We thank the members of the Wang laboratory for helpful discussions and comments. This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC, grant no. 31570001) and the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province and Guangzhou City (grant no. 2016A030313401 and 201707010024) to H.W.

1. Primer Design Strategy and DNA Amplification
<ol>
	<li>Design the primers for molecular cloning of DNA fragments. The primers comprise 20 bp gene specific binding sequences and 20 to 25 bp 5&#39;-end overhang sequences, which are the complementary overlapping sequence of adjacent DNA molecules (see Table 1 for example). 
	NOTE: The subsequent assembly of each DNA fragments, linkage of different protein expression cassettes, and integration with the final expression vector all depend on recognition of the adjacent overlapping sequences.</li>
	<li>Amplify DNA fragments, including promoter, fluorescent reporter, target gene, and terminator, that are necessary for the construction of the semi-independent protein expression cassettes by standard PCR reactions with their corresponding primers and high fidelity polymerase. 
	NOTE: The templates used in this study for DNA amplification are derived from previous studies15,22,23. The annealing temperature and extension time of the PCR reactions are primer and gene dependent.</li>
</ol>
2. DNA Fragment Assembly and Construction of Protein Expression Cassettes
<ol>
	<li>Examine the quality of the first-round PCR products by DNA electrophoresis and quantify by spectrophotometer. Check whether DNA degradation and contamination have occurred by 1% agarose gel electrophoresis. The OD260/OD280 of the PCR products should be between 1.6 and 1.8.</li>
	<li>Mix different DNA fragments (0.05 - 0.1 pmol for each fragment) into a new PCR tube to a final volume of 5 &#181;L. 
	NOTE: Mix DNA molecules designed for the same protein expression cassette together in one PCR tube. Avoid mixing DNAs from different expression cassette together, since it will reduce the efficiency of DNA assembly due to the increasing numbers of DNA molecules that need to be linked. 
	NOTE: The protocol can be paused here.</li>
	<li>Prepare 5x&#160;ISO stock buffer: 500 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5; 50 mM MgCl2; 1 mM deoxynucleotide (dNTP); 50 mM dithiothreitol; 25% polyethylene glycol (PEG) 8000; and 5 mM nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD).</li>
	<li>Make 1 mL 2x master mixture from 400 &#181;L 5x&#160;ISO stock buffer, 7.5 units of T5 exonuclease, 62.5 units of high-fidelity DNA polymerase, 5,000 units of Taq polymerase (see Table of Materials), and sterilized double distilled H2O. 
	NOTE: This is adapted from previous studies24,25,26; these volumes should be optimized.</li>
	<li>Aliquot 100 &#181;L of 2x master mixture per tube and store at -20 &#176;C. 
	Caution: Frequent freezing and thawing of 2x&#160;master mixture can cause low DNA assembly efficiency.</li>
	<li>Add 15 &#181;L of 2x master mixture to the 5 &#181;L DNA mixture and incubate at 50 &#176;C for 60 min.</li>
</ol>
3. Construction of the Vector for Co-expression of Multiple Chimeric Fluorescent Fusion Proteins in Plants
<ol>
	<li>Amplify the entire semi-independent protein expression cassette by a second-round PCR using the product (0.5 - 1.0 &#181;L) from the first-round isothermal assembly reaction as the template and the outermost primers (e.g., 1-FP35S and 1-RNOS for expression cassette 1).
	<ol>
		<li>Use 1 unit of high fidelity polymerase in a 50 &#181;L reaction volume followed by 30 cycles (94 &#176;C for 30 s, 55 &#176;C for 30 s, and 68 &#176;C for 2 min), followed by a final extension at 68 &#176;C for 5 min.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Linearize the final protein expression backbone vectors pUC18 and pCAMBIA1300, which are designed for protein transient expression and genetic transformation, respectively, by adding 4 units Sma I into a final 10 &#181;L reaction volume and incubating for 1 - 2 hr at 25 &#176;C. Inactivate the restriction enzyme by incubating at 65 &#176;C for 20 min.</li>
	<li>Mix equimolar DNA molecules of protein expression cassettes and linearized final vector into a final reaction volume of 5 &#181;L. Then, perform the second-round DNA recombination by mixing with 15 &#181;L 2x master buffer and incubating at 50 &#176;C for 60 min.</li>
	<li>Use the final products of the second-round isothermal recombination reaction to transform competent E. coli cells (e.g., DH5&#945;) according to standard procedures27. Double-check positive colonies by colony PCR and DNA sequencing. Extract the positive plasmids from the E. coli by using a mini plasmid extraction kit and store at -80 &#176;C. 
	Caution: For long-term storage, plasmids dissolved in TE buffer or double distilled H2O are more stable than keeping them in E. coli strains.</li>
</ol>
4. Biolistic-bombardment Mediated Transient Co-expression of Multiple Chimeric Fluorescent Fusion Proteins in Plants
<ol>
	<li>Prepare Tobacco BY-2 suspension cells and Arabidopsis juvenile plants for bombardment.
	<ol>
		<li>Culture BY-2 cells in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium by subculturing twice per week at 25 &#176;C in a shaker set at 130 rpm. Filter collect 30-mL 3 d cultured BY-2 cells onto a piece of 70-mm autoclaved filter paper via a vacuum pump by setting the vacuum pressure to 40 mbar.</li>
		<li>In order to prevent the cells from drying out during the following steps, add several drops of BY-2 cell liquid cultural medium in a Petri dish before placing the filter paper (next step).</li>
		<li>Transfer the filter paper with the BY-2 cells on it to a new Petri dish (85 mm x 15 mm).</li>
		<li>Surface sterilize Arabidopsis thaliana (Col-0) seeds by vortexing a mixture with 70% (v/v) ethanol containing 0.05% Tween 20 for 10 min.</li>
		<li>Spin down the seeds using a bench top centrifuge at max speed for 2 s, remove the supernatant and wash the seeds with 100% ethanol once for 30 s. Pipette out the seeds onto a new sterile filter paper in a sterile hood. Then, air-dry the seeds and spread them onto &#189; MS agar plates.</li>
		<li>Store the plates at 4 &#176;C for 48 hours prior to transferring them into a plant growth chamber with the following settings: 16 h light /8 h dark with 120 - 150 &#181;m m-2 s-1 intensity, 22 &#176;C.</li>
		<li>Transfer 7-day old sample plants into a 30 mm diameter circle in the center of a new &#189; MS medium plate to increase the efficiency of bombardment. 
