退伍军人事务部的职业发展奖 [BX002797] 支持 L.E.W. 和国立卫生研究院 [R01-DK095867] 和美国心脏协会 [15GRNT25700209] 支持 j。c国立卫生研究院 [DK093660], 退伍军人事务部 [BX002190] 和范德比尔特肾脏疾病中心支持 M.H.W。这种材料是在弗吉尼亚州田纳西河谷医疗保健系统资源和使用设施的支持下工作的结果。

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P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ischemia-reperfusion+model+of+acute+kidney+injury+and+post+injury+fibrosis+in+mice.">Ischemia-reperfusion model of acute kidney injury and post injury fibrosis in mice.</a> J Vis Exp. (78), (2013).</li><li>Woodard, L. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Kidney-specific+transposon-mediated+gene+transfer+in+vivo.">Kidney-specific transposon-mediated gene transfer in vivo.</a> Sci Rep. 7, 44904 (2017).</li><li>Liang, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Loss+of+glutathione+S-transferase+A4+accelerates+obstruction-induced+tubule+damage+and+renal+fibrosis.">Loss of glutathione S-transferase A4 accelerates obstruction-induced tubule damage and renal fibrosis.</a> Journal of Pathology. 228 (4), 448-458 (2012).</li><li>Liang, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protective+role+of+insulin-like+growth+factor-1+receptor+in+endothelial+cells+against+unilateral+ureteral+obstruction-induced+renal+fibrosis.">Protective role of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor in endothelial cells against unilateral ureteral obstruction-induced renal fibrosis.</a> Am J Pathol. 185 (5), 1234-1250 (2015).</li><li>Corridon, P. 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I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Muscle+damage+after+delivery+of+naked+plasmid+DNA+into+skeletal+muscles+is+batch+dependent.">Muscle damage after delivery of naked plasmid DNA into skeletal muscles is batch dependent.</a> Hum Gene Ther. 22 (2), 225-235 (2011).</li><li>Crespo, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hydrodynamic+liver+gene+transfer+mechanism+involves+transient+sinusoidal+blood+stasis+and+massive+hepatocyte+endocytic+vesicles.">Hydrodynamic liver gene transfer mechanism involves transient sinusoidal blood stasis and massive hepatocyte endocytic vesicles.</a> Gene Ther. 12 (11), 927-935 (2005).</li><li>Rocca, C. J., Ur, S. 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作者没有任何披露和声明没有利益冲突。

在本协议中, 描述了一种在肾脏中专门实现可再生基因表达的健壮方法。在一位经验丰富的外科医生的手里, 我们发现被这种技术转染的老鼠的比例在50-100% 的范围内, 这取决于老鼠的年龄和转基因的读数的敏感性。在接受piggyBac转的小鼠中, 荧光基因表达的水平超过了几个月的背景, 并在接受相同转11的免疫缺陷小鼠中完全保持了几个星期。尽管许多细胞在注射部位附近的转基因区域中染色明亮, 但总转染效率相对较低 (图 3D)。最重要的材料, 以达到预期的结果是注射注射器本身。这必须是一个 29G x ½ "胰岛素注射器与附加针头和没有安全阻碍注射。注射必须快, 在三秒内。质粒 dna 的制备应是纯的, 具有非常低的内毒素和细菌基因组 dna 水平19。
可以想象, 注射其他物质, 如 RNA, 病毒, 或蛋白质, 可能以类似的方式进行。肾盂的优势, 作为进入其他注射部位的试验, 如肾静脉或直接注射肾实质。那些注射导致了流血和更低的基因表示11。因为肾盂是一种弹性结构, 有时需要举行尿液回流, 它可能更好地伸展和容纳针。没有观察到 DNA 溶液或尿液从胰岛素注射器所产生的孔中渗漏, 这表明肾盂被迅速修复。例如, 注射液 transfects 肾脏的确切机制没有深入研究, 就像对肝脏一样。未来的电子显微镜研究可以进一步阐明这一机制。注射的逆行性质优先于水动力尾静脉注射法逆转肝静脉的流量20和其他成功的肾脏转染方法通过肾静脉注入12,13,14,21. 可能需要肾脏损害的最佳转染效率, 所以我们假设, 转染发生通过对细胞膜的破坏造成的快速, 大容量注射。足、小管、集气管均与尿液空间直接接触, 其主要功能是过滤和浓缩尿。
虽然可再生和肾脏特异, 这种方法是有限的相对较低的转染效率观察 (图 3D)。水动力肾盂注射不是一个替代发明的转基因动物驱动从肾脏特定的启动子, 其中每个细胞的某一亚型的动物将表达的基因感兴趣。相反, 这种方法最适合于基因转移方法的疾病, 其中少数纠正细胞将有戏剧性的影响的表型, 分泌激素或其他物质通常由肾脏产生, 或创建稀有细胞的数量对肾脏的修复或再生有一定的积极作用。另外, 它也可以用相反的方式来发展一个新的肾脏损伤模型, 引入一个具有负面影响的转基因。

