although the DRM task is widely considered a &#39;false memory&#39; paradigm, some researchers consider DRM illusions to be based on the activation of semantic memory networks in the brain, and argue that such semantic gist-based false memory errors may actually be useful in some scenarios (e.g., remembering the forest for the trees; remembering that a word list was about &#34;doctors&#34;, even though the actual word &#34;doctor&#34; was never presented for study). Remembering the gist of experience (instead of or along with individual details) is arguably an adaptive process and this task has provided a great deal of knowledge about the constructive, adaptive nature of memory. Therefore, researchers should use caution when discussing the overall reach and implications of their experiments when using this task to study &#39;false memory&#39;, as DRM memory errors may not adequately reflect false memories in the real world, such as false memory in eyewitness testimony, or false memories of sexual abuse.

The Deese-Roediger-McDermott DRM Task: A Simple Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate False Memories in the Laboratory

Here we present the Deese,&#160;Roediger and McDermott&#160;(DRM) task, a tool to study false memories in the laboratory. Subjects study lists of semantically related words (e.g.,&#160;nurse, sick, etc.), and later falsely remember an unstudied word (doctor) that represents the gist, or theme, of the word list.

该德泽 - 洛蒂格 - 麦克德莫特（DRM）任务:一个简单的认知范式来研究实验室错误记忆

The Deese,&#160;Roediger and McDermott&#160;(DRM) task is a false memory paradigm in which subjects are presented with lists of semantically related words ...

The Modified Temptation Resistance Task: A Paradigm to Elicit Children's Strategic Lie-telling

The protocol for the temptation resistance paradigm was designed to elicit 2- to 8-year-old children's strategic lie-telling behaviors. The reward of transgression was intended to be too tempting to resist, so that children's spontaneous lie-telling behavior in the presence of irreversible evidence due to the transgression could be observed. Conducted in a developmental psychology laboratory behind a one-way mirror and video recorded with a hidden camcorder, the protocol starts with a guessing game where the child is given three trials to guess the identities of hidden objects under an upside down cup. The experimenter gives hints in the first two trials to make sure the child "guess" them correctly. At the beginning of the final trial, the experimenter leaves the room briefly and asks the child not to peek under the cup. If the child could not resist the temptation and peeks, small particles previously filled in the cup would scatter on a grooved surface. Upon the experimenter's return, the child is asked if he/she has peeked. If he/she denies transgression contrary to the presence of the physical evidence, he/she is asked to explain why the particles are on the table. Three responses could be observed in the procedure, including the initial transgression, truth-telling or lie-telling behavior if the child peeked, and the strategic lie-telling behavior in the presence of the physical evidence.

The protocol for the temptation resistance paradigm was designed to elicit 2- to 8-year-old children&#39;s strategic lie-telling behaviors. The reward of transgression was intended to be too tempting to resist, so that children&#39;s spontaneous lie-telling behavior in the presence of irreversible evidence due to the transgression could be observed.

修正诱惑力的任务: 一种诱导儿童战略说谎的范式

The protocol for the temptation resistance paradigm was designed to elicit 2- to 8-year-old children's strategic lie-telling behaviors. The reward of ...

Using Eye Movements Recorded in the Visual World Paradigm to Explore the Online Processing of Spoken Language

In a typical eye tracking study using the visual world paradigm, participants' eye movements to objects or pictures in the visual workspace are recorded via an eye tracker as the participant produces or comprehends a spoken language describing the concurrent visual world. This paradigm has high versatility, as it can be used in a wide range of populations, including those who cannot read and/or who cannot overtly give their behavioral responses, such as preliterate children, elderly adults, and patients. More importantly, the paradigm is extremely sensitive to fine grained manipulations of the speech signal, and it can be used to study the online processing of most topics in language comprehension at multiple levels, such as the fine grained acoustic phonetic features, the properties of words, and the linguistic structures. The protocol described in this article illustrates how a typical visual world eye tracking study is conducted, with an example showing how the online processing of some semantically complex statements can be explored with the visual world paradigm.

The visual world paradigm monitors participants' eye movements in the visual workspace as they are listening to or speaking a spoken language. This paradigm can be used to investigate the online processing of a wide range of psycholinguistic questions, including semantically complex statements, such as disjunctive statements.

利用视觉世界范式中的眼球运动探索口语的在线处理

In a typical eye tracking study using the visual world paradigm, participants' eye movements to objects or pictures in the visual workspace are recorded ...

