옥스포드 대학의 오픈 액세스 자금을 제공하는 웰컴 트러스트 (Wellcome Trust). 로버트 집사는 Wellcome 트러스트 부여 WT084655MA에 의해 자금 옥스포드 OXION 그룹의 구성원입니다.

1. 기구 1.1 Kondziela의 반전 스크린 테스트 거꾸로 화면 1 mm 직경 와이어 (그림 1)의 12mm 사각형으로 구성된 철망 광장 43 cm입니다. 그것은 4cm 깊은 나무 구슬 (다른 측면에서 등반에서하려고 시도 가끔 마우스를 방지하는) (그림 2)에 의해 둘러싸여 있습니다. 1.2 무게 시험 일곱 무게 장치를 구성합니다. 각 얽힌 좋은 계기 스테인리스 철사, 국내 주전자에있는 석회암 스케일 형성을 방지하는 데 사용되는 &quot;스케일 콜렉터&quot;의 공의로 구성되어 있습니다. 이것의 무게는 작습니다 (7g)하지만 각각의 스케일 콜렉터 스틸 체인 링크, 약 13 g의 무게 각각의 시리즈에 연결되어 있습니다. 링크의 수는 1에서 7까지 범위. 자신의 무게 때문에이다 : 20, 33, 46, 59, 72, 85 및 98g (그림 3, 4). 2. 프로시저 모든 테스트를 위해, 그들은 제대로 깨어 보장하기 위해 테스트하기 전에 실험 실내 50-20 분에 마우스를 가져옵니다. 일반적으로 근육의 강도와 흥분의 정상 수준으로 복귀 복구 할 수 있도록하기 위해, 각 모터 시험 후 홈 케이지에 반환하여 마우스를 놓습니다. <ol><li> Kondziela의 반전 스크린 테스트 </li><li> 절차 : 장소 와이어 메쉬 스크린의 중앙에 마우스, 마우스의 머리가 먼저 감소와 함께, 2 초에 거꾸로 위치로 화면을 회전 stopclock를 시작합니다. 꾸준히 40-50센티미터 패드 표면 위의 화면을 누릅니다. 마우스가 떨어지면 시간을 참고하거나 60 초 기준 시간에 도달 할 때를 제거합니다. 이상 기준 시간은 어떤 실험에 유용 할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 거꾸로 화면을 채점 : </li></ol> 1-10 초 사이에 떨어지는 = 1 11-25 초 사이에 떨어지는 = 2 26-60 초 = 3 사이에 떨어지는 60 초 = 4 이후 하락 또는, 2 분 동안 예를 들면 : 1-10 초 사이에 떨어지는 = 1 11-25 초 사이에 떨어지는 = 2 26-60 초 = 3 사이에 떨어지는 61-90 초 = 4 사이에 떨어지는 90 초 = 5 이후 하락 3. 무게 시험 꼬리의 중간 /베이스에 마우스를 개최하고 실험실 벤치에 누워 첫 번째 무게 (20g)를 파악 할 수 있도록 내려. 그것 forepaws와 와이어 스케일 콜렉터를 장악으로 중지 시계를 시작하고 링크를 벤치 명확 때까지 마우스를 올립니다. 3 초의 홀드 기준입니다. 마우스가 3 초 미만의 무게를 떨어 경우, 무게를 개최 시간을 확인합니다. 약 10 초 동안 마우스를 올려 다시 한 번 무게에 그것을 시도하십시오. 그것은 세 번 실패하면, 그 시험을 종료하고, 마우스는 최대 시간 / 달성 무게가 할당됩니다. 그것은 3을 가지고 있다면 초 그 다음 무거운 무게에 그것을 시도하십시오. 이 3 초이 리프트되는 경우에 당신이 후, 다음 무거운 무게에서 테스트첫 번째 무게에 모든 cagemates을 테스트했습니다. 다시 말하지만, 그것은 3 초 동안 체중을 유지하기 위해 세 번의 기회가 주어집니다. 최종 합계 점수가 유지되는 시간 (초)을 곱한 전체 3 초 개최 무거운 체인 링크 수의 제품으로 계산됩니다. 무거운 무게는 3 초 전에 떨어 뜨린 경우 적절한 중간 값이 계산됩니다. 따라서 3 초 5 - 링크 무게를 잡고 마우스 만 6 링크 무게를 들어 올릴 수없는이 (5 × 3) = 15의 점수가 할당됩니다. 그것은 1 초 6 링크 체중을 유지하면 점수 (5 × 3) + (1) = 16. 가끔 마우스가 적절히 장치를 그립 동기되지 않을 수 있습니다. 이것은 일반적으로 오래된 동물에서 발생합니다. 이 문제는 철사 공의 매력적인 거리에 그것을 가져 오기 전에 긴 시간 동안 꼬리 쥐를 잡고 최소화 할 수 있습니다.

