オックスフォード大学へのオープンアクセスの資金を提供するためのウェルカムトラスト。ロバート·ディーコンは、ウェルカムトラスト助成WT084655MAによって賄わオックスフォードOXIONグループのメンバーです。

1。装置 1.1 Kondzielaの反転スクリーンテスト反転された画面には、直径1mmのワイヤ（ 図1）の12ミリメートルの正方形からなる金網のスクエア43 cmである。それは4つの奥行き木製ビーズ（反対側に上の登山からにしようと時折マウスを防止する）（ 図2）に囲まれています。 1.2ウェイトテスト七重みは、装置を構成している。各々が絡み合った微細なゲージのステンレス鋼線、国内釜の石灰岩のスケール形成を防止するために使用される &quot;スケールコレクター&quot;のボールで構成されている。これの重量は（7グラム）小さいが、各スケールコレクターはスチールチェーンリンク、約13グラムの重量を量るそれぞれ一連に接続されています。リンクの数は、1〜7の範囲である。その重みは、したがって、である：20、33、46、59、72、85及び98グラム（ 図3および図4）。 2。プロcedure すべてのテストのために、彼らが適切に目を覚ましていることを確認するためにテストする前に、実験室5-20 minにマウスを持って。一般的なルールとして、筋力と覚醒の正常なレベルに戻るの回復を可能にするために、各モータ試験後のホームケージにリターンでマウスを休ませる。 <ol><li> Kondzielaの反転スクリーンテスト</li><li>手順：ワイヤーメッシュスクリーンの中央に置き、マウスは、マウスの頭が初めて減少と、2秒以上の反転位置に画面を回転させ、stopclockを開始します。着実に40〜50センチメートル詰め物をした表面上の画面を保持します。マウスが落ちる時間に注意してください、または60秒の基準時間に達したときにそれを削除します。より長い基準時間がいくつかの実験のために有用であり得る。 </li><li>反転画面得点： </li></ol> 1-10秒の間に落下= 1 11-25秒の間に落下= 2 26から60秒= 3の間に落下 60秒= 4の後下がりまたは、2分間例 ： 1-10秒の間に落下= 1 11-25秒の間に落下= 2 26から60秒= 3の間に落下 61-90秒= 4の間に落下 90秒= 5の後下がり 3。重みテスト尾の真ん中/ベースでマウスを持ち、それが実験室のベンチに横たわっている最初の重量（20グラム）を把握することができるようにそれを下げる。それがその前足でワイヤースケールコレクターを把握したように、リンクがベンチの明確になるまで、停止クロックを起動してマウスを上げる。 3秒のホールドが基準である。マウスは3秒未満で体重を落とした場合、それは体重を開催時間に注意してください。約10秒間マウスを置き、再び重量にそれを試してみてください。これを3回失敗した場合、それは裁判を終了し、マウスが達成される最大時間/重みが割り当てられる。それは次の最も重い重量にそれを試して、その後3秒のためにそれを保持している場合。それは3秒のためにこれを持ち上げる場合は、持っている後に、次の重い重量にそれをテスト最初の重量に、そのすべてのcagematesをテストした。再び、3秒の重みを保持するために3つのチャンスが与えられる。最終的な合計スコアは、それが保持​​される時間（秒）を乗じたフル3秒間保持された重いチェーン内のリンクの数との積として計算される。 3秒で適切な中間値が計算される前に重い重量が削除された場合。したがって3秒の5リンク重みを保持マウスが、6リンク重みを持ち上げることができないが、（5×3）= 15のスコアが割り当てられます。それは1秒間6リンクの重みを保持している場合には、得点（5×3）+（1）= 16。 たまにマウスは十分に装置を把持する動機されない場合があります。これは一般的に古い動物で発生します。この問題は、ワイヤーボールの把持距離内にそれを持って来る前に、長い時間のために尾でマウスを保持することで最小限に抑えることができます。

