이 작품은 국립 보건원 (National Institutes of Health)의 교내 연구 프로그램 (NIH), 당뇨병의 국립 연구소 및 소화기 계통 및 신장 질환 (NIDDK)에 의해 지원되었다. 우리는 3D 인쇄와 지원을 계측에 NIH 제와 NIH 라이브러리 감사합니다.

참고 :이 프로토콜은 특히 재료의 표라는 이름의 구성 요소에 대한 기록됩니다. 상장 액세서리 : 유사한 기능이 다른 하드웨어를 사용하여 달성 될 수 있지만, FED는 아두 이노 프로 마이크로 컨트롤러 (마이크로 컨트롤러 이제부터라고합니다) 프로그래밍되었다. 기타 마이크로 컨트롤러는 동일하게 잘 작동 할 수 있지만,이를 지원하기위한 코드를 수정하도록 사용자에게 요구한다. 오프라인 데이터 분석 파이썬 프로그래밍 언어를 이용하여 코딩한다. 1. 준비 및 소프트웨어 설치 <ol><li> FED를 (: https://github.com/KravitzLab/FED/tree/master/doc에서 표 1 andFed Github에서 BoM.xlxs 참조) 구축에 필요한 전자 부품을 조달. 주 : 공급자는 대안이 테이블에 많은 부품을 위해 사용될 수는 동등한 사양을 제공 하였다. </li><li> (: https://github.com/KravitzLab/FED/wiki/3D-Printed-Components에서 제공 그림 1) 모든 3D 설계 구성 요소를 인쇄 할 수 있습니다. 200 미크론와 함께 3D 프린터해상도는 FED를 인쇄 할 수 있어야한다. </li><li> 다운로드 및 마이크로 컨트롤러를 프로그래밍하는 통합 개발 환경 (IDE) 플랫폼을 설치합니다. </li><li> 다운로드 모터 방패와 (에서 확인할 수 : https://github.com/KravitzLab/fed/tree/master/fed-arduino) 데이터 로거의 기능을 사용하려면 추가 라이브러리를 설치합니다. </li><li> 조립에 필요한 도구 (예 납땜 인두, 열 총, 솔더, 와이어 스트리퍼, 바늘 코 펜치, 및 평면 머리와 드라이버를 모두) 조달. </li></ol> 2. 납땜 전기 구성 요소 참고 : 모든 납땜 관절을 보호하기 위해 열 수축 튜브를 사용합니다. 납땜 연결하기 전에, 전선 중 하나 주위에 수축 랩 튜브의 조각 (~ 2cm) 튜브를 밀어 넣습니다. 접속을 납땜 한 후, 접속점에서 튜브를 중심과 수축 배관 가열하는 히트 건을 사용한다. <ol><li> 준비 커넥터 (그림 2A) <ol><li> 네 개의 2 핀 JST 커넥터 쌍을 준비하고각각 남녀 측면 &quot;A&quot;, &quot;B&quot;, &quot;C&quot;및 &quot;D&quot;를 모두 라벨. 커넥터 쌍 &quot;D&quot;의 양쪽에서 빨간 선을 제거합니다. </li><li> 한 3 핀 JST 커넥터 쌍을 준비하고 남성과 여성의 측면 &quot;E&quot;두 레이블을 붙입니다. </li></ol></li><li> 마이크로 컨트롤러 및 스택 방패 (그림 2B) <ol><li> 마이크로 컨트롤러의 상단 측면에 소켓 여성 스택 헤더를 납땜. 마이크로 컨트롤러 하단의 헤더에서 선을 돌출 클립. </li><li> 납땜 한 여성 SD 데이터 로깅 실드의 상단 측 소켓 스택 헤더. 실드의 하단에 선을 돌출 둡니다. </li><li> 하단으로부터 돌출 핀 모터 쉴드 상 남성 헤더 납땜. </li><li> 실시간 클럭 모듈에 전력을 제공하기 위해 SD 실드의 슬롯에 코인 셀 배터리 놓는다. </li></ol></li><li> 외부 전원 버튼 (그림 2C) 참고 : 래치 금속 푸시 버튼 하의 다섯 연결 : 전원 보통 (NC1) 폐쇄, 땅, 상시 개방 (NO1) 및 일반 (C1). <ol><li> 2 핀 남성 C1에 커넥터 &quot;A&quot;(사용 빨간색 선)과 접지 (검은 색 선을 사용) 납땜. 모든 연결을 열 수축. </li><li> 2 핀 남성 커넥터 +에 &quot;B&quot;(사용 빨간색 선) 및 NO1 솔더 (검은 색 와이어를 사용). 모든 연결을 열 수축. </li></ol></li><li> 포토 인터럽터 (그림 2D) <ol><li> 솔더 포토 인터럽터 (검은 부분)는 보드를 브레이크 아웃합니다. </li><li> 브레이크 아웃 보드의 전면에 4.7K 저항을 납땜. </li><li> SGL에 빨간 선 PWR, 녹색 선을 GND로, 흰색 선 다음 브레이크 아웃 보드의 뒷면에 남성 3 핀 커넥터 &quot;E&quot;를 납땜. </li><li> 보드를 탈출 포토 인터럽터의 뒷면에 느슨한 와이어를 낸다. </li></ol></li><li> 부스트 보드 (그림 2E) <ol><li> 부스트 보드에 5V 및 접지 핀에 2 핀 암 커넥터 &quot;A&quot;를 납땜. </li><li> 엄마의 검은 색 와이어 솔더부스트 보드의 추가 GND 핀에 제작 커넥터 &quot;D&quot;. </li></ol></li><li> BNC 출력 케이블 (옵션 : 그림 2 층) <ol><li> (중앙 핀, 외부 핀에 검은 색 와이어에 빨간 선) 2 핀 커넥터 BNC 케이블의 단자에 &quot;C&quot;를 납땜. 참고 : 어셈블리를 들어, 2 핀 커넥터는 BNC 플러그 너트를 맞아야합니다. 우리는 더 작은 커넥터를 사용하거나 적합하도록 면도날로 JST 커넥터를 면도. </li></ol></li><li> 모터 쉴드 (그림 2G) <ol><li> 에서 V로 암 커넥터 함께 &quot;B&quot;와 솔더의 빨간색과 검은 색 선을 꼬아. </li><li> 레프 옆에 접지 핀 암 커넥터 &quot;C&quot;의 검은 색 와이어 솔더,이 커넥터의 붉은 선은 3 핀. </li><li> 다음에 V에 접지 핀 암 커넥터 &quot;D&quot;의 검은 선을 납땜. </li><li> 접지 핀 암형 커넥터 &quot;E&quot;의 녹색 와이어 솔더다음 5V의, 5V에이 커넥터의 붉은 선,이 커넥터의 백색 선 2 핀 수 있습니다. </li></ol></li></ol> 3. 