We thank the Pathology Research Core for assistance with electron microscope analysis studies at Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center. The work was supported by NIH (American Society of Hematology Bridge award to-MDF; R01 DK102890 to MDF).

Todos os procedimentos experimentais foram aprovados pelo comitê de animais institucional a Fundação de Pesquisa Infantil de Cincinnati. Para este estudo, as células estaminais hematopoiéticas foram isoladas a partir da medula óssea de ratinhos C57BL / 6 com idade consanguínea 2 - 4 meses. Separação de células utilizando FACS após coloração da BM com diferentes fabricantes de superfície, incluindo Linhagem, c-kit, Sca-1, Flt3 e CD34 foi utilizada para a purificação de HSC baseado em Lin Sca-1 + Flt3 c-kit + - estratégia gating - CD34 como protocolo padrão descrito anteriormente 8. CUIDADO: Vários produtos químicos altamente tóxicos são utilizados durante este procedimento. Estes são tóxico por inalação e contato com a pele. Por favor, use luvas e vestuário de protecção. Trabalhar no exaustor ao trabalhar com esses produtos químicos. 1. células, a fixação, coloração e Pré-incorporação <ol><li> Classificar 10.000 células-tronco hematopoéticas (usando Lin - Sca-1 <sup&gt; + c-Kit + Flt3 - CD34 - gating estratégia; LT-HSC população) num tubo de microcentrífuga de 1,5 ml contendo 600 ul de Iscove modificado por Dulbecco Médio (IMDM) com soro fetal bovino a 10%, utilizando FACS. </li><li> Girar HSCs ordenadas a 1.000 xg durante 10 min num tubo de microcentrífuga de 1,5 ml, utilizando uma centrífuga com baldes swing-out. Remova o meio por aspiração suave e deixar 200 ï¿½ de meio nos tubos em cada etapa. Nesta fase, o sedimento celular permanece invisível no tubo. </li><li> Fixar as células por adição de 0,2 ml de solução fixadora 2x à temperatura ambiente (TA) durante 1 h 1,9. <ol><li> Faça a solução fixadora fresco antes da utilização. Em 1x, a solução é composta por 3% de paraformaldeído e 2,5% de glutaraldeído em tampão de cacodilato 0,1 M. </li></ol></li><li> Centrifugar as células a 1000 xg durante 10 min a 30 ° C, utilizando uma centrífuga com baldes swing-out. </li><li> Lavar as células com 600 uL de tampão de 0,1 M de cacodilatousando centrifugação e deixar tampão 200 ul no tubo após centrifugação. </li><li> Corar as células fixadas pela adição de 200 ul de solução de 2 mg / ml de azul de Evans em tampão cacodilato e incubar durante 20 min à TA. As células serão de cor azul. </li><li> Lavar as células 3 vezes com 600 ul de tampão de cacodilato 0,1 M utilizando a centrifugação e deixar tampão 200 ul no tubo de cada vez. </li><li> Re-suspender as células em 200 ul de tampão e transferir a suspensão de células para um tubo de 0,5 ml. Centrifugar a 1.000 xg durante 10 min usando uma centrífuga de bancada. Remover tampão suavemente, sem perturbar o sedimento celular pequena agora visível, e deixar tampão 50 ul no tubo. </li><li> Adicionar 200 mg de baixo ponto de fusão de agarose a 5 ml de tampão de cacodilato 0,1 M no tubo de 15 ml de uma solução de agarose a 4%. Derreter a agarose por transferência do tubo de água fervente em uma garrafa de vidro de 100 ml e manter morno até ser utilizado. </li><li> Adicionar 200 mL de 4% baixo ponto de fusão agarose dissolvido em cacodyla 0,1 Mtampão TE para a suspensão de células em tubos de 0,5 ml e imediatamente centrifugar a 1000 xg durante 10 min a 30 ° C usando uma centrífuga de bancada. </li><li> Depois de confirmar que as células sedimentadas no fundo do tubo de 0,5 ml em agarose semi-sólida após a centrifugação, transferir imediatamente o tubo a 4 ° C ou de gelo durante 20 minutos para solidificar a agarose. Este passo é muito crítica, como um pequeno agregado de células visíveis nesta etapa resulta num bom grupo de células sob o microscópio electrónico. </li><li> Transferir cuidadosamente a agarose solidificada contendo o sedimento de células a partir do tubo de plástico para uma placa de Petri de 35 mm contendo tampão usando uma agulha de 27 G 3,10. </li><li> Aparar a agarose solidificadas contendo o sedimento de células em um pedaço de cerca de 1 - 2 mm com um bisturi. Transferir o pedaço de agarose contendo o sedimento de células para um novo tubo de 1,5 mL. </li><li> Lave 2 - 3 vezes usando 600 ul de tampão