この研究は、カンザス州立大学によって支えられました。本研究の一部は、ナノ相物質科学は、オークリッジ国立研究所で科学的なユーザー施設課、基礎エネルギー科学のオフィスと米国エネルギー省が主催、センターにて行われました。

著者が明らかに何もありません。

本稿は PGMAbをパターニングする 3 つのアプローチ - PVDMA、それぞれ、一連の利点と欠点を持つ。パリレン レーザリフトオフ法によるパターン ブロック共重合体ミクロ ナノスケールの分解能で汎用性の高い方法です、他パターニング システム33,34,35の蒸着マスクとして使用されています。その比較的弱いの表面付着?...

さまざまなアプリケーション、次世代の開発に環境汚染物質のキャプチャからの望ましいは化学と生物学の表面機能の汎用性と正確なコントロールを可能にする加工技術を開発バイオ センサー、インプラント、および組織エンジニア リング デバイス1,2。機能性高分子材料は、「移植」や""技術3へ移植を介して表面特性を調整するための優秀な材料です。これらのアプローチでは、単量体の化学的機能、高分子4,5,6の分子量に基づく表面の反応性の制御ができます。アズラクトン ベースのポリマー研究されている激しくないこのコンテキスト アズラクトン グループは急速に開環反応の異なる求核試薬とカップルに。これには、アミン、アルコール、チオール化合物、ヒドラジンのグループ、それによってさらに表面機能化7,8の多彩なルートを提供するが含まれます。アズラクトン ベースのポリマー フィルムは、環境別で採用されているし、検体を含む生物学的応用をキャプチャ9,10,6,細胞文化11及び防汚/非粘着コーティング12。多くの生物学的応用のマイクロメータ スケールに nano でアズラクトン高分子薄膜のパターニングが生体分子のプレゼンテーション、細胞間相互作用の空間的制御を容易にする表面相互作用13を調節するため望ましく 14,15,16,17,18。したがって、化学機能19を損なうことがなく高いパターンの均一性と制御された膜厚を提供する製造方法を開発する必要があります。
近年, Lokitzらは、PGMA -b- PVDMA ブロック共重合体は表面の反応性を操作することができる.酸化軸受表面に PGMA ブロック カップル、アズラクトンの高と可変の表面密度を降伏20をグループ化します。報告された方法による生体機能のインターフェイスの作成のこのポリマーをパターンが残留で汚染されたバック グラウンド地域と非一様高分子薄膜を生成伝統的なトップダウン フォトリソグラフィ アプローチを使用する以前フォトレジスト材料、非固有の化学的・生物学的相互作用21,22,23の高レベルを引き起こします。ここでは、バック グラウンド地域に試みはアズラクトン グループ、高分子反応性を損なうことと交差反応を発生します。これらの制限事項は、我々 は最近ブラシをパターニング技術開発 (~ 90 nm) または PGMA-bの高架橋 (1 ~ 10 μ m) フィルム - 完全に化学物質を保持する方法で化学的または生物学的に不活性の背景に PVDMA高分子24の機能。これらのメソッドはパリレン リフトオフ、インターフェイス指向アセンブリ (IDA) とカスタム μ 印刷 (μCP) 技術を利用します。パターニング方法と同様重要なフィルムの特性と課題と各テクニックに関連する制限する非常に詳細な実験方法は、書面、ビデオ形式でここに掲載されています。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Material</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol, &#8805; 99.5%</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>459844</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HCL, 1.019 N in H2O</td>
			<td>Fluka Analytical</td>
			<td>318949</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetone, &#8805; 99.5%</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>320110</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Benzene, &#8805; 99.9%</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>270709</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isopropanol, ACS reagent, &#8805;99.5%</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>190764</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hexane</td>
			<td>Fisher Chemical</td>
			<td>H292-4</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Argon</td>
			<td>Matheson Gas</td>
			<td>G1901175</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tetrahydrofuran (THF), &#8805; 99.9%</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>401757</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pluronic F-127</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P2443</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polydimethyl Siloxane (PDMS) Slygard 184</td>
			<td>Dow Corning</td>
			<td>4019862</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trichloro (1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyl) silane (TPS), 97%</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>448931</td>
			<td>It is toxic. Work with it under hood</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anhydrous Chloroform, &#8805; 99%</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>372978</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Positive Photoresist AZ1512</td>
			<td>MicroChemicals</td>
			<td>AZ 1512</td>
			<td>amber-red liquid, density 1.083 g/cm3, spin coating step should be done under the hood</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Developer AZ 300 MIF</td>
			<td>MicroChemicals</td>
			<td>AZ300 MIF</td>