水动力尾静脉注射技术已成为小鼠肝脏中获得高水平基因表达的常用方法1,2。肾脏也被这种技术转染在一个更低的水平, 大约100倍少的3。在这里描述的水动力肾盂注射提供了一种简单的方法, 通过物理手段来控制器官表达的特异性, 使用了以前在肝脏中建立的同样的流体力学原理4,5, 肌肉6, 和其他器官7,8。此方法通过使用压力和速度将含有 DNA 的液体强制注入细胞, 同时对快速解析的器官造成损伤, 从而在活体动物体内transfects 细胞9。使用行之有效的手术技术, 通过侧面切口10可视化肾脏, 并通过胰岛素注射器单注射, 我们发现成功转染各种类型的肾细胞, 主要是间质成纤维细胞,小管, 收集管道11。解剖这些小鼠已经表明, 其他器官没有转染的水平足够高, 以可视化的荧光成像技术11。由于该技术是病毒, 使用质粒 DNA 转染允许快速和容易地制备所需的试剂注射。
我们使用局部水动力注射来表达抗氧化剂谷胱甘肽 s-转移酶 A4, 胰岛素样生长 factor-1 受体, 和激素促红细胞生成素在肾脏, 所有与预期的生物效应11,12,13. 对管理路线、注射量、DNA 用量和启动子选择的详细评估已执行11。此外, piggyBac转系统和/或环磷酰胺治疗抑制免疫反应的转基因已经显示出改善长期基因表达的结果11。其他调查人员在大鼠成功使用肾静脉途径, 在超过一个月14的时间段内实现高转染效率。然而, 由于大多数哺乳动物的遗传模型都是小鼠模型, 通常在小鼠身上进行的表型模仿人类疾病的基因矫正, 首先是作为概念验证。我们将肾静脉注射与肾盂注射进行比较, 发现肾盂注射优于肾静脉 (约十倍以上) 和存活11。肾盂是一种理想的进入肾脏的途径, 因为它具有足够的柔韧性, 能够耐受尿液生产的波动, 并且即使在肾积水期间扩张, 也能维持其结构完整性。此外, 注射到肾盂肾盂允许进入肾脏, 而不刺穿肾脏胶囊, 使注入的液体可以明显保留肾脏优于实质注射液。其他的小鼠器官除了血管以外没有其他的通路, 但肾脏的泌尿间隙是理想的注射部位。此外, 注入肾静脉导致血液渗漏到腹腔。用磁共振成像估计野生型小鼠肾脏的总肾体积约为0.2 厘米3, 因此单个肾脏的体积与肾盂水动力注入的液体量大致相等。注入 (100 µL)15。在此, 我们已经提供了所有细节的细微差别的水动力肾盂注射协议, 以实现再生转染肾脏。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>AnaSed Xylazine</td>
			<td>Patterson Veterinary</td>
			<td>07-808-1947</td>
			<td>Anesthetic - Not controlled substance</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BD Insulin Syringe 0.5 mL 29G 1/2 Inch</td>
			<td>Cardinal Health</td>
			<td>309306</td>
			<td>Required syringes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Buprenex</td>
			<td>Pharmacist/Veterinarian</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Analgesia - Controlled Substance</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dynarex Disposable Towel Drape</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>19-310-671</td>
			<td>Place over heat pad</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EndoFree Plasmid Maxi Kit</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>12362</td>
			<td>Use only endotoxin-free plasmid DNA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Endosafe Gel-Clot LAL Rapid Positive Control</td>
			<td>Charles River</td>
			<td>PC200</td>
			<td>Positive control for endotoxin test</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Endosafe Gel-Clot LAL Rapid Single Test Vial</td>
			<td>Charles River</td>
			<td>R13500</td>
			<td>Endotoxin test</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Extra Fine Micro Dissecting Scissors</td>
			<td>Roboz Surgical Instrument</td>
			<td>RS-5882</td>
			<td>Surgical tool</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fisherbrand Instant Sealing Sterilization Pouch - 9&#34;</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>01-812-51</td>
			<td>For autoclaving surgical tools</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gaymar Heat Pump</td>
			<td>Paragon Medical</td>
			<td>TP-700</td>
			<td>Water-circulating heat pump</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Germinator 500</td>
			<td>Roboz Surgical Instrument</td>
			<td>DS-401</td>
			<td>To reuse surgical tools during surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Graefe Forceps</td>
			<td>Roboz Surgical Instrument</td>
			<td>RS-5136</td>