		Caution: Avoid overlapping the plants when transferring and placing them onto the new &#189; MS plate.</li>
		<li>Add several drops of &#189; MS liquid medium on the surface of the plants or tissues to preserve moisture and prevent drying out the plants out during the following steps.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Coat gold particles with plasmid DNA.
	<ol>
		<li>Vortex gold microcarrier solution thoroughly, for 3 min. Prepare a new 1.5 mL tube.</li>
		<li>Sequentially add the following solutions into the tube and vortex: 25 &#181;L (1.5 mg) gold particles, vortex 10 s; 10 &#181;L of 25.46 mg/L spermidine, vortex 10 s; 5 &#181;L of 1&#181;g/&#181;L plasmid DNA, vortex 3 min; 25 &#181;L of 277.5 mg/L CaCl2 solution, vortex 1 min. 
		Caution: Keep vortexing during this step.</li>
		<li>Spin down the gold microcarriers using a bench top centrifuge at max speed for 5 s and carefully pipette out the supernatant without disturbing the pellet. Wash with 200 &#181;L of absolute ethanol and re-suspend the pellet by vortex for 5 - 10 s. Spin down at max speed for 5 s and remove the ethanol.</li>
		<li>Re-suspend the gold particles in 18 &#181;L of absolute ethanol and aliquot 6 &#181;L particles suspension onto the middle of three macrocarriers. Let them air dry.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Transfer DNA into plants via particle bombardment.
	<ol>
		<li>Set the particle delivery system as following: 1100 psi, 28-mm Hg vacuum, 1-cm gap distance, and 9-cm particle flight distance.</li>
		<li>Bombard the cells/plants on the agar medium plate for three times at three different positions and then keep the cells/plants in dark immediately after the bombardment. 
		Caution: Wear safety glasses when operating the particle delivery system because of the association of high-pressure gas and high-speed particles with the system.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Keep bombarded cells/plants in the dark in the plant growth chamber for 6 to 72 hours prior to observation of fluorescent signals. Set the plant growth chamber to 24 h dark and 22 &#176;C. 
	Caution: The expression efficiency and fluorescent signal intensity are promoter-, gene-, and plant/tissue-dependent.</li>
</ol>
5. Generation of Stable Transgenic Arabidopsis Co-expressing Multiple Chimeric Fluorescent Proteins by Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation.
<ol>
	<li>Thaw the Agrobacterium competent cells (PMP90) on ice and wait for 30 min, then add 2 &#181;L binary vector (100 - 200 ng) (prepared above) into the competent cells. Sit the mixture on ice for 10 min.</li>
	<li>Transfer the mixture into a pre-chilled 0.1 cm electroporation cuvette. Insert cuvette into the electroporation system and perform electroporation with following settings: 1.6 kV, 600 ohms, 25 &#181;F.</li>
	<li>Add 1 mL of SOC liquid medium into the cuvette immediately after the electroporation, pipette the cells into a new 1.5 mL tube, and incubate at 28 &#176;C in a horizontal orbital shaker at 200 rpm for 120 min.</li>
	<li>Centrifuge the cells at 2,348 x g at room temperature for 5 min, discard the majority of the supernatant, gently re-suspend the pelleted cells with a pipette tip, spread them on a LB plate containing 50 mg/L Hygromycin B, and incubate at 28 &#176;C for 2 - 3 days.</li>
	<li>Transform Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0 plants with the Agrobacterium, which contains the binary vector pCAMBIA1300 integrated with multiple protein expression cassettes, by the floral dip28 method as previously described to generate stable transgenic plants.</li>
	<li>Sterilize the surface of the transgenic Arabidopsis seeds by mixing them with 70% (v/v) ethanol containing 0.05% Tween 20. Vortex for 10 min. Spin down the seeds using a bench top centrifuge at max speed for 2 s, remove the supernatant, and wash the seeds with 100% ethanol once for 30 s.</li>
	<li>Pipette out the seeds onto a sterile filter paper in a sterile hood. Thereafter, air dry and spread them onto &#189; MS agar plates containing Hygromycin B for screening positive progenies.</li>
	<li>Incubate the plates at 4 &#176;C for 2 days. Then, transfer them into the plant growth chamber and culture for 7 days.</li>
	<li>Select 7-day old survival juvenile plants by checking for fluorescent signals under the fluorescent microscope, then transfer the plants into soil for further screening of homozygous plants.</li>
</ol>
6. Pharmaceutical treatments
<ol>
	<li>For pharmaceutical treatments, dilute each drug in liquid MS medium to its appropriate working concentrations before incubation with cells or plants.
	<ol>
		<li>Wortmannin treatment: prepare 1 mM stock solutions of wortmannin by dissolving wortmannin powder in DMSO and store the stocks at -20 &#176;C. Transfer plant cells or juvenile plants into the liquid MS medium containing 16.5 &#181;M wortmammin and incubate for 30 - 45 min before imaging.</li>
		<li>Brefeldin A (BFA) treatment: prepare 1 mM stock solutions of BFA by dissolving BFA powder in DMSO and store the stocks at -20 &#176;C. Transfer plant cells or juvenile plants into the liquid MS medium containing 10 &#181;g/mL BFA for 30 - 45 min before imaging.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
7. Confocal Microscope Imaging and Protein Subcellular Co-localization Analysis
<ol>
	<li>Transfer the juvenile plants or suspension cells onto a conventional glass slide and gently put a cover slide on the top for imaging by standard confocal laser scanning microscopy. Use the following settings: 63X&#160;water objective (N.A 1.4), 0 background, 700 gain, 0.168 mm pixel size, and photomultiplier tube detector. Excite GFP-tagged proteins at 485 nm and detect fluorescence at 525 nm. For RFP-tagged proteins, excite at 514 nm and detect at 575 nm.</li>
	<li>Calculate the co-localization ratio of fluorescent signals using Image J software (https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/) with the Pearson-Spearman correlation (PSC) co-localization plug-in as previously described8. Pearson correlation coefficients or Spearman&#39;s rank correlation coefficients are shown in the results (Figure 4). The produced r values will be from -1 to 1. 0 demonstrates no detectable correlation of two signals, whereas +1 and -1 show full positive and negative correlation, respectively, of two signals.</li>
</ol>