소프트웨어 업로드 <ol><li> 마이크로 컨트롤러의 프로그래밍 핀에 FTDI 브레이크 아웃 보드를 연결 한 다음 마이크로 USB 케이블을 통해 컴퓨터에 FTDI 브레이크 아웃 보드를 연결합니다. </li><li> 는 IDE (통합 개발 환경) 프로그램을 엽니 다. </li><li> 도구를 통해 소프트웨어 업로드&gt; 보드 드롭 다운 메뉴에 대한 올바른 마이크로 컨트롤러 보드를 선택합니다. </li><li> 도구&gt; 프로세서 메뉴를 통해 ATMEGA 328 (5V, 16MHz 일)을 선택합니다. </li><li> 마이크로 컨트롤러는 도구를 통해 연결된 포트를 선택&gt; 포트&gt; COM #은 (포트가 현재 사용에 따라 달라집니다). </li><li> (: https://github.com/KravitzLab/fed/tree/master/fed-arduino에서 구입 가능) 보드에 FED의 스케치를 업로드 할 &#39;업로드&#39;버튼을 클릭합니다. </li></ol> 4. 하드웨어 조립 <ol><li> 스테퍼 모터와 m방패 (도 1C 및 3A 및 3B) OTOR <ol><li> 3 차원 상에 5V 스테퍼 모터를 고정하면 모터가 두 # 6 × ¼ &quot;판금 나사 (도 1C 및 3A)이 탑재 인쇄. </li><li> 마운트 모터로 회전 디스크를 삽입하고 안전하게 스테퍼 모터 축 (그림 3B)에 부착 아래로 밀어 넣습니다. </li><li> 모터 상에 3D 인쇄 음식 사일로에 트위스트 펠릿 레벨러 암이 모터 마운트의 구멍 위에 확인하고 탑재합니다. </li><li> 상기베이스의 후방 및 전방에 위치하는 구멍을 향해 위치 된 스텝퍼 모터와, 상기 인쇄 기재의 톱 - 위에서 연결된 조각 트위스트 (4.1.3 4.1.1 단계). </li><li> 각각의 와이어의 단부로부터 스텝 모터 와이어 스트립 ~ 2mm에서 5 핀 커넥터를 잘라. </li><li> 모터 방패에 터미널 블록 커넥터에 스테퍼 모터의 전선을 연결 : 대지, 오렌지와 핑크에 빨간색을 하나의 모터 포트 (예를 들어, M1), 다른 m에 파란색과 노란색에OTOR 포트 (예를 들면, M2). </li></ol></li><li> 외부 전원 버튼 <ol><li> 전원 버튼의 너트를 분리하고 염기의 우측에있는 구멍에 파워 버튼을 삽입한다. 육각 너트와 장소에 보안 버튼을 누릅니다. </li></ol></li><li> 포토 인터럽터 (그림 3C) <ol><li> 자사의 3D 인쇄 주택에 포토 인터럽터를 놓습니다. 주 : 포토 인터럽터는 모든 방법을 장착하지 않는 경우 상기 하우징을 가열하는 가열 총을 사용한다. </li><li> 문자열 3D 인쇄 된베이스의 전면 중앙 구멍을 통해 포토 인터럽터 (PWR, GND, 및 SGL)에서 3 핀 남성 커넥터 &quot;E&quot;. </li><li> 두 개의 1 &quot;나일론 나사와 해당 너트와 FED베이스로 하우징을 고정합니다. </li></ol></li><li> BNC 출력 케이블 (선택 사양) <ol><li> 연준베이스의 왼쪽에있는 구멍에 BNC 커넥터를 삽입합니다. 너트로 제자리에 고정합니다. </li><li> BNC 커넥터를 사용하지 않는 경우, 3D 인쇄 플러그 구멍 플러그. </l난&gt; </ol></li><li> 배터리 및 부스트 보드 (그림 3D) <ol><li> JST 2 핀 연결을 통해 DC / DC 부스트 컨버터 모듈에 3.7 V 배터리 팩을 연결합니다. 배터리가 충전되면 부스트 보드에 LED가 파란색으로 점등됩니다. </li></ol></li><li> 내부 하우징의 장착 보드 (그림 3E) <ol><li> FTDI 연결은 4 × ¼ &quot;스틸 판금 나사 #를 이용하여, 전원 스위치를 향베이스 내부 마운트 마이크로 컨트롤러. </li><li> 마이크로 컨트롤러의 상단에 모터 방패와 데이터 로깅 실드를 스택. </li><li> 마이크로 SD 슬롯 방향이 아래 # 2 × ¼ &quot;강판 금속 나사. 마운트 부스트를 사용하는 경우에 부스트 판 스크류. FED이 포트를 통해 충전 할 수있는 케이스를 개방하지 않고도. </li><li> 다섯 커넥터를 연결, &quot;A&quot;남성이 &quot;A&quot;여성, &quot;B&quot;남성을 &quot;B&quot;여성 등 </li><li> 3 차원 인쇄 기본 내부 배터리를 넣고 뒷면 커버를 밀어 가깝습니다. </l난&gt; <li> 3 차원 인쇄 된 페이스 플레이트에 밀어 넣습니다. </li></ol></li></ol> 5. 검증 및 데이터 수집 참고 : 이전 FED 시스템에 전원을 공급에, 그렇지 않으면 FED는 알약을 분배하지 않습니다, SD 카드는 SD 방패에 삽입되어 있는지 확인합니다. 또한, 장소에 (그냥 전원 블록 위) 모터 방패에 전원 점퍼를 확인합니다. <ol><li> 전원 푸시 버튼 및 테스트 장치 기능을 가진 FED 시스템의 전원을 켭니다. <ol><li> 전원을 켜기 전에 20 mg의 음식 펠릿 음식 사일로를 입력합니다. 주 : 마이크로 컨트롤러, SD 방패, 모터 방패의 LED 정상적으로 전원 스위치가 켜져 야합니다. 웰에는 펠릿이 없을 경우, 하나는 분배한다. </li><li> 물론 음식에서 10 펠렛과 펠렛이 분배되는 교체를 확인 - 수동 5를 제거합니다. </li></ol></li><li> SD 카드를 제거하고 데이터가 제대로 기록 된 확인합니다. 데이터는 버지니아에 따라 이름이 쉼표로 구분 된 값 (.CSV)에 인수한다코드에서 riable FILENAME. </li><li> 실험 설정, 전원 내부 FED 단위를 설치하고, 펠릿이 아니라 음식에 분배되어 있는지 확인합니다. </li><li> 데이터 수집의 과정 동안, 그것은 전원 스위치의 LED 표시등이 켜져 있는지 확인하여 제대로 작동하는지 확인하기 위해 매일 FED을 확인 (이 배터리가 충분히 충전되어 있음을 나타냅니다) 및 펠릿이 아니라 음식에 앉아있다 (표시 펠렛 분배에 문제가)가 없는지. </li><li> 데이터 수집 후, SD 카드 및 액세스 .csv 파일을 검색 할 수 있습니다. 참고 : https://github.com/KravitzLab/fed : 식사와 공급의 패턴 분석 스크립트에서 사용할 수 있습니다. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Ellacott, K. L., Morton, G. J., Woods, S. C., Tso, P., Schwartz, M. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessment+of+feeding+behavior+in+laboratory+mice.">Assessment of feeding behavior in laboratory mice.</a> Cell Metab. 12 (1), 10-17 (2010).</li><li>Betley, J. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neurons+for+hunger+and+thirst+transmit+a+negative-valence+teaching+signal.">Neurons for hunger and thirst transmit a negative-valence teaching signal.</a> Nature. 521 (7551), 180-185 (2015).</li><li>van den Heuvel, J. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuropeptide+Y+activity+in+the+nucleus+accumbens+modulates+feeding+behavior+and+neuronal+activity.">Neuropeptide Y activity in the nucleus accumbens modulates feeding behavior and neuronal activity.</a> Biol Psychiatry. 77 (7), 633-641 (2015).</li><li>Cone, J. J., Roitman, J. D., Roitman, M. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ghrelin+regulates+phasic+dopamine+and+nucleus+accumbens+signaling+evoked+by+food-predictive+stimuli.">Ghrelin regulates phasic dopamine and nucleus accumbens signaling evoked by food-predictive stimuli.</a> J Neurochem. 133 (6), 844-856 (2015).</li><li>Ulman, E. A., Compton, D., Kochanek, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measuring+food+and+water+intake+in+rats+and+mice.">Measuring food and water intake in rats and mice.</a> ALN Mag. , 17-20 (2008).</li><li>Nguyen, K. P., O'Neal, T. J., Bolonduro, O. A., White, E., Kravitz, A. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Feeding+Experimentation+Device+(FED):+A+flexible+open-source+device+for+measuring+feeding+behavior.">Feeding Experimentation Device (FED): A flexible open-source device for measuring feeding behavior.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 267, 108-114 (2016).</li><li>Aguiar, P., Mendonca, L., Galhardo, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=OpenControl:+a+free+opensource+software+for+video+tracking+and+automated+control+of+behavioral+mazes.">OpenControl: a free opensource software for video tracking and automated control of behavioral mazes.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 166 (1), 66-72 (2007).</li><li>Devarakonda, K., Nguyen, K. P., Kravitz, A. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ROBucket:+A+low+cost+operant+chamber+based+on+the+Arduino+microcontroller.">ROBucket: A low cost operant chamber based on the Arduino microcontroller.</a> Behav Res Methods. 48 (2), 503-509 (2016).</li><li>Hoffman, A. M., Song, J., Tuttle, E. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ELOPTA:+a+novel+microcontroller-based+operant+device.">ELOPTA: a novel microcontroller-based operant device.</a> Behav Res Methods. 39 (4), 776-782 (2007).</li><li>Crall, J. D., Gravish, N., Mountcastle, A. M., Combes, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=BEEtag:+A+Low-Cost,+Image-Based+Tracking+System+for+the+Study+of+Animal+Behavior+and+Locomotion.">BEEtag: A Low-Cost, Image-Based Tracking System for the Study of Animal Behavior and Locomotion.</a> PLoS One. 10 (9), (2015).</li></ol>