de 0,1 M de cacodilato, adicionando e removendo tampão que usa a pipeta sem centrifugação. Use este pedaço de agarose contendo o sedimento de células para o próximo passo. Nesta etapa, a amostra pode ser armazenada a 4 ° C durante a noite, antes de passar ao passo seguinte. </li></ol> 2. Osmification, desidratação, Embedding <ol><li> Remover o tampão de cacodilato a partir do tubo de 1,5 ml com o sedimento celular contendo agarose, utilizando uma pipeta. Adicionar 1,0 ml de 1% de tetróxido de ósmio (OsO4) solução num exaustor de fumos, e incubar durante 1 hora a 4 ° C. </li><li> Lavar três vezes com 600 ul de tampão de cacodilato 0,1 M e transferir a amostra para um frasco de cintilação de 20 ml de vidro com uma tampa. </li><li> Processar a amostra para a desidratação, infiltração e embutir em resina (por exemplo, LX-112) com as mudanças de série dos seguintes soluções em uma placa de 6 bem. Mover a peça de agarose de células-pellet usando uma pinça. <ol><li> Imergir a amostra em 25% de etanol à temperatura ambiente durante 15 min. </li><li> Imergir a amostra em 50% de etanol à temperatura ambiente durante 15 min. </li><li> Imergir a amostra em 75%etanol à temperatura ambiente durante 15 min. </li><li> Imergir a amostra em 95% de etanol à temperatura ambiente durante 15 min. </li><li> Imergir a amostra em 100% de etanol à temperatura ambiente durante 15 min, duas vezes. </li><li> Imergir a amostra em etanol: resina (3: 1) à temperatura ambiente durante 30 min. </li><li> Imergir a amostra em etanol: resina (1: 1) à temperatura ambiente durante 30 min. </li><li> Imergir a amostra em etanol: resina (1: 3) à temperatura ambiente durante 30 min. </li><li> Imergir a amostra de resina pura à temperatura ambiente durante 60 min, duas vezes. </li></ol></li><li> Transferir a amostra para a parte inferior da ponta em forma de pirâmide do molde de borracha com a pinça e cuidadosamente adicionar mais resina pura no topo da amostra para encher o molde. Incubar a amostra a 60 ° C durante 72 horas, para a polimerização da resina. </li><li> Retirar a pirâmide de resina polimerizada a partir dos moldes, torcendo o molde de borracha. Um pequeno aglomerado negro de células devem ser visíveis na pirâmide resina polimerizada, conforme descrito anteriormente 7. Anexar a pirâmide de resina polimerizada no cilindro de montagem usando cianoacrilato. </li></ol><ol><li> Apare o bloco de pirâmide com uma lâmina de barbear e uma faca de diamante após a montagem do bloco em um ultra-micrótomo. Adicione uma forma trapezoidal de largura curto com a parte superior e a parte inferior do bloco paralelas entre si, e com os lados uniformemente inclinada. Esta forma de pirâmide ajuda para o seccionamento em série. </li><li> Além disso, cortar o bloco em torno do pellet celular com a faca de diamante e remover os perfis de plástico ao redor do pedaço de agarose pellet celular. </li><li> Corte 1 mm seções usando um ultra-micrótomo. Mova os 1 mm seções do barco da água para uma lâmina de vidro usando uma ferramenta de cílios e uma ferramenta alça de metal conforme relatado anteriormente 7. seções de transferência em slides e slides de transferência para a placa de aquecimento (37 ° C) para a secagem. </li><li> Adicionar uma gota de solução de azul de toluidina para as secções, utilizando uma seringa equipada com filtro de 0,22 um e incubar durante 3 min. Lavar as lâminas com água destilada e let as secções secar. Verifique com um microscópio de luz para identificar a posição das células. </li><li> Cortar seções ultra-finas (70 - 100 nm) usando uma faca de diamante. Mova 2 - 3 seções sobre grelhas de 200 malha do barco da água para uma placa de Petri de vidro usando uma ferramenta de cílios. </li><li> Transferir a placa de Petri de vidro contendo grades com secções sobre uma placa quente a 30 ° C para secar secções durante 30 min. </li><li> Corar as grades com gotas de 1% de acetato de uranilo à TA durante 10 min e, em seguida, lavar em água destilada 6 - 8 vezes. Mancha com citrato de chumbo de Reynolds, à TA, durante 5 min e lavar em água destilada 6 - 8 vezes. Transferir a placa de Petri de vidro contendo as grades sobre uma placa quente a 37 ° C para secar secções. </li><li> Analisar as seções com um microscópio eletrônico, a 80 kV 7. </li></ol>

