Questo lavoro è stato supportato dal progetto Sovvenzioni # 1010395 (BQ e CP) e # 525431 (CR), e un programma di sovvenzioni # 455395 (CP) dalla Salute e medicina Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche in Australia, un Centro australiano per l&#39;epatite e HIV Virologia EOI 2012 borsa di studio (CR e RJJ) e una sovvenzione da parte del Bootes Fondazione Gordon e Gretel (BQ e CR). Desideriamo ringraziare Harpreet Vohra e Michael Devoy per la loro eccellente mantenimento del laboratorio JCSMR FACS, Facility australiano Cancer Research Foundation Biomolecolare Resource, JCSMR, ANU, per la sintesi peptidica, e il Dr. David Boyle, CSIRO Laboratories Salute animale, Geelong, Australia per fornire le madri HIV scorte di vaccini.

<ol>
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M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+kinetic+basis+for+T+cell+receptor+repertoire+selection+during+an+immune+response.">A kinetic basis for T cell receptor repertoire selection during an immune response.</a> Immunity. 10, 485-492 (1999).</li><li>Wang, X. L., Altman, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Caveats+in+the+design+of+MHC+class+I+tetramer/antigen-specific+T+lymphocytes+dissociation+assays.">Caveats in the design of MHC class I tetramer/antigen-specific T lymphocytes dissociation assays.</a> J Immunol Methods. 280, 25-35 (2003).</li><li>von Essen, M. 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Gli autori dichiarano di non avere interessi finanziari in competizione.

Il vantaggio di saggi basati FTA è che permettono la discriminazione di&gt; 250 popolazioni di cellule bersaglio valida e perfettamente funzionante da un unico animale ospite mediante citometria a flusso. Questo fornisce un livello di complessità vivo flusso saggi in base citometria a che non è stato possibile prima. Ciò è evidenziato nei due esperimenti sugli animali indicati sopra, dove le risposte alle 7 epitopi virali distinte a 6 concentrazioni potrebbero essere monitorati in replicati di 6 c...