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H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plant-adapted+green+fluorescent+protein+is+a+versatile+vital+reporter+for+gene+expression,+protein+localization+and+mitosis+in+the+filamentous+fungus,+Aspergillus+nidulans.">Plant-adapted green fluorescent protein is a versatile vital reporter for gene expression, protein localization and mitosis in the filamentous fungus, Aspergillus nidulans.</a> Mol Microbiol. 27 (1), 121-130 (1998).</li><li>Bruening, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plant+gene+silencing+regularized.">Plant gene silencing regularized.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 95 (23), 13349-13351 (1998).</li><li>Wassenegger, M., Pelissier, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+model+for+RNA-mediated+gene+silencing+in+higher+plants.">A model for RNA-mediated gene silencing in higher plants.</a> Plant Mol Biol. 37 (2), 349-362 (1998).</li><li>Dehio, C., Schell, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+plant+genetic+loci+involved+in+a+posttranscriptional+mechanism+for+meiotically+reversible+transgene+silencing.">Identification of plant genetic loci involved in a posttranscriptional mechanism for meiotically reversible transgene silencing.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 91 (12), 5538-5542 (1994).</li><li>Zhong, G., Zhu, Q., Li, Y., Liu, Y., Wang, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Once+for+all:+A+novel+robust+system+for+co-expression+of+multiple+chimeric+fluorescent+fusion+proteins+in+plants.">Once for all: A novel robust system for co-expression of multiple chimeric fluorescent fusion proteins in plants.</a> Front Plant Sci. 8, 1071 (2017).</li><li>Li, X. T., Xie, Y. Y., Zhu, Q. L., Liu, Y. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeted+genome+editing+in+genes+and+cis-regulatory+regions+improves+qualitative+and+quantitative+traits+in+crops.">Targeted genome editing in genes and cis-regulatory regions improves qualitative and quantitative traits in crops.</a> Molecular Plant. 10 (11), 1368-1370 (2017).</li><li>Zhu, Q. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+&amp;#34;purple+endosperm+rice''+by+engineering+anthocyanin+biosynthesis+in+the+endosperm+with+a+high-efficiency+transgene+stacking+system.">Development of &amp;#34;purple endosperm rice'' by engineering anthocyanin biosynthesis in the endosperm with a high-efficiency transgene stacking system.</a> Molecular Plant. 10 (7), 918-929 (2017).</li><li>Tang, H. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multi-step+formation,+evolution,+and+functionalization+of+new+cytoplasmic+male+sterility+genes+in+the+plant+mitochondrial+genomes.">Multi-step formation, evolution, and functionalization of new cytoplasmic male sterility genes in the plant mitochondrial genomes.</a> Cell Research. 27 (1), 130-146 (2017).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Here we have demonstrated a novel method to robustly co-express chimeric fluorescent fusion proteins in plants. It can be used for both transient expression and genetic transformation and is compatible with current fluorescent protein-based bio-imaging, molecular, and biochemical applications and technologies9,10,13. In addition, it overcomes the difficulties of the conventional methods that use several individual expression plasmids for the protein co-expression. In contrast, it employs a single expression vector that contains multiple protein expression cassettes with their own individual promoters, fluorescent tags, target proteins, and terminators. Moreover, the protein expression cassette can be managed independently to meet diverse expression requirements, such as usage of a specific promoter and the N- or C-terminal chimeric fusion of a fluorescent protein with the target protein. Therefore, the protein expression cassette functions like a basic &#34;Lego&#34; element that works semi-independently in the plasmid. Furthermore, it is also a highly versatile system in which gene editing, replacement, and assembly all can be easily achieved by a one-step isothermal recombination reaction without extra processes of enzyme digestion and ligation. We have optimized the efficiency of isothermal recombination reaction from previous studies, as described in step 2.4, by testing different concentrations of T5 exonuclease, Phusion DNA polymerase, and Taq polymerase. In addition, the concentration of each DNA fragments for the one-step isothermal recombination reaction is suggested to be between 0.05 and 0.1 pmol to achieve maximum ligation efficiency.
Over-expression of a transgene by replacing its endogenous promoter with a strong and continuous promoter, such as ubiquitin-10 promoter (UBQ10), and introducing additional copies of the gene is a wildly used approach to study its cellular functions and underlying working mechanism in cells15,32. However, unexpected down-regulation and strong inhibition of the gene expression sometimes was found as well33,34. The percentage of unpredictable gene silencing ranges from 2 to 100% under these situations33,35. Moreover, gene silencing has a higher chance to happen in expression of several genes simultaneously, transformation of high copies of DNA, and significant increases of gene transcriptional level9,33,24,35. In order to minimize the occurrence of gene silencing in the robust multiple fusion protein co-expression system, we chose different active promoters to drive the different protein expression cassettes when co-expressing multiple fusion proteins. Moreover, we avoided continually using the same promoter for different expression cassettes. In addition, another potential limitation of this protocol is the reduced efficiency of one-step DNA isothermal recombination caused by the increasing numbers of protein expression cassette for co-expression. Furthermore, the number of the expression cassettes that can be hosted in the final expression plasmid mainly relies on the replicon of the backbone plasmid24,25,35.
Taken together, we have developed a powerful system for co-expressing multiple chimeric fluorescent fusion proteins conveniently in plants36. It overcomes the limitations of the classical methods and utilizes an optimized one-step DNA assembly reaction for DNA interlinkage and plasmid construction in a time-honored fashion. This technical advance has been validated by AtVSR2 and AtSCAMP4 co-expression in plant cells via both transient expression and genetic transformation. Therefore, it demonstrates a convincing and novel method for different aspects of scientific discoveries by co-expression of chimeric fluorescent fusion proteins in plants. Additionally, the concept and principle of co-expression of multiple chimeric fluorescent fusion proteins via a single expression vector are fully compatible with CRISPR-Cas9, RNAi, and protein over-expression technologies to study the functions and interactions of multiple genes in plants37,38,39.

