We thank Dr. Zaffar Haque for careful reading of the manuscript. We thank Drs. Masaharu Kataoka and Gengze Wu for discussions and help. Work in the Wang lab is supported by the American Heart Association, Muscular Dystrophy Association, and NIH (HL085635, HL116919, HL125925).

<ol>
	<li>Primrose, S. B., Twyman, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Principles of gene manipulation and genomics. , (2013).</li><li>Doudna, J. A., Charpentier, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+new+frontier+of+genome+engineering+with+CRISPR-Cas9.">The new frontier of genome engineering with CRISPR-Cas9.</a> Science. 346, 1258096 (2014).</li><li>Gaj, T., Gersbach, C. A., Barbas, C. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ZFN,+TALEN,+and+CRISPR/Cas-based+methods+for+genome+engineering.">ZFN, TALEN, and CRISPR/Cas-based methods for genome engineering.</a> Trends Biotechnol. 31, 397-405 (2013).</li><li>Hsu, P. D., Lander, E. S., Zhang, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+and+applications+of+CRISPR-Cas9+for+genome+engineering.">Development and applications of CRISPR-Cas9 for genome engineering.</a> Cell. 157, 1262-1278 (2014).</li><li>Sander, J. D., Joung, J. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CRISPR-Cas+systems+for+editing,+regulating+and+targeting+genomes.">CRISPR-Cas systems for editing, regulating and targeting genomes.</a> Nat. Biotechnol. 32, 347-355 (2014).</li><li>Szulc, J., Wiznerowicz, M., Sauvain, M. -. O., Trono, D., Aebischer, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+versatile+tool+for+conditional+gene+expression+and+knockdown.">A versatile tool for conditional gene expression and knockdown.</a> Nat. Methods. 3, 109-116 (2006).</li><li>Nimesh, S., Halappanavar, S., Kaushik, N. K., Kumar, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Advances+in+Gene+Delivery+Systems.">Advances in Gene Delivery Systems.</a> BioMed Res. Int. 2015, 610342 (2015).</li><li>Kamimura, K., Suda, T., Zhang, G., Liu, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Advances+in+gene+delivery+systems.">Advances in gene delivery systems.</a> Pharm. Med. 25, 293-306 (2011).</li><li>Thomas, C. E., Ehrhardt, A., Kay, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Progress+and+problems+with+the+use+of+viral+vectors+for+gene+therapy.">Progress and problems with the use of viral vectors for gene therapy.</a> Nat. Rev. Genet. 4, 346-358 (2003).</li><li>Giacca, M., Zacchigna, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Virus-mediated+gene+delivery+for+human+gene+therapy.">Virus-mediated gene delivery for human gene therapy.</a> J. Control Release. 161, 377-388 (2012).</li><li>Witlox, M., Lamfers, M., Wuisman, P., Curiel, D., Siegal, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evolving+gene+therapy+approaches+for+osteosarcoma+using+viral+vectors:+review.">Evolving gene therapy approaches for osteosarcoma using viral vectors: review.</a> Bone. 40, 797-812 (2007).</li><li>De Miguel, M. P., Cheng, L., Holland, E. C., Federspiel, M. J., Donovan, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dissection+of+the+c-Kit+signaling+pathway+in+mouse+primordial+germ+cells+by+retroviral-mediated+gene+transfer.">Dissection of the c-Kit signaling pathway in mouse primordial germ cells by retroviral-mediated gene transfer.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 99, 10458-10463 (2002).</li><li>Nagano, M., Shinohara, T., Avarbock, M. R., Brinster, R. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retrovirus-mediated+gene+delivery+into+male+germ+line+stem+cells.">Retrovirus-mediated gene delivery into male germ line stem cells.</a> FEBS Lett. 475, 7-10 (2000).</li><li>Scharfmann, R., Axelrod, J. H., Verma, I. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-term+in+vivo+expression+of+retrovirus-mediated+gene+transfer+in+mouse+fibroblast+implants.">Long-term in vivo expression of retrovirus-mediated gene transfer in mouse fibroblast implants.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 88, 4626-4630 (1991).</li><li>Katz, R. A., Greger, J. G., Skalka, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+cell+cycle+status+on+early+events+in+retroviral+replication.">Effects of cell cycle status on early events in retroviral replication.</a> J. Cell. Biochem. 94, 880-889 (2005).</li><li>Escors, D., Breckpot, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lentiviral+vectors+in+gene+therapy:+their+current+status+and+future+potential.">Lentiviral vectors in gene therapy: their current status and future potential.</a> Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp. 58, 107-119 (2010).</li><li>M&#225;trai, J., Chuah, M. K., VandenDriessche, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recent+advances+in+lentiviral+vector+development+and+applications.">Recent advances in lentiviral vector development and applications.</a> Mol. Ther. 18, 477-490 (2010).</li><li>Miyazaki, Y., Miyake, A., Nomaguchi, M., Adachi, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structural+dynamics+of+retroviral+genome+and+the+packaging.">Structural dynamics of retroviral genome and the packaging.</a> Front. Microbiol. 2, 1-9 (2011).</li><li>Douglas, J. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adenovirus-Mediated+Gene+Delivery.">Adenovirus-Mediated Gene Delivery.