<ol>
	<li>Bulfield, G., Siller, W. G., Wight, P. A., Moore, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=K.J.X+chromosome-linked+muscular+dystrophy+(mdx)+in+the+mouse.">K.J.X chromosome-linked muscular dystrophy (mdx) in the mouse.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 81, 1189-1192 (1984).</li><li>Contet, C., Rawlins, J. N. P., Deacon, R. M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+comparison+of+129S2/SvHsd+and+C57BL/6JOlaHsd+mice+on+a+test+battery+assessing+sensorimotor,+affective+and+cognitive+behaviours:+implications+for+the+study+of+genetically+modified+mice.">A comparison of 129S2/SvHsd and C57BL/6JOlaHsd mice on a test battery assessing sensorimotor, affective and cognitive behaviours: implications for the study of genetically modified mice.</a> Behavioural Brain Research. 124, 33-46 (2001).</li><li>Deacon, R. M. J., Brook, R. C., Meyer, D., Haeckel, O., Ashcroft, F. M., Miki, T., Seino, S., Liss, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Behavioral+phenotyping+of+mice+lacking+the+KATP+channel+subunit+Kir6.2.">Behavioral phenotyping of mice lacking the KATP channel subunit Kir6.2.</a> Physiol. Behav. 87, 723-733 (2006).</li><li>Deacon, R. M. J., Croucher, A., Rawlins, J. N. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hippocampal+cytotoxic+lesion+effects+on+species-typical+behaviors+in+mice.">Hippocampal cytotoxic lesion effects on species-typical behaviors in mice.</a> Behav. Brain Res. 132, 203-213 (2002).</li><li>Rawlins, J. N. P., Morley, B. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+comparison+of+the+behavior+of+C57BL/6+and+C57BL/10+mice.">A comparison of the behavior of C57BL/6 and C57BL/10 mice.</a> Behav. Brain Res. 179, 239-247 (2007).</li><li>Guenther, K., Deacon, R. M. J., Perry, V. H., Rawlins, J. N. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Early+behavioural+changes+in+scrapie-affected+mice+and+the+influence+of+dapsone.">Early behavioural changes in scrapie-affected mice and the influence of dapsone.</a> Eur. J. Neurosci. 14, 401-409 (2001).</li><li>Kondziela, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Eine+neue+method+zur+messung+der+muskularen+relaxation+bei+weissen+mausen.">Eine neue method zur messung der muskularen relaxation bei weissen mausen.</a> Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. 152, 277-284 (1964).</li></ol>

利害の衝突は宣言されていない。

人間の運動系に影響を与える多くの病気のマウスモデルを継続的に開発されて、マウスでの強さのゆえ良いアッセイは不可欠です。例としては、多くの筋ジストロフィーの形態、パーキンソン病やハンチントン舞踏病を含む。強度アッセイはまた、脊髄や末梢神経損傷後の神経再生のモデルでの使用を見つける。産業および自動車事故は人間にかなりの障害を引き起こすし続けますが、多くの前臨床研究は、現在、神経成長因子に基づいて治療の可能性の道を調査しています。 筋肉が個別に動作することはありません。彼らは他の筋肉や骨格系の制約内で神経筋接合部と仕事を経由して脳には、ローカルまたは高い脊髄反射、によって活性化される。したがって、システムの複雑さは目を覚まし、動物における筋力のin vivoアッセイで意味の現状の評価とEFFEに不可欠です任意の推定治療のCTS。マウスは本能的に強力なグリップを持つ材料にしがみつく、こうしてハツカネズミは筋力と可能な治療の障害を評価するための理想的なモデル動物である。

素人の人に、マウスで強さを測定するという考えは、矛盾した表現であっても何か不条理な表示されることがあります。しかし、それは家/ラボマウスはハツカネズミ命名されている理由がないわけではない。彼らは実際にラットのそれよりも大きい非常に高い強度/重量比を有する。例えば、成体マウスでも簡単だけ前面または後肢を使用、自分の体重を支えることができる、非常に少数の成人ラボラットはこれを行うことができます。 マウスは、生​​物医学研究において、これまで大きな役割を果たしている。それらは多くのヒトの運動障害、体細胞および起源の中枢神経系の両方をモデル化するために使用することができる。後者の例としては、多発性硬化症、脊髄性筋萎縮症、パーキンソン病、ハンチントン病、筋萎縮性側索硬化症である前者は、継承筋ジストロフィー1及び重症筋無力症以上の30形態を含む。これらすべてのモデルに、彼らの運動障害の完全な評価は、特定のテストを含める必要があります強さの。