Chimeric fluorescent fusion proteins have been regarded as useful tools to study intracellular dynamics and subcellular localization and further understand their physiological functions and working mechanisms1,2,3,4. It is especially beneficial to co-express well-known organelle reporter proteins with the protein in question to better illustrate its spatiotemporal rationale, distribution, and function(s) within the endomembrane system in cells4,5,6,7,8.
A chimeric fluorescent fusion protein can be expressed in plants via transient expression and stable genetic transformation, which have their respective advantages and limitations9,10,11. Transient expression of a protein is a convenient approach that includes biolistic bombardment-, polyethylene glycol (PEG)-, or electroporation-mediated DNA transient expression in protoplasts and Agrobacterium-mediated leaf infiltration in intact plant cells, as shown in Figure 1A,B12,13,14,15,16. However, co-expression of multiple chimeric fluorescent fusion proteins in a single plant cell requires a mixture of several independent expression plasmids. Thus, the drawbacks of employing multiple plasmids for protein co-expression in plants are lower co-expression levels due to the dramatically reduced chance of several plasmids simultaneously entering the same cells when compared to a single plasmid, and the variations of protein expression levels caused by the uncontrollably random amount of each types of plasmid being transferred into the cell17,18. In addition, it is technically challenging to introduce several independent expression plasmids into a single Agrobacterium for protein co-expression9,10,11. Therefore, Agrobacterium-mediated protein transient expression by infiltration of tobacco leaves is only capable of expressing one plasmid at a time, as shown in Figure 1B. In contrast, generation of transgenic plants expressing fluorescent fusion proteins is usually achieved by Agrobacterium that carries a binary transformation vector. However, the binary vector that mediates the gene transfer and insertion into the plant genomes is only capable of expressing a single fluorescent fusion protein (Figure 1B)9,10,12. Generating a transgenic plant which expresses several chimeric fluorescent proteins simultaneously requires multiple rounds of genetic crossing and screening, which can take from months to years depending on the numbers of the genes to be co-expressed.
The employment a single expression vector for co-expression of multiple proteins in plant has been reported by several previous studies19,20,21. However, multiple rounds of enzymatic digestion and DNA ligation of DNA molecules and backbone vectors are usually required for generation of the final plasmid for protein co-expression or over-expression. Here, we have developed a new and robust method for co-expressing multiple chimeric fluorescent proteins in plants. It is a highly efficient and convenient method that achieves multiple protein co-expression in plants for both transient expression and stable transformation in a time-honored fashion. It employs a single vector that contains multiple functionally independent protein expression cassettes for protein co-expression and thereby overcomes the drawbacks of the conventional methods. Moreover, it is a highly versatile system in which DNA manipulations and assembly are achieved by a simple one-step optimized reaction without extra steps of DNA digestion and ligation. The working principle is illustrated in Figure 2. Furthermore, it is fully compatible with current cellular, molecular, and biochemical approaches that are based on chimeric fluorescent fusion proteins.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>KOD-FX Polymerase</td>
			<td>TOYOBO</td>
			<td>KFX-101</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sma I</td>
			<td>NEB</td>
			<td>R0141L/S/V</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris-HCl</td>
			<td>BBI</td>
			<td>A600194-0500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MgCl2</td>
			<td>BBI</td>
			<td>A601336-0500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>dNTP</td>
			<td>NEB</td>
			<td>#N0447V</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DTT</td>
			<td>BBI</td>
			<td>C4H10O2S2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PEG 8000</td>
			<td>BBI</td>
			<td>A100159-0500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NAD</td>
			<td>BBI</td>
			<td>A600641-0001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T5 exonuclease</td>
			<td>Epicentre</td>
			<td>T5E4111K</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phusion High-Fidelity DNA polymerase</td>
			<td>NEB</td>
			<td>M0530S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Taq DNA polymerase</td>
			<td>NEB</td>
			<td>B9022S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Murashige and Skoog Basal Salt Mixture(MS)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>M5524</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol</td>
			<td>BBI</td>
			<td>A500737-0500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tween 20</td>
			<td>BBI</td>
			<td>A600560-0500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agar</td>
			<td>BBI</td>
			<td>A505255-0250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spermidine</td>
			<td>BBI</td>
			<td>A614270-0001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gold microcarrier particles</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>165-2263</td>
			<td>1.0 &#181;m</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CaCl2</td>
			<td>BBI</td>
			<td>CD0050-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Macrocarriers</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>165-2335</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rupture disk</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>165-2329</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stopping screen</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>165-2336</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tryptone</td>
			<td>OXOID</td>
			<td>LP0042</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Yeast Extract</td>
			<td>OXOID</td>
			<td>LP0021</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>BBI</td>
			<td>A610476-0001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KCl</td>
			<td>BBI</td>
			<td>A610440-0500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glucose</td>
			<td>BBI</td>
			<td>A600219-0001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hygromycin B</td>
			<td>Genview</td>
			<td>AH169-1G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wortmannin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>F9128</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Brefeldin A</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>SML0975-5MG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO)</td>
			<td>BBI</td>
			<td>A600163-0500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T100 Thermal Cycler</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>1861096</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Growth chamber</td>
			<td>Panasonic</td>
			<td>MLR-352H-PC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PSD-1000/He particle delivery system</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>165-2257</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gene Pulser</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>1652660</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cuvette</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>1652083</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Benchtop centrifuge</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>5427000097</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Confocal microscope</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>LSM 7 DUO (780&#38;7Live)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NanoDrop 2000/2000c Spectrophotometers</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>ND-2000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EPS-300 Power Supply</td>
			<td>Tanon</td>
			<td>EPS 300</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluorescent microscope</td>
			<td>Mshot</td>
			<td>MF30</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agrose</td>
			<td>BBI</td>
			<td>A600234</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ampicillin</td>
			<td>BBI</td>
			<td>A100339</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethylene Diamine Tetraacetie Acid</td>
			<td>BBI</td>
			<td>B300599</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