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Os autores não têm nada para revelar.

Este método permite a análise TEM em números de celulares de baixo, usando Evans coloração azul e agarose a incorporação de localizar um pellet de células pequenas durante a desidratação, inclusão em resina e seccionamento processos. É importante notar que mantém agrupamentos de células em conjunto e preserva a ultra-estrutura celular, o que é desejável para examinar várias células para quantificação de dados. Em estudos TEM, um sedimento celular, contendo milhões de cé...

Detalhes ultra-estruturais e sub-organela das células foram revelados principalmente por microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (TEM) estudos de tecidos ou pellets de células 1,2. peças sólidas de tecidos pode ser facilmente utilizada para estudos de microscopia electrónica. No entanto, análises de MET 1,3 em células em suspensão e necessitam de permanecer desafiador números elevados de células, isto é, milhões de células. Devido a isso, análises de ultra-estruturais das populações de células raras em suspensão, por exemplo, células estaminais hematopoiéticas (HSCs), não são facilmente avaliados. Várias tentativas para análise de TEM de amostras usando escassos cytospin ou monocamada abordagens não conseguem obter os dados quantitativos significativa do número limitado de células. Deste modo, a exigência de um elevado número de células limita a utilização desta ferramenta poderosa para compreender os detalhes ultraestruturais subcelulares de populações de células raras. Uma limitação fundamental para estudos TEM com um número limitado de célulass em suspensão, é a localização das células para o processamento e, portanto, a partir de estudos TEM células limitadas com tamanhos especialmente pequenos permanecem desafiador. Várias abordagens alternativas foram adotadas para contrariar esta limitação: a BSA / bisacrilamida (BSA-BA) polimerização mediada de suspensão de células, a coloração das células com um corante para torná-los visíveis num suporte de película fina incluindo lamelas, e analisa MET a partir de preparações de Cytospin 4-6. No entanto, o sucesso muito limitado foi alcançado, como muito poucas células foram encontrados nas secções após ultra-seccionamento. O principal desafio de identificar células esparsas persiste porque a monocamada de células permanece praticamente invisível no gel solidificado para seccionamento. Além disso, a preparação Cytospin de células pode alterar a sua organização celular devido ao espalhamento das células e a fragilidade da estrutura celular. Por conseguinte, estes inconvenientes inerentes garante uma nova abordagem para a realização de estudos de MET a partir de populações de células raras com maisconsistência. Para ultrapassar este problema, nós descrevemos um método novo e preparação de amostras alternativa para estudos TEM de populações de células raras 7. Aqui, descrevemos um protocolo de preparação da amostra eficiente para realizar TEM de amostras biológicas escassos com resultados qualitativos e quantitativos consistentes. O azul de Evans foi realizada a coloração após a fixação de localizar um pequeno agregado de células a partir de células baixo número, ou seja, 10.000 tronco hematopoiéticas da medula óssea e células progenitoras que de outra forma teriam permanecido invisível, e o sedimento foi incorporado em agarose antes de processos de desidratação e de resina de incorporação. Este método agrupa as células em conjunto e permite a análise eficiente da ultra-estrutura e organização subcelular das células estaminais hematopoiéticas (identificado como Lin - Sca-1 + c-kit + Flt3 - CD34 -; HSC), um raro 0,2 - população de células 0,5% na medula óssea. Este pro experimentalprotocolo pode ser útil para realizar estudos ultra-estruturais e obter resultados quantitativos sobre muitas populações raras, mas muito importantes.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1096">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:327px;">Paraformaldehyde 20% Aqueous Soln</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Electron microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">15713</td>
			<td style="width:440px;">CAUTION Toxic via inhalation, skin contact. Wear gloves, use fume hood.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:327px;">Gluteraldehyde 70% Aqueous Soln</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Electron microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td>16350</td>
			<td>CAUTION Toxic via inhalation, skin contact. Wear gloves, use fume hood.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;">Cacodyladate buffer&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Electron microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">12300</td>
			<td>Make 0.1 M Cacodyladate buffer (pH 7.4) in distilled water, store at 4&#176;C. CAUTION Irritant by inhalation or skin contact, wear gloves and work in fume hood.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Evans Blue&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">E-2129</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Low melting agarose&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">A-5030</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;">Osmium tetraoxide&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Electron microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">19130</td>
			<td>1 gm in 50 ml of 0.1M Cacodyladate buffer to make 2% OsO4 stock, CAUTION Very toxic by inhalation or skin contact, strong oxidizer, wear protective clothing, eye protection, use fume hood.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">LX-112 Embedding Kits (LADD&#174;)</td>