Authors declare no conflict of interests, financial or otherwise.

급전 실험 장치 (FED)의가요 식사량 모니터링 시스템이다. 여기, 우리는 제조 및 마이크로 컨트롤러 상에 3D 인쇄 하드웨어, 전기 부품의 납땜 및 스케치 업로드의 조립을 포함한 장치 문제 해결에 대한 자세한 내용을 설명합니다. 이주의 깊게 프로토콜에 설명 된 모든 단계를 수행하는 것이 중요하지만, 성공적인 최종 제품을 보장하기 위해 각 섹션에 여분의 관심을받을 자격이 중요한 단계가 있습...

20 세기 후반부 통해 글로벌 비만의 상승에 따라, 1, 2, 3, 4를 공급하는 기본 메커니즘에 관심이 갱신된다. 일반적으로 음식 섭취 수동 5 무게, 또는 시판 공급 시스템입니다. 상용 시스템은 우수하지만, 자신의 디자인 또는 코드를 수정 제한된 유연성을 제공합니다. 좋은 시간 해상도와 최소한의 인간의 간섭 (6) 음식 섭취량을 측정하기위한 오픈 소스 공급 시스템 : 여기, 우리는 먹이 실험 장치 (FED)를 설명합니다. FED는 배터리 전원을 완전히 표준 식민지 랙 caging 또는 다른 과학 장비의 내부에 들어갈 수있는 3 차원 인쇄 된 경우에 포함됩니다. 그 정상 상태에서, FED는 FO에 음식 펠렛 쉬고 저전력 모드에서 동작잘 OD. 펠렛의 존재는 적외선 빔을 통해 모니터링된다. 마우스는 펠렛을 제거 할 때, 포토 인터럽터 센서는 마이크로 컨트롤러에 신호를 전송하고, 시간 스탬프는 내장 보안 디지털 (SD) 카드에 기록된다. 동시에, 트랜지스터 트랜지스터 로직 (TTL) 출력 펠릿 검색의 실시간 출력을 제공한다. 바로이 경우에 따라 상기 모터를 다른 펠렛을 분배하도록 회전하고, 상기 시스템은 저전력 모드로 복귀한다. 그것의 오픈 소스 특성으로 FED는 수정과 특정 연구의 요구에 맞게 개선 할 수있다. 예를 들어, 코드는 인간의 간섭을 필요로하지 않고 하루 중 특정 시간에 공급을 제한, 또는 펠릿의 수에 도달 할 때 중지 분배가 쉽게 변경 될 수있다. 여기, 우리는 생쥐에서 음식 섭취를 측정하기위한 FED의 구성, 검증 및 사용에 대한 단계별 지침을 설명합니다. 우리는 시스템을 구성하는 모든 구성 요소의 목록을 제공한다. 중요한 것은, 더 이전에 전 없습니다전자의 perience은 FED를 구성하는 데 필요합니다.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Electronics</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adafruit Motor/Stepper/Servo Shield for Arduino v2 Kit - v2.3</td>
			<td>Adafruit</td>
			<td>1438</td>
			<td>Use of other motor shields has not been tested and will require changes to the code</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adafruit Assembled Data Logging shield for Arduino</td>
			<td>Adafruit</td>
			<td>1141</td>
			<td>Use of other data logging shields has not been tested and will require changes to the code</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PowerBoost 500 Charger</td>
			<td>Adafruit</td>
			<td>1944</td>
			<td>Other voltge regulator boards have not been tested, but should work if they have similar specifications</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FTDI Friend + extras - v1.0</td>
			<td>Adafruit</td>
			<td>284</td>
			<td>Any FTDI-USB connection will work</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Small Reduction Stepper Motor - 5VDC 32-Step 1/16 Gearing</td>
			<td>Adafruit</td>
			<td>858</td>
			<td>Use of other stepper motors has not been tested</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Arduino Pro 328 - 5V/16MHz</td>
			<td>SparkFun</td>
			<td>DEV-10915</td>
			<td>Other Arduino boards should work, although may require changes to the code</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Photo Interrupter - GP1A57HRJ00F</td>
			<td>SparkFun</td>
			<td>SEN-09299</td>
			<td>Other photointerrupters will work, but may require changes to the 3D design</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SparkFun Photo Interrupter Breakout Board - GP1A57HRJ00F</td>
			<td>SparkFun</td>
			<td>BOB-09322</td>
			<td>Other photointerrupters will work, but may require changes to the 3D design</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Connectors, screws, and miscellaneous items</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Shield stacking headers for Arduino (R3 Compatible)</td>
			<td>Adafruit</td>
			<td>85</td>
			<td>Any stacking header that says Arduiono R3 compatible will work</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multi-Colored Heat Shrink Pack - 3/32&#34; + 1/8&#34; + 3/16&#34;</td>
			<td>Adafruit</td>
			<td>1649</td>
			<td>Any heatshrink will work</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hook-up Wire Spool Set - 22AWG Solid Core - 6x25ft</td>
			<td>Adafruit</td>
			<td>1311</td>
			<td>Any wire will work</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lithium Ion Battery Pack - 3.7V 4400mAh</td>
			<td>Adafruit</td>
			<td>354</td>
			<td>Any 3.7V Lithium battery with a JST connector will work&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SD/MicroSD Memory Card (8GB SDHC)</td>
			<td>Adafruit</td>
			<td>1294</td>
			<td>Any SD card will work</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 Ohm BNC Bulkhead Jack (3/8&#34; D-Hole)</td>
			<td>L-com</td>
			<td>BAC70A</td>
			<td>Any BNC bulkhead will work</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Type 316 Stainless Steel Pan Head Phillips Sheet metal screw, No 6 size, 1/4&#34; Length</td>
			<td>McMaster-Carr</td>
			<td>90184A120</td>
			<td>Any screws of this specification will work</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Type 316 Stainless Steel Pan Head Phillips Sheet metal screw, No 2 size, 1/4&#34; Length</td>
			<td>McMaster-Carr</td>
			<td>91735A102</td>
			<td>Any screws of this specification will work</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nylon 100 Degree Flat Head Slotted Machine Screw, 4-40 Thread, 1&#34; Length</td>
			<td>McMaster-Carr</td>
			<td>90241A253</td>
			<td>Any screws of this specification will work</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nylon Hex Nut, 4-40 Thread Size</td>
			<td>McMaster-Carr</td>
			<td>94812A200</td>
			<td>Any nut of this specification will work</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2Pin JST M F Connector 200mm 22AWG Wire Cable</td>
			<td>NewEgg</td>
			<td>9SIA27C3FY2876</td>
			<td>Any 2 pin connector will work for this connection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Metal Pushbutton - Latching (16mm, Red)</td>
			<td>SparkFun</td>
			<td>COM-11971</td>
			<td>Any push button or switch will work</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Resistor Kit - 1/4W</td>
			<td>SparkFun</td>
			<td>COM-10969</td>
			<td>Any 1/4W resistors will work</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