measuring the strength of mice

Kondziela 7は、反転スクリーンテストを考案し、1964年にそれを発表した。それはすべての4つの手足を使って筋力のテストです。このタスクで簡単にスコア最大の最も正常なマウス、それが迅速けど鈍感グロス画面であり、この資料に記載されている重みテストは筋力の細かい尺度を提供します。 そこ反転スクリーンテストよりも段階的データを提供する市販の装置にはいくつかのひずみゲージベースの部分もありますが、そのコストは、強度試験に特化していない多くの研究室の手の届かないところに置くことがあります。したがって、2000年に安価で簡単な装置は著者によって考案された。それは &quot;毛皮のコレクター&quot;硬水地域で構築水垢防止のために販売細かい金網のボールに付着増加長さのチェーンリンクのシリーズで構成されています。偶発的な観察は、マウスを非常にしっかりとこれらを把持することができることを明らかにしたので、グリップPOINとしても理想的な立証ウエイトリフティング装置のためのT。商用強度メーターと共通障害がバーや他のグリップ機能は、マウスのために最大のグリップを発揮するのに十分に薄いではないということです。一般的なルールとして、シンナーワイヤーやバー、良いマウスはその小さな爪で把持することができる。 いずれかのテストのために動機の要因が潜在的に役割を果たすことができるが、これは、強さの純粋なテストです。スケールコレクターの使用は、しかし、動機はほとんど通常の若い成体マウスのための非常に高いように思われるような動機の問題を最小限に抑えるように思われる。

期待される結果 Contet ら 2 129S2/svマウスはC57BL / 6マウスに重みテストで同様に行うことを明らかにした。雌のC57BL / 6マウスは、彼らが70グラムの周りに、約5チェーンリンクを持ち上げることができることを意味し、17は約15、129匹のマウスを獲得。これは、高い値であり、通常は2-3チェーンリンク（スコア6-9、33〜46グラム）をC57BL / 6マウス5で持ち上げています。これらの違いは、おそらくそのようなどれだけ受けているマウスを処理し、実験者の技術の詳細などの要因に関連しています。 重みテストまたは反転画面4のいずれかによって測定されるように海馬病変が強度に影響を及ぼさなかった。プリオン（スクレイピー）病気のマウスは感染6後18週で反転画面に損なわれた。やや水平バーに減損およびC57BL / 6マウスに相対ロータロッドが、C57BL/10マウスは重量挙げ5日に損なわれていませんでした。 tに対してノックアウトマウス女性は後者の3に男性よりも高い得点が彼KATPチャネルサブユニットKir6.2のは、反転した画面や重量挙げ試験に損なわれていませんでした。これは異例だった。通常より重い男性は女性よりも高い強度を表示します。 <img alt="図1" src="/files/ftp_upload/2610/2610fig1.jpg" /> 図1。反転画面。 <img alt="図2" src="/files/ftp_upload/2610/2610fig2.jpg" /> 図2反転画面上でマウスのビューを閉じます。 <img alt="図3" src="/files/ftp_upload/2610/2610fig3.jpg" /> 図3。重量、20グラムから98グラムまで。 <img alt="図4" src="/files/ftp_upload/2610/2610fig4.jpg" /> <strong&gt;図4マウス重量挙げ。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measuring the Strength of Mice at JoVE.com

Measuring the Strength of Mice

筋力における赤字は、このような運動ニューロン疾患などの多くの臨床条件で発生します。反転画面と重量挙げのテストはここでこのような調整などの要因の影響が最小限で、ほぼ独占的にマウスでの強さを測定する説明。

マウスの強度を測定

Kondziela7 devised the inverted screen test and published it in 1964. It is a test of muscle strength using all four limbs. Most normal mice easily score ...