<ol>
	<li>Bulfield, G., Siller, W. G., Wight, P. A., Moore, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=K.J.X+chromosome-linked+muscular+dystrophy+(mdx)+in+the+mouse.">K.J.X chromosome-linked muscular dystrophy (mdx) in the mouse.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 81, 1189-1192 (1984).</li><li>Contet, C., Rawlins, J. N. P., Deacon, R. M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+comparison+of+129S2/SvHsd+and+C57BL/6JOlaHsd+mice+on+a+test+battery+assessing+sensorimotor,+affective+and+cognitive+behaviours:+implications+for+the+study+of+genetically+modified+mice.">A comparison of 129S2/SvHsd and C57BL/6JOlaHsd mice on a test battery assessing sensorimotor, affective and cognitive behaviours: implications for the study of genetically modified mice.</a> Behavioural Brain Research. 124, 33-46 (2001).</li><li>Deacon, R. M. J., Brook, R. C., Meyer, D., Haeckel, O., Ashcroft, F. M., Miki, T., Seino, S., Liss, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Behavioral+phenotyping+of+mice+lacking+the+KATP+channel+subunit+Kir6.2.">Behavioral phenotyping of mice lacking the KATP channel subunit Kir6.2.</a> Physiol. Behav. 87, 723-733 (2006).</li><li>Deacon, R. M. J., Croucher, A., Rawlins, J. N. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hippocampal+cytotoxic+lesion+effects+on+species-typical+behaviors+in+mice.">Hippocampal cytotoxic lesion effects on species-typical behaviors in mice.</a> Behav. Brain Res. 132, 203-213 (2002).</li><li>Rawlins, J. N. P., Morley, B. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+comparison+of+the+behavior+of+C57BL/6+and+C57BL/10+mice.">A comparison of the behavior of C57BL/6 and C57BL/10 mice.</a> Behav. Brain Res. 179, 239-247 (2007).</li><li>Guenther, K., Deacon, R. M. J., Perry, V. H., Rawlins, J. N. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Early+behavioural+changes+in+scrapie-affected+mice+and+the+influence+of+dapsone.">Early behavioural changes in scrapie-affected mice and the influence of dapsone.</a> Eur. J. Neurosci. 14, 401-409 (2001).</li><li>Kondziela, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Eine+neue+method+zur+messung+der+muskularen+relaxation+bei+weissen+mausen.">Eine neue method zur messung der muskularen relaxation bei weissen mausen.</a> Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. 152, 277-284 (1964).</li></ol>

관심 없음 충돌 선언하지 않습니다.