</a> Gene Delivery to Mammalian Cells: Volume 2: Viral Gene Transfer Techniques. , 3-14 (2004).</li><li>Armend&#225;riz-Borunda, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Production+of+first+generation+adenoviral+vectors+for+preclinical+protocols:+amplification,+purification+and+functional+titration.">Production of first generation adenoviral vectors for preclinical protocols: amplification, purification and functional titration.</a> J. Biosci. Bioeng. 112, 415-421 (2011).</li><li>Snyder, R. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adeno-associated+virus-mediated+gene+delivery.">Adeno-associated virus-mediated gene delivery.</a> J Gene Med. 1, 166-175 (1999).</li><li>Samulski, R. J., Muzyczka, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=AAV-mediated+gene+therapy+for+research+and+therapeutic+purposes.">AAV-mediated gene therapy for research and therapeutic purposes.</a> Annu. Rev. Virol. 1, 427-451 (2014).</li><li>Kaplitt, M. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-term+gene+transfer+in+porcine+myocardium+after+coronary+infusion+of+an+adeno-associated+virus+vector.">Long-term gene transfer in porcine myocardium after coronary infusion of an adeno-associated virus vector.</a> Ann. Thorac. Surg. 62, 1669-1676 (1996).</li><li>Kaspar, B. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Myocardial+gene+transfer+and+long-term+expression+following+intracoronary+delivery+of+adeno-associated+virus.">Myocardial gene transfer and long-term expression following intracoronary delivery of adeno-associated virus.</a> J. Gene. Med. 7, 316-324 (2005).</li><li>Ding, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Trbp+regulates+heart+function+through+microRNA-mediated+Sox6+repression.">Trbp regulates heart function through microRNA-mediated Sox6 repression.</a> Nat. Genet. 47, 776-783 (2015).</li><li>Lin, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cardiac-specific+YAP+activation+improves+cardiac+function+and+survival+in+an+experimental+murine+MI+model.">Cardiac-specific YAP activation improves cardiac function and survival in an experimental murine MI model.</a> Circ. Res. 115, 354-363 (2014).</li><li>Wahlquist, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inhibition+of+miR-25+improves+cardiac+contractility+in+the+failing+heart.">Inhibition of miR-25 improves cardiac contractility in the failing heart.</a> Nature. 508, 531-535 (2014).</li><li>Carroll, K. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+mouse+model+for+adult+cardiac-specific+gene+deletion+with+CRISPR/Cas9.">A mouse model for adult cardiac-specific gene deletion with CRISPR/Cas9.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 113, 338-343 (2016).</li><li>Jiang, J., Wakimoto, H., Seidman, J., Seidman, C. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Allele-specific+silencing+of+mutant+Myh6+transcripts+in+mice+suppresses+hypertrophic+cardiomyopathy.">Allele-specific silencing of mutant Myh6 transcripts in mice suppresses hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.</a> Science. 342, 111-114 (2013).</li><li>Gibson, D. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enzymatic+assembly+of+DNA+molecules+up+to+several+hundred+kilobases.">Enzymatic assembly of DNA molecules up to several hundred kilobases.</a> Nat. Methods. 6, 343-345 (2009).</li><li>Rychlik, W., Spencer, W., Rhoads, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimization+of+the+annealing+temperature+for+DNA+amplification+in+vitro.">Optimization of the annealing temperature for DNA amplification in vitro.</a> Nucleic Acids Res. 18, 6409-6412 (1990).</li><li>Allocca, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Serotype-dependent+packaging+of+large+genes+in+adeno-associated+viral+vectors+results+in+effective+gene+delivery+in+mice.">Serotype-dependent packaging of large genes in adeno-associated viral vectors results in effective gene delivery in mice.</a> J. Clin. Invest. 118, 1955-1964 (2008).</li><li>Wu, Z., Yang, H., Colosi, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+genome+size+on+AAV+vector+packaging.">Effect of genome size on AAV vector packaging.</a> Mol. Ther. 18, 80-86 (2010).</li><li>Li, J., Sun, W., Wang, B., Xiao, X., Liu, X. -. Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protein+trans-splicing+as+a+means+for+viral+vector-mediated+in+vivo+gene+therapy.">Protein trans-splicing as a means for viral vector-mediated in vivo gene therapy.</a> Hum. Gene Ther. 19, 958-964 (2008).</li><li>Piras, B. A., O'Connor, D. M., French, B. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Systemic+delivery+of+shRNA+by+AAV9+provides+highly+efficient+knockdown+of+ubiquitously+expressed+GFP+in+mouse+heart,+but+not+liver.">Systemic delivery of shRNA by AAV9 provides highly efficient knockdown of ubiquitously expressed GFP in mouse heart, but not liver.</a> PLoS One. 8, e75894 (2013).</li><li>Lovric, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Terminal+differentiation+of+cardiac+and+skeletal+myocytes+induces+permissivity+to+AAV+transduction+by+relieving+inhibition+imposed+by+DNA+damage+response+proteins.">Terminal differentiation of cardiac and skeletal myocytes induces permissivity to AAV transduction by relieving inhibition imposed by DNA damage response proteins.</a> Mol. Ther. 20, 2087-2097 (2012).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