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

53.8K ビュー.  University of Oxford. 筋力における赤字は、このような運動ニューロン疾患などの多くの臨床条件で発生します。反転画面と重量挙げのテストはここでこのような調整などの要因の影響が最小限で、ほぼ独占的にマウスでの強さを測定する説明。

ビデオ: Measuring the Strength of Mice

Programmed Electrical Stimulation in Mice

Genetically-modified mice have emerged as a preferable animal model to study the molecular mechanisms underlying conduction abnormalities, atrial and ventricular arrhythmias, and sudden cardiac death.1 Intracardiac pacing studies can be performed in mice using a 1.1F octapolar catheter inserted into the jugular vein, and advanced into the right atrium and ventricle. Here, we illustrate the steps involved in performing programmed electrical stimulation in mice. Surface ECG and intracardiac electrograms are recorded simultaneously in the atria, atrioventricular junction, and ventricular myocardium, whereas intracardiac pacing of the atrium is performed using an external stimulator. Thus, programmed electrical stimulation in mice provides unique opportunities to explore molecular mechanisms underlying conduction defects and cardiac arrhythmias.

Programmed electrical stimulation provides the ability to determine conduction properties of the heart, and the possibility to induce and terminate cardiac arrhythmias using various pacing protocols. Using a transvenous catheter, intracardiac electrogram recordings can be obtained in mice following programmed electrical stimulation protocols to identify arrhythmogenic substrates.

マウスにおけるプログラム電気刺激

Genetically-modified mice have emerged as a preferable animal model to study the molecular mechanisms underlying conduction abnormalities, atrial and ...

医学

Transthoracic Echocardiography in Mice

In recent years, murine models have become the primary avenue for studying the molecular mechanisms of cardiac dysfunction resulting from changes in gene expression. Transgenic and gene targeting methods can be used to generate mice with altered cardiac size and function,1-3 and as a result, in vivo techniques are needed to evaluate their cardiac phenotype. Transthoracic echocardiography, pulse wave Doppler (PWD), and tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) can be used to provide dimensional measurements of the mouse heart and to quantify the degree of cardiac systolic and diastolic performance. Two-dimensional imaging is used to detect abnormal anatomy or movements of the left ventricle, whereas M-mode echo is used for quantification of cardiac dimensions and contractility.4,5 In addition, PWD is used to quantify localized velocity of turbulent flow,6 whereas TDI is used to measure the velocity of myocardial motion.7 Thus, transthoracic echocardiography offers a comprehensive method for the noninvasive evaluation of cardiac function in mice.

Transthoracic echocardiography offers a noninvasive method for the evaluation of cardiac function in mice. A combination of ultrasound and Doppler imaging modalities can be used to obtain dimensional measurements of the heart and intracardiac blood flow, which together provide an assessment of cardiac systolic and diastolic performance.

マウスにおける経胸壁心エコー

In recent years, murine models have become the primary avenue for studying the molecular mechanisms of cardiac dysfunction resulting from changes in gene ...

Manual Muscle Testing:  A Method of Measuring Extremity Muscle Strength Applied to Critically Ill Patients

Survivors of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and other causes of critical illness often have generalized weakness, reduced exercise tolerance, and persistent nerve and muscle impairments after hospital discharge.1-6 Using an explicit protocol with a structured approach to training and quality assurance of research staff, manual muscle testing (MMT) is a highly reliable method for assessing strength, using a standardized clinical examination, for patients following ARDS, and can be completed with mechanically ventilated patients who can tolerate sitting upright in bed and are able to follow two-step commands. 7, 8 
This video demonstrates a protocol for MMT, which has been taught to &ge;43 research staff who have performed &gt;800 assessments on &gt;280 ARDS survivors. Modifications for the bedridden patient are included. Each muscle is tested with specific techniques for positioning, stabilization, resistance, and palpation for each score of the 6-point ordinal Medical Research Council scale.7,9-11 Three upper and three lower extremity muscles are graded in this protocol: shoulder abduction, elbow flexion, wrist extension, hip flexion, knee extension, and ankle dorsiflexion. These muscles were chosen based on the standard approach for evaluating patients for ICU-acquired weakness used in prior publications. 1,2.