			<td>Surgical tool</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Graefe Tissue Forceps</td>
			<td>Roboz Surgical Instrument</td>
			<td>RS-5153</td>
			<td>Surgical tool</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Halsey Needle Holder, 5&#34; Length</td>
			<td>Roboz Surgical Instrument</td>
			<td>RS-7841</td>
			<td>Surgical tool</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heat pads - 15&#34; x 21&#34; - need at least 3</td>
			<td>Paragon Medical</td>
			<td>TP22G</td>
			<td>For use with Gaymar Heat Pump</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IsoFlo (Isoflurane, USP)</td>
			<td>Abbott Animal Health</td>
			<td>5260-04-05</td>
			<td>For imaging and euthanasia</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isotec Isoflurane Delivery System Vaporizor</td>
			<td>Smiths Medical</td>
			<td>VCT3K2</td>
			<td>For imaging and euthanasia</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ketamine</td>
			<td>Pharmacist/Veterinarian</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Anesthetic - Controlled Substance</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Kimwipes</td>
			<td>Kimberly-Clark Professional</td>
			<td>34120</td>
			<td>Laboratory tissues</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Living Image software</td>
			<td>Caliper Life Sciences</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>For live animal imaging</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luciferin</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer</td>
			<td>122796</td>
			<td>For live animal imaging</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nanodrop 2000</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>ND-2000-US-CAN</td>
			<td>Spectrophotometer for DNA measurement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Prevantics Swabs</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>23-100-110</td>
			<td>For skin surgery prep</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Prolene 5-0 sutures Taper 30&#34;</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>NC0256891</td>
			<td>Non-absorbable sutures for skin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Puralube Brand Opthalmic Ointment</td>
			<td>Patterson Veterinary</td>
			<td>07-888-2572</td>
			<td>To keep eyes moist during surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trans IT - QR Hydrodynamic Delivery Solution</td>
			<td>Mirus Bio</td>
			<td>MIR-5240</td>
			<td>Hydrodynamic delivery buffer for diluting DNA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vicryl 5-0 Sutures J303H</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>NC9816710</td>
			<td>Absorbable sutures for muscle layer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wahl Mini Arco Clipper</td>
			<td>Med-Vet International</td>
			<td>8787-1550</td>
			<td>Shaver for skin prep</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xenogen IVIS 200</td>
			<td>Caliper Life Sciences</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>For live animal imaging</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