			<td>clear colourless liquid with slight amine odor and density of 1 g/cm3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1,2-Vinyl-4,4- dimethyl azlactone (VDMA)</td>
			<td>Isochem North America, LLC</td>
			<td>VDMA</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-cyano-2-propyl dodecyl trithiocarbonate (CPDT)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>723037</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2,2&#8242;-Azobis (4methoxy-2,4-dimethyl valeronitrile) (V-70)</td>
			<td>Wako Specialty Chemicals</td>
			<td>CAS NO. 15545-97-8, EINECS No. 239-593-8</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Parylene N</td>
			<td>Specialty Coating Systems</td>
			<td>15B10004</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Equipment</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Parylene Coater</td>
			<td>Specialty Coating Systems</td>
			<td>SCS Labcoater (PDS 2010)</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mask alignment system</td>
			<td>Neutronix Quintel</td>
			<td>NXQ8000</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oxygen Plasma Etcher</td>
			<td>Oxford Instruments</td>
			<td>Plasma Lab System 100</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surface Profilometer</td>
			<td>Veeco</td>
			<td>Dektak 150</td>
			<td>Scan type was standard hill. Scan duration and force were 120 s and 1 mg, respectively.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Brightfield Upright Microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus Corporation</td>
			<td>BX51</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oxygen Plasma&#160; Cleaner</td>
			<td>Harrick Plasma</td>
			<td>PDC-001-HP</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR)</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer</td>
			<td>ATR-FTIR 100</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)</td>
			<td>PicoPlus</td>
			<td>Picoplus atomic force microscope</td>
			<td>Veeco MLCT-E cantilevers with a 0.5 N/m spring constant. Scan speeds varied between 0.25 and 1 Hz.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)</td>
			<td>Hitachi Science Systems Ltd., Tokyo, Japan</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rotary Tool Workstation</td>
			<td>Dremel</td>
			<td>Model 220-01</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spin Coater</td>
			<td>Smart Coater</td>
			<td>SC100</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vacuum Oven</td>
			<td>Yamato Scientific Co.</td>
			<td>PCD-C6(5)000)</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC)</td>
			<td>Waters Alliance 2695 Separations Module</td>
			<td>720004547EN</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Refractive Index (RI) detector</td>
			<td>Waters</td>
			<td>Model 2414</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Photodiode Array Detector</td>
			<td>Waters</td>
			<td>Model 2996, 716001286</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multi-angle Light Scattering (MALS) Detector</td>
			<td>Wyatt Technology</td>
			<td>miniDAWN TREOS II</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Viscometer</td>
			<td>Wyatt Technology</td>
			<td>Viscostar</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PLgel 5 &#181;m mixed-C columns (300 x 7.5 mm)</td>
			<td>Agilent</td>
			<td>5 &#181;m mixed-C columns</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ellipsometer</td>
			<td>J. A. Woollam</td>
			<td>alpha-SE</td>
			<td>Cauchy model, PGMA and PVDMA layers had refractive indices of 1.50 and 1.52 at 632 nm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultrasonic Sonicator</td>
			<td>Fischer Scientific</td>
			<td>FS-110H</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