Survivors of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and critical illness frequently develop long-lasting muscle weakness. Manual muscle testing (MMT) is a standardized clinical examination commonly used to measure strength of peripheral skeletal muscle groups. This video demonstrates MMT using the 6-point Medical Research Council scale.

徒手筋力テスト：四肢筋力の測定方法は、危篤状態の患者に適用

Survivors of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and other causes of critical illness often have generalized weakness, reduced exercise tolerance, ...

Orthotopic Aortic Transplantation in Mice for the Study of Vascular Disease

Vascular procedures involving anastomoses in the mouse are generally thought to be difficult and highly dependent on the skill of the individual surgeon. This is largely true, but there are a number of important principles that can reduce the difficulty of these procedures and enhance reproducibility. Orthotopic aortic transplantation is an excellent procedure in which to learn these principles because it involves only two end-to-end anastomoses, but requires good suturing technique and handling of the vessels for consistent success. This procedure begins with the procurement of a length of abdominal aorta from a donor animal, followed by division of the native aorta in the recipient. The procured aorta is then placed between the divided ends of the recipient aorta and sutured into place using end-to-end anastomoses. To accomplish this objective successfully requires a high degree of concentration, good tools, a steady hand, and an appreciation of how easily the vasculature of a mouse can be damaged, resulting in thrombosis. Learning these important principles is what occupies most of the beginner's time when learning microsurgery in small rodents. Throughout this protocol, we refer to these important points. This model can be used to study vascular disease in a variety of different experimental systems1-8. In the context shown here, it is most often used for the study of post-transplant vascular disease, a common long-term complication of solid organ transplantation in which intimal hyperplasia occurs within the allograft. The primary advantage of the model is that it facilitates quantitative morphometric analyses and the transplanted vessel lies contiguous to the endogenous vessel, which can serve as an additional control9. The technique shown here is most often used for mice weighing 18-25 grams. We have accumulated most of our experience using the C57BL/6J, BALB/cJ, and C3H/HeJ strains.

We describe a technique in which a section of the abdominal aorta from a mouse is transplanted orthotopically to just below the renal arteries in an allogeneic or syngeneic recipient. This technique can be useful in studies in which transplantation of large arteries of uniform size is deemed advantageous.

血管疾患の研究のためのマウスにおける同所性大動脈移植

Vascular procedures involving anastomoses in the mouse are generally thought to be difficult and highly dependent on the skill of the individual surgeon. ...

Measuring Ascending Aortic Stiffness In Vivo in Mice Using Ultrasound

We present a protocol for measuring in vivo aortic stiffness in mice using high-resolution ultrasound imaging. Aortic diameter is measured by ultrasound and aortic blood pressure is measured invasively with a solid-state pressure catheter. Blood pressure is raised then lowered incrementally by intravenous infusion of vasoactive drugs phenylephrine and sodium nitroprusside. Aortic diameter is measured for each pressure step to characterize the pressure-diameter relationship of the ascending aorta. Stiffness indices derived from the pressure-diameter relationship can be calculated from the data collected. Calculation of arterial compliance is described in this protocol.
This technique can be used to investigate mechanisms underlying increased aortic stiffness associated with cardiovascular disease and aging. The technique produces a physiologically relevant measure of stiffness compared to ex vivo approaches because physiological influences on aortic stiffness are incorporated in the measurement. The primary limitation of this technique is the measurement error introduced from the movement of the aorta during the cardiac cycle. This motion can be compensated by adjusting the location of the probe with the aortic movement as well as making multiple measurements of the aortic pressure-diameter relationship and expanding the experimental group size.

Measuring Ascending Aortic Stiffness In Vivo in Mice Using Ultrasound

We describe a technique for measuring aortic stiffness from its pressure-diameter relationship in vivo in mice. Aortic diameter is recorded by ultrasound and aortic pressure is measured invasively with a solid-state pressure catheter. Blood pressure is changed incrementally and the resulting diameter is measured.

昇順大動脈剛性の測定<em&gt;インビボ</em&gt;超音波​​を使用したマウスにおける

We present a protocol for measuring in vivo aortic stiffness in mice using high-resolution ultrasound imaging. Aortic diameter is measured by ultrasound ...