인간 모터 시스템에 영향을 미치는 많은 질병의 마우스 모델을 지속적으로 개발, 따라서 생쥐의 힘의 좋은 분석이 필수적되고있다. 예를 들면 근육 영양 장애, 파킨슨 질환과 헌팅턴 무도병의 다양한 형태를 포함. 강도 분석은 척수 또는 말초 신경 손상 후 신경 재생의 모델에서 사용을 찾을 수 있습니다. 산업 및 자동차 사고가 인간에게 상당한 장애를 일으킬 계속하지만, 많은 임상 연구는 현재 신경 성장 인자에 따라 치료 가능한 도로를 조사하고있다. 근육은 개별적으로 작동하지 않습니다. 그들은 다른 근육의 제약과 골격 시스템 내에서 신경 근육 학 접합 및 작업을 통해, 두뇌, 지역 이상 척추 반사에 의해 활성화됩니다. 따라서, 시스템의 복잡성이 깨어 동물의 근육 힘의 생체 분석의 의미는 현재의 상태 평가 및 EFFE에 필수적이다모든 추정 치료의 CTS. 생쥐는 본능적으로 강한 그립 소재를 잡고, 따라서 뮤스 musculus는 근력과 가능한 치료의 장애를 평가하기에 이상적인 모델 동물이다.

평신도 사람, 생쥐의 강도를 측정하는 생각은 모순 어법의도 뭔가 터무니 나타날 수 있습니다. 그러나 집 / 실험실 쥐가 뮤스 musculus라는 것을 이유없이하지 않습니다. 그들은 실제로 쥐보다 큰 매우 높은 강도 / 무게 비율을 보유하고 있습니다. 예를 들어, 성인 마우스도 쉽게 만 앞 또는 뒤의 발을 사용하여 자신의 체중을 지원할 수 있으며, 거의 성인 실험실 쥐가이 작업을 수행 할 수 있습니다. 마우스는 생물 의학 연구에서도 큰 역할을하고있다. 그들은 사람의 운동 장애, 체세포와 기원 중추 신경계 모두를 모델링하는 데 사용할 수 있습니다. 후자의 예는 다발성 경화증, 척수 성 근위축증, 파킨슨 병, 헌팅턴의 질병 근 위축성 측방 경화증 반면 전자는 상속 근육 영양 장애 1과 중증 근무력증의 30 개 이상의 형태를 포함. 이 모델의 경우, 그들의 모터 적자의 전체 평가는 특정 테스트를 포함해야합니다강도.

measuring the strength of mice

Kondziela 7 반전 스크린 테스트를 고안 1964 년에 발표했다. 그것은 모든 사지를 사용하여 근력 테스트입니다. 대부분의 일반 마우스는 쉽게이 작업에 최대 점수, 그것은 빨리하지만, 구분 총 화면입니다,이 문서에서 설명하는 가중치 테스트는 근력의 정밀한 측정을 제공합니다. 이 역 스크린 테스트보다 더 많은 등급 데이터를 제공합니다 시중 장치의 여러 가지 변형 게이지 기반의 조각은 있지만, 자신의 비용은 강도 테스트 전문하지 않는 많은 실험실의 범위 저쪽에 넣어 수 있습니다. 따라서 2000 년에 저렴하고 간단한 장치는 저자에 의해 고안되었다. 그것은 &quot;모피 수집가&quot;물때가 경수 지역에 구축 방지를위한 판매 미세한 와이어 메쉬의 공에 부착 증가 길이의 체인 링크의 일련의로 구성되어 있습니다. 우발적 인 관찰 마우스는 매우 밀접하게 이러한 그립 할 수 것으로 나타났습니다, 그래서 그들은 그립 Poin입니다 같은 이상적인 입증무게 리프팅 장치를위한 t. 상업 강도 미터 일반적인 오류가 막대 또는 다른 그립 기능은 마우스의 최대 그립을 발휘 할 수있을만큼 얇은 것입니다. 일반적으로, 얇은 선이나 막대, 더 나은 마우스는 작은 발톱 잡을 수 있습니다. 어떤 시험으로 동기 부여 요인이 잠재적 역할을 할 수 있지만, 이것은 힘의 순수한 테스트입니다. 규모 수집가의 사용은, 그러나, 동기는 대부분 정상 젊은 성인 쥐 매우 높은 것으로 나타나는 동기 부여 문제를 최소화하는 것 같다.