fabricating reactive surfaces with brush-like and crosslinked films of azlactone-functionalized block co-polymers

本稿は、アズラクトン ベースのブロック共重合体、ポリ (メタクリル酸グリシジル) を使用して新規のサーフェスを生成する製造方法でブロック- ポリ (ビニル ジメチル アズラクトン) (PGMA-b- PVDMA) が表示されます。アミン、チオール、およびヒドロキシル グループに向かってアズラクトン グループの高い反応性のため様々 なアプリケーションに化学的または生物学的機能のインターフェイスを作成するセカンダリ分子と PGMAbの-PVDMA の面を変更できます。PGMA -b- PVDMA パターンのインターフェイスの以前の報告は、不均一膜と化学組成コントロール不良の背景を生成する従来のトップダウン パターニング手法を使用しています。ここでは、均一な PGMAb- PVDMA 薄膜の化学的に不活性であるまたは生体分子撥プロパティを持つ背景の正確な成膜を可能にするカスタマイズされたパターン化技術について述べる。重要なは、これらのメソッドは、処理順を追ってアズラクトン機能を完全に維持方法でデポジット PGMA-b- PVDMA 映画に設計されています。パターン フィルムを示すポリマー ブラシに対応する制御された厚さ (~ 90 nm) または高架橋構造 (1 ~ 10 μ m)。パリレン打上げを使用してブラシ パターンを生成またはインターフェイス監督か PGMA -b- PVDMA パターン密度を調整することによって説明したアセンブリ方法と全体的な表面反応の正確な変調のため役に立つかVDMA のブロックの長さ。対照的に、厚さ、架橋 PGMA -b- PVDMA パターンはカスタマイズされたマイクロ コンタクト印刷技術を用いて、高い読み込みの利点またはボリュームの比率に高い表面積のため二次素材のキャプチャを提供します。詳細な実験手順、臨界膜のキャラクタリゼーション、および各工法のトラブルシューティング ガイドを説明します。

接触角測定は PGMA b PVDMA とシリコンの機能化の評価に使用できます。図 1は、さまざまな処理手順の間にシリコン基板の接触角を示しています。プラズマ クリーニング シリコン基板の親水性の挙動を図 1 bに示します。高分子スピン コーティング、熱処理が 75 ° ± 1 ° の接触角(図 1C) <s...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Fabricating Reactive Surfaces with Brush-like and Crosslinked Films of Azlactone-Functionalized Block Co-Polymers at JoVE.com

Fabricating Reactive Surfaces with Brush-like and Crosslinked Films of Azlactone-Functionalized Block Co-Polymers

ナノメートルの厚さのブラシまたはミクロン厚のパターン蒸着、アズラクトン ブロック共重合体の架橋膜の表面の作製方法が報告されます。重要な実験手順、代表的な結果、および各メソッドの制限事項を説明します。これらのメソッドは、合わせた物理的な特徴と可変の表面反応性機能的なインターフェイスの作成に役立ちます。

ブラシのような反応性表面を加工し、アズラクトン官能基化ブロック共重合体の架橋膜

In this paper, fabrication methods that generate novel surfaces using the azlactone-based block co-polymer, poly (glycidyl methacrylate)-block-poly (vinyl ...

fabricating-reactive-surfaces-with-brush-like-crosslinked-films

Universidad San Sebastian

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

8.2K ビュー.  Kansas State University. ナノメートルの厚さのブラシまたはミクロン厚のパターン蒸着、アズラクトン ブロック共重合体の架橋膜の表面の作製方法が報告されます。重要な実験手順、代表的な結果、および各メソッドの制限事項を説明します。これらのメソッドは、合わせた物理的な特徴と可変の表面反応性機能的なインターフェイスの作成に役立ちます。

ビデオ: Fabricating Reactive Surfaces with Brush-like and Crosslinked Films of Azlactone-Functionalized Block Co-Polymers