co-expression of multiple chimeric fluorescent fusion proteins in an efficient way in plants

Information about the spatiotemporal subcellular localization(s) of a protein is critical to understand its physiological functions in cells. Fluorescent proteins and generation of fluorescent fusion proteins have been wildly used as an effective tool to directly visualize the protein localization and dynamics in cells. It is especially useful to compare them with well-known organelle markers after co-expression with the protein of interest. Nevertheless, classical approaches for protein co-expression in plants usually involve multiple independent expression plasmids, and therefore have drawbacks that include low co-expression efficiency, expression-level variation, and high time expenditure in genetic crossing and screening. In this study, we describe a robust and novel method for co-expression of multiple chimeric fluorescent proteins in plants. It overcomes the limitations of the conventional methods by using a single expression vector that is composed of multiple semi-independent expressing cassettes. Each protein expression cassette contains its own functional protein expression elements, and therefore it can be flexibly adjusted to meet diverse expression demand. Also, it is easy and convenient to perform the assembly and manipulation of DNA fragments in the expression plasmid by using an optimized one-step reaction without additional digestion and ligation steps. Furthermore, it is fully compatible with current fluorescent protein derived bio-imaging technologies and applications, such as FRET and BiFC. As a validation of the method, we employed this new system to co-express fluorescently fused vacuolar sorting receptor and secretory carrier membrane proteins. The results show that their perspective subcellular localizations are the same as in previous studies by both transient expression and genetic transformation in plants.