Cellule T svolgono un ruolo centrale nella risposta immunitaria adattativa e sono spesso mirati per la manipolazione in immunoterapia. Cellule T effettrici CD4 + rispondono ai antigene estraneo secernendo citochine che regolano molti aspetti di immunità e può anche aiutare direttamente le cellule B a produrre anticorpi. Cellule CD8 + T citotossici (CTL) possono anche rispondere alle antigene estraneo secernendo citochine, così come un ruolo centrale nella uccidere direttamente le cellule che esprimono un antigene estraneo. L&#39;interazione fondamentale che avvia queste funzioni effettrici delle cellule T comporta l&#39;interazione del recettore delle cellule T (TCR) con peptidi estere visualizzati su molecole MHC sulla superficie delle cellule. Cellule CD4 + T riconoscono peptidi visualizzati su molecole MHC di classe II sulle cellule presentanti l&#39;antigene e cellule CD8 + T riconoscono peptidi visualizzati su molecole MHC di classe I che sono tipicamente visualizzati su cellule microbiche infetti. Al finevalutare il ruolo delle cellule T svolgono in una risposta immunitaria, è essenziale che le loro funzioni effettrici sono misurati con tecniche affidabili e sensibili. Metodi comuni per la valutazione della risposta delle cellule T includono; MHC class-I/II/peptide tetramero reattività; produzione di citochine da ELISPOT e intracellulare di citochine colorazione; e la capacità di uccidere con 51 saggi Cr-rilascio. Questi saggi, però, vengono in genere eseguite ex vivo con la stimolazione in vitro, o forniscono informazioni limitate nella funzione delle cellule T. Idealmente, quando si misurano le risposte delle cellule T sarebbe utile per valutare in situ, in vivo in cui si verificano, senza manipolazione di cellule T in modo da evitare alterazioni dei parametri funzionali che possono verificarsi attraverso la stimolazione in vitro. Alcuni dei più comunemente usato in vivo di cellule T saggi funzionali sono basati sulla misurazione uccisione CTL mediata delle cellule bersaglio pulsate con MHC di classe I peptidi leganti, che vengono enumerati in vivotramite la loro individuazione attraverso l&#39;etichettatura fluorescente con coloranti vitali come CFSE. Anche se questi tipi di test in grado di monitorare l&#39;uccisione CTL mediata di obiettivi quando accadono in vivo, che hanno già avuto una capacità relativamente limitata di valutare uccisione di obiettivi multipli che presentano diverse concentrazioni e diversi tipi di epitopi peptidici, che è necessario per consentire parametri qualitativi quali avidity funzionale e la variante epitopi cross-reattività da valutare. Questi test inoltre non forniscono alcuna informazione sui cellulari mediate risposte T CD4 +. Per superare molte delle limitazioni con metodi attualmente utilizzati per valutare le risposte delle cellule T, abbiamo recentemente sviluppato un saggio multiplex basato su array fluorescenti bersaglio (ALS), che permette il controllo delle risposte delle cellule T contro&gt; 250 cellule bersaglio contemporaneamente in un animale da citometria a flusso 1, 2. Accordi di libero scambio sono costituiti da linfociti marcati con SEVLe concentrazioni rali e combinazioni di coloranti vitali come CFSE, CTV e CPD permettendo&gt; 250 gruppi di cellule di fluorescenza unico da generare. Poiché queste cellule rimangono vitali e completamente funzionale, possono essere iniettati in animali per consentire il monitoraggio della loro interazione con le cellule T effettrici in vivo 3. Ad esempio, i gruppi di cellule FTA possono essere pulsate con peptidi MHC di classe I-binding per consentire la valutazione di antigene-specifica uccisione CTL mediata delle cellule bersaglio 1. Inoltre, i gruppi di cellule FTA possono essere pulsate con peptidi MHC di classe II-legame, che permetta di valutare antigene specifico per le cellule T helper (T H) L&#39;attività valutando attivazione (mediante la valutazione dei marcatori di attivazione quali CD69, CD44 e / o CD62L) delle cellule B all&#39;interno della zona di libero scambio recanti peptide cognate 2. Da più di 250 obiettivi possono essere rilevati simultaneamente, è possibile misurare le risposte CTL e T H contro molti gruppi di cellule bersaglio pulsate con npeptidi umerous a diverse concentrazioni e l&#39;inclusione di molti replicati. Il test FTA prevede pertanto un livello senza precedenti di T effettrici delle cellule valutazione della risposta in vivo. Qui si descrive in dettaglio la costruzione di un FTA e mostrare come possono essere applicati a valutare le risposte delle cellule T in vivo. La procedura descrive la costruzione di un FTA composto di 252 gruppi di cellule distinguibili attraverso l&#39;uso di tre coloranti vitali, composti da 6 ripetizioni di 42 gruppi di cellule pulsate con MHC di classe I e II peptidi leganti. L&#39;etichettatura dei 42 gruppi di cellule avviene in 10 ml a fondo conico tubi ed è utile per fissare questi fuori in un rack tubo, come indicato nella Tabella 1. Questo metodo può essere regolata per piccoli numeri di cluster distinguibili come richiesto riducendo la quantità di etichettatura di ciascun colorante eseguita 1. Si evidenzia l&#39;utilità del test, mostrando come si può misurare responses generati da ricombinante vaccinazione pox virus contro diversi epitopi in una piccola coorte di topi. Questo mostra come il test FTA può essere utilizzato per misurare le risposte cumulative e avidità funzionale attraverso, rispettivamente, l&#39;uso di area sotto la curva (AUC) valutazioni e misurare la concentrazione di peptide efficace necessaria per generare risposte massime mezzo (EC 50).

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			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:216px;">RPMI</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">R8758</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:216px;">Fetal calf serum</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Serana</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">FCS-500</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:216px;">CTV</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C34557</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:216px;">CFDA, SE</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C1157</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
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		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:216px;">CPD</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">eBioscience</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">65-0840-90</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
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			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:216px;">anti-B220 PerCp-Cy5.5</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">eBioscience</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">110730</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
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			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:216px;">anti-CD69 brilliant violet 605</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Biolegend</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">104529</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
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		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:216px;">PKH-26</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">PKH26GL-1KT</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">EQUIPMENT:</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:216px;">Material Name</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalogue Number</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Comments (optional)</td>
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		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:216px;">Vortex</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Scientific Industries Inc&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:216px;">Centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:216px;">Flow cytometer (Fortessa or equivalent with blue, red and violet laser source)</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">BD Bioscience</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
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the use of fluorescent target arrays for assessment of t cell responses in vivo