Fabricating Metamaterials Using the Fiber Drawing Method

Metamaterials are man-made composite materials, fabricated by assembling components much smaller than the wavelength at which they operate 1. They owe their electromagnetic properties to the structure of their constituents, instead of the atoms that compose them. For example, sub-wavelength metal wires can be arranged to possess an effective electric permittivity that is either positive or negative at a given frequency, in contrast to the metals themselves 2. This unprecedented control over the behaviour of light can potentially lead to a number of novel devices, such as invisibility cloaks 3, negative refractive index materials 4, and lenses that resolve objects below the diffraction limit 5. However, metamaterials operating at optical, mid-infrared and terahertz frequencies are conventionally made using nano- and micro-fabrication techniques that are expensive and produce samples that are at most a few centimetres in size 6-7. Here we present a fabrication method to produce hundreds of meters of metal wire metamaterials in fiber form, which exhibit a terahertz plasmonic response 8. We combine the stack-and-draw technique used to produce microstructured polymer optical fiber 9 with the Taylor-wire process 10, using indium wires inside polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) tubes. PMMA is chosen because it is an easy to handle, drawable dielectric with suitable optical properties in the terahertz region; indium because it has a melting temperature of 156.6 &deg;C which is appropriate for codrawing with PMMA. We include an indium wire of 1 mm diameter and 99.99% purity in a PMMA tube with 1 mm inner diameter (ID) and 12 mm outside diameter (OD) which is sealed at one end. The tube is evacuated and drawn down to an outer diameter of 1.2 mm. The resulting fiber is then cut into smaller pieces, and stacked into a larger PMMA tube. This stack is sealed at one end and fed into a furnace while being rapidly drawn, reducing the diameter of the structure by a factor of 10, and increasing the length by a factor of 100. Such fibers possess features on the micro- and nano- scale, are inherently flexible, mass-producible, and can be woven to exhibit electromagnetic properties that are not found in nature. They represent a promising platform for a number of novel devices from terahertz to optical frequencies, such as invisible fibers, woven negative refractive index cloths, and super-resolving lenses.

Metamaterials at terahertz frequencies offer unique opportunities, but are challenging to fabricate in bulk. We adapt the fabrication procedure for microstructured polymer optical fibers to inexpensively fabricate metamaterials potentially on an industrial scale. We produce polymethylmethacrylate fibers containing ~10 &mu;m diameter indium wires separated by ~100 &mu;m, which exhibit a terahertz plasmonic response.

ファイバー描画法を用いたメタマテリアルの作製

Metamaterials are man-made composite materials, fabricated by assembling components much smaller than the wavelength at which they operate 1. They owe ...

工学

Probing and Mapping Electrode Surfaces in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are potentially the most efficient and cost-effective solution to utilization of a wide variety of fuels beyond hydrogen 1-7. The performance of SOFCs and the rates of many chemical and energy transformation processes in energy storage and conversion devices in general are limited primarily by charge and mass transfer along electrode surfaces and across interfaces. Unfortunately, the mechanistic understanding of these processes is still lacking, due largely to the difficulty of characterizing these processes under in situ conditions. This knowledge gap is a chief obstacle to SOFC commercialization. The development of tools for probing and mapping surface chemistries relevant to electrode reactions is vital to unraveling the mechanisms of surface processes and to achieving rational design of new electrode materials for more efficient energy storage and conversion2. Among the relatively few in situ surface analysis methods, Raman spectroscopy can be performed even with high temperatures and harsh atmospheres, making it ideal for characterizing chemical processes relevant to SOFC anode performance and degradation8-12. It can also be used alongside electrochemical measurements, potentially allowing direct correlation of electrochemistry to surface chemistry in an operating cell. Proper in situ Raman mapping measurements would be useful for pin-pointing important anode reaction mechanisms because of its sensitivity to the relevant species, including anode performance degradation through carbon deposition8, 10, 13, 14 ("coking") and sulfur poisoning11, 15 and the manner in which surface modifications stave off this degradation16. The current work demonstrates significant progress towards this capability. In addition, the family of scanning probe microscopy (SPM) techniques provides a special approach to interrogate the electrode surface with nanoscale resolution. Besides the surface topography that is routinely collected by AFM and STM, other properties such as local electronic states, ion diffusion coefficient and surface potential can also be investigated17-22. In this work, electrochemical measurements, Raman spectroscopy, and SPM were used in conjunction with a novel test electrode platform that consists of a Ni mesh electrode embedded in an yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolyte. Cell performance testing and impedance spectroscopy under fuel containing H2S was characterized, and Raman mapping was used to further elucidate the nature of sulfur poisoning. In situ Raman monitoring was used to investigate coking behavior. Finally, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and electrostatic force microscopy (EFM) were used to further visualize carbon deposition on the nanoscale. From this research, we desire to produce a more complete picture of the SOFC anode.

We present a unique platform for characterizing electrode surfaces in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) that allows simultaneous performance of multiple characterization techniques (e.g. in situ Raman spectroscopy and scanning probe microscopy alongside electrochemical measurements). Complementary information from these analyses may help to advance toward a more profound understanding of electrode reaction and degradation mechanisms, providing insights into rational design of better materials for SOFCs.

