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Chapter 26
The respiratory system includes both upper and lower respiratory organs. The upper respiratory organs consist of the nose and nasal cavity, paranasal ...
The nose is composed of an observable exterior segment (external nose) and an internal segment within the skull known as the nasal cavity (internal nose). ...
The pharynx, a tubular structure framed by skeletal muscle and lined with mucous membrane, extends continuously from the nasal cavities. It is segmented ...
The larynx or voice box connects the laryngopharynx with the trachea. It includes unpaired thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, and the epiglottis, as ...
The trachea or windpipe begins at the larynx and extends into the mediastinum, bifurcating into two main bronchi in the mid-thorax region. The tracheal ...
The human bronchi and bronchial tree play a crucial role in the respiratory system, facilitating the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Let's ...
Within a pulmonary lobule, the terminal bronchioles branch into microscopic respiratory bronchioles, which conduct air to the respiratory zone of the ...
The lungs are a pair of vital organs connected to the trachea via the left and right bronchi. The base of these organs meets the dome-shaped muscle known ...
The lungs are nestled in a cavity, shielded by the pleura. The pleura, a form of serous membrane, wraps around each lung. This membrane arrangement ...
Healthy respiration in humans requires proper air pressure levels in different respiratory organs. These pressures are expressed relative to the ...
Pulmonary ventilation is a vital process that ensures the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs. It refers to the movement of air into and ...
Exhalation — the process of expelling air — during quiet breathing in healthy individuals relies on the elasticity of the lungs rather than ...
Breathing is influenced by the alternating pressure difference between the external environment and the lungs, alveolar surface tension, lung compliance, ...
The respiratory system is responsible for the intake of oxygen and the expulsion of carbon dioxide from the body. Respiratory volumes describe the volume ...
Inhaled air contains a mixture of different gases like nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide, among others. Dalton's law is fundamental to ...
External respiration involves the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between alveoli and pulmonary capillaries in the lungs. This gas exchange always ...
Blood primarily transports oxygen bound to hemoglobin in RBCs, with a small percentage dissolved in the plasma due to its low solubility in the blood. ...
Carbon dioxide is transported from tissues to the lungs in three ways. About 7-10% travels dissolved in plasma. Over 20% is bound to hemoglobin, forming ...
Hypoxia is a condition where body tissues don't receive an adequate oxygen supply. It may be categorized into four distinct types. Anemic hypoxia ...
Groups of neurons in the brainstem called the respiratory centers mediate the regulation of respiration. The two primary centers are the medullary ...
CO2, O2, and H+ ion levels affect the rate of respiration. These changes are detected by the central chemoreceptors in the brain stem, and the peripheral ...
The human body responds to various stimuli to regulate the breathing rate via receptors present in respiratory organs. Physical and chemical irritants in ...
Hyperventilation is a condition where the rate and depth of breathing exceed the body's need to remove CO2, often occurring during anxiety attacks. ...
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, or COPD, is defined as a diverse lung condition marked by persistent and progressive respiratory symptoms such as ...
Some major pulmonary disorders include asthma, tuberculosis, and lung cancer. Asthma is a chronic ailment marked by airway inflammation and obstruction. ...
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