hydrodynamic renal pelvis injection for non-viral expression of proteins in the kidney

水动力注射创造了一个地方, 高压环境, 染各种组织与质粒 DNA 和其他物质。水力尾静脉注射, 例如, 是一种行之有效的方法, 肝脏可以转染。这篇手稿描述了水动力学原理的应用, 直接注射小鼠肾脏与质粒 DNA 的肾脏特异基因表达。小鼠被麻醉, 肾脏由侧面切口暴露, 紧接着是快速注射含有质粒 DNA 的溶液直接进入肾盂。针保持十秒, 切口部位缝合。第二天, 活体动物成像, 免疫印迹, 或组织化学可以用于检测基因表达, 或其他适合于转基因选择的化验方法被用来侦测感兴趣的蛋白质。发表的延长基因表达的方法包括转介导的转基因融合和环磷酰胺治疗, 以抑制对转基因的免疫应答。

手术和注射技术是简单的执行一旦掌握, 不需要主要设备或昂贵的材料。如果新的侧切口肾脏手术, 一个训练日在几个老鼠计划为安乐死应该允许在哪些小鼠没有恢复在手术以后, 因为第一次尝试在这个手术可能比正常花费更长的时间。另外, 熟悉类似技术的调查人员可能会发现它很简单。请仔细按照图 1中的插图和图 2中的图案方向进行。为了正确地放置切口, 外科医生可以用手指把老鼠的胃推到它的一侧。肾脏是由一个小肿块, 上升附近的脊柱与温和的腹压, 和切口应该在这个区域 (图 1和图 2)。重要的是, 使切口通过皮肤和肌肉层的正确大小 (图 1)。如果切口太大, 肾脏会轻易滑回腹腔, 使注射困难。如果切口太小, 就很难将肾脏从腹腔内推出, 器官损伤就会发生。另一个重要的一点是在肾盂放置针。外科医生应该用闭合的钳把肾脏压下来, 然后在与工作表面平行的角度将针插入肾盂, 这样大部分的注射量就会直接进入肾脏实质 (图 2)。重要的是要尽快进行注射, 以诱导肾转染所需的水动力压力。
不同品系、年龄、体重和/或性别的小鼠在肾脏的位置和肾脏周围的脂肪数量上有差异, 因此可能需要进行一些调整来与感兴趣的小鼠合作。如果可能, 第一次手术的尝试, 从其中恢复小鼠应包括立即读出肾脏特异基因表达, 如荧光成像 (图 3A)。如果使用小鼠, 预期的结果是, 所有的老鼠将有一个亮度在一个数量级 (图 3B)。有时, 即使在第二次注射素, 它是明显的成像, 老鼠或小鼠没有成为转染的水平比其他人或一些注射小鼠甚至完全缺乏基因表达。由于转基因分娩失败, 这些小鼠可能被排除在研究之外。如果许多小鼠缺乏基因表达, 那么外科医生应该减少注射 DNA 溶液的时间。由于注射的高压而未能引起必要的损伤, 是基因表达持续缺乏的最可能的罪魁祸首。在手术后, 应仔细监测小鼠的潜在健康问题 (见表 1 , 以解决潜在的健康问题, 并在必要时与该机构的兽医小组进行协商)。在最初的训练期之后, 手术本身的时间应该少于十分钟。手术期应尽可能短, 每次操作一只老鼠, 以防止组织在手术过程中脱水。这一过程的大部分时间是由于氯胺酮/嗪麻醉的诱导和恢复。作为一个团队工作的两个经验丰富的人员应该每天进行多达十次的手术, 其中十五是合理的最大值。
研究人员应该期望在注射后的头几天内, 少量的细胞对转基因有很高的阳性反应。这些阳性细胞将在注射液渗入肾脏 (图 3C-d) 周围区域的修补程序中进行本地化。肾脏的某些部分对转染细胞是完全阴性的。这种负性区域也将缺乏红细胞, 并有完全正常的组织学, 因为注射没有达到这些地区。染色协议和促进剂应仔细优化, 以捕获基因表达。研究人员应预期, 转染的细胞类型将是可变的, 基因表达水平在低比例的细胞中的转染很高, 和细胞内的蛋白质的本地化可能不会如预期的, 由于高水平的表达式 (图 3D)。
<img alt="Figure 3" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56324/56324fig3.jpg"> 图3。水动力肾盂注射导致荧光和 TdTomato 肾特异基因表达.(a) FVB 7-8 周的老年雄性小鼠接受了水动力肾盂注射20µg pTEeL, 一种质粒表达增强萤火虫荧光从 EF-1α启动子。小鼠 2, 3 和5也注射了20µg 的荧光报告质粒。(B) 从 (A) 中所示的小鼠获得的亮度的点图。(C 和 D)只给小鼠提供了流体动力学传递缓冲器 (C) 或 (D) 荧光微球 (亮绿点) 和 pEF1α-TdTomato 表达红色荧光记者 TdTomato 从 EF-1α启动子。tetragonolobus 凝集素 (LTA; 绿色) 染色, 用抗 RFP 抗体染后显示转染细胞, 以放大 TdTomato 信号 (red)。细胞核被 DAPI (蓝色) 染色。(C) 和 (D) 中显示的图像是 13.2 mm x 17.5 mm. 误差线表示平均值的标准误差。<a href="//cloudflare-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/56324/56324fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Hydrodynamic Renal Pelvis Injection for Non-viral Expression of Proteins in the Kidney at JoVE.com