The HoneyComb Paradigm for Research on Collective Human Behavior

Collective human behavior such as group movement frequently shows surprising patterns and regularities, such as the emergence of leadership. Recent literature has revealed that these patterns, often visible at the global level of the group, are based on self-organized, individual behaviors that follow several simple local parameters. Understanding the dynamics of human collective behavior can help to improve coordination and leadership in group and crowd scenarios, such as identifying the ideal placement and number of emergency exits in buildings.
In this article, we present the experimental paradigm HoneyComb, which can be used to systematically investigate conditions and effects of human collective behavior. This paradigm uses a computer-based multi-user platform, providing a setting that can be shaped and adapted to various types of research questions. Situational conditions (e.g., cost-benefit ratios for specific behavior, monetary incentives and resources, various degrees of uncertainty) can be set by experimenters, depending on the research question. Each participant's motions are recorded by the server as hexagonal coordinates with timestamps at an accuracy of 50 ms and with individual IDs. Thus, a metric can be defined on the playfield, and movement parameters (e.g., distances, velocity, clustering, etc.) of participants can be measured over time. Movement data can in turn be combined with non-computerized data from questionnaires garnered within the same experiment setup.
The HoneyComb paradigm is paving the way for new types of human movement experiments. We demonstrate here that these experiments can render results with sufficient internal validity to meaningfully deepen our understanding of human collective behavior.

Here, we present the computer-based, multi-agent game HoneyComb, which enables experimental investigations of collective human movement behavior via black-dot-avatars on a virtual 2D hexagonal playfield. Different experimental conditions, like variable&#160;incentives on goal fields or vision radius, can be set, and their effects on human movement behavior can be investigated.

集体人类行为研究的蜂窝范式

Collective human behavior such as group movement frequently shows surprising patterns and regularities, such as the emergence of leadership. Recent ...

Exploring Infant Sensitivity to Visual Language using Eye Tracking and the Preferential Looking Paradigm

We discuss the use of the preferential looking paradigm in eye tracking studies in order to study how infants develop, understand, and attend to the world around them. Eye tracking is a safe and non-invasive way to collect gaze data from infants, and the preferential looking paradigm is simple to design and only requires the infant to be attending to the screen. By simultaneously showing two visual stimuli that differ in one dimension, we can assess whether infants show different looking behavior for either stimulus, thus demonstrating sensitivity to that difference. The challenges in such experimental approaches are that experiments must be kept brief (no more than 10 min) and be carefully controlled such that the two stimuli differ in only one way. The interpretation of null results must also be carefully considered. In this paper, we illustrate a successful example of an infant eye tracking study with a preferential looking paradigm to discover that 6-month-olds are sensitive to linguistic cues in a signed language despite having no prior exposure to signed language, suggesting that infants possess intrinsic or innate sensitivities to these cues.

Eye tracking studies using a preferential looking paradigm can be used to study infants&#39;&#160;emerging understanding of, and attention to, their external visual world.

利用眼动追踪和偏好外观范式探索婴儿对视觉语言的敏感度

We discuss the use of the preferential looking paradigm in eye tracking studies in order to study how infants develop, understand, and attend to the world ...

A Task for Assessing the Impact of a Partner on the Speed and Accuracy of Motor Performance in Rats

To our knowledge, no study has examined the effect of mere presence on accuracy of performance in animals. Therefore, we developed an experimental task to measure rats&#8217; motor performance (speed and accuracy) in a social condition. Rats were trained to run on a runway and pull down a lever at the end of the runway. In testing, rats performed the task solitarily (single) or in the presence of a confederate rat beyond the lever (pair or a social condition). As indices of the performance speed, we measured the time needed to start running, run through the runway, and pull down the lever. As the index of performance accuracy, we counted the number of trials in which rats could pull down the lever during their first attempt. One-way and two-way repeated-measure analyses of variance were used to analyze the data. This run-and-pull task enabled us to examine the effect of the presence of another conspecific on both speed and accuracy of motor performance in one experiment. The results showed that rats performed the task faster but less accurately in pair sessions than in single sessions. This protocol would be a valid animal model to examine the effect of mere presence on speed and accuracy of motor performance in rats.

A procedure to measure the speed and accuracy of rats&rsquo; motor performance in a social condition is described. The protocol enables us to investigate the effect of the mere presence of others on speed and accuracy of motor performance in one experiment.

评估合作伙伴对大鼠电机性能速度和准确性的影响的任务

To our knowledge, no study has examined the effect of mere presence on accuracy of performance in animals. Therefore, we developed an experimental task to ...