예상 결과 Contet 등. 2 129S2/sv 마우스는 C57BL / 6 마우스의 무게 시험에 유사하게 수행 것을 보여 주었다. 여성 C57BL / 6 마​​우스 득점 약 15, 129 그들은 70g의 주위에 약 5 체인 링크를 리프트 수 있음을 의미 마우스 17. 이것은 높은 값입니다 일반적으로 2-3 체인 링크 (점수 6-9, 33~46그램) C57BL / 6 쥐 5에 의해 해제됩니다. 이러한 차이는 아마도 이러한 생쥐받은 얼마나 많은 처리와 같은 요인과 실험자의 기술의 세부 사항에 관련이 있습니다. 무게 시험 또는 반전 된 화면 4로도 측정 해마의 병변은 강도에 영향을 미치지 않았다. 프리온 (스크래피) 병에 걸린 마우스는 감염 후 6 18주으로 반전 스크린에 손상되었다. 다소 수평 바의 손상 및 C57BL / 6 마우스에 상대적 로타로드하지만, C57BL/10 마우스는 역도 5에 손상되지 않았다. T에 대한 녹아웃 마우스여성은 후자의 3 남성보다 높은 점수하지만 그는 KATP 채널의 subunit Kir6.2는 거꾸로 화면 또는 역도 테스트에 손상되지 않았다. 이 예외적이었다; 일반적으로 무거운 남성이 여성보다 더 큰 강도를 표시합니다. <img alt="그림 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/2610/2610fig1.jpg" /> 그림 1. 거꾸로 화면. <img alt="그림 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/2610/2610fig2.jpg" /> 그림 2. 거꾸로 화면에서 마우스의보기를 닫습니다. <img alt="그림 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/2610/2610fig3.jpg" /> 그림 3. 무게, 20g에서 98g까지. <img alt="그림 4" src="/files/ftp_upload/2610/2610fig4.jpg" /> <strong&gt; 그림 4. 마우스 역도.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measuring the Strength of Mice at JoVE.com

Measuring the Strength of Mice

근력의 적자는 운동 신경 질환과 같은 여러 임상 상황에서 발생합니다. 거꾸로 화면과 역도 테스트는 조정 등의 요인 최소한의 영향으로, 거의 독점적으로 여기에서 생쥐의 측정 강도를 설명했다.

쥐의 강도를 측정

Kondziela7 devised the inverted screen test and published it in 1964. It is a test of muscle strength using all four limbs. Most normal mice easily score ...

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

53.8K 조회수.  University of Oxford. 근력의 적자는 운동 신경 질환과 같은 여러 임상 상황에서 발생합니다. 거꾸로 화면과 역도 테스트는 조정 등의 요인 최소한의 영향으로, 거의 독점적으로 여기에서 생쥐의 측정 강도를 설명했다.

비디오: Measuring the Strength of Mice

Programmed Electrical Stimulation in Mice

Genetically-modified mice have emerged as a preferable animal model to study the molecular mechanisms underlying conduction abnormalities, atrial and ventricular arrhythmias, and sudden cardiac death.1 Intracardiac pacing studies can be performed in mice using a 1.1F octapolar catheter inserted into the jugular vein, and advanced into the right atrium and ventricle. Here, we illustrate the steps involved in performing programmed electrical stimulation in mice. Surface ECG and intracardiac electrograms are recorded simultaneously in the atria, atrioventricular junction, and ventricular myocardium, whereas intracardiac pacing of the atrium is performed using an external stimulator. Thus, programmed electrical stimulation in mice provides unique opportunities to explore molecular mechanisms underlying conduction defects and cardiac arrhythmias.