Hydrodynamic Renal Pelvis Injection for Non-viral Expression of Proteins in the Kidney

肾水动力肾盂注射非病毒蛋白在肾脏的表达

本协议描述了通过肾盂向小鼠肾脏注入质粒 DNA 的方法, 以在肾脏中特异性地产生转基因表达。

Hydrodynamic injection creates a local, high-pressure environment to transfect various tissues with plasmid DNA and other substances. Hydrodynamic tail ...

hydrodynamic-renal-pelvis-injection-for-non-viral-expression-proteins

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

18.3K 次观看.  Tennessee Valley Healthcare System. 本协议描述了通过肾盂向小鼠肾脏注入质粒 DNA 的方法, 以在肾脏中特异性地产生转基因表达。

视频: Hydrodynamic Renal Pelvis Injection for Non-viral Expression of Proteins in the Kidney

The Preparation of Primary Hematopoietic Cell Cultures From Murine Bone Marrow for Electroporation

It is becoming increasingly apparent that electroporation is the most effective way to introduce plasmid DNA or siRNA into primary cells. The Gene Pulser MXcell  electroporation system and Gene Pulser  electroporation buffer were specifically developed to transfect nucleic acids into mammalian cells and difficult-to-transfect cells, such as primary and stem cells.This video demonstrates how to establish primary hematopoietic cell cultures from murine bone marrow, and then prepare them for electroporation in the MXcell system. We begin by isolating femur and tibia. Bone marrow from both femur and tibia are then harvested and cultures are established. Cultured bone marrow cells are then transfected and analyzed.

This procedure describes how to establish primary hematopoietic cell cultures from murine bone marrow and is followed by transfection using the Gene Pulser MXCell electroporation system.

主电穿孔的小鼠骨髓造血细胞培养制备

It is becoming increasingly apparent that electroporation is the most effective way to introduce plasmid DNA or siRNA into primary cells. The Gene Pulser ...

科研

生物学

Murine Renal Transplantation Procedure

Renal orthotopic transplantation in mice is a technically challenging procedure. Although the first kidney transplants in mice were performed by Russell et al over 30 years ago (1) and refined by Zhang et al years later (2), few people in the world have mastered this procedure. In our laboratory we have successfully performed 1200 orthotopic kidney transplantations with &gt; 90% survival rate. The key points for success include stringent control of reperfusion injury, bleeding and thrombosis, both during the procedure and post-transplantation, and use of 10-0 instead of 11-0 suture for anastomoses.
Post-operative care and treatment of the recipient is extremely important to transplant success and evaluation. All renal graft recipients receive antibiotics in the form of an injection of penicillin immediately post-transplant and sulfatrim in the drinking water continually. Overall animal health is evaluated daily and whole blood creatinine analyses are performed routinely with a portable I-STAT machine to assess graft function.