feeding experimentation device (fed): construction and validation of an open-source device for measuring food intake in rodents

Food intake measurements are essential for many research studies. Here, we provide a detailed description of a novel solution for measuring food intake in mice: the Feeding Experimentation Device (FED). FED is an open-source system that was designed to facilitate flexibility in food intake studies. Due to its compact and battery powered design, FED can be placed within standard home cages or other experimental equipment. Food intake measurements can also be synchronized with other equipment in real-time via FED's transistor-transistor logic (TTL) digital output, or in post-acquisition processing as FED timestamps every event with a real-time clock. When in use, a food pellet sits within FED's food well where it is monitored via an infrared beam. When the pellet is removed by the mouse, FED logs the timestamp onto its internal secure digital (SD) card and dispenses another pellet. FED can run for up to 5 days before it is necessary to charge the battery and refill the pellet hopper, minimizing human interference in data collection. Assembly of FED requires minimal engineering background, and off-the-shelf materials and electronics were prioritized in its construction. We also provide scripts for analysis of food intake and meal patterns. Finally, FED is open-source and all design and construction files are online, to facilitate modifications and improvements by other researchers.

동물의 사용을 포함 유효성 검사 테스트는 검토하고 국립 당뇨병 연구소 소화기 계통 및 신장 질환의 동물 관리 및 사용위원회에 의해 승인되었습니다. 홈 케이지 먹이를 측정하기위한 FED의 사용을 설명하기 위해, 성인 여성 C57BL / 6 마우스 (N = 4) 개별적으로 12/12 시간 빛 / 어둠주기에서 물과 표준 실험실 차우에 광고 무제한 액세스를 수용 하였다 (시에 점등...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Feeding Experimentation Device FED: Construction and Validation of an Open-source Device for Measuring Food Intake in Rodents at JoVE.com

Feeding Experimentation Device FED: Construction and Validation of an Open-source Device for Measuring Food Intake in Rodents

Feeding Experimentation Device (FED) is an open-source device for measuring food intake in mice. FED can also synchronize food intake measurements with other techniques via a real-time digital output. Here, we provide a step-by-step tutorial for the construction, validation, and usage of FED.

설치류에 음식 섭취를 측정하기위한 오픈 소스 장치의 건설 및 검증 : 실험 장치 (FED)를 먹이

Food intake measurements are essential for many research studies. Here, we provide a detailed description of a novel solution for measuring food intake in ...

feeding-experimentation-device-fed-construction-validation-an-open

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

Feeding Experimentation Device (FED): Construction and Validation of an Open-source Device for Measuring Food Intake in Rodents

8.1K 조회수.  National Insttitute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Feeding Experimentation Device (FED) is an open-source device for measuring food intake in mice. FED can also synchronize food intake measurements with other techniques via a real-time digital output. Here, we provide a step-by-step tutorial for the construction, validation, and usage of FED.

비디오: Feeding Experimentation Device FED: Construction and Validation of an Open-source Device for Measuring Food Intake in Rodents

Use of the Operant Orofacial Pain Assessment Device (OPAD) to Measure Changes in Nociceptive Behavior

We present an operant system for the detection of pain in awake, conscious rodents. The Orofacial Pain Assessment Device (OPAD) assesses pain behaviors in a more clinically relevant way by not relying on reflex-based measures of nociception. Food fasted, hairless (or shaved) rodents are placed into a Plexiglas chamber which has two Peltier-based thermodes that can be programmed to any temperature between 7 &deg;C and 60 &deg;C. The rodent is trained to make contact with these in order to access a reward bottle. During a session, a number of behavioral pain outcomes are automatically recorded and saved. These measures include the number of reward bottle activations (licks) and facial contact stimuli (face contacts), but custom measures like the lick/face ratio (total number of licks per session/total number of contacts) can also be created. The stimulus temperature can be set to a single temperature or multiple temperatures within a session. The OPAD is a high-throughput, easy to use operant assay which will lead to better translation of pain research in the future as it includes cortical input instead of relying on spinal reflex-based nociceptive assays.