			<td style="width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:113px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:327px;">DDSA (Dodecenylsuccinic anhydride)</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">LADD</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">21340</td>
			<td>Mix 16% DDSA; 30% NMA; 54% LX-112 together and then add 1.4% DMP-30</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:327px;">NMA (Nadic methyl anhydride)</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">LADD</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">21350</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:327px;">Epoxy Resins Epon 812 (LX-112)</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">LADD</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">21310</td>
			<td>CAUTION Toxic by inhalation, skin contact. Wear gloves, protective clothing, use fume hood.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:327px;">DMP-30 (2,4,6 -Tri(dimethylaminomethyl)phenol)</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">LADD</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">21370</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Reynolds lead citrate (EM Stain II)</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Leica</td>
			<td style="width:113px;"></td>
			<td>CAUTION Toxic by inhalation, avoid contact with skin or eyes.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:327px;">Uranyl acetate (EM Stain I)</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Leica</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">8072820</td>
			<td>CAUTION Toxic by inhalation, avoid contact with skin or eyes.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Iscove&#39;s Modified Dulbecco&#39;s Medium (IMDM)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">ATCC</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">30-2005</td>
			<td>composition: NaCl, NaHCO3, HEPES, Glucose, Ca, Mg, sod pyruvate etc. For for details https://www.atcc.org/~/media/Attachments/E/9/7/E/4893.ashx</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Pyramid tip mold&#160;</td>
			<td>Ted Pella</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">10585</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">mounting cylinders</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Ted Pella</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">10580</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ultra-microtome&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">(Leica EM UC7)</td>
			<td style="width:113px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;">200 mesh grids (nikil)</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Electron microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">G-200 Ni</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:327px;">Electron Microscope</td>
			<td>Hitachi model H-7650&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:113px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:327px;">Image capture engine software</td>
			<td>AMT-600&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:113px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">35 mm plastic petri dishes</td>
			<td>Fisher scientific&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:113px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;">Quick Bond Super glue Cyanoacrylate&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Electron microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">72588</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Razor blades</td>
			<td style="width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:113px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Glass scintillation vials&#160;</td>
			<td>Fisher scientific&#160;</td>
			<td>03-337-14</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Glass slides&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:216px;"></td>
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an alternative approach for sample preparation with low cell number for tem analysis

microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (TEM) fornece detalhes sobre a organização celular e ultra-estrutura. No entanto, a análise TEM de populações de células raras, especialmente as células em suspensão, tais como células estaminais hematopoiéticas (HSCs), permanece limitada devido à exigência de um elevado número de células durante a preparação da amostra. Há um cytospin ou monocamada algumas abordagens para a análise de MET a partir de amostras escassos, mas estas abordagens não conseguem obter os dados quantitativos significativos do número limitado de células. Aqui, uma abordagem alternativa e inovadora para preparação de amostras em estudos TEM é descrito para populações de células raras que permite a análise quantitativa. Um número de células relativamente baixa, ou seja, 10.000 HSCs, foi utilizado com sucesso para a análise de TEM em comparação com os milhões de células, tipicamente utilizados para estudos TEM. Em particular, Evans azul coloração foi realizada após paraformaldeído-glutaraldeído (PFA-GA) de fixação para visualizar o pequeno pel celularvamos, o que facilitou a incorporação de agarose. Aglomerados de numerosas células foram observadas em seções ultra-finas. As células tinham uma morfologia bem conservada, e os detalhes de ultra-estruturais das mitocôndrias e vários complexos de Golgi eram visíveis. Este protocolo eficiente, fácil e reprodutível permite a preparação da amostra a partir de um número de células de baixo e pode ser usado para a análise TEM qualitativa e quantitativa sobre as populações de células raras a partir de amostras biológicas limitados.