La capacità di monitorare le risposte delle cellule T in vivo è importante per lo sviluppo della nostra comprensione della risposta immunitaria e la progettazione di immunoterapie. Qui si descrive l&#39;uso della tecnologia matrice di destinazione fluorescente (FTA), che utilizza coloranti vitali come ester carbossifluoresceina succinimidyl (CFSE), laser viola coloranti eccitabili (CellTrace Violet: CTV) e laser rosso coloranti eccitabili (Cell Proliferation Dye eFluor 670: CPD ) per combinatorialmente linfociti del mouse etichette in&gt; 250 distinguibili gruppi di cellule fluorescenti. Gruppi di cellule all&#39;interno di questi ALS possono essere pulsate con maggiore di istocompatibilità (MHC) di classe I e MHC classe II-peptidi leganti e quindi agiscono come cellule bersaglio per CD8 + e CD4 +, rispettivamente. Queste cellule FTA rimangono vitali e pienamente funzionale, e possono quindi essere somministrati in topi per consentire la valutazione della CD8 + T uccisione cellulo-mediata delle cellule bersaglio FTA e CD4 + T hel cell-meditatap delle cellule bersaglio cellule FTA B in tempo reale in vivo mediante citometria a flusso. Da&gt; 250 cellule bersaglio possono essere valutati in una volta, la tecnica consente di monitorare risposte delle cellule T contro diversi epitopi antigenici in diverse concentrazioni e in più replicati. Come tale, la tecnica può misurare le risposte delle cellule T sia un quantitativo (ad esempio la grandezza cumulativo della risposta) e qualitativa (ad es. Avidità funzionale e epitopo-cross reattività della risposta) livello. Qui, descriviamo come tali ALS sono costruiti e danno un esempio di come possono essere applicati per valutare le risposte delle cellule T indotta da un vaccino pox virus ricombinante.

Come esempio dell&#39;uso del test FTA, un topo BALB / c è stato immunizzato con il virus vaccinia ricombinante (VV) esprimere epitopi di HIV-I (VV-HIV) e le risposte alle epitopi di HIV-I CTL, Gag, mut Gag, Env e Pol, il VV CTL epitopi F2L e F2L mut, e l&#39;epitopo cellule HIV-I T H, Gag Th (come descritto al punto 2), sono stati valutati utilizzando un parametro di 252 FTA test (Figura 1B). Varianti epitopo Gag (mut Gag) e F2L (F2L MUT) non sono espressi nel vettore VV-HIV e qu...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Use of Fluorescent Target Arrays for Assessment of T Cell Responses In vivo at JoVE.com

The Use of Fluorescent Target Arrays for Assessment of T Cell Responses In vivo

La capacità di monitorare le risposte delle cellule T in dettaglio in vivo è importante per lo sviluppo della nostra comprensione della risposta immunitaria. Qui si descrive l&#39;uso di array di destinazione fluorescenti (ALS) in un test in vivo di cellule T in che valuta&gt; 250 parametri contemporaneamente mediante citometria a flusso.

L&#39;uso di fluorescenti target matrici per la valutazione delle cellule T risposte<em&gt; In vivo</em

The ability to monitor T cell responses in vivo is important for the development of our understanding of the immune response and the design of ...

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Immunology and Infection

The Use of Fluorescent Target Arrays for Assessment of T Cell Responses In vivo

14.3K Views.  Australian National University.  La capacità di monitorare le risposte delle cellule T in dettaglio in vivo è importante per lo sviluppo della nostra comprensione della risposta immunitaria. Qui si descrive l'uso di array di destinazione fluorescenti (ALS) in un test in vivo di cellule T in che valuta> 250 parametri contemporaneamente mediante citometria a flusso. 