Minimally Invasive Transverse Aortic Constriction in Mice

Minimally invasive transverse aortic constriction (MTAC) is a more desirable method for the constriction of the transverse aorta in mice than standard open-chest transverse aortic constriction (TAC). Although transverse aortic constriction is a highly functional method for the induction of high pressure in the left ventricle, it is a more difficult and lengthy procedure due to its use of artificial ventilation with tracheal intubation. TAC is oftentimes also less survivable, as the newer method, MTAC, neither requires the cutting of the ribs and intercostal muscles nor tracheal intubation with a ventilation setup. In MTAC, as opposed to a thoracotomy to access to the chest cavity, the aortic arch is reached through a midline incision in the anterior neck. The thyroid is pulled back to reveal the sternal notch. The sternum is subsequently cut down to the second rib level, and the aortic arch is reached simply by separating the connective tissues and thymus. From there, a suture can be wrapped around the arch and tied with a spacer, and then the sternal cut and skin can be closed. MTAC is a much faster and less invasive way to induce left ventricular hypertension and enables the possibility for high-throughput studies. The success of the constriction can be verified using high-frequency trans-thoracic echocardiography, particularly color Doppler and pulsed-wave Doppler, to determine the flow velocities of the aortic arch and left and right carotid arteries, the dimension of the blood vessels, and the left ventricular function and morphology. A successful constriction will also trigger significant histopathological changes, such as cardiac muscle cell hypertrophy with interstitial and perivascular fibrosis. Here, the procedure of MTAC is described, demonstrating how the resulting flow changes in the carotid arteries can be examined with echocardiography, gross morphology, and histopathological changes in the heart.

Minimally invasive transverse aortic constriction (MTAC) conserves the essentials of regular transverse aortic constriction (TAC) while eliminating the use of a ventilator with tracheal intubation. It proves to be a highly desirable method for high-throughput studies on left ventricular overload, particularly in translational studies.

マウスにおける低侵襲横大動脈狭窄

Minimally invasive transverse aortic constriction (MTAC) is a more desirable method for the constriction of the transverse aorta in mice than standard ...

Improving Strength, Power, Muscle Aerobic Capacity, and Glucose Tolerance through Short-term Progressive Strength Training Among Elderly People

This protocol describes the simultaneous use of a broad span of methods to examine muscle aerobic capacity, glucose tolerance, strength, and power in elderly people performing short-term resistance training (RET). Supervised progressive resistance training for 1 h three times a week over 8 weeks was performed by RET participants (71&#177;1 years, range 65-80). Compared to a control group without training, the RET showed improvements on the measures used to indicate strength, power, glucose tolerance, and several parameters of muscle aerobic capacity. Strength training was performed in a gym with only robust fitness equipment. An isokinetic dynamometer for knee extensor strength permitted the measurement of concentric, eccentric, and static strength, which increased for the RET group (8-12% post- versus pre-test). The power (rate of force development, RFD) at the initial 0-30 ms also showed an increase for the RET group (52%). A glucose tolerance test with frequent blood glucose measurements showed improvements only for the RET group in terms of blood glucose values after 2 h (14%) and the area under the curve (21%). The blood lipid profile also improved (8%). From muscle biopsy samples prepared using histochemistry, the amount of fiber type IIa increased, and a trend towards a decrease in IIx in the RET group reflected a change to a more oxidative profile in terms of fiber composition. Western blot (to determine the protein content related to the signaling for muscle protein synthesis) showed a rise of 69% in both Akt and mTOR in the RET group; this also showed an increase in mitochondrial proteins for OXPHOS complex II and citrate synthase (both ~30%) and for complex IV (90%), in only the RET group. We demonstrate that this type of progressive resistance training offers various improvements (e.g., strength, power, aerobic capacity, glucose tolerance, and plasma lipid profile).

The effect of short-term resistance training on elderly people was investigated through the simultaneous use of several methods. Compared to a control group, many improvements were seen, including on muscle aerobic capacity, glucose tolerance, strength, power, and muscle quality (i.e., protein involved in cell signaling and muscle fiber type composition).