חשוב למזער רקומבינציה ITR הרצויה במהלך בניית פלסמיד. לפני יצירת הווירוס, אחד חייב תמיד לפקח על שלמות ITR של פלסמידים AAV באמצעות עיכול הגבלה ו ג&#39;ל אלקטרופורזה agarose. אי אפשר להשיג 100% פלסמידים ללא פגע, אך יחס רקומבינציה יש לצמצם ככל האפשר. פחות מ -20% מקובלים לאריזת rAAV9 מוצלחת...

A correction was made to the Authors section in: <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/video/54787">Preparation of rAAV9 to Overexpress or Knockdown Genes in Mouse Hearts</a>.
One of the authors names and affiliation was corrected from:
Jian-Ming Jiang3,4 
3 Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School 
4 Howard Hughes Medical Institute
to:
Jianming Jiang5 
5 Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore

A correction was made to the Authors section in: <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/video/54787">Preparation of rAAV9 to Overexpress or Knockdown Genes in Mouse Hearts</a>.

Erratum: Preparation of rAAV9 to Overexpress or Knockdown Genes in Mouse Hearts

שליטת ביטוי או פעילות של גנים ספציפיים במערכות ביולוגיות שונות הפכה אסטרטגיה יקרה בחקר גן הפונקציה 1. אמצעי ישיר יותר לביצוע מטרה זו היא לתפעל רצפי נוקליאוטידים וליצור אללים מוטנטים. למרות ביצוע שינויים מדויקים, ממוקד הגנום של תא חי הוא עדיין זמן רב ותרגול עתיר עבודה, פיתוח כלי Talen ו Crispr / Cas9 עצמת פתחת עידן חדש של עריכת הגנום 2-5. שיטת מעבדה שיגרתית יותר למניפולציות גן התמקדה הנהגת חומרים הגנטי (DNAs ו RNAs המכיל רצפי קידוד או siRNAs / shRNAs) לתוך התאים לבטא או מציאת הגן (ים) של עניין 1,6. במקרים רבים, צוואר הבקבוק העיקרי עבור מניפולצית גן הוא המשלוח של DNA, RNA, או חלבון לתוך התאים. בכל הקשור ללימודי חוץ גופית, transfecti ביותרעל מערכות הוקמו שורות תאים בתרבית רבות. עם זאת, במודל העכבר בפרט, למסירת גן vivo ב היא אתגר גדול יותר. יש סדרה של מחסומי חוּץ ו תאיים שצריכים לעקוף אותו כדי להשיג ספיגת הסלולר יעילה של חומרים כימיים אקסוגניים. מכשולים נוספים כוללים את האישור המהיר משך הקצרה של 7,8 חומרים הנמסרים. אסטרטגיה אחת לעקוף בעיות אלה היא להשתמש וקטורים ויראליים כמו &quot;ספקים&quot; או &quot;כלי רכב&quot; למסירת גן vivo. המאפיינים התמרה טבעי- התפתחו של וירוסים לאפשר אספקה יעילה של הגן של עניין לתאים 7,9,10. סוגים רבים של וקטורים ויראליים פותחו ולאפשר גמישות מניפולציה גן vivo בסוגי תאים שונים ואיברים בעכברים. המערכות ויראלי הנפוץ ביותר בשימוש כוללים רטרו-וירוס, Lentivirus, Adenovirus, ו-associated virus Adeno (AAV) <sעד&gt; 11. רטרווירוסים הם וירוסי RNA חד-גדילים ויכולים להציג חומר הגנטי שלהם לגנום התא המארח באופן יציב במהלך חלוקת mitotic, מתן פוטנציאל הביטוי לאורך כל חייהם של גני transduced בתאי המטרה והאיברים 12-14. עם זאת, סוגים רבים של רטרווירוסים רק להדביק חלוקת תאים, והיעילות שלהם בתאים שאינם מתחלקים מאוד נמוכה 15. זה מגביל השירות שלהם למסירת גן. Lentivirus הוא סוג של משפחה Retroviridae. שונה רטרווירוסים אחרים, Lentivirus יכול להדביק שני התאים המתחלקים ולא להתחלק כבר בשימוש נרחב עבור העברת גנים לתוך-mitotic פוסט ותאי-מובחנים מאוד 16. מחזור החיים של Lentivirus כרוך גם שילוב של DNA וקטור לתוך הגנום המארח. לפיכך, למסירה גן Lentivirus בתיווך מאפשרת ביטוי יציב וארוך משך אלמנטים גנטיים transduced 16-18. עם זאת, תכונה זו יכולה לייצג-e כפולחרב dged בשימוש וירוסים אלה כדי לתפעל ביטוי גנים, כמו שילוב של DNA וקטור עלול להוביל mutagenesis insertional בתאים הפונדקאי ויכול לגרום לתופעות artefactual. Adenovirus הוא בשימוש נרחב אחר מערכת למסירת הגן. בניגוד רטרווירוסים ו lentiviruses, adenoviruses הם שאינם משולבים ואינם מפריעים שלמות הגנומי של תאים לארח 8,10,11,19. בנוסף, adenoviruses יכול transfect DNA לתוך תאים מסוגים רבים, והזיהום אינו תלוי 19 חלוקת התא פעיל. מאפיין נוסף חשוב של adenoviruses היא הקלות של טיהור וקטור, כמו וקטורים ויראליים יש את היכולת להיות משוכפל 19,20. עם זאת, האזהרה העיקרית של מערכת זו היא כי זיהום Adenovirus יכול לעורר תגובות חיסוניות חזקות בתאי יעד ואיברים 19, הגבלת שימוש בחקירות רבות, במיוחד בלימודי ריפוי גנטי. לעומת אלה מסוג אחרים של וקטורים ויראליים, רקומביננטי Adeno הקשורים וירוס (rAAV) נראה כי מערכת למסירה גן אידיאלי 21,22. הוא מציג immunogenicity מינימלי פתוגניות 23,24. בנוסף, rAAV מדביק מגוון רחב של סוגי תאים, כולל שני המפריד תאים שאינם מתחלקים. ברוב המקרים, rAAV לא להשתלב בגנום המארח; וכך, את הסיכון של שינויים גנטיים או הגנומי רצויים בתאי המטרה הוא 22 נמוך. לאחרונה, מערכות rAAV שימשו בהצלחה עבור משלוח in vivo של חלבונים קידוד DNA, miRNAs, shRNAs, ו Crispr-gRNAs לעכבר הלב שרירים 23,25-29. מתודולוגיה זו יש להקל חקירות יסוד ולימודי ריפוי גנטי בתחום מחקר לב וכלי דם. כאן, הנוהל המפורט ליצור וקטורי rAAV9 ביעילות ביטוי יתר או מציאת הגנים של עניין לבבות עכבר תוארה. הפרוטוקול מספק שיטה פשוטה ויעילה שלמניפולציה ביטוי גנים הלב במודלים ניסיוניים בעכברים.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1175">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:575px;">Polyethylenimine, Linear (MW 25,000)</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">Polysciences, Inc.&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">#23966-2</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:575px;">Tube, Polypropylene, 36.2 mL, 25 x 87 mm, (qty. 56)</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">Beckman Coulter, Inc</td>
			<td style="width:192px;"># 362183</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:575px;">Nuclease, ultrapure</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">SIGMA</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">#E8263-25KU</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:575px;">Density Gradient Medium(Iodixanol)</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">SIGMA</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">#D1556-250ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:575px;">Centrifugal Filter Unit with Ultracel-100 membrane</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">EMD Millipore Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">#UFC910008</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:575px;">Laboratory pipetting needle with 90&#176; blunt ends,gauge 14, L 6 in., nickel plated hub</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">SIGMA</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">#CAD7942-12EA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:575px;">Poloxamer 188 solution (Pluronic&#174; F-68 solution)</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">SIGMA</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">P5556-100ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:575px;">Proteinase K</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">SIGMA</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">3115828001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:575px;">DNase I</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">Roche</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">10104159001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:575px;">Centrifuge machine</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">75004260</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:575px;">Centrifuge System</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">363118</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:575px;">Ultracentrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td style="width:192px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:575px;">DMEM medium</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">SH30243FS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:575px;">Fetal Bovine Serum&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">Atlanta Biologicals&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">S11150</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:575px;">rAAV9 vector</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">Penn Vector Core</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">P1967</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

preparation of raav9 to overexpress or knockdown genes in mouse hearts

שליטה על הביטוי או פעילות של גנים ספציפיים באמצעות משלוח שריר הלב של חומרים גנטיים במודלי Murine מתירה חקירת פונקציות גן. הפוטנציאל הטיפולי שלהם בלב ניתן לקבוע גם. ישנן גישות מוגבלות להתערבות מולקולרית in vivo בלב העכבר. Adeno הקשורים וירוס רקומביננטי (rAAV) הנדסת הגנום מבוססת נוצלה ככלי חיוני מניפולצית גני in vivo לב. היתרונות הספציפיים של טכנולוגיה זו כוללים יעילות גבוהה, סגולי גבוהה, שיעור אינטגרציה הגנומי נמוך, מינימאלית immunogenicity, ו פתוגניות מינימלי. כאן, נוהל מפורט לבנות, חבילה, ולטהר את וקטורי rAAV9 מתואר. הזרקה תת עורית של rAAV9 לתוך גורים בילוד תוצאת ביטוי חזק או מציאה יעילה של הגן (ים) של עניין בלב העכבר, אך לא בכבד וברקמות אחרות. שימוש-ספציפי הלבאמרגן ג TnnT2, ביטוי גבוה של גן GFP בלב הושג. בנוסף, למקד mRNA היה עצור בלב כאשר rAAV9-U6-shRNA נוצל. עבודת ידע טכנולוגי rAAV9 עשויה להיות שימושית עבור חקירות לב וכלי דם.

האסטרטגיות לבנייה rAAV9 של rAAV9.cTNT :: GFP או rAAV9.U6 :: פלסמידים shRNA מוצגים איורים 1 ו -2, בהתאמה. כמו בדוגמאות, וקטור rAAV9 נוצר כדי overexpress הגן GFP בלבבות עכבר. הפלסמיד שהתקבל מכיל את קלטת GFP :: cTNT ולצדו שני ITR אתרים (איור 1). וקטור rAAV9.U6 :: shRNA נבנ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation of rAAV9 to Overexpress or Knockdown Genes in Mouse Hearts at JoVE.com

Preparation of rAAV9 to Overexpress or Knockdown Genes in Mouse Hearts

In this manuscript, a method to prepare recombinant adeno-associated virus 9 (rAAV9) vectors to manipulate gene expression in the mouse heart is described.

גני הכנת rAAV9 כדי overexpress או מציאת עכבר לבבות

Controlling the expression or activity of specific genes through the myocardial delivery of genetic materials in murine models permits the investigation ...

preparation-of-raav9-to-overexpress-or-knockdown-genes-in-mouse-hearts

Research

JoVE Journal

Genetics

12.7K Views.  Boston Children's Hospital. In this manuscript, a method to prepare recombinant adeno-associated virus 9 (rAAV9) vectors to manipulate gene expression in the mouse heart is described. 

Video: Preparation of rAAV9 to Overexpress or Knockdown Genes in Mouse Hearts

The Use of Induced Somatic Sector Analysis (ISSA) for Studying Genes and Promoters Involved in Wood Formation and Secondary Stem Development

Secondary stem growth in trees and associated wood formation are significant both from biological and commercial perspectives. However, relatively little is known about the molecular control that governs their development. This is in part due to physical, resource and time limitations often associated with the study of secondary growth processes. A number of in vitro techniques have been used involving either plant part or whole plant system in both woody and non-woody plant species. However, questions about their applicability for the study of secondary stem growth processes, the recalcitrance of certain species and labor intensity are often prohibitive for medium to high throughput applications. Also, when looking at secondary stem development and wood formation the specific traits under investigation might only become measurable late in a tree&#39;s lifecycle after several years of growth. In addressing these challenges alternative in vivo protocols have been developed, named Induced Somatic Sector Analysis, which involve the creation of transgenic somatic tissue sectors directly in the plant&#39;s secondary stem. The aim of this protocol is to provide an efficient, easy and relatively fast means to create transgenic secondary plant tissue for gene and promoter functional characterization that can be utilized in a range of tree species. Results presented here show that transgenic secondary stem sectors can be created in all live tissues and cell types in secondary stems of a variety of tree species and that wood morphological traits as well as promoter expression patterns in secondary stems can be readily assessed facilitating medium to high throughput functional characterization.

The Use of Induced Somatic Sector Analysis ISSA for Studying Genes and Promoters Involved in Wood Formation and Secondary Stem Development

Here we present a protocol that facilitates the medium to high throughput functional characterization of gene and promoter constructs in tree secondary stem tissue within comparatively short time frames. It is efficient, easy to use and widely applicable to a range of tree species.

השימוש בניתוח מגזר סומטיים מושרה (ISSA) לימוד גנים ומקדמי המעורבים ביצירת עץ ופיתוח גזע משניים

Secondary stem growth in trees and associated wood formation are significant both from biological and commercial perspectives. However, relatively little ...

Peptide-derived Method to Transport Genes and Proteins Across Cellular and Organellar Barriers in Plants

The capacity to introduce exogenous proteins and express (or down-regulate) specific genes in plants provides a powerful tool for fundamental research as well as new applications in the field of plant biotechnology. Viable methods that currently exist for protein or gene transfer into plant cells, namely Agrobacterium and microprojectile bombardment, have disadvantages of low transformation frequency, limited host range, or a high cost of equipment and microcarriers. The following protocol outlines a simple and versatile method, which employs rationally-designed peptides as delivery agents for a variety of nucleic acid- and protein-based cargoes into plants. Peptides are selected as tools for development of the system due to their biodegradability, reduced size, diverse and tunable properties as well as the ability to gain intracellular/organellar access. The preparation, characterization and application of optimized formulations for each type of the wide range of delivered cargoes (plasmid DNA, double-stranded DNA or RNA, and protein) are described. Critical steps within the protocol, possible modifications and existing limitations of the method are also discussed.

Existing methods for the modification of plants have limited applicability. The novel peptide-derived technology proposed here promises both simplicity and efficiency in the introduction of exogenous protein or genes into the desired intracellular compartments of intact plants.

פפטיד הנגזרות שיטה לתחבורה גנים וחלבונים מעבר נייד מחסומי Organellar בצמחים

The capacity to introduce exogenous proteins and express (or down-regulate) specific genes in plants provides a powerful tool for fundamental research as ...

Rearing and Double-stranded RNA-mediated Gene Knockdown in the Hide Beetle, Dermestes maculatus

Advances in genomics have raised the possibility of probing biodiversity at an unprecedented scale. However, sequence alone will not be informative without tools to study gene function. The development and sharing of detailed protocols for the establishment of new model systems in laboratories, and for tools to carry out functional studies, is thus crucial for leveraging the power of genomics. Coleoptera (beetles) are the largest clade of insects and occupy virtually all types of habitats on the planet. In addition to providing ideal models for fundamental research, studies of beetles can have impacts on pest control as they are often pests of households, agriculture, and food industries. Detailed protocols for rearing and maintenance of D. maculatus laboratory colonies and for carrying out dsRNA-mediated interference in D. maculatus are presented. Both embryonic and parental RNAi procedures-including apparatus set up, preparation, injection, and post-injection recovery-are described. Methods are also presented for analyzing embryonic phenotypes, including viability, patterning defects in hatched larvae, and cuticle preparations for unhatched larvae. These assays, together with in situ hybridization and immunostaining for molecular markers, make D. maculatus an accessible model system for basic and applied research. They further provide useful information for establishing procedures in other emerging insect model systems.

Rearing and Double-stranded RNA-mediated Gene Knockdown in the Hide Beetle, Dermestes maculatus

Here, we present protocols for rearing an intermediate-germ beetle, Dermestes maculatus (D. maculatus) in the lab. We also share protocols for embryonic and parental RNAi and methods for analyzing embryonic phenotypes to study gene function in this species.

התרומם על רגליו אחורי פעמים תקועות מציאת גן בתיווך רנ&quot;א סתר החיפושית,<em&gt; Dermestes maculatus</em

Advances in genomics have raised the possibility of probing biodiversity at an unprecedented scale. However, sequence alone will not be informative ...

Targeted in Situ Mutagenesis of Histone Genes in Budding Yeast

We describe a PCR- and homologous recombination-based system for generating targeted mutations in histone genes in budding yeast cells. The resulting mutant alleles reside at their endogenous genomic sites and no exogenous DNA sequences are left in the genome following the procedure. Since in haploid yeast cells each of the four core histone proteins is encoded by two non-allelic genes with highly homologous open reading frames (ORFs), targeting mutagenesis specifically to one of two genes encoding a particular histone protein can be problematic. The strategy we describe here bypasses this problem by utilizing sequences outside, rather than within, the ORF of the target genes for the homologous recombination step. Another feature of this system is that the regions of DNA driving the homologous recombination steps can be made to be very extensive, thus increasing the likelihood of successful integration events. These features make this strategy particularly well-suited for histone gene mutagenesis, but can also be adapted for mutagenesis of other genes in the yeast genome.

Targeted in Situ Mutagenesis of Histone Genes in Budding Yeast

A strategy for generating mutations in histone genes at their endogenous location in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is presented.

ממוקד<em&gt; באתרו</em&gt; גני mutagenesis של היסטון שמרים הנץ

We describe a PCR- and homologous recombination-based system for generating targeted mutations in histone genes in budding yeast cells. The resulting ...

Transient Expression of Foreign Genes in Insect Cells (sf9) for Protein Functional Assay

The transient gene expression system is one of the most important technologies for performing protein functional analysis in the baculovirus in vitro cell culture system. This system was developed to express foreign genes under the control of the baculoviral promoter in transient expression plasmids. Furthermore, this system can be applied to a functional assay of either the baculovirus itself or foreign proteins. The most widely and commercially available transient gene expression system is developed based on the immediate-early gene (IE) promoter of Orgyia pseudotsugata multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (OpMNPV). However, a low expression level of foreign genes in insect cells was observed. Therefore, a transient gene expression system was constructed for improving protein expression. In this system, recombinant plasmids were constructed to contain the target sequence under the control of the Drosophila heat shock 70 (Dhsp70) promoter. This protocol presents the application of this heat shock-based pDHsp/V5-His (V5 epitope with 6 histidine)/Spodoptera frugiperda cell (sf9 cell) system; this system is available not only for gene expression but also for evaluating the anti-apoptotic activity of candidate proteins in insect cells. Furthermore, this system can be either transfected with one recombinant plasmid or co-transfected two potentially functionally antagonistic recombinant plasmids in insect cells. The protocol demonstrates the efficiency of this system and provides a practical case of this technique.

Transient Expression of Foreign Genes in Insect Cells sf9 for Protein Functional Assay

This protocol describes a heat shock-induced protein expression system (pDHsp/V5-His/sf9 cell system), which can be used for either expressing foreign proteins or evaluating the anti-apoptotic activity of potential foreign proteins and their truncated amino acids in insect cells.

הביטוי ארעית של גנים זרים בתאי חרקים (sf9) עבור שיטת פונקציונלי

The transient gene expression system is one of the most important technologies for performing protein functional analysis in the baculovirus in vitro cell ...

Simultaneous Video-EEG-ECG Monitoring to Identify Neurocardiac Dysfunction in Mouse Models of Epilepsy

In epilepsy, seizures can evoke cardiac rhythm disturbances such as heart rate changes, conduction blocks, asystoles, and arrhythmias, which can potentially increase risk of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). Electroencephalography (EEG) and electrocardiography (ECG) are widely used clinical diagnostic tools to monitor for abnormal brain and cardiac rhythms in patients. Here, a technique to simultaneously record video, EEG, and ECG in mice to measure behavior, brain, and cardiac activities, respectively, is described. The technique described herein utilizes a tethered (i.e., wired) recording configuration in which the implanted electrode on the head of the mouse is hard-wired to the recording equipment. Compared to wireless telemetry recording systems, the tethered arrangement possesses several technical advantages such as a greater possible number of channels for recording EEG or other biopotentials; lower electrode costs; and greater frequency bandwidth (i.e., sampling rate) of recordings. The basics of this technique can also be easily modified to accommodate recording other biosignals, such as electromyography (EMG) or plethysmography for assessment of muscle and respiratory activity, respectively. In addition to describing how to perform the EEG-ECG recordings, we also detail methods to quantify the resulting data for seizures, EEG spectral power, cardiac function, and heart rate variability, which we demonstrate in an example experiment using a mouse with epilepsy due to Kcna1 gene deletion. Video-EEG-ECG monitoring in mouse models of epilepsy or other neurological disease provides a powerful tool to identify dysfunction at the level of the brain, heart, or brain-heart interactions.

Here, we present a protocol to record brain and heart bio signals in mice using simultaneous video, electroencephalography (EEG), and electrocardiography (ECG). We also describe methods to analyze the resulting EEG-ECG recordings for seizures, EEG spectral power, cardiac function, and heart rate variability.

סימולטני וידאו-EEG-אק ג ניטור כדי לזהות Neurocardiac בתפקוד במודלים של העכבר של אפילפסיה

In epilepsy, seizures can evoke cardiac rhythm disturbances such as heart rate changes, conduction blocks, asystoles, and arrhythmias, which can ...

qKAT: Quantitative Semi-automated Typing of Killer-cell Immunoglobulin-like Receptor Genes

Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) are a set of inhibitory and activating immune receptors, on natural killer (NK) and T cells, encoded by a polymorphic cluster of genes on chromosome 19. Their best-characterized ligands are the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules that are encoded within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) locus on chromosome 6. There is substantial evidence that they play a significant role in immunity, reproduction, and transplantation, making it crucial to have techniques that can accurately genotype them. However, high-sequence homology, as well as allelic and copy number variation, make it difficult to design methods that can accurately and efficiently genotype all KIR genes. Traditional methods are usually limited in the resolution of data obtained, throughput, cost-effectiveness, and the time taken for setting up and running the experiments. We describe a method called quantitative KIR semi-automated typing (qKAT), which is a high-throughput multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction method that can determine the gene copy numbers for all genes in the KIR locus. qKAT is a simple high-throughput method that can provide high-resolution KIR copy number data, which can be further used to infer the variations in the structurally polymorphic haplotypes that encompass them. This copy number and haplotype data can be beneficial for studies on large-scale disease associations, population genetics, as well as investigations on expression and functional interactions between KIR and HLA.

Quantitative killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) semi-automated typing (qKAT) is a simple, high-throughput, and cost-effective method to copy number type KIR genes for their application in population and disease association studies.

qKAT: Semi-automated כמותיים הקלדה של הרוצח-תא גנים קולטני דמוי נוגדן

Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) are a set of inhibitory and activating immune receptors, on natural killer (NK) and T cells, encoded by a ...

An In Vitro Protocol for Evaluating MicroRNA Levels, Functions, and Associated Target Genes in Tumor Cells

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small regulatory RNAs which are recognized to modulate numerous intracellular signaling pathways in several diseases including cancers. These small regulatory RNAs mainly interact with the 3&#8217; untranslated regions (3&#8217; UTR) of their target messenger RNAs (mRNAs) ultimately resulting in the inhibition of decoding processes of mRNAs and the augmentation of target mRNA degradations. Based on the expression levels and intracellular functions, miRNAs are able to serve as regulatory factors of oncogenic and tumor-suppressive mRNAs. Identification of bona fide target genes of a miRNA among hundreds or even thousands of computationally predicted targets is a crucial step to discern the roles and basic molecular mechanisms of a miRNA of interest. Various miRNA target prediction programs are available to search possible miRNA-mRNA interactions. However, the most challenging question is how to validate direct target genes of a miRNA of interest. This protocol describes a reproducible strategy of key methods on how to identify miRNA targets related to the function of a miRNA. This protocol presents a practical guide on step-by-step procedures to uncover miRNA levels, functions, and related target mRNAs using the probe-based real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay following a miRNA mimic transfection, dose-response curve generation, and luciferase assay along with the cloning of 3&#8217; UTR of a gene, which is necessary for proper understanding of the roles of individual miRNAs.

This protocol uses a probe-based real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay, 3&#8217; untranslated regions (3&#8217; UTR) cloning, and a luciferase assay to verify the target genes of a miRNA of interest and to understand the functions of miRNAs.

פרוטוקול מחוץ לגופית להערכת רמות מיקרוארנה, פונקציות, וגנים היעד הקשורים בתאי הגידול

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small regulatory RNAs which are recognized to modulate numerous intracellular signaling pathways in several diseases including ...

In Vivo Forward Genetic Screen to Identify Novel Neuroprotective Genes in Drosophila melanogaster

There is much to understand about the onset and progression of neurodegenerative diseases, including the underlying genes responsible. Forward genetic screening using chemical mutagens is a useful strategy for mapping mutant phenotypes to genes among Drosophila and other model organisms that share conserved cellular pathways with humans. If the mutated gene of interest is not lethal in early developmental stages of flies, a climbing assay can be conducted to screen for phenotypic indicators of decreased brain functioning, such as low climbing rates. Subsequently, secondary histological analysis of brain tissue can be performed in order to verify the neuroprotective function of the gene by scoring neurodegeneration phenotypes. Gene mapping strategies include meiotic and deficiency mapping that rely on these same assays can be followed by DNA sequencing to identify possible nucleotide changes in the gene of interest.

In Vivo Forward Genetic Screen to Identify Novel Neuroprotective Genes in Drosophila melanogaster

We present a protocol using a forward genetic approach to screen for mutants exhibiting neurodegeneration in Drosophila melanogaster. It incorporates a climbing assay, histology analysis, gene mapping and DNA sequencing to ultimately identify novel genes related to the process of neuroprotection.

ב Vivo Forward המסך הגנטי כדי לזהות גנים נוירוגינים הרומן ב Drosophila ילה melanogaster

There is much to understand about the onset and progression of neurodegenerative diseases, including the underlying genes responsible. Forward genetic ...

Modulation of Tau Subcellular Localization as a Tool to Investigate the Expression of Disease-related Genes

Tau is a microtubule binding protein expressed in neurons and its main known function is related to the maintenance of cytoskeletal stability. However, recent evidence indicated that Tau is present also in other subcellular compartments including the nucleus where it is implicated in DNA protection, in rRNA transcription, in the mobility of retrotransposons and in the structural organization of the nucleolus. We have recently demonstrated that nuclear Tau is involved in the expression of the VGluT1 gene, suggesting a molecular mechanism that could explain the pathological increase of glutamate release in the early stages of Alzheimer&#39;s disease. Until recently, the involvement of nuclear Tau in modulating the expression of target genes has been relatively uncertain and ambiguous due to technical limitations that prevented the exclusion of the contribution of cytoplasmic Tau or the effect of other downstream factors not related to nuclear Tau. To overcome this uncertainty, we developed a method to study the expression of target genes specifically modulated by the nuclear Tau protein. We employed a protocol that couples the use of localization signals and the subcellular fractionation, allowing the exclusion of the interference from the cytoplasmic Tau molecules. Most notably, the protocol is easy and is composed of classic and reliable methods that are broadly applicable to study the nuclear function of Tau in other cell types and cellular conditions.

Tau is a neuronal protein present both in the cytoplasm, where it binds microtubules, and in the nucleus, where it exerts unconventional functions including the modulation of Alzheimer&#39;s disease-related genes. Here, we describe a method to investigate the function of nuclear Tau while excluding any interferences coming from cytoplasmic Tau.

מודולציה של הלוקליזציה של טאו הסלולר ככלי כדי לחקור את הביטוי של גנים הקשורים למחלות

Tau is a microtubule binding protein expressed in neurons and its main known function is related to the maintenance of cytoskeletal stability. However, ...