固体酸化物形燃料電池の電極表面をプロービングとマッピング

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are potentially the most efficient and cost-effective solution to utilization of a wide variety of fuels beyond hydrogen ...

Fabrication of Nano-engineered Transparent Conducting Oxides by Pulsed Laser Deposition

Nanosecond Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) in the presence of a background gas allows the deposition of metal oxides with tunable morphology, structure, density and stoichiometry by a proper control of the plasma plume expansion dynamics. Such versatility can be exploited to produce nanostructured films from compact and dense to nanoporous characterized by a hierarchical assembly of nano-sized clusters. In particular we describe the detailed methodology to fabricate two types of Al-doped ZnO (AZO) films as transparent electrodes in photovoltaic devices: 1) at low O2 pressure, compact films with electrical conductivity and optical transparency close to the state of the art transparent conducting oxides (TCO) can be deposited at room temperature, to be compatible with thermally sensitive materials such as polymers used in organic photovoltaics (OPVs); 2) highly light scattering hierarchical structures resembling a forest of nano-trees are produced at higher pressures. Such structures show high Haze factor (&gt;80%) and may be exploited to enhance the light trapping capability. The method here described for AZO films can be applied to other metal oxides relevant for technological applications such as TiO2, Al2O3, WO3 and Ag4O4.

We describe the experimental method to deposit nanostructured oxide thin films by nanosecond Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) in the presence of a background gas. By using this method Al-doped ZnO (AZO) films, from compact to hierarchically structured as nano-tree forests, can be deposited.

パルスレーザー蒸着法によるナノエンジニアリング透明導電性酸化物の作製

Nanosecond Pulsed  Laser Deposition (PLD) in the presence of a background gas allows the deposition  of metal oxides with tunable morphology, structure, ...

Monolayer Contact Doping of Silicon Surfaces and Nanowires Using Organophosphorus Compounds

Monolayer Contact Doping (MLCD) is a simple method for doping of surfaces and nanostructures1. MLCD results in the formation of highly controlled, ultra shallow and sharp doping profiles at the nanometer scale. In MLCD process the dopant source is a monolayer containing dopant atoms.
In this article a detailed procedure for surface doping of silicon substrate as well as silicon nanowires is demonstrated. Phosphorus dopant source was formed using tetraethyl methylenediphosphonate monolayer on a silicon substrate. This monolayer containing substrate was brought to contact with a pristine intrinsic silicon target substrate and annealed while in contact. Sheet resistance of the target substrate was measured using 4 point probe. Intrinsic silicon nanowires were synthesized by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process using a vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) mechanism; gold nanoparticles were used as catalyst for nanowire growth. The nanowires were suspended in ethanol by mild sonication. This suspension was used to dropcast the nanowires on silicon substrate with a silicon nitride dielectric top layer. These nanowires were doped with phosphorus in similar manner as used for the intrinsic silicon wafer. Standard photolithography process was used to fabricate metal electrodes for the formation of nanowire based field effect transistor (NW-FET). The electrical properties of a representative nanowire device were measured by a semiconductor device analyzer and a probe station.

A detailed procedure for surface doping of Silicon interfaces is provided. The ultra-shallow surface doping is demonstrated by using phosphorus containing monolayers and rapid annealing process. The method can be used for doping of macroscopic area surfaces as well as nanostructures.

Monolayer Contact Doping (MLCD) is a simple method for doping of surfaces and nanostructures1. MLCD results in the formation of highly controlled, ultra ...

Speciation and Bioavailability Measurements of Environmental Plutonium Using Diffusion in Thin Films

The biological uptake of plutonium (Pu) in aquatic ecosystems is of particular concern since it is an alpha-particle emitter with long half-life which can potentially contribute to the exposure of biota and humans. The diffusive gradients in thin films technique is introduced here for in-situ measurements of Pu bioavailability and speciation. A diffusion cell constructed for laboratory experiments with Pu and the newly developed protocol make it possible to simulate the environmental behavior of Pu in model solutions of various chemical compositions. Adjustment of the oxidation states to Pu(IV) and Pu(V) described in this protocol is essential in order to investigate the complex redox chemistry of plutonium in the environment. The calibration of this technique and the results obtained in the laboratory experiments enable to develop a specific DGT device for in-situ Pu measurements in freshwaters. Accelerator-based mass-spectrometry measurements of Pu accumulated by DGTs in a karst spring allowed determining the bioavailability of Pu in a mineral freshwater environment. Application of this protocol for Pu measurements using DGT devices has a large potential to improve our understanding of the speciation and the biological transfer of Pu in aquatic ecosystems.