Programmed electrical stimulation provides the ability to determine conduction properties of the heart, and the possibility to induce and terminate cardiac arrhythmias using various pacing protocols. Using a transvenous catheter, intracardiac electrogram recordings can be obtained in mice following programmed electrical stimulation protocols to identify arrhythmogenic substrates.

마우스에 프로그램된 전기 자극을

Genetically-modified mice have emerged as a preferable animal model to study the molecular mechanisms underlying conduction abnormalities, atrial and ...

연구

의학

Transthoracic Echocardiography in Mice

In recent years, murine models have become the primary avenue for studying the molecular mechanisms of cardiac dysfunction resulting from changes in gene expression. Transgenic and gene targeting methods can be used to generate mice with altered cardiac size and function,1-3 and as a result, in vivo techniques are needed to evaluate their cardiac phenotype. Transthoracic echocardiography, pulse wave Doppler (PWD), and tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) can be used to provide dimensional measurements of the mouse heart and to quantify the degree of cardiac systolic and diastolic performance. Two-dimensional imaging is used to detect abnormal anatomy or movements of the left ventricle, whereas M-mode echo is used for quantification of cardiac dimensions and contractility.4,5 In addition, PWD is used to quantify localized velocity of turbulent flow,6 whereas TDI is used to measure the velocity of myocardial motion.7 Thus, transthoracic echocardiography offers a comprehensive method for the noninvasive evaluation of cardiac function in mice.

Transthoracic echocardiography offers a noninvasive method for the evaluation of cardiac function in mice. A combination of ultrasound and Doppler imaging modalities can be used to obtain dimensional measurements of the heart and intracardiac blood flow, which together provide an assessment of cardiac systolic and diastolic performance.

마우스에 Transthoracic Echocardiography

In recent years, murine models have become the primary avenue for studying the molecular mechanisms of cardiac dysfunction resulting from changes in gene ...

Manual Muscle Testing:  A Method of Measuring Extremity Muscle Strength Applied to Critically Ill Patients

Survivors of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and other causes of critical illness often have generalized weakness, reduced exercise tolerance, and persistent nerve and muscle impairments after hospital discharge.1-6 Using an explicit protocol with a structured approach to training and quality assurance of research staff, manual muscle testing (MMT) is a highly reliable method for assessing strength, using a standardized clinical examination, for patients following ARDS, and can be completed with mechanically ventilated patients who can tolerate sitting upright in bed and are able to follow two-step commands. 7, 8 
This video demonstrates a protocol for MMT, which has been taught to &ge;43 research staff who have performed &gt;800 assessments on &gt;280 ARDS survivors. Modifications for the bedridden patient are included. Each muscle is tested with specific techniques for positioning, stabilization, resistance, and palpation for each score of the 6-point ordinal Medical Research Council scale.7,9-11 Three upper and three lower extremity muscles are graded in this protocol: shoulder abduction, elbow flexion, wrist extension, hip flexion, knee extension, and ankle dorsiflexion. These muscles were chosen based on the standard approach for evaluating patients for ICU-acquired weakness used in prior publications. 1,2.

Survivors of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and critical illness frequently develop long-lasting muscle weakness. Manual muscle testing (MMT) is a standardized clinical examination commonly used to measure strength of peripheral skeletal muscle groups. This video demonstrates MMT using the 6-point Medical Research Council scale.

수동 근육 시험 : 끝단 근육 강도를 측정하는 방법은 매우 불길한 환자에게 적용

Survivors of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and other causes of critical illness often have generalized weakness, reduced exercise tolerance, ...