Um protocolo eficiente e consistente para a preparação da amostra para realizar a análise TEM de baixo número de células é descrito. Coloração pós-fixação com azul de Evans e da transferência de células para um tubo de 0,5 ml de microcentrífuga ajudou a visualizar o pequeno pellet celular 7. Osmification com tetróxido de ósmio em agarose levou a uma detecção fácil do sedimento celular escuro durante a desidratação e a incorporação. <p class="jove_con...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Alternative Approach for Sample Preparation with Low Cell Number for TEM Analysis at JoVE.com

An Alternative Approach for Sample Preparation with Low Cell Number for TEM Analysis

Here, we present a protocol to prepare samples with low cell numbers for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis.

Uma abordagem alternativa para preparação de amostras com baixo número de celular de Análise TEM

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) provides details of the cellular organization and ultrastructure. However, TEM analysis of rare cell populations, ...

an-alternative-approach-for-sample-preparation-with-low-cell-number

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

13.6K visualizações.  Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation. Here, we present a protocol to prepare samples with low cell numbers for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis. 

Vídeo: An Alternative Approach for Sample Preparation with Low Cell Number for TEM Analysis

Undecalcified Bone Preparation for Histology, Histomorphometry and Fluorochrome Analysis

Undecalcified bone histology demonstrates the micro-architecture of bone. It shows both the mineralised and cellular components of bone, which provides vital information on bone turnover or bone formation and resorption. This has tremendous importance in a variety of clinical and research applications. It yields beautiful images1 and allows for techniques such as fluorochrome assessment and histomorphometry2. Fluorochrome analysis is a technique where fluorescent dyes that bind to calcium are injected at a particular time point, which allows for quantification of the amount of mineralisation at that given time. Histomorphometry is a process of bone quantification at the microscopic level. 
Performing undecalcified bone histology is technically challenging, particularly with large size specimens. It requires variations in technique from those used in standard paraffin embedded histology. This video illustrates the process of producing good quality sections and demonstrates the technical difficulties and methods with which to overcome them. Specimen preparation, fixation and processing are achieved with a manner similar to other soft tissues, however due to the density and lower permeability of bone considerably longer fixation and processing times are required, often taking several weeks. Embedding is achieved using a supporting medium with similar or equal hardness and density to the bone such as methacrylate- based resins, but unlike paraffin infiltration and embedding, this is an irreversible step. Sectioning can be achieved by grinding which produces a thicker section, which is optimal for studies such as fluorochrome analysis. This is best achieved using a diamond blade on a macrotome. Alternatively, thinner sections can be produced for light microscopy and this is achieved using a sledge microtome with a very sharp blade. The sledge microtome provides the additional strength and stability required for large, hard blocks. Resin embedded sections can be stained with a variety of stains, which are demonstrated.

Undecalcified bone histology provides important information for a variety of clinical and research applications. It is technically challenging, particularly with large size specimens. This video illustrates the process of producing good quality sections and demonstrates the technical difficulties and methods with which to overcome them.

Preparação óssea Undecalcified de Histologia, Histomorfometria e Análise Fluorocromo

Undecalcified bone histology demonstrates the micro-architecture of bone. It shows both the mineralised and cellular components of bone, which provides ...

Biologia

Sample Preparation for Single Virion Atomic Force Microscopy and Super-resolution Fluorescence Imaging

Immobilization of virions to glass surfaces is a critical step in single virion imaging. Here we present a technique&#160;adopted from single molecule imaging assays which allows adhesion of single virions to glass surfaces with specificity. This preparation is based on grafting the surface of the glass with a mixture of PLL-g-PEG and PLL-g-PEG-Biotin, adding a layer of avidin, and finally creating virion anchors through attachment of biotinylated virus specific antibodies. We have applied this technique across a range of experiments including atomic force microscopy (AFM) and super-resolution fluorescence imaging. This sample preparation method results in a control adhesion of the virions to the surface.