Video: The Use of Fluorescent Target Arrays for Assessment of T Cell Responses In vivo

Retroviral Transduction of T-cell Receptors in Mouse T-cells

T-cell receptors (TCRs) play a central role in the immune system. TCRs on T-cell surfaces can specifically recognize peptide antigens presented by antigen presenting cells (APCs)1. This recognition leads to the activation of T-cells and a series of functional outcomes (e.g. cytokine production, killing of the target cells). Understanding the functional role of TCRs is critical to harness the power of the immune system to treat a variety of immunology related diseases (e.g. cancer or autoimmunity).
It is convenient to study TCRs in mouse models, which can be accomplished in several ways. Making TCR transgenic mouse models is costly and time-consuming and currently there are only a limited number of them available2-4. Alternatively, mice with antigen-specific T-cells can be generated by bone marrow chimera. This method also takes several weeks and requires expertise5. Retroviral transduction of TCRs into in vitro activated mouse T-cells is a quick and relatively easy method to obtain T-cells of desired peptide-MHC specificity. Antigen-specific T-cells can be generated in one week and used in any downstream applications. Studying transduced T-cells also has direct application to human immunotherapy, as adoptive transfer of human T-cells transduced with antigen-specific TCRs is an emerging strategy for cancer treatment6.
Here we present a protocol to retrovirally transduce TCRs into in vitro activated mouse T-cells. Both human and mouse TCR genes can be used. Retroviruses carrying specific TCR genes are generated and used to infect mouse T-cells activated with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies. After in vitro expansion, transduced T-cells are analyzed by flow cytometry.

We present a protocol to produce antigen-specific mouse T-cells using retroviral transduction

Trasduzione retrovirale di recettori delle cellule T nel topo le cellule T

T-cell receptors (TCRs) play a central role in the immune system. TCRs on T-cell surfaces can specifically recognize peptide antigens presented by antigen ...

Ricerca

Immunologia e infezioni

Preparation and Use of HIV-1 Infected Primary CD4+ T-Cells as Target Cells in Natural Killer Cell Cytotoxic Assays

Natural killer (NK) cells are a vital component of the innate immune response to virus-infected cells. It is important to understand the ability of NK cells to recognize and lyse HIV-1 infected cells because identifying any aberrancy in NK cell function against HIV-infected cells could potentially lead to therapies that would enhance their cytolytic activity. There is a need to use HIV-infected primary T-cell blasts as target cells rather then infected-T-cell lines in the cytotoxicity assays. T-cell lines, even without infection, are quite susceptible to NK cell lysis. Furthermore, it is necessary to use autologous primary cells to prevent major histocompatibility complex class I mismatches between the target and effector cell that will result in lysis. Early studies evaluating NK cell cytolytic responses to primary HIV-infected cells failed to show significant killing of the infected cells 1,2. However, using HIV-1 infected primary T-cells as target cells in NK cell functional assays has been difficult due the presence of contaminating uninfected cells 3. This inconsistent infected cell to uninfected cell ratio will result in variation in NK cell killing between samples that may not be due to variability in donor NK cell function. Thus, it would be beneficial to work with a purified infected cell population in order to standardize the effector to target cell ratios between experiments 3,4. Here we demonstrate the isolation of a highly purified population of HIV-1 infected cells by taking advantage of HIV-1's ability to down-modulate CD4 on infected cells and the availability of commercial kits to remove dead or dying cells 3-6. The purified infected primary T-cell blasts can then be used as targets in either a degranulation or cytotoxic assay with purified NK cells as the effector population 5-7. Use of NK cells as effectors in a degranulation assay evaluates the ability of an NK cell to release the lytic contents of specialized lysosomes 8 called "cytolytic granules". By staining with a fluorochrome conjugated antibody against CD107a, a lysosomal membrane protein that becomes expressed on the NK cell surface when the cytolytic granules fuse to the plasma membrane, we can determine what percentage of NK cells degranulate in response to target cell recognition. Alternatively, NK cell lytic activity can be evaluated in a cytotoxic assay that allows for the determination of the percentage of target cells lysed by release of 51Cr from within the target cell in the presence of NK cells.

Cytotoxicity assays to measure natural killer cell lytic responses to HIV-infected cells is limited by the purity of the target cells. We demonstrate here the isolation of a highly purified population of HIV-1 infected primary T-cell blasts by taking advantage of HIV-1 s ability to down-modulate CD4.