高齢者の短期漸進的筋力トレーニングによる筋力・筋力・筋弛緩力の改善

This protocol describes the simultaneous use of a broad span of methods to examine muscle aerobic capacity, glucose tolerance, strength, and power in ...

Measuring the Effect of Chemicals on the Growth and Reproduction of Caenorhabditis elegans

Toxicological evaluation is crucial for understanding the effects of chemicals on living organisms in basic and applied biological science fields. A non-mammalian soil round worm, Caenorhabditis elegans, is a valuable model organism for toxicology studies due to its convenience and lack of animal ethics issues compared with mammalian animal systems. In this protocol, a detailed procedure of toxicological evaluation of chemicals in C. elegans is described. A clinical anticancer drug, etoposide, which targets human topoisomerase II and inhibits DNA replication of human cancer cells, was selected as a model testing chemical. Age-synchronized C. elegans eggs were exposed to either dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or etoposide, and then the growth of C. elegans was monitored every day for 4 days by the stereo microscope observation. The total number of eggs laid from C. elegans treated with DMSO or etoposide was also counted by using the stereo microscope. Etoposide treatment significantly affected the growth and reproduction of C. elegans. By comparison of the total number of eggs laid from worms with different treatment periods of chemicals, it can be decided that the reproductive toxicity of chemicals on C. elegans reproduction is reversible or irreversible. These protocols may be helpful for both the development of various drugs and risk assessment of environmental toxicants.

Measuring the Effect of Chemicals on the Growth and Reproduction of Caenorhabditis elegans

A basic protocol to evaluate the toxicity of chemicals in a model animal, Caenorhabditis elegans, is described. The method is convenient and useful for the development of pharmaceuticals as well as for the risk assessment of various environmental pollutants.

成長および線虫の繁殖に対する薬剤の効果を測定

Toxicological evaluation is crucial for understanding the effects of chemicals on living organisms in basic and applied biological science fields. A ...

Assessment and Characterization of Hyaloid Vessels in Mice

In the eye, the embryonic hyaloid vessels nourish the developing lens and retina and regress when the retinal vessels develop. Persistent or failed regression of hyaloid vessels can be seen in diseases such as persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (PHPV), leading to an obstructed light path and impaired visual function. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the hyaloid vessel regression may lead to new molecular insights into the vascular regression process and potential new ways to manage diseases with persistent hyaloid vessels. Here we describe the procedures for imaging hyaloid in live mice with optical coherence tomography (OCT) and fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) and a detailed technical protocol of isolating and flat-mounting hyaloid ex vivo for quantitative analysis. Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 (LRP5) knockout mice were used as an experimental model of persistent hyaloid vessels, to illustrate the techniques. Together, these techniques may facilitate a thorough assessment of hyaloid vessels as an experimental model of vascular regression and studies on the mechanism of persistent hyaloid vessels.

This protocol describes both in vivo and ex vivo methods to fully visualize and characterize hyaloid vessels, a model of vascular regression in mouse eyes, using optical coherence tomography and fundus fluorescein angiography for the live imaging and ex vivo isolation and subsequent flat mount of hyaloid for quantitative analysis.

マウスにおけるヒアロイド血管の評価と特徴付け

In the eye, the embryonic hyaloid vessels nourish the developing lens and retina and regress when the retinal vessels develop. Persistent or failed ...

Blood Collection Through Subclavian Vein Puncture in Mice

The mouse is the foremost mammalian model for studying human disease and human health. However, blood sample collection from mice is challenging in research work. Tail blood collection is a popular method when a small amount of blood sample is needed. Orbital artery could be considered if a large amount of blood is needed but this blood collection method has ethical issues. Formerly, we demonstrated the feasibility and safety of blood sample collection through subclavian vein puncture in rats, and here we investigate whether this method could be used in mice. We report that this method is safe and practical for blood collection in mice. Blood collection through the subclavian vein puncture in mice can be a convenient method in daily research works.

Here, we present a protocol to take blood samples from the subclavian vein of mice.

マウスの鎖骨下静脈穿刺による血液採取

The mouse is the foremost mammalian model for studying human disease and human health. However, blood sample collection from mice is challenging in ...