The attachment of virions to a surface is a requirement for single virion imaging by Super-resolution fluorescence imaging or atomic force microscopy (AFM). Here we demonstrate a sample preparation method for controlled adhesion of virions to glass surfaces suitable for use in AFM and super-resolution fluorescence imaging.

Preparação da amostra para microscopia da força atômica de virion único e imagem de fluorescência de super-resolução

Immobilization of virions to glass surfaces is a critical step in single virion imaging. Here we present a technique&#160;adopted from single molecule ...

Alternative Cultures for Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Production, Maintenance, and Genetic Analysis

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) hold great promise for regenerative medicine and biopharmaceutical applications. Currently, optimal culture and efficient expansion of large amounts of clinical-grade hPSCs are critical issues in hPSC-based therapies. Conventionally, hPSCs are propagated as colonies on both feeder and feeder-free culture systems. However, these methods have several major limitations, including low cell yields and generation of heterogeneously differentiated cells. To improve current hPSC culture methods, we have recently developed a new method, which is based on non-colony type monolayer (NCM) culture of dissociated single cells. Here, we present detailed NCM protocols based on the Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) inhibitor Y-27632. We also provide new information regarding NCM culture with different small molecules such as Y-39983 (ROCK I inhibitor), phenylbenzodioxane (ROCK II inhibitor), and thiazovivin (a novel ROCK inhibitor). We further extend our basic protocol to cultivate hPSCs on defined extracellular proteins such as the laminin isoform 521 (LN-521) without the use of ROCK inhibitors. Moreover, based on NCM, we have demonstrated efficient transfection or transduction of plasmid DNAs, lentiviral particles, and oligonucleotide-based microRNAs into hPSCs in order to genetically modify these cells for molecular analyses and drug discovery. The NCM-based methods overcome the major shortcomings of colony-type culture, and thus may be suitable for producing large amounts of homogeneous hPSCs for future clinical therapies, stem cell research, and drug discovery.

Here, we present human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) culture protocols, based on non-colony type monolayer (NCM) growth of dissociated single cells. This new method, utilizing Rho-associated kinase inhibitors or the laminin isoform 521 (LN-521), is suitable for producing large amounts of homogeneous hPSCs, genetic manipulation, and drug discovery.

Culturas alternativas para pluripotentes estaminais humanas produção de células, Manutenção e Análise Genética

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) hold great promise for regenerative medicine and biopharmaceutical applications. Currently, optimal culture and ...

Sample Preparation for Mass Cytometry Analysis

Mass cytometry utilizes antibodies conjugated with heavy metal labels, an approach that has greatly increased the number of parameters and opportunities for deep analysis well beyond what is possible with conventional fluorescence-based flow cytometry. As with any new technology, there are critical steps that help ensure the reliable generation of high-quality data. Presented here is an optimized protocol that incorporates multiple techniques for the processing of cell samples for mass cytometry analysis. The methods described here will help the user avoid common pitfalls and achieve consistent results by minimizing variability, which can lead to inaccurate data. To inform experimental design, the rationale behind optional or alternative steps in the protocol and their efficacy in uncovering new findings in the biology of the system being investigated is covered. Lastly, representative data is presented to illustrate expected results from the techniques presented here.

This article describes the collection and processing of samples for mass cytometry analysis.

Preparação de Amostras para Análise Mass Citometria

Mass cytometry utilizes antibodies conjugated with heavy metal labels, an approach that has greatly increased the number of parameters and opportunities ...

Open-source Single-particle Analysis for Super-resolution Microscopy with VirusMapper

Super-resolution fluorescence microscopy is currently revolutionizing cell biology research. Its capacity to break the resolution limit of around 300 nm allows for the routine imaging of nanoscale biological complexes and processes. This increase in resolution also means that methods popular in electron microscopy, such as single-particle analysis, can readily be applied to super-resolution fluorescence microscopy. By combining this analytical approach with super-resolution optical imaging, it becomes possible to take advantage of the molecule-specific labeling capacity of fluorescence microscopy to generate structural maps of molecular elements within a metastable structure. To this end, we have developed a novel algorithm &#8212; VirusMapper &#8212; packaged as an easy-to-use, high-performance, and high-throughput ImageJ plugin. This article presents an in-depth guide to this software, showcasing its ability to uncover novel structural features in biological molecular complexes. Here, we present how to assemble compatible data and provide a step-by-step protocol on how to use this algorithm to apply single-particle analysis to super-resolution images.