The technique of diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) is proposed for speciation studies of plutonium. This protocol describes diffusion experiments probing the behavior of Pu(IV) and Pu(V) in presence of organic matter. DGTs deployed in a karstic spring allow assessment of the bioavailability of Pu.

薄膜における拡散を用いた環境プルトニウムのスペシエーションと生物学的利用能の測定

The biological uptake of plutonium (Pu) in aquatic ecosystems is of particular concern since it is an alpha-particle emitter with long half-life which can ...

Electrospray Deposition of Uniform Thickness Ge23Sb7S70 and As40S60 Chalcogenide Glass Films

Solution-based electrospray film deposition, which is compatible with continuous, roll-to-roll processing, is applied to chalcogenide glasses. Two chalcogenide compositions are demonstrated: Ge23Sb7S70 and As40S60, which have both been studied extensively for planar mid-infrared (mid-IR) microphotonic devices. In this approach, uniform thickness films are fabricated through the use of computer numerical controlled (CNC) motion. Chalcogenide glass (ChG) is written over the substrate by a single nozzle along a serpentine path. Films were subjected to a series of heat treatments between 100 &#176;C and 200 &#176;C under vacuum to drive off residual solvent and densify the films. Based on transmission Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and surface roughness measurements, both compositions were found to be suitable for the fabrication of planar devices operating in the mid-IR region. Residual solvent removal was found to be much quicker for the As40S60 film as compared to Ge23Sb7S70. Based on the advantages of electrospray, direct printing of a gradient refractive index (GRIN) mid-IR transparent coating is envisioned, given the difference in refractive index of the two compositions in this study.

Electrospray Deposition of Uniform Thickness Ge23Sb7S70 and As40S60 Chalcogenide Glass Films

A method of uniform thickness solution-derived chalcogenide glass film deposition is demonstrated using computer numerical controlled motion of a single-nozzle electrospray.

均一な厚さのGeのエレクトロスプレーデポジション<sub&gt; 23</sub&gt; Sbの<sub&gt; 7</sub&gt; S<sub&gt; 70</sub&gt;と同様に<sub&gt; 40</sub&gt; S<sub&gt; 60</sub&gt;カルコゲナイドガラスフィルム

Solution-based electrospray film deposition, which is compatible with continuous, roll-to-roll processing, is applied to chalcogenide glasses. Two ...

Pool-Boiling Heat-Transfer Enhancement on Cylindrical Surfaces with Hybrid Wettable Patterns

In this study, pool-boiling heat-transfer experiments were performed to investigate the effect of the number of interlines and the orientation of the hybrid wettable pattern. Hybrid wettable patterns were produced by coating superhydrophilic SiO2 on a masked, hydrophobic, cylindrical copper surface. Using de-ionized (DI) water as the working fluid, pool-boiling heat-transfer studies were conducted on the different surface-treated copper cylinders of a 25-mm diameter and a 40-mm length. The experimental results showed that the number of interlines and the orientation of the hybrid wettable pattern influenced the wall superheat and the HTC. By increasing the number of interlines, the HTC was enhanced when compared to the plain surface. Images obtained from the charge-coupled device (CCD) camera indicated that more bubbles formed on the interlines as compared to other parts. The hybrid wettable pattern with the lowermost section being hydrophobic gave the best heat-transfer coefficient (HTC). The experimental results indicated that the bubble dynamics of the surface is an important factor that determines the nucleate boiling.

Pool-boiling heat-transfer experiments were carried out to observe the effects of hybrid wettable patterns on the heat-transfer coefficient (HTC). The parameters of investigation are the number of interlines and the pattern orientation of the modified wettable surface.

ハイブリッド湿潤性パターンを持つ円筒面上のプール沸騰熱伝達の強化

In this study, pool-boiling heat-transfer experiments were performed to investigate the effect of the number of interlines and the orientation of the ...

Fabrication of Ultra-thin Color Films with Highly Absorbing Media Using Oblique Angle Deposition

Ultra-thin film structures have been studied extensively for use as optical coatings, but performance and fabrication challenges remain.&#160; We present an advanced method for fabricating ultra-thin color films with improved characteristics. The proposed process addresses several fabrication issues, including large area processing. Specifically, the protocol describes a process for fabricating ultra-thin color films using an electron beam evaporator for oblique angle deposition of germanium (Ge) and gold (Au) on silicon (Si) substrates.&#160; Film porosity produced by the oblique angle deposition induces color changes in the ultra-thin film. The degree of color change depends on factors such as deposition angle and film thickness. Fabricated samples of the ultra-thin color films showed improved color tunability and color purity. In addition, the measured reflectance of the fabricated samples was converted into chromatic values and analyzed in terms of color. Our ultra-thin film fabricating method is expected to be used for various ultra-thin film applications such as flexible color electrodes, thin film solar cells, and optical filters. Also, the process developed here for analyzing the color of the fabricated samples is broadly useful for studying various color structures.

We present a detailed method for fabricating ultra-thin color films with improved characteristics for optical coatings. The oblique angle deposition technique using an electron beam evaporator allows improved color tunability and purity. Fabricated films of Ge and Au on Si substrates were analyzed by reflectance measurements and color information conversion.

斜め蒸着を使用してメディアを高吸収極薄カラー フィルムの作製

Ultra-thin film structures have been studied extensively for use as optical coatings, but performance and fabrication challenges remain.&#160; We present ...

Fabrication of Superhydrophobic Metal Surfaces for Anti-Icing Applications

Several ways to produce superhydrophobic metal surfaces are presented in this work. Aluminum was chosen as the metal substrate due to its wide use in industry. The wettability of the produced surface was analyzed by bouncing drop experiments and the topography was analyzed by confocal microscopy. In addition, we show various methodologies to measure its durability and anti-icing properties. Superhydrophobic surfaces hold a special texture that must be preserved to keep their water-repellency. To fabricate durable surfaces, we followed two strategies to incorporate a resistant texture. The first strategy is a direct incorporation of roughness to the metal substrate by acid etching. After this surface texturization, the surface energy was decreased by silanization or fluoropolymer deposition. The second strategy is the growth of a ceria layer (after surface texturization) that should enhance the surface hardness and corrosion resistance. The surface energy was decreased with a stearic acid film.
The durability of the superhydrophobic surfaces was examined by a particle impact test, mechanical wear by lateral abrasion, and UV-ozone resistance. The anti-icing properties were explored by studying the ability to repeal subcooled water, freezing delay, and ice adhesion.

We illustrate several methodologies to produce superhydrophobic metal surfaces and to explore their durability and anti-icing properties.

防氷用超撥水の金属表面の作製

Several ways to produce superhydrophobic metal surfaces are presented in this work. Aluminum was chosen as the metal substrate due to its wide use in ...

Scalable Stamp Printing and Fabrication of Hemiwicking Surfaces

Hemiwicking is a process where a fluid wets a patterned surface beyond its normal wetting length due to a combination of capillary action and imbibition. This wetting phenomenon is important in many technical fields ranging from physiology to aerospace engineering. Currently, several different techniques exist for fabricating hemiwicking structures. These conventional methods, however, are often time consuming and are difficult to scale-up for large areas or are difficult to customize for specific, nonhomogeneous patterning geometries. The presented protocol provides researchers with a simple, scalable, and cost-effective method for fabricating micro-patterned hemiwicking surfaces. The method fabricates wicking structures through the use of stamp printing, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) molding, and thin-film surface coatings. The protocol is demonstrated for hemiwicking with ethanol on PDMS micropillar arrays coated with a 70 nm thick aluminum thin-film.

A simple protocol is provided for the fabrication of hemiwicking structures of varying sizes, shapes, and materials. The protocol uses a combination of physical stamping, PDMS molding, and thin-film surface modifications via common materials deposition techniques.

Hemiwicking 表面の作製とスケーラブルなスタンプ印刷

Hemiwicking is a process where a fluid wets a patterned surface beyond its normal wetting length due to a combination of capillary action and imbibition. ...