Orthotopic Aortic Transplantation in Mice for the Study of Vascular Disease

Vascular procedures involving anastomoses in the mouse are generally thought to be difficult and highly dependent on the skill of the individual surgeon. This is largely true, but there are a number of important principles that can reduce the difficulty of these procedures and enhance reproducibility. Orthotopic aortic transplantation is an excellent procedure in which to learn these principles because it involves only two end-to-end anastomoses, but requires good suturing technique and handling of the vessels for consistent success. This procedure begins with the procurement of a length of abdominal aorta from a donor animal, followed by division of the native aorta in the recipient. The procured aorta is then placed between the divided ends of the recipient aorta and sutured into place using end-to-end anastomoses. To accomplish this objective successfully requires a high degree of concentration, good tools, a steady hand, and an appreciation of how easily the vasculature of a mouse can be damaged, resulting in thrombosis. Learning these important principles is what occupies most of the beginner's time when learning microsurgery in small rodents. Throughout this protocol, we refer to these important points. This model can be used to study vascular disease in a variety of different experimental systems1-8. In the context shown here, it is most often used for the study of post-transplant vascular disease, a common long-term complication of solid organ transplantation in which intimal hyperplasia occurs within the allograft. The primary advantage of the model is that it facilitates quantitative morphometric analyses and the transplanted vessel lies contiguous to the endogenous vessel, which can serve as an additional control9. The technique shown here is most often used for mice weighing 18-25 grams. We have accumulated most of our experience using the C57BL/6J, BALB/cJ, and C3H/HeJ strains.

We describe a technique in which a section of the abdominal aorta from a mouse is transplanted orthotopically to just below the renal arteries in an allogeneic or syngeneic recipient. This technique can be useful in studies in which transplantation of large arteries of uniform size is deemed advantageous.

혈관 질병의 연구에 대한 마우스의 Orthotopic 대동맥 이식

Vascular procedures involving anastomoses in the mouse are generally thought to be difficult and highly dependent on the skill of the individual surgeon. ...

Measuring Ascending Aortic Stiffness In Vivo in Mice Using Ultrasound

We present a protocol for measuring in vivo aortic stiffness in mice using high-resolution ultrasound imaging. Aortic diameter is measured by ultrasound and aortic blood pressure is measured invasively with a solid-state pressure catheter. Blood pressure is raised then lowered incrementally by intravenous infusion of vasoactive drugs phenylephrine and sodium nitroprusside. Aortic diameter is measured for each pressure step to characterize the pressure-diameter relationship of the ascending aorta. Stiffness indices derived from the pressure-diameter relationship can be calculated from the data collected. Calculation of arterial compliance is described in this protocol.
This technique can be used to investigate mechanisms underlying increased aortic stiffness associated with cardiovascular disease and aging. The technique produces a physiologically relevant measure of stiffness compared to ex vivo approaches because physiological influences on aortic stiffness are incorporated in the measurement. The primary limitation of this technique is the measurement error introduced from the movement of the aorta during the cardiac cycle. This motion can be compensated by adjusting the location of the probe with the aortic movement as well as making multiple measurements of the aortic pressure-diameter relationship and expanding the experimental group size.

Measuring Ascending Aortic Stiffness In Vivo in Mice Using Ultrasound

We describe a technique for measuring aortic stiffness from its pressure-diameter relationship in vivo in mice. Aortic diameter is recorded by ultrasound and aortic pressure is measured invasively with a solid-state pressure catheter. Blood pressure is changed incrementally and the resulting diameter is measured.

오름차순 대동맥 강성 측정<em&gt; 생체</em&gt; 초음파를 사용하여 마우스의

We present a protocol for measuring in vivo aortic stiffness in mice using high-resolution ultrasound imaging. Aortic diameter is measured by ultrasound ...