This manuscript uses the Fiji-based open-source software package VirusMapper to apply single-particle analysis to super-resolution microscopy images in order to generate precise models of nanoscale structure.

Análise de partícula única open-source para Microscopia Super-resolução com VirusMapper

Super-resolution fluorescence microscopy is currently revolutionizing cell biology research. Its capacity to break the resolution limit of around 300 nm ...

Sample Preparation and Imaging of Exosomes by Transmission Electron Microscopy

Exosomes are nano-sized extracellular vesicles secreted by body fluids and are known to represent the characteristics of cells that secrete them. The contents and morphology of the secreted vesicles reflect cell behavior or physiological status, for example cell growth, migration, cleavage, and death. The exosomes&#39; role may depend highly on size, and the size of exosomes varies from 30 to 300 nm. The most widely used method for exosome imaging is negative staining, while other results are based on Cryo-Transmission Electron Microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, and Atomic Force Microscopy. The typical exosome&#39;s morphology assessed through negative staining is a cup-shape, but further details are not yet clear. An exosome well-characterized through structural study is necessary particular in medical and pharmaceutical fields. Therefore, function-dependent morphology should be verified by electron microscopy techniques such as labeling a specific protein in the detailed structure of exosome. To observe detailed structure, ultrathin sectioned images and negative stained images of exosomes were compared. In this protocol, we suggest transmission electron microscopy for the imaging of exosomes including negative staining, whole mount immuno-staining, block preparation, thin section, and immuno-gold labelling.

This protocol describes the various techniques necessary for transmission electron microscopy including negative staining, ultrathin sectioning for detailed structure, and immuno-gold labelling to determine the positions of specific proteins in exosomes.

Preparação da amostra e a imagem latente de Exosomes por microscopia eletrônica de transmissão

Exosomes are nano-sized extracellular vesicles secreted by body fluids and are known to represent the characteristics of cells that secrete them. The ...

Miniaturized Sample Preparation for Transmission Electron Microscopy

Due to recent technological progress, cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) is rapidly becoming a standard method for the structural analysis of protein complexes to atomic resolution. However, protein isolation techniques and sample preparation methods for EM remain a bottleneck. A relatively small number (100,000 to a few million) of individual protein particles need to be imaged for the high-resolution analysis of proteins by the single particle EM approach, making miniaturized sample handling techniques and microfluidic principles feasible.
A miniaturized, paper-blotting-free EM grid preparation method for sample pre-conditioning, EM grid priming and post processing that only consumes nanoliter-volumes of sample is presented. The method uses a dispensing system with sub-nanoliter precision to control liquid uptake and EM grid priming, a platform to control the grid temperature thereby determining the relative humidity above the EM grid, and a pick-and-plunge-mechanism for sample vitrification. For cryo-EM, an EM grid is placed on the temperature-controlled stage and the sample is aspirated into a capillary. The capillary tip is positioned in proximity to the grid surface, the grid is loaded with the sample and excess is re-aspirated into the microcapillary. Subsequently, the sample film is stabilized and slightly thinned by controlled water evaporation regulated by the offset of the platform temperature relative to the dew-point. At a given point the pick-and-plunge mechanism is triggered, rapidly transferring the primed EM grid into liquid ethane for sample vitrification. Alternatively, sample-conditioning methods are available to prepare nanoliter-sized sample volumes for negative stain (NS) EM.
The methodologies greatly reduce sample consumption and avoid approaches potentially harmful to proteins, such as the filter paper blotting used in conventional methods. Furthermore, the minuscule amount of sample required allows novel experimental strategies, such as fast sample conditioning, combination with single-cell lysis for &#34;visual proteomics,&#34; or &#34;lossless&#34; total sample preparation for quantitative analysis of complex samples.

An instrument and methods for the preparation of nanoliter-sized sample volumes for transmission electron microscopy is presented. No paper-blotting steps are required, thus avoiding the detrimental consequences this can have for proteins, significantly reducing sample loss and enabling the analysis of single cell lysate for visual proteomics.

Preparação da amostra miniaturizada para microscopia eletrônica de transmissão

Due to recent technological progress, cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) is rapidly becoming a standard method for the structural analysis of protein ...

Stomata Tape-Peel: An Improved Method for Guard Cell Sample Preparation

The study of guard cells is essential to the knowledge of the specific contributions of this cell type to the overall function of plants. However, it is often difficult to isolate and thus studying them often provides a challenge. 
This study establishes a stomatal guard cell enrichment method. The protocol utilizes Scotch tape to isolate guard cells and extract proteins from the cells. This method improves the integrity and yield of guard cell during isolation and provides a reliable sample for the study of cell signaling processes and how they correlate to stomatal movement phenotypes. In this method, the plant leaves were partitioned between two portions of tape and peeled apart to remove the abaxial side. This protocol was applied to Arabidopsis leaf tissue to isolate guard cells. The cells were treated with fluorescein diacetate (FDA) to determine viability and with abscisic acid (ABA) to assess stomata movement in response to ABA. In conclusion, this protocol proves useful for preparing enriched stomatal guard cells and isolating proteins. The quality of the cells and proteins obtained here enable physiological and other biological studies.

This protocol describes a method of preparing enriched stomatal guard cells that is useful for physiological and other biological studies.

Fita de estomas-casca: Um método melhorado para preparação de amostras de células de guarda

The study of guard cells is essential to the knowledge of the specific contributions of this cell type to the overall function of plants. However, it is ...

Sample Preparation for Mass-spectrometry-based Proteomics Analysis of Ocular Microvessels

The use of isolated ocular blood vessels in vitro to decipher the pathophysiological state of the eye using advanced technological approaches has greatly expanded our understanding of certain diseases. Mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics has emerged as a powerful tool to unravel alterations in the molecular mechanisms and protein signaling pathways in the vascular beds in health and disease. However, sample preparation steps prior to MS analyses are crucial to obtain reproducible results and in-depth elucidation of the complex proteome. This is particularly important for preparation of ocular microvessels, where the amount of sample available for analyses is often limited and thus, poses a challenge for optimum protein extraction. This article endeavors to provide an efficient, rapid and robust protocol for sample preparation from an exemplary retrobulbar ocular vascular bed employing the porcine short posterior ciliary arteries. The present method focuses on protein extraction procedures from both the supernatant and pellet of the sample following homogenization, sample cleaning with centrifugal filter devices prior to one-dimensional gel electrophoresis and peptide purification steps for label-free quantification in a liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-linear ion trap-Orbitrap MS system. Although this method has been developed specifically for proteomics analyses of ocular microvessels, we have also provided convincing evidence that it can also be readily employed for other tissue-based samples.

Proteome characterization of ocular microvascular beds is pivotal for in-depth understanding of many ocular pathologies in humans. This study demonstrates an effective, rapid, and robust method for protein extraction and sample preparation from small blood vessels employing the porcine short posterior ciliary arteries as model vessels for mass-spectrometry-based proteomics analyses.

Preparação da amostra para análise de Proteomics baseados em massa-espectrometria de Microvessels Ocular

The use of isolated ocular blood vessels in vitro to decipher the pathophysiological state of the eye using advanced technological approaches has greatly ...

Single Cell Micro-aspiration as an Alternative Strategy to Fluorescence-activated Cell Sorting for Giant Virus Mixture Separation

During the amoeba co-culture process, more than one virus may be isolated in a single well. We previously solved this issue by end point dilution and/or fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) applied to the viral population. However, when the viruses in the mixture have similar morphologic properties and one of the viruses multiplies slowly, the presence of two viruses is discovered at the stage of genome assembly and the viruses cannot be separated for further characterization. To solve this problem, we developed a single cell micro-aspiration procedure that allows for separation and cloning of highly similar viruses. In the present work, we present how this alternative strategy allowed us to separate the small viral subpopulations of Clandestinovirus ST1 and Usurpativirus LCD7, giant viruses that grow slowly and do not lead to amoebal lysis compared to the lytic and fast-growing Faustovirus. Purity control was assessed by specific gene amplification and viruses were produced for further characterization.

Here, we describe a single cell micro-aspiration method for the separation of infected amoebae. In order to separate viral subpopulations in Vermamoeba vermiformis infected by Faustoviruses and unknown giant viruses, we developed the protocol detailed below and demonstrated its ability to separate two low-abundance novel giant viruses.

Micro-aspiração de célula única como uma estratégia alternativa à classificação celular ativada por fluorescência para separação de mistura de vírus gigante

During the amoeba co-culture process, more than one virus may be isolated in a single well. We previously solved this issue by end point dilution and/or ...