We have developed a robust and highly efficient method for the co-expression of multiple chimeric fluorescent fusion proteins in plants. It breaks through the barriers of the conventional approaches use multiple separated plasmids for protein co-expression, as shown in Figure 1A,B, via either transient expression or stable genetic transformation. In this new method, we generate a single expression vector that is composed of multiple protein expression cassettes to achieve protein co-expression at one time (Figure 1C,D). The protein expression cassette functions semi-independently with its own necessary DNA elements for protein expression. Therefore, each protein expression cassette could be customized independently according to diverse requirements for protein expression. As for the final protein co-expression vector, the protein expression cassettes in it function as basic &#34;Lego&#34; elements which can be modified, re-constructed. and re-placed conveniently. Furthermore, an alternative strategy for DNA molecule assembly, linkage of several protein expression cassettes, and integration of DNA fragments with the final destination vector for co-expression of chimeric fluorescent fusion proteins is simply achieved via an optimized isothermal in vitro recombination reaction without further extra steps of DNA digestion and interlinkage. The working principle of the isothermal in vitro recombination reaction is illustrated in Figure 2. The linkage of multiple DNA molecules (e.g., the three representative DNA fragments 1 - 3 shown in Figure 2) and their integration with the final expression vector are simply and efficiently achieved by the one-step reaction (see Figure 2). It is adapted from previous studies by overlapping recombination of DNA molecules mediated with overlapping short sequences to achieve fusion of DNA fragments and construction of plasmids25,26.
As a test of the method, we chose the vacuolar sorting receptor (VSR) and the secretory carrier membrane protein (SCAMP), which are two reporter proteins participating in protein secretory and endocytosis pathways, respectively6,22,23,29,30. VSRs are type-I integral membrane proteins that mediate biosynthetic protein traffic in the secretory pathway to the vacuole and mainly localizes in prevacuolar compartments (PVCs) in plants6,22,23. In contrast, secretory carrier membrane proteins (SCAMPs) are type-IV membrane proteins that participate in the plant endocytic pathway. It localizes to the plasma membrane (PM) and trans-Golgi networks (TGNs), which serve as early endosomes22,29,30. We constructed two protein expression cassettes that host the chimeric fusions of Arabidopsis VSR2 (AtVSR2) with RFP and Arabidopsis SCAMP4 (AtSCAMP4) with GFP, as shown in Figure 3. To ensure RFP-AtVSR2 can be translated into the ER, a signal peptide (SP) is added before RFP, as previously reported6,31. The two individual protein expression cassettes are further interlinked and ligate with the final protein expression vector pUC18 or pCAMBIA1300 for protein co-expression either via protein transient or plant stable transformation, as shown in Figure 3. AtVSR2 and AtSCAMP4 were successfully co-expressed in tobacco BY-2 cells via particle bombardment and showed correct localizations (Figure 4A). RFP-AtVSR2 showed a punctate pattern, which was distinct from the plasma membrane localization of AtSCAMP4-GFP with some cytosolic punctate dots. Moreover, Arabidopsis transgenic plants that co-express AtSCAMP4-GFP and RFP-AtVSR2 were generated via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The subcellular localizations of co-expressing RFP-AtVSR2 and AtSCAMP4-GFP in root and root hair cells were shown in Figure 4B and 4E. The co-expression results of RFP-AtVSR2 and AtSCAMP4-GFP obtained from transgenic Arabidopsis were in agreement with the ones from BY-2 cells. In addition, the transgenic Arabidopsis were treated with wortmannin and BFA for 30 min. Wortmmanin caused RFP-AtVSR2 labeled PVCs forming a small ring-like structure, and BFA induced AtSCAMP-GFP labeled TGN aggregation, as shown in Figure 4C,D,F,G. Additionally, little autofluorescent signal can be detected in tobacco BY-2 cells and Arabidopsis root and root hair cells by applying the same settings of image collection as for Figure 4 (Supplemental Figure 1).
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57354/57354fig1.jpg" /> 
Figure 1: A robust system for co-expression of multiple chimeric fluorescent fusion proteins in plants. (A) Conventional approaches of transient co-expression of multiple fluorescent reporter proteins in plants achieved via electroporation, particle bombardment, and PEG-mediated transformation by mixing several independent expression vectors. (B) The conventional method for plant genetic transformation by Agrobacterium with a single fluorescent fusion protein expression vector. To co-express multiple chimeric fluorescent fusion proteins in a transgenic plant, further genetic crossing and multiple rounds of screening are required for obtaining homozygous progenies. (C) and (D) The alternative new protein co-expression method. It takes advantage of a single expression vector, which is composed of multiple protein expression cassettes and is able to co-express several chimeric fluorescent reporter proteins in plants via both transient expression and genetic transformation. Details of this figure were first published in Zhong et al. 201736 (reprinted with permission; copyright Frontiers in Plant Science). <a href="/files/ftp_upload/57354/57354fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57354/57354fig2.jpg" /> 
Figure 2: Demonstration of the working principle of one-step DNA assembly method by isothermal recombination reaction. The DNA fragments and linearized plasmid with overlapping sequences (OSs) are attached by base paring between the 5&#39;-overhang overlapping regions, extending by DNA polymerase, and linking by ligase. <a href="/files/ftp_upload/57354/57354fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Figure 3" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57354/57354fig3.jpg" /> 
Figure 3: The strategy of constructing a single plasmid for co-expressing multiple chimeric fluorescent fusion proteins. The diagram demonstrates the strategy for constructing a single expression plasmid for the co-expression of multiple chimeric fluorescent fusion proteins either for transient expression or stable transformation in plants. The expression vector is composed of two protein expression cassettes, each of which contains its own necessary elements for protein expression, and functions in expressing its individual chimeric fluorescent fusion protein semi-independently. Assembly and Interlinkage of all the DNA molecules are conveniently achieved by an optimized isothermal in vitro recombination method mediated with the overlapping DNA fragments. Details of this figure were first published in Zhong et al. 201736 (reprinted with permission; copyright Frontiers in Plant Science). <a href="/files/ftp_upload/57354/57354fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Figure 4" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57354/57354fig4.jpg" /> 
Figure 4: Representative images of co-expression of chimeric fluorescent fusion of VSR and SCAMP in plant cells. 
(A) Co-expression of RFP-AtVSR2 and AtSCAMP4-GFP via particle bombardment in tobacco BY-2 suspension cells. (B) A representative image of a transgenic Arabidopsis root cell co-expressing RFP-AtVSR2 and AtSCAMP4-GFP. (C) and (D) Transgenic Arabidopsis roots co-expressing RFP-AtVSR2 and AtSCAMP4-GFP were treated with wortmannin and BFA for 30 min respectively. (E) A representative image of a transgenic Arabidopsis root hair co-expressing RFP-AtVSR2 and AtSCAMP4-GFP. (F) and (G) Transgenic Arabidopsis root hairs co-expressing RFP-AtVSR2 and AtSCAMP4-GFP were treated with wortmannin and BFA for 30 min. Arrows in (D) and (G) indicate BFA-induced protein aggregation. rp = Pearson correlation coefficient; rs = Spearman&#39;s rank correlation. Scale bar in (A)-(D) is 50 &#181;m, (E)-(G) is 30 &#181;m. Details of this figure were first published in Zhong et al. 201736 (reprinted with permission; copyright Frontiers in Plant Science). <a href="/files/ftp_upload/57354/57354fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="3">Expression cassette 1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1-FP35S</td>
			<td colspan="2">GAATTCGAGCTCGGTACCCACATGGTGGAGCACGACACA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1-RP35S</td>
			<td colspan="2">AGGACGCGGGCGTGGGCCATTATCACATCAATCCACTTGC&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1-FRFP</td>
			<td colspan="2">GCAAGTGGATTGATGTGATAATGGCCCACGCCCGCGTCCT&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1-RRFP</td>
			<td colspan="2">ATTATCCATATCACTCCCCAGGCGCCGGTGGAGTGGCGGC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1-FAtVSR2</td>
			<td colspan="2">GCCGCCACTCCACCGGCGCCTGGGGAGTGATATGGATAAT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1-RAtVSR2</td>
			<td colspan="2">AAATGTTTGAACGATCGGGATTACAACTCTAGTTGAGAAG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1-FNOS</td>
			<td colspan="2">CTTCTCAACTAGAGTTGTAATCCCGATCGTTCAAACATTT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1-RNOS</td>
			<td colspan="2">GAGAATGGATGCGAGTAATGTCTAGTAACATAGATGACAC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="3">Expression cassette 2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-FP35S</td>
			<td colspan="2">CATTACTCGCATCCATTCTCACATGGTGGAGCACGACACA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-RP35S</td>
			<td colspan="2">TTAGGATCGTGTCGTGCCATTATCACATCAATCCACTTGC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-FAtSCAMP4</td>
			<td colspan="2">GCAAGTGGATTGATGTGATAATGGCACGACACGATCCTAA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-RAtSCAMP4</td>
			<td colspan="2">TCCTCGCCCTTGCTCACCATTAGTGCACGCATCAAGGTCG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-FGFP</td>
			<td colspan="2">CGACCTTGATGCGTGCACTAATGGTGAGCAAGGGCGAGGA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-RGFP</td>
			<td colspan="2">TAAAACCAAAATCCAGTGACTTACTTGTACAGCTCGTCCA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-FT35S</td>
			<td colspan="2">TGGACGAGCTGTACAAGTAAGTCACTGGATTTTGGTTTTA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-RT35S</td>
			<td colspan="2">GTCGACTCTAGAGGATCCCCGTCCGCAAAAATCACCAGTC</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>
Table 1: Primer design strategy and sequences used in this study. Name of each primer is given on the left panel. The complementary overlapping sequences of the primers are underlined. Details of this table were first published in Zhong et al. 201736 (reprinted with permission; copyright Frontiers in Plant Science).
Supplemental Figure 1: Representative images of autofluorescence in BY-2 cells and Arabidopsis roots and root hairs. (A) The autofluorescence of wild type BY-2 cells was detected under the same imaging conditions with the transformed cells. (B) and (C) Arabidopsis root hair and root cells were detected under the same imaging conditions with the transformed Arabidopsis cells. Scale bar in (A)-(C) is 20 &#181;m. DIC, differential interference contrast. <a href="/files/ftp_upload/57354/11.Supplemental_Figure_1.tif">Please click here to download this file.</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Co-expression of Multiple Chimeric Fluorescent Fusion Proteins in an Efficient Way in Plants at JoVE.com