Minimally Invasive Transverse Aortic Constriction in Mice

Minimally invasive transverse aortic constriction (MTAC) is a more desirable method for the constriction of the transverse aorta in mice than standard open-chest transverse aortic constriction (TAC). Although transverse aortic constriction is a highly functional method for the induction of high pressure in the left ventricle, it is a more difficult and lengthy procedure due to its use of artificial ventilation with tracheal intubation. TAC is oftentimes also less survivable, as the newer method, MTAC, neither requires the cutting of the ribs and intercostal muscles nor tracheal intubation with a ventilation setup. In MTAC, as opposed to a thoracotomy to access to the chest cavity, the aortic arch is reached through a midline incision in the anterior neck. The thyroid is pulled back to reveal the sternal notch. The sternum is subsequently cut down to the second rib level, and the aortic arch is reached simply by separating the connective tissues and thymus. From there, a suture can be wrapped around the arch and tied with a spacer, and then the sternal cut and skin can be closed. MTAC is a much faster and less invasive way to induce left ventricular hypertension and enables the possibility for high-throughput studies. The success of the constriction can be verified using high-frequency trans-thoracic echocardiography, particularly color Doppler and pulsed-wave Doppler, to determine the flow velocities of the aortic arch and left and right carotid arteries, the dimension of the blood vessels, and the left ventricular function and morphology. A successful constriction will also trigger significant histopathological changes, such as cardiac muscle cell hypertrophy with interstitial and perivascular fibrosis. Here, the procedure of MTAC is described, demonstrating how the resulting flow changes in the carotid arteries can be examined with echocardiography, gross morphology, and histopathological changes in the heart.

Minimally invasive transverse aortic constriction (MTAC) conserves the essentials of regular transverse aortic constriction (TAC) while eliminating the use of a ventilator with tracheal intubation. It proves to be a highly desirable method for high-throughput studies on left ventricular overload, particularly in translational studies.

마우스의 최소 침습 가로 대동맥 수축

Minimally invasive transverse aortic constriction (MTAC) is a more desirable method for the constriction of the transverse aorta in mice than standard ...

Improving Strength, Power, Muscle Aerobic Capacity, and Glucose Tolerance through Short-term Progressive Strength Training Among Elderly People

This protocol describes the simultaneous use of a broad span of methods to examine muscle aerobic capacity, glucose tolerance, strength, and power in elderly people performing short-term resistance training (RET). Supervised progressive resistance training for 1 h three times a week over 8 weeks was performed by RET participants (71&#177;1 years, range 65-80). Compared to a control group without training, the RET showed improvements on the measures used to indicate strength, power, glucose tolerance, and several parameters of muscle aerobic capacity. Strength training was performed in a gym with only robust fitness equipment. An isokinetic dynamometer for knee extensor strength permitted the measurement of concentric, eccentric, and static strength, which increased for the RET group (8-12% post- versus pre-test). The power (rate of force development, RFD) at the initial 0-30 ms also showed an increase for the RET group (52%). A glucose tolerance test with frequent blood glucose measurements showed improvements only for the RET group in terms of blood glucose values after 2 h (14%) and the area under the curve (21%). The blood lipid profile also improved (8%). From muscle biopsy samples prepared using histochemistry, the amount of fiber type IIa increased, and a trend towards a decrease in IIx in the RET group reflected a change to a more oxidative profile in terms of fiber composition. Western blot (to determine the protein content related to the signaling for muscle protein synthesis) showed a rise of 69% in both Akt and mTOR in the RET group; this also showed an increase in mitochondrial proteins for OXPHOS complex II and citrate synthase (both ~30%) and for complex IV (90%), in only the RET group. We demonstrate that this type of progressive resistance training offers various improvements (e.g., strength, power, aerobic capacity, glucose tolerance, and plasma lipid profile).

The effect of short-term resistance training on elderly people was investigated through the simultaneous use of several methods. Compared to a control group, many improvements were seen, including on muscle aerobic capacity, glucose tolerance, strength, power, and muscle quality (i.e., protein involved in cell signaling and muscle fiber type composition).

This protocol describes the simultaneous use of a broad span of methods to examine muscle aerobic capacity, glucose tolerance, strength, and power in ...