Preparazione e utilizzo di HIV-1 CD4 infetti primaria + T-Cells come cellule bersaglio nei test di cellule Natural Killer citotossici

 Natural killer (NK) cells are a vital component of the innate immune response to virus-infected cells. It is important to understand the ability of NK ...

Introducing Shear Stress in the Study of Bacterial Adhesion

During bacterial infections a sequence of interactions occur between the pathogen and its host. Bacterial adhesion to the host cell surface is often the initial and determining step of the pathogenesis. Although experimentally adhesion is mostly studied in static conditions adhesion actually takes place in the presence of flowing liquid. First encounters between bacteria and their host often occur at the mucosal level, mouth, lung, gut, eye, etc. where mucus flows along the surface of epithelial cells. Later in infection, pathogens occasionally access the blood circulation causing life-threatening illnesses such as septicemia, sepsis and meningitis. A defining feature of these infections is the ability of these pathogens to interact with endothelial cells in presence of circulating blood. The presence of flowing liquid, mucus or blood for instance, determines adhesion because it generates a mechanical force on the pathogen. To characterize the effect of flowing liquid one usually refers to the notion of shear stress, which is the tangential force exerted per unit area by a fluid moving near a stationary wall, expressed in dynes/cm2. Intensities of shear stress vary widely according to the different vessels type, size, organ, location etc. (0-100 dynes/cm2). Circulation in capillaries can reach very low shear stress values and even temporarily stop during periods ranging between a few seconds to several minutes 1. On the other end of the spectrum shear stress in arterioles can reach 100 dynes/cm2 2. The impact of shear stress on different biological processes has been clearly demonstrated as for instance during the interaction of leukocytes with the endothelium 3. To take into account this mechanical parameter in the process of bacterial adhesion we took advantage of an experimental procedure based on the use of a disposable flow chamber 4. Host cells are grown in the flow chamber and fluorescent bacteria are introduced in the flow controlled by a syringe pump. We initially focused our investigations on the bacterial pathogen Neisseria meningitidis, a Gram-negative bacterium responsible for septicemia and meningitis. The procedure described here allowed us to study the impact of shear stress on the ability of the bacteria to: adhere to cells 1, to proliferate on the cell surface 5and to detach to colonize new sites 6 (Figure 1). Complementary technical information can be found in reference 7. Shear stress values presented here were chosen based on our previous experience1 and to represent values found in the literature. The protocol should be applicable to a wide range of pathogens with specific adjustments depending on the objectives of the study.

During the infection process, a key step is the adhesion of pathogens with host cells. In most instances this adhesion step occurs in the presence of mechanical stress generated by flowing liquid. We describe a technique that introduces shear stress as an important parameter in the study of bacterial adhesion.

L&#39;introduzione di shear stress nello studio di adesione batterica

During bacterial infections a sequence of interactions occur between the pathogen and its host. Bacterial adhesion to the host cell surface is often the ...

Induction of Graft-versus-host Disease and In Vivo T Cell Monitoring Using an MHC-matched Murine Model

Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is the limiting barrier to the broad use of bone marrow transplant as a curative therapy for a variety of hematological deficiencies. GVHD is caused by mature alloreactive T cells present in the bone marrow graft that are infused into the recipient and cause damage to host organs. However, in mice, T cells must be added to the bone marrow inoculum to cause GVHD. Although extensive work has been done to characterize T cell responses post transplant, bioluminescent imaging technology is a non-invasive method to monitor T cell trafficking patterns in vivo. 
Following lethal irradiation, recipient mice are transplanted with bone marrow cells and splenocytes from donor mice. T cell subsets from L2G85.B6 (transgenic mice that constitutively express luciferase) are included in the transplant. By only transplanting certain T cell subsets, one is able to track specific T cell subsets in vivo, and based on their location, develop hypotheses regarding the role of specific T cell subsets in promoting GVHD at various time points. At predetermined intervals post transplant, recipient mice are imaged using a Xenogen IVIS CCD camera. Light intensity can be quantified using Living Image software to generate a pseudo-color image based on photon intensity (red = high intensity, violet = low intensity). 
Between 4-7 days post transplant, recipient mice begin to show clinical signs of GVHD. Cooke et al.1 developed a scoring system to quantitate disease progression based on the recipient mice fur texture, skin integrity, activity, weight loss, and posture. Mice are scored daily, and euthanized when they become moribund. Recipient mice generally become moribund 20-30 days post transplant. 
Murine models are valuable tools for studying the immunology of GVHD. Selectively transplanting particular T cell subsets allows for careful identification of the roles each subset plays. Non-invasively tracking T cell responses in vivo adds another layer of value to murine GVHD models.