Co-expression of Multiple Chimeric Fluorescent Fusion Proteins in an Efficient Way in Plants

We have developed a novel method for co-expressing multiple chimeric fluorescent fusion proteins in plants to overcome the difficulties of conventional methods. It takes advantage of using a single expression plasmid that contains multiple functionally independent protein expressing cassettes to achieve protein co-expression.

Information about the spatiotemporal subcellular localization(s) of a protein is critical to understand its physiological functions in cells. Fluorescent ...

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9.6K Views.  South China Agricultural University. We have developed a novel method for co-expressing multiple chimeric fluorescent fusion proteins in plants to overcome the difficulties of conventional methods. It takes advantage of using a single expression plasmid that contains multiple functionally independent protein expressing cassettes to achieve protein co-expression.

Video: Co-expression of Multiple Chimeric Fluorescent Fusion Proteins in an Efficient Way in Plants

Untargeted Metabolomics from Biological Sources Using Ultraperformance Liquid Chromatography-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS)

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Untargeted Metabolomics from Biological Sources Using Ultraperformance Liquid Chromatography-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry UPLC-HRMS

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Here we present a workflow to analyze the metabolic profiles for biological samples of interest including; cells, serum, or tissue. The sample is first ...

Polymalic Acid-based Nano Biopolymers for Targeting of Multiple Tumor Markers: An Opportunity for Personalized Medicine?

Tumors with similar grade and morphology often respond differently to the same treatment because of variations in molecular profiling. To account for this diversity, personalized medicine is developed for silencing malignancy associated genes. Nano drugs fit these needs by targeting tumor and delivering antisense oligonucleotides for silencing of genes. As drugs for the treatment are often administered repeatedly, absence of toxicity and negligible immune response are desirable. In the example presented here, a nano medicine is synthesized from the biodegradable, non-toxic and non-immunogenic platform polymalic acid by controlled chemical ligation of antisense oligonucleotides and tumor targeting molecules. The synthesis and treatment is exemplified for human Her2-positive breast cancer using an experimental mouse model. The case can be translated towards synthesis and treatment of other tumors.