Renal transplantation in mice is a technically challenging procedure that requires careful post-operative care and treatment for success.

小鼠肾移植程序

Renal orthotopic transplantation in mice is a technically challenging procedure. Although the first kidney transplants in mice were performed by Russell ...

Staining of Proteins in Gels with Coomassie G-250 without Organic Solvent and Acetic Acid

In classical protein staining protocols using Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB), solutions with high contents of toxic and flammable organic solvents (Methanol, Ethanol or 2-Propanol) and acetic acid are used for fixation, staining and destaining of proteins in a gel after SDS-PAGE. To speed up the procedure, heating the staining solution in the microwave oven for a short time is frequently used. This usually results in evaporation of toxic or hazardous Methanol, Ethanol or 2-Propanol and a strong smell of acetic acid in the lab which should be avoided due to safety considerations. In a protocol originally published in two patent applications by E.M. Wondrak (US2001046709 (A1), US6319720 (B1)), an alternative composition of the staining solution is described in which no organic solvent or acid is used. The CBB is dissolved in bidistilled water (60-80mg of CBB G-250 per liter) and 35 mM HCl is added as the only other compound in the staining solution. The CBB staning of the gel is done after SDS-PAGE and thorough washing of the gel in bidistilled water. By heating the gel during the washing and staining steps, the process can be finished faster and no toxic or hazardous compunds are evaporating. The staining of proteins occurs already within 1 minute after heating the gel in staining solution and is fully developed after 15-30 min with a slightly blue background that is destained completely by prolonged washing of the stained gel in bidistilled water, without affecting the stained protein bands.

A short protocol for protein staining with Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB) G-250 in polyacrylamide gels is described without using organic solvents or acetic acid as in the classical staining procedures with CBB.

无有机溶剂和醋酸，蛋白质与考马斯亮蓝G - 250凝胶染色

In classical protein staining protocols using Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB), solutions with high contents of toxic and flammable organic solvents ...

Expression of Recombinant Proteins in the Methylotrophic Yeast Pichia pastoris

Protein expression in the microbial eukaryotic host Pichia pastoris offers the possibility to generate high amounts of recombinant protein in a fast and easy to use expression system.
As a single-celled microorganism P. pastoris is easy to manipulate and grows rapidly on inexpensive media at high cell densities. Being a eukaryote, P. pastoris is able to perform many of the post-translational modifications performed by higher eukaryotic cells and the obtained recombinant proteins undergo protein folding, proteolytic processing, disulfide bond formation and glycosylation [1].
As a methylotrophic yeast P. pastoris is capable of metabolizing methanol as its sole carbon source. The strong promoter for alcohol oxidase, AOX1, is tightly regulated and induced by methanol and it is used for the expression of the gene of interest. Accordingly, the expression of the foreign protein can be induced by adding methanol to the growth medium [2; 3].
Another important advantage is the secretion of the recombinant protein into the growth medium, using a signal sequence to target the foreign protein to the secretory pathway of P. pastoris. With only low levels of endogenous protein secreted to the media by the yeast itself and no added proteins to the media, a heterologous protein builds the majority of the total protein in the medium and facilitates following protein purification steps [3; 4].
The vector used here (pPICZ&alpha;A) contains the AOX1 promoter for tightly regulated, methanol-induced expression of the gene of interest; the &alpha;-factor secretion signal for secretion of the recombinant protein, a Zeocin resistance gene for selection in both E. coli and Pichia and a C-terminal peptide containing the c-myc epitope and a polyhistidine (6xHis) tag for detection and purification of a recombinant protein. We also show western blot analysis of the recombinant protein using the specific Anti-myc-HRP antibody recognizing the c-myc epitope on the parent vector.

Expression of Recombinant Proteins in the Methylotrophic Yeast Pichia pastoris

The protocol describes protein expression using the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. The preparation of electrocompetent yeast cells, transformation of the vector with the gene of interest into P. pastoris and yeast DNA purification are also performed. Western blot analysis and protein purification build the last steps in this protein expression protocol.