Measuring the Effect of Chemicals on the Growth and Reproduction of Caenorhabditis elegans

Toxicological evaluation is crucial for understanding the effects of chemicals on living organisms in basic and applied biological science fields. A non-mammalian soil round worm, Caenorhabditis elegans, is a valuable model organism for toxicology studies due to its convenience and lack of animal ethics issues compared with mammalian animal systems. In this protocol, a detailed procedure of toxicological evaluation of chemicals in C. elegans is described. A clinical anticancer drug, etoposide, which targets human topoisomerase II and inhibits DNA replication of human cancer cells, was selected as a model testing chemical. Age-synchronized C. elegans eggs were exposed to either dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or etoposide, and then the growth of C. elegans was monitored every day for 4 days by the stereo microscope observation. The total number of eggs laid from C. elegans treated with DMSO or etoposide was also counted by using the stereo microscope. Etoposide treatment significantly affected the growth and reproduction of C. elegans. By comparison of the total number of eggs laid from worms with different treatment periods of chemicals, it can be decided that the reproductive toxicity of chemicals on C. elegans reproduction is reversible or irreversible. These protocols may be helpful for both the development of various drugs and risk assessment of environmental toxicants.

Measuring the Effect of Chemicals on the Growth and Reproduction of Caenorhabditis elegans

A basic protocol to evaluate the toxicity of chemicals in a model animal, Caenorhabditis elegans, is described. The method is convenient and useful for the development of pharmaceuticals as well as for the risk assessment of various environmental pollutants.

성장과 재생산 꼬마 선 충 의 화학 물질의 효과 측정

Toxicological evaluation is crucial for understanding the effects of chemicals on living organisms in basic and applied biological science fields. A ...

Assessment and Characterization of Hyaloid Vessels in Mice

In the eye, the embryonic hyaloid vessels nourish the developing lens and retina and regress when the retinal vessels develop. Persistent or failed regression of hyaloid vessels can be seen in diseases such as persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (PHPV), leading to an obstructed light path and impaired visual function. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the hyaloid vessel regression may lead to new molecular insights into the vascular regression process and potential new ways to manage diseases with persistent hyaloid vessels. Here we describe the procedures for imaging hyaloid in live mice with optical coherence tomography (OCT) and fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) and a detailed technical protocol of isolating and flat-mounting hyaloid ex vivo for quantitative analysis. Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 (LRP5) knockout mice were used as an experimental model of persistent hyaloid vessels, to illustrate the techniques. Together, these techniques may facilitate a thorough assessment of hyaloid vessels as an experimental model of vascular regression and studies on the mechanism of persistent hyaloid vessels.

This protocol describes both in vivo and ex vivo methods to fully visualize and characterize hyaloid vessels, a model of vascular regression in mouse eyes, using optical coherence tomography and fundus fluorescein angiography for the live imaging and ex vivo isolation and subsequent flat mount of hyaloid for quantitative analysis.

쥐에서 히알로이드 혈관의 평가 및 특성화

In the eye, the embryonic hyaloid vessels nourish the developing lens and retina and regress when the retinal vessels develop. Persistent or failed ...

Blood Collection Through Subclavian Vein Puncture in Mice

The mouse is the foremost mammalian model for studying human disease and human health. However, blood sample collection from mice is challenging in research work. Tail blood collection is a popular method when a small amount of blood sample is needed. Orbital artery could be considered if a large amount of blood is needed but this blood collection method has ethical issues. Formerly, we demonstrated the feasibility and safety of blood sample collection through subclavian vein puncture in rats, and here we investigate whether this method could be used in mice. We report that this method is safe and practical for blood collection in mice. Blood collection through the subclavian vein puncture in mice can be a convenient method in daily research works.

Here, we present a protocol to take blood samples from the subclavian vein of mice.

생쥐의 쇄 골 정 맥 천자를 통한 혈액 채취

The mouse is the foremost mammalian model for studying human disease and human health. However, blood sample collection from mice is challenging in ...