Induction of Graft-versus-host Disease and In Vivo T Cell Monitoring Using an MHC-matched Murine Model

Murine bone marrow transplantation is a widely used technique to study immunological mechanisms governing graft-versus-host disease in humans. The ability to monitor T cell trafficking patterns in vivo allows for detailed analysis of the development and perpetuation of T cell responses during graft-versus-host disease.

Induzione di Graft-versus-host disease e<em&gt; In Vivo</em&gt; T monitoraggio cellulare Utilizzando un MHC-abbinato modello murino

Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is the limiting barrier to the broad use of bone marrow transplant as a curative therapy for a variety of hematological ...

Transplantation of Tail Skin to Study Allogeneic CD4 T Cell Responses in Mice

The study of T cell responses and their consequences during allo-antigen recognition requires a model that enables one to distinguish between donor and host T cells, to easily monitor the graft, and to adapt the system in order to answer different immunological questions. Medawar and colleagues established allogeneic tail-skin transplantation in mice in 1955. Since then, the skin transplantation model has been continuously modified and adapted to answer specific questions. The use of tail-skin renders this model easy to score for graft rejection, requires neither extensive preparation nor deep anesthesia, is applicable to animals of all genetic background, discourages ischemic necrosis, and permits chemical and biological intervention. 
In general, both CD4+ and CD8+ allogeneic T cells are responsible for the rejection of allografts since they recognize mismatched major histocompatibility antigens from different mouse strains. Several models have been described for activating allogeneic T cells in skin-transplanted mice. The identification of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II molecules in different mouse strains including C57BL/6 mice was an important step toward understanding and studying T cell-mediated alloresponses. In the tail-skin transplantation model described here, a three-point mutation (I-Abm12) in the antigen-presenting groove of the MHC-class II (I-Ab) molecule is sufficient to induce strong allogeneic CD4+ T cell activation in C57BL/6 mice. Skin grafts from I-Abm12 mice on C57BL/6 mice are rejected within 12-15 days, while syngeneic grafts are accepted for up to 100 days. The absence of T cells (CD3-/- and Rag2-/- mice) allows skin graft acceptance up to 100 days, which can be overcome by transferring 2 x 104 wild type or transgenic T cells. Adoptively transferred T cells proliferate and produce IFN-&#947; in I-Abm12-transplanted Rag2-/- mice.

Tail-skin transplantation is a powerful model for studying T cell-dependent rejection and tolerance induction during allogeneic immune responses in mice. The advantages of this protocol are minor invasive surgery, and ease of monitoring with no need to sacrifice the recipient mouse.

Il trapianto di coda della pelle per studiare allogenico di cellule T CD4 risposte in topi

The study of T cell responses and their consequences during allo-antigen recognition requires a model that enables one to distinguish between donor and ...

In Vitro and In Vivo Assessment of T, B and Myeloid Cells Suppressive Activity and Humoral Responses from Transplant Recipients