在甲醇酵母表达的重组蛋白毕赤酵母</em

Protein expression in the microbial eukaryotic host Pichia pastoris offers the possibility to generate high amounts of recombinant protein in a fast and ...

In vitro Reconstitution of the Active T. castaneum Telomerase

Efforts to isolate the catalytic subunit of telomerase, TERT, in sufficient quantities for structural studies, have been met with limited success for more than a decade. Here, we present methods for the isolation of the recombinant Tribolium castaneum TERT (TcTERT) and the reconstitution of the active T. castaneum telomerase ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex in vitro.
Telomerase is a specialized reverse transcriptase1 that adds short DNA repeats, called telomeres, to the 3' end of linear chromosomes2 that serve to protect them from end-to-end fusion and degradation. Following DNA replication, a short segment is lost at the end of the chromosome3 and without telomerase, cells continue dividing until eventually reaching their Hayflick Limit4. Additionally, telomerase is dormant in most somatic cells5 in adults, but is active in cancer cells6 where it promotes cell immortality7.
The minimal telomerase enzyme consists of two core components: the protein subunit (TERT), which comprises the catalytic subunit of the enzyme and an integral RNA component (TER), which contains the template TERT uses to synthesize telomeres8,9. Prior to 2008, only structures for individual telomerase domains had been solved10,11. A major breakthrough in this field came from the determination of the crystal structure of the active12, catalytic subunit of T. castaneum telomerase, TcTERT1.
Here, we present methods for producing large quantities of the active, soluble TcTERT for structural and biochemical studies, and the reconstitution of the telomerase RNP complex in vitro for telomerase activity assays. An overview of the experimental methods used is shown in Figure 1.

In vitro Reconstitution of the Active T. castaneum Telomerase

Efforts to isolate the catalytic subunit of telomerase, TERT, in sufficient quantities for structural studies, have been met with limited success for more than a decade. Here, we present methods for the isolation of the recombinant Tribolium castaneum TERT (TcTERT) and the reconstitution of the active T. castaneum telomerase ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex in vitro.

在体外重组活跃T。谷盗端粒酶

Efforts to isolate the catalytic subunit of telomerase, TERT, in sufficient quantities for structural studies, have been met with limited success for more ...

Efficient Agroinfiltration of Plants for High-level Transient Expression of Recombinant Proteins

Mammalian cell culture is the major platform for commercial production of human vaccines and therapeutic proteins. However, it cannot meet the increasing worldwide demand for pharmaceuticals due to its limited scalability and high cost. Plants have shown to be one of the most promising alternative pharmaceutical production platforms that are robust, scalable, low-cost and safe. The recent development of virus-based vectors has allowed rapid and high-level transient expression of recombinant proteins in plants. To further optimize the utility of the transient expression system, we demonstrate a simple, efficient and scalable methodology to introduce target-gene containing Agrobacterium into plant tissue in this study. Our results indicate that agroinfiltration with both syringe and vacuum methods have resulted in the efficient introduction of Agrobacterium into leaves and robust production of two fluorescent proteins; GFP and DsRed. Furthermore, we demonstrate the unique advantages offered by both methods. Syringe infiltration is simple and does not need expensive equipment. It also allows the flexibility to either infiltrate the entire leave with one target gene, or to introduce genes of multiple targets on one leaf. Thus, it can be used for laboratory scale expression of recombinant proteins as well as for comparing different proteins or vectors for yield or expression kinetics. The simplicity of syringe infiltration also suggests its utility in high school and college education for the subject of biotechnology. In contrast, vacuum infiltration is more robust and can be scaled-up for commercial manufacture of pharmaceutical proteins. It also offers the advantage of being able to agroinfiltrate plant species that are not amenable for syringe infiltration such as lettuce and Arabidopsis. Overall, the combination of syringe and vacuum agroinfiltration provides researchers and educators a simple, efficient, and robust methodology for transient protein expression. It will greatly facilitate the development of pharmaceutical proteins and promote science education.