Use of the Operant Orofacial Pain Assessment Device OPAD to Measure Changes in Nociceptive Behavior

We present a user-friendly, high-throughput operant system for the evaluation of pain behaviors in awake, conscious rodents. The Orofacial Pain Assessment Device (OPAD) can assess pain through a reward/conflict paradigm thus providing a more humane way of testing. This protocol will yield more clinically relevant and translational data from rodents.

통각 행동의 변화를 측정하는 조작 적 구강 안면 통증 평가 장치 (OPAD)의 사용

We present an operant  system for the detection of pain in awake, conscious rodents. The Orofacial  Pain Assessment Device (OPAD) assesses pain behaviors ...

연구

행동분석학

A Procedure to Study the Effect of Prolonged Food Restriction on Heroin Seeking in Abstinent Rats

In human drug addicts, exposure to drug-associated cues or environments that were previously associated with drug taking can trigger relapse during abstinence. Moreover, various environmental challenges can exacerbate this effect, as well as increase ongoing drug intake.
The procedure we describe here highlights the impact of a common environmental challenge, food restriction, on drug craving that is expressed as an augmentation of drug seeking in abstinent rats.
Rats are implanted with chronic intravenous i.v. catheters, and then trained to press a lever for i.v. heroin over a period of 10-12 days. Following the heroin self-administration phase the rats are removed from the operant conditioning chambers and housed in the animal care facility for a period of at least 14 days. While one group is maintained under unrestricted access to food (sated group), a second group (FDR group) is exposed to a mild food restriction regimen that results in their body weights maintained at 90% of their nonrestricted body weight. On day 14 of food restriction the rats are transferred back to the drug-training environment, and a drug-seeking test is run under extinction conditions (i.e.&#160;lever presses do not result in heroin delivery).
The procedure presented here results in a highly robust augmentation of heroin seeking on test day in the food restricted rats. In addition, compared to the acute food deprivation manipulations we have used before, the current procedure is a more clinically relevant model for the impact of caloric restriction on drug seeking. Moreover, it might be closer to the human condition as the rats are not required to go through an extinction-training phase before the drug-seeking test, which is an integral component of the popular reinstatement procedure.

A procedure that allows a demonstration of robust augmentation of drug seeking in food-restricted rats is described. Following heroin self-administration training, rats go through an abstinence period, in a drug-free environment, during which they are mildly food restricted. Drug seeking is then tested in the drug-associated environment.

헤로인은 절제 쥐의 추구에 장시간 음식 제한의 효과를 연구하기위한 절차

In human drug addicts, exposure to drug-associated cues or environments that were previously associated with drug taking can trigger relapse during ...

Studying Food Reward and Motivation in Humans

A key challenge in studying reward processing in humans is to go beyond subjective self-report measures and quantify different aspects of reward such as hedonics, motivation, and goal value in more objective ways. This is particularly relevant for the understanding of overeating and obesity as well as their potential treatments. In this paper are described a set of measures of food-related motivation using handgrip force as a motivational measure. These methods can be used to examine changes in food related motivation with metabolic (satiety) and pharmacological manipulations and can be used to evaluate interventions targeted at overeating and obesity. However to understand food-related decision making in the complex food environment it is essential to be able to ascertain the reward goal values that guide the decisions and behavioral choices that people make. These values are hidden but it is possible to ascertain them more objectively using metrics such as the willingness to pay and a method for this is described. Both these sets of methods provide quantitative measures of motivation and goal value that can be compared within and between individuals.

This article describes a set of methods for the measurement of food related motivation and food related goal values in humans.

인간의 음식 보상과 동기 부여를 공부

A key challenge in studying reward processing in humans is to go beyond subjective self-report measures and quantify different aspects of reward such as ...

Assessment of Social Cognition in Non-human Primates Using a Network of Computerized Automated Learning Device (ALDM) Test Systems

Fagot &#38; Paleressompoulle1 and Fagot &#38; Bonte2 have published an automated learning device (ALDM) for the study of cognitive abilities of monkeys maintained in semi-free ranging conditions. Data accumulated during the last five years have consistently demonstrated the efficiency of this protocol to investigate individual/physical cognition in monkeys, and have further shown that this procedure reduces stress level during animal testing3. This paper demonstrates that networks of ALDM can also be used to investigate different facets of social cognition and in-group expressed behaviors in monkeys, and describes three illustrative protocols developed for that purpose. The first study demonstrates how ethological assessments of social behavior and computerized assessments of cognitive performance could be integrated to investigate the effects of socially exhibited moods on the cognitive performance of individuals. The second study shows that batteries of ALDM running in parallel can provide unique information on the influence of the presence of others on task performance. Finally, the last study shows that networks of ALDM test units can also be used to study issues related to social transmission and cultural evolution. Combined together, these three studies demonstrate clearly that ALDM testing is a highly promising experimental tool for bridging the gap in the animal literature between research on individual cognition and research on social cognition.