The main concern in transplantation is to achieve specific tolerance through induction of regulatory cells. The understanding of tolerance mechanisms requires reliable models. Here, we describe models of tolerance to cardiac allograft in rat, induced by blockade of costimulation signals or by upregulation of immunoregulatory molecules through gene transfer. Each of these models allowed in vivo generation of regulatory cells such as regulatory T cells (Tregs), regulatory B cells (Bregs) or regulatory myeloid cells (RegMCs). In this manuscript, we describe two complementary protocols that have been used to identify and define in vitro and in vivo regulatory cell activity to determine their responsibility in tolerance induction and maintenance. First, an in vitro suppressive assay allowed rapid identification of cells with suppressive capacity on effector immune responses in a dose dependent manner, and can be used for further analysis such as cytokine measurement or cytotoxicity. Second, the adoptive transfer of cells from a tolerant treated recipient to a newly irradiated grafted recipient, highlighted the tolerogenic properties of these cells in controlling graft directed immune responses and/or converting new regulatory cells (termed infectious tolerance). These methods are not restricted to cells with known phenotypic markers and can be extended to any cell population. Furthermore, donor directed allospecificity of regulatory cells (an important goal in the field) can be assessed by using third party donor cells or graft either in vitro or in vivo. Finally, to determine the specific tolerogenic capacity of these regulatory cells, we provide protocols to assess the humoral anti-donor antibody responses and the capacity of the recipient to develop humoral responses against new or former known antigens. The models of tolerance described can be used to further characterize regulatory cells, to identify new biomarkers, and immunoregulatory molecules, and are adaptable to other transplantation models or autoimmune diseases in rodent or human.

In Vitro and In Vivo Assessment of T, B and Myeloid Cells Suppressive Activity and Humoral Responses from Transplant Recipients

Here, we present a protocol to induce tolerance in transplantation, and assess in vitro and in vivo the suppressive capacity of distinct cell subsets from the recipient and the immune status of the recipient toward donor or exogenous antigens.

In Vitro e In Vivo valutazione della attività soppressiva T, B e cellule mieloidi e risposte umorali dai destinatari del trapianto

The main concern in transplantation is to achieve specific tolerance through induction of regulatory cells. The understanding of tolerance mechanisms ...

In Vivo Assay for Detection of Antigen-specific T-cell Cytolytic Function Using a Vaccination Model

Current methodologies for antigen-specific killing are limited to in vitro use or utilized in infectious disease models. However, there is not a protocol specifically intended to measure antigen-specific killing without an infection. This protocol is designed and describes methods to overcome these limitations by allowing for the detection of antigen-specific killing of a target cell by CD8+ T cells in vivo. This is accomplished by merging a vaccination model with a traditional CFSE-labeled target killing assay. This combination allows the researcher to assess the antigen-specific CTL potential directly and quickly as the assay is not dependent upon tumor growth or infection. In addition, the readout is based on flow cytometry and so should be readily accessible to most researchers. The major limitation of the study is identifying the timeline in vivo that is appropriate to the hypothesis being tested. Variations in antigen strength and mutations in the T cells that may result in differential cytolytic function need to be carefully assessed to determine the optimal time for cell harvest and assessment. The appropriate concentration of peptide for vaccination has been optimized for hgp10025-33 and OVA257-264, but further validation would be needed for other peptides that may be more appropriate to a given study. Overall, this protocol allows a quick assessment of killing function in vivo and can be adapted to any given antigen.

In Vivo Assay for Detection of Antigen-specific T-cell Cytolytic Function Using a Vaccination Model

The goal of this protocol is to allow for detection of in vivo antigen-specific killing of a target cell in a murine model.

In Vivo Test per la determinazione della funzione citolitica di cellule T antigene-specifiche utilizzando un modello di vaccinazione

Current methodologies for antigen-specific killing are limited to in vitro use or utilized in infectious disease models. However, there is not a protocol ...

Isolation of Salmonella typhimurium-containing Phagosomes from Macrophages

Salmonella typhimurium is a facultative intracellular bacterium that causes gastroenteritis in humans. After invasion of the lamina propria, S. typhimurium bacteria are quickly detected and phagocytized by macrophages, and contained in vesicles known as phagosomes in order to be degraded. Isolation of S. typhimurium-containing phagosomes have been widely used to study how S. typhimurium infection alters the process of phagosome maturation to prevent bacterial degradation. Classically, the isolation of bacteria-containing phagosomes has been performed by sucrose gradient centrifugation. However, this process is time-consuming, and requires specialized equipment and a certain degree of dexterity. Described here is a simple and quick method for the isolation of S. typhimurium-containing phagosomes from macrophages by coating the bacteria with biotin-streptavidin-conjugated magnetic beads. Phagosomes obtained by this method can be suspended in any buffer of choice, allowing the utilization of isolated phagosomes for a broad range of assays, such as protein, metabolite, and lipid analysis. In summary, this method for the isolation of S. typhimurium-containing phagosomes is specific, efficient, rapid, requires minimum equipment, and is more versatile than the classical method of isolation by sucrose gradient-ultracentrifugation.