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An efficient, three-step synthesis of RAFT-based fluorescent glycopolymers, consisting of glycomonomer preparation, copolymerization, and post-modification, is demonstrated. This protocol can be used to prepare RAFT-based statistical glycopolymers with desired structures.

Synthetic glycopolymers are instrumental and versatile tools used in various biochemical and biomedical research fields. An example of a facile and ...

Radiolabeling and Quantification of Cellular Levels of Phosphoinositides by High Performance Liquid Chromatography-coupled Flow Scintillation

Phosphoinositides (PtdInsPs) are essential signaling lipids responsible for recruiting specific effectors and conferring organelles with molecular identity and function. Each of the seven PtdInsPs varies in their distribution and abundance, which are tightly regulated by specific kinases and phosphatases. The abundance of PtdInsPs can change abruptly in response to various signaling events or disturbance of the regulatory machinery. To understand how these events lead to changes in the amount of PtdInsPs and their resulting impact, it is important to quantify PtdInsP levels before and after a signaling event or between control and abnormal conditions. However, due to their low abundance and similarity, quantifying the relative amounts of each PtdInsP can be challenging. This article describes a method for quantifying PtdInsP levels by metabolically labeling cells with 3H-myo-inositol, which is incorporated into PtdInsPs. Phospholipids are then precipitated and deacylated. The resulting soluble 3H-glycero-inositides are further extracted, separated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and detected by flow scintillation. The labeling and processing of yeast samples is described in detail, as well as the instrumental setup for the HPLC and flow scintillator. Despite losing structural information regarding acyl chain content, this method is sensitive and can be optimized to concurrently quantify all seven PtdInsPs in cells.

Phosphoinositides are signaling lipids whose relative abundance rapidly changes in response to various stimuli. This article describes a method to measure the abundance of phosphoinositides by metabolically labeling cells with 3H-myo-inositol, followed by extraction and deacylation. Extracted glycero-inositides are then separated by high-performance liquid chromatography and quantified by flow scintillation.

Phosphoinositides (PtdInsPs) are essential signaling lipids responsible for recruiting specific effectors and conferring organelles with molecular ...

In Situ Characterization of Hydrated Proteins in Water by SALVI and ToF-SIMS

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In Situ Characterization of Hydrated Proteins in Water by SALVI and ToF-SIMS

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This work demonstrates in situ characterization of protein biomolecules in the aqueous solution using the System for Analysis at the Liquid Vacuum ...

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This protocol describes the specific techniques used for the characterization of reducing end (RE) and internal region glycosyl sequence(s) of heteroxylans. De-starched wheat endosperm cell walls were isolated as an alcohol-insoluble residue (AIR)1 and sequentially extracted with water (W-sol Fr) and 1 M KOH containing 1% NaBH4 (KOH-sol Fr) as described by Ratnayake et al. (2014)2. Two different approaches (see summary in Figure 1) are adopted. In the first, intact W-sol AXs are treated with 2AB to tag the original RE backbone chain sugar residue and then treated with an endoxylanase to generate a mixture of 2AB-labelled RE and internal region reducing oligosaccharides, respectively. In a second approach, the KOH-sol Fr is hydrolyzed with endoxylanase to first generate a mixture of oligosaccharides which are subsequently labelled with 2AB. The enzymically released ((un)tagged) oligosaccharides from both W- and KOH-sol Frs are then methylated and the detailed structural analysis of both the native and methylated oligosaccharides is performed using a combination of MALDI-TOF-MS, RP-HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS and ESI-MSn. Endoxylanase digested KOH-sol AXs are also characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) that also provides information on the anomeric configuration. These techniques can be applied to other classes of polysaccharides using the appropriate endo-hydrolases.

Sequencing of Plant Wall Heteroxylans Using Enzymic, Chemical Methylation and Physical Mass Spectrometry, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Techniques

This protocol describes the specific techniques used for the structural characterization of reducing end (RE) and internal region glycosyl sequence(s) of heteroxylans by tagging the RE with 2 aminobenzamide prior to enzymatic (endoxylanase) hydrolysis and then analysis of the resultant oligosaccharides using mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR).

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Here, we present a protocol for photoelectron imaging of anionic species. Anions generated in vacuo and separated by mass spectrometry are probed using velocity mapped photoelectron imaging, providing details of anion and neutral energy levels, anion and neutral structure and the nature of the anion electronic state.

Anion photoelectron imaging is a very efficient method for the study of energy states of bound negative ions, neutral species and interactions of unbound ...

Co-expression of Multiple Chimeric Fluorescent Fusion Proteins in an Efficient Way in Plants

Summary

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Chapters in this video

Untargeted Metabolomics from Biological Sources Using Ultraperformance Liquid Chromatography-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS)

Polymalic Acid-based Nano Biopolymers for Targeting of Multiple Tumor Markers: An Opportunity for Personalized Medicine?

Facile and Efficient Preparation of Tri-component Fluorescent Glycopolymers via RAFT-controlled Polymerization

Radiolabeling and Quantification of Cellular Levels of Phosphoinositides by High Performance Liquid Chromatography-coupled Flow Scintillation

In Situ Characterization of Hydrated Proteins in Water by SALVI and ToF-SIMS

Sequencing of Plant Wall Heteroxylans Using Enzymic, Chemical (Methylation) and Physical (Mass Spectrometry, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) Techniques

Synthesis of Protein Bioconjugates via Cysteine-maleimide Chemistry

Visualizing Lignification Dynamics in Plants with Click Chemistry: Dual Labeling is BLISS!

An Efficient Sample Preparation Method to Enhance Carbohydrate Ion Signals in Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F⁻