Assessment of Social Cognition in Non-human Primates Using a Network of Computerized Automated Learning Device ALDM Test Systems

Fagot &#38; Paleressompoulle1 have published an automated learning device (ALDM) aimed at testing individual cognitive abilities in semi-free ranging monkeys. The main goal of our protocol is to use a network of ALDM test units to study social cognition in non-human primates.

전산 자동 학습 장치 (ALDM) 테스트 시스템의 네트워크를 사용하여 비 인간 영장류의 사회인지의 평가

Fagot &#38; Paleressompoulle1 and Fagot &#38; Bonte2 have published an automated learning device (ALDM) for the study of cognitive abilities of monkeys ...

Combining Quantitative Food-intake Assays and Forcibly Activating Neurons to Study Appetite in Drosophila

Food consumption is under the tight control of the brain, which integrates the physiological status, palatability, and nutritional contents of the food, and issues commands to start or stop feeding. Deciphering the processes underlying the decision-making of timely and moderate feeding carries major implications in our understanding of physiological and psychological disorders related to feeding control. Simple, quantitative, and robust methods are required to measure the food ingestion of animals after experimental manipulation, such as forcibly increasing the activities of certain target neurons. Here, we introduced dye-labeling-based feeding assays to facilitate the neurogenetic study of feeding control in adult fruit flies. We review available feeding assays, and then describe our methods step-by-step from setup to analysis, which combine thermogenetic and optogenetic manipulation of neurons controlling feeding motivation with dye-labeled food intake assay. We also discuss the advantages and limitations of our methods, compared with other feeding assays, to help readers choose an appropriate assay.

Combining Quantitative Food-intake Assays and Forcibly Activating Neurons to Study Appetite in Drosophila

Quantitative food-intake assays with dyed food provide a robust and high-throughput means to evaluate feeding motivation. Combining the food consumption assay with thermogenetic and optogenetic screens is a powerful approach to investigate the neural circuits underlying appetite in adult Drosophila melanogaster.

양이 많은 음식 섭취 량 분석을 결합 하 고 강제로 초파리 에서 식욕을 공부 하는 뉴런을 활성화

Food consumption is under the tight control of the brain, which integrates the physiological status, palatability, and nutritional contents of the food, ...

An Automated T-maze Based Apparatus and Protocol for Analyzing Delay- and Effort-based Decision Making in  Free Moving Rodents

Many neurological and psychiatric patients demonstrate difficulties and/or deficits in decision making. Rodent models are helpful to produce a deeper understanding of the neurobiological causes underlying the decision-making problems. A cost-benefit based T-maze task is used for measuring decision making in which rodents choose between a high reward arm (HRA) and a low reward arm (LRA). There are two paradigms of the T-maze decision-making task, one in which the cost is a time delay and the other in which it is physical effort. Both paradigms require a tedious and labor-intensive management of experimental animals, multiple doors, pellet reward, and arm choice recordings. In the current work, we invented an apparatus based on traditional T-maze with full automation for pellet delivery, door management and choice recordings. This automated setup can be used for the evaluation of both delay- and effort-based decision making in rodents. With the protocol described here, our lab investigated the decision-making phenotypes of multiple genetically modified mice. In the representative data, we showed that the mice with ablated medial habenular showed aversions of both delay and effort and tended to choose the immediate and effortless reward. This protocol helps to decrease the variability caused by experimenter intervention and to enhance experiment efficiency. In addition, chronic silicon probe or microelectrode recording, fiber-optic imaging and/or manipulation of neural activity can be easily applied during the decision-making task using the setup described here.

This article introduces an automated T-maze apparatus that we invented, and a protocol based on this apparatus for analyzing delay-based decision making and effort-based decision making in free moving rodents.

자동화 된 T-maze는 무료 이동 설치류에 의사 결정 지연 및 노력 기반 분석에 대 한 장치 및 프로토콜을 기반으로

Many neurological and psychiatric patients demonstrate difficulties and/or deficits in decision making. Rodent models are helpful to produce a deeper ...

A Vibrotactile Feedback Device for Seated Balance Assessment and Training

Postural perturbations, motion tracking, and sensory feedback are modern techniques used to challenge, assess, and train upright sitting, respectively. The goal of the developed protocol is to construct and operate a sitting platform that can be passively destabilized while an inertial measurement unit quantifies its motion and vibrating elements deliver tactile feedback to the user. Interchangeable seat attachments alter the stability level of the device to safely challenge sitting balance. A built-in microcontroller allows fine-tuning of the feedback parameters to augment sensory function. Posturographic measures, typical of balance assessment protocols, summarize the motion signals acquired during timed balance trials. No dynamic sitting protocol to date provides variable challenge, quantification, and sensory feedback free of laboratory constraints. Our results demonstrate that non-disabled users of the device exhibit significant changes in posturographic measures when balance difficulty is altered or vibrational feedback provided. The portable, versatile device has potential applications in rehabilitation (following skeletal, muscular, or neurological injury), training (for sports or spatial awareness), entertainment (via virtual or augmented reality), and research (of sitting-related disorders).

A sitting platform has been developed and assembled that passively destabilizes sitting posture in humans. During the user&#39;s stabilizing task, an inertial measurement unit records the device&#39;s motion, and vibrating elements deliver performance-based feedback to the seat. The portable, versatile device may be used in rehabilitation, assessment, and training paradigms.

앉아 균형 평가 및 훈련 Vibrotactile 피드백 장치

Postural perturbations, motion tracking, and sensory feedback are modern techniques used to challenge, assess, and train upright sitting, respectively. ...