Isolation of Salmonella typhimurium-containing Phagosomes from Macrophages

We describe here a simple and quick method for the isolation of Salmonella typhimurium-containing phagosomes from macrophages by coating the bacteria with biotin and streptavidin.

Isolamento di Salmonella typhimurium-contenente fagosomi dai macrofagi

Salmonella typhimurium is a facultative intracellular bacterium that causes gastroenteritis in humans. After invasion of the lamina propria, S. ...

A Suction Blister Protocol to Study Human T-cell Recall Responses In Vivo

Cutaneous antigen-recall models allow for studies of human memory responses in vivo. When combined with skin suction blister (SB) induction, this model offers accessibility to rare populations of antigen-specific T-cells representative of the cellular memory response as well as the cytokine microenvironment in situ.
This report describes the practical procedure of a cutaneous recall, an SB induction, and a harvest of antigen-specific T-cells. To exemplify the method, the tuberculin skin test is used for antigenic recall in individuals who, prior to this study, underwent a Bacillus Calmette-Gu&#233;rin vaccination against an infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Finally, examples of multiplex and flow cytometric analyses of SB specimens are provided, illustrating high fractions of antigen-specific polyfunctional CD4+ T-cells available by this sampling method compared with cells isolated from the blood.
The method described here is safe and minimally invasive, provides a unique opportunity to study both innate and adaptive immune responses in vivo, and may be beneficial to a broad community of researchers working with cell-mediated immunity and human memory responses, in the context of vaccine development.

A Suction Blister Protocol to Study Human T-cell Recall Responses In Vivo

Here, we provide a demonstration of the suction blister cutaneous recall model. The model allows a simple access to study human in vivo adaptive immune responses, for instance in the context of vaccine development.

Un protocollo di aspirazione Blister per studiare T-cellula umana richiamo Responses In Vivo

Cutaneous antigen-recall models allow for studies of human memory responses in vivo. When combined with skin suction blister (SB) induction, this model ...

Evaluation of Zika Virus-specific T-cell Responses in Immunoprivileged Organs of Infected Ifnar1-/- Mice

The Zika virus (ZIKV) can induce inflammation in immunoprivileged organs (e.g., the brain and testis), leading to the Guillain-Barr&#233; syndrome and damaging the testes. During an infection with the ZIKV, immune cells have been shown to infiltrate into the tissues. However, the cellular mechanisms that define the protection and/or immunopathogenesis of these immune cells during a ZIKV infection are still largely unknown. Herein, we describe methods to evaluate the virus-specific T-cell functionality in these immunoprivileged organs of ZIKV-infected mice. These methods include a) a ZIKV infection and vaccine inoculation in Ifnar1-/- mice; b) histopathology, immunofluorescence, and immunohistochemistry assays to detect the virus infection and inflammation in the brain, testes, and spleen; c) the preparation of a tetramer of ZIKV-derived T-cell epitopes; d) the detection of ZIKV-specific T cells in the monocytes isolated from the brain, testes, and spleen. Using these approaches, it is possible to detect the antigen-specific T cells that have infiltrated into the immunoprivileged organs and to evaluate the functions of these T cells during the infection: potential immune protection via virus clearance and/or immunopathogenesis to exacerbate the inflammation. These findings may also help to clarify the contribution of T cells induced by the immunization against ZIKV.

Evaluation of Zika Virus-specific T-cell Responses in Immunoprivileged Organs of Infected Ifnar1-/- Mice

A protocol to evaluate antigen-specific T-cell responses in the immunoprivileged organs of the Ifnar1-/- murine model for the Zika virus (ZIKV) infection is described. This method is pivotal for investigating the cellular mechanisms of the protection and immunopathogenesis of ZIKV vaccines and is also valuable for their efficacy evaluation.

Valutazione delle risposte a cellula T Zika Virus-specifici in organi di nuova di Ifnar1 infetti- / - Mice

The Zika virus (ZIKV) can induce inflammation in immunoprivileged organs (e.g., the brain and testis), leading to the Guillain-Barr&#233; syndrome and ...