Plants offer a novel system for the production of pharmaceutical proteins on a commercial scale that is more scalable, cost-efficient and safe than current expression paradigms. In this study, we report a simple and convenient, yet scalable approach to introduce target-gene containing Agrobacterium tumefaciens into plants for protein transient expression.

高级别瞬态表达重组蛋白的植物高效的农杆菌

Mammalian cell culture is the major platform for commercial production of human vaccines and therapeutic proteins. However, it cannot meet the increasing ...

Transient Expression of Proteins by Hydrodynamic Gene Delivery in Mice

Efficient expression of transgenes in vivo is of critical importance in studying gene function and developing treatments for diseases. Over the past years, hydrodynamic gene delivery (HGD) has emerged as a simple, fast, safe and effective method for delivering transgenes into rodents. This technique relies on the force generated by the rapid injection of a large volume of physiological solution to increase the permeability of cell membranes of perfused organs and thus deliver DNA into cells. One of the main advantages of HGD is the ability to introduce transgenes into mammalian cells using naked plasmid DNA (pDNA). Introducing an exogenous gene using a plasmid is minimally laborious, highly efficient and, contrary to viral carriers, remarkably safe. HGD was initially used to deliver genes into mice, it is now used to deliver a wide range of substances, including oligonucleotides, artificial chromosomes, RNA, proteins and small molecules into mice, rats and, to a limited degree, other animals. This protocol describes HGD in mice and focuses on three key aspects of the method that are critical to performing the procedure successfully: correct insertion of the needle into the vein, the volume of injection and the speed of delivery. Examples are given to show the application of this method to the transient expression of two genes that encode secreted, primate-specific proteins, apolipoprotein L-I (APOL-I) and haptoglobin-related protein (HPR).

In vivo transfection of naked DNA by hydrodynamic gene delivery introduces genes into the tissue of an animal with minimal inflammatory response. Sufficient amounts of gene product are generated such that gene function and regulation as well as protein structure and function can be analyzed.

蛋白通过流体动力基因传递在小鼠体内瞬时表达

Efficient expression of transgenes in vivo is of critical importance in studying gene function and developing treatments for diseases. Over the past ...

HeLa Based Cell Free Expression Systems for Expression of Plasmodium Rhoptry Proteins

Malaria causes significant global morbidity and mortality. No routine vaccine is currently available. One of the major reasons for lack of a vaccine is the challenge of identifying suitable vaccine candidates. Malarial proteins expressed using prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell based expression systems are poorly glycosylated, generally insoluble and undergo improper folding leading to reduced immunogenicity. The wheat germ, rabbit reticulocyte lysate and Escherichia coli lysate cell free expression systems are currently used for expression of malarial proteins. However, the length of expression time and improper glycosylation of proteins still remains a challenge. We demonstrate expression of Plasmodium proteins in vitro using HeLa based cell free expression systems, termed &#8220;in vitro human cell free expression systems&#8221;. The 2 HeLa based cell free expression systems transcribe mRNA in 75 min and 3 &#181;l of transcribed mRNA is sufficient to translate proteins in 90 min. The 1-step expression system is a transcription and translation coupled expression system; the transcription and co-translation occurs in 3 hr. The process can also be extended for 6 hr by providing additional energy. In the 2-step expression system, mRNA is first transcribed and then added to the translation mix for protein expression. We describe how to express malaria proteins; a hydrophobic PF3D7_0114100 Maurer&#8217;s Cleft &#8211; 2 transmembrane (PfMC-2TM) protein, a hydrophilic PF3D7_0925900 protein and an armadillo repeats containing protein PF3D7_1361800, using the HeLa based cell free expression system. The proteins are expressed in micro volumes employing 2-step and 1-step expression strategies. An affinity purification method to purify 25 &#181;l of proteins expressed using the in vitro human cell free expression system is also described. Protein yield is determined by Bradford&#8217;s assay and the expressed and purified proteins can be confirmed