In Vivo Protocol of Controlled Subconcussive Head Impacts for the Validation of Field Study Data

Subconcussive hits pose a threat to neuronal health as they have shown to induce neuronal structural damage and functional impairment without causing outward symptomology and appear to be a key contributor to an irreversible neurodegenerative disease, chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). In addition, athletes can incur more than 1,000 of these hits per season. The subconcussive soccer heading model (SSHM) is a relevant, reproducible, and leading method of isolating and examining the effects of these subconcussive head impacts. By controlling variables such as ball traveling speed, the frequency of impacts, interval, ball placement to the head, as well as by measuring head impact magnitude, the SSHM provides the scientific community with a superior avenue of investigating the acute subconcussive effects on neuronal health. In this paper, we demonstrate the utility of SSHM in studying a time-course expression of neurofilament-light polypeptide (NF-L) in plasma in a repeated measures fashion. NF-L is an axonal injury marker that has previously been shown to be elevated in boxers and football players following subconcussive head trauma. Thirty-four adult aged soccer players were recruited and randomly assigned to either a soccer heading (n = 18) or kicking (n = 16) group. The heading group executed 10 headers with soccer balls projected at a velocity of 25 mph over 10 min. The kicking group followed the same protocol with 10 kicks. Plasma samples were obtained before and at 0 h, 2 h, and 24 h after heading/kicking and assessed for NF-L expressions. The heading group showed a gradual increase in plasma NF-L expression and peaked at 24 h after the heading protocol, whereas the kicking group remained consistent across the time points. These results confirmed the NF-L data from clinical field studies, encouraging the use of SSHM to validate clinical subconcussion data.

The subconcussive soccer heading model is a safe and concise methodological approach to isolate and measure the effects of subconcussive head impacts.

필드 연구 데이터의 유효성 검사에 대 한 제어 Subconcussive 머리 영향의 비보 프로토콜에

Subconcussive hits pose a threat to neuronal health as they have shown to induce neuronal structural damage and functional impairment without causing ...

Providing Meaningful Environmental Enrichment and Measuring Saliva Cortisol in Pigs Housed on Slatted Flooring

As pork is the most consumed meat worldwide, the welfare of animals in the swine industry has increasingly become a major public concern, which imposes a substantial pressure coming from customers, legislators and other stakeholders, to make management changes to improve the well-being of these animals. Several studies have demonstrated that providing environmental enrichment to pigs allows them to express their natural behavior, such as rooting and exploring, as well as nesting prior to farrowing, and is associated with reduced stress and improved production and welfare. However, many considerations should be taken into account when providing environmental enrichment, such as the type of floor, drainage and sewage systems, the pigs&#39; stage in life, the material, as well as its hanging method, height and location within the pen. The objectives of this paper are (1) to give methodologic information on how to provide a relatively simple and practical meaningful environmental enrichment for pigs which are housed on slatted floors during the different stages of their life, and (2) to demonstrate how to collect saliva samples for the measurement of cortisol concentrations, as a biomarker for acute stress. Protocols include information regarding the use of jute, cotton ropes, straw in racks, as well as chewable silicone sticks devices as environmental enrichment in pens of farrowing and lactation, weaners and finishers. In addition, the use of cotton rope for a non-invasive saliva samples collection for cortisol concentrations analysis is detailed. The protocols provided are relevant for professionals aiming to improve and monitor animal welfare, in both research and industrial swine farming.

This protocol demonstrates how to provide practical meaningful environmental enrichment for pigs which are housed on slatted flooring during the different stages of their lives, and how to collect saliva samples in a non-invasive manner for the measurement of cortisol concentrations, as a biomarker for acute stress.

슬레이트 바닥에 보관된 돼지에서 의미 있는 환경 농축 및 타액 코티솔 측정

As pork is the most consumed meat worldwide, the welfare of animals in the swine industry has increasingly become a major public concern, which imposes a ...

An Improved Assay and Tools for Measuring Mechanical Nociception in Drosophila Larvae

Published assays for mechanical nociception in Drosophila have led to variable assessments of behavior. Here, we fabricated, for use with Drosophila larvae, customized metal nickel-titanium alloy (nitinol) filaments. These mechanical probes are similar to the von Frey filaments used in vertebrates to measure mechanical nociception. Here, we demonstrate how to make and calibrate these mechanical probes and how to generate a full behavioral dose-response from subthreshold (innocuous or non-noxious range) to suprathreshold (low to high noxious range) stimuli. To demonstrate the utility of the probes, we investigated tissue damage-induced hypersensitivity in Drosophila larvae. Mechanical allodynia (hypersensitivity to a normally innocuous mechanical stimulus) and hyperalgesia (exaggerated responsiveness to a noxious mechanical stimulus) have not yet been established in Drosophila larvae. Using mechanical probes that are normally innocuous or probes that typically elicit an aversive behavior, we found that Drosophila larvae develop mechanical hypersensitization (both allodynia and hyperalgesia) after tissue damage. Thus, the mechanical probes and assay that we illustrate here will likely be important tools to dissect the fundamental molecular/genetic mechanisms of mechanical hypersensitivity.

An Improved Assay and Tools for Measuring Mechanical Nociception in Drosophila Larvae

The goal of this protocol is to show how to perform an improved assay for mechanical nociception in Drosophila larvae. We use the assay here to demonstrate that mechanical hypersensitivity (allodynia and hyperalgesia) exists in Drosophila larvae.

드로소필라 애벌레의 기계적 고치절 측정을 위한 향상된 분석 및 도구

Published assays for mechanical nociception in Drosophila have led to variable assessments of behavior. Here, we fabricated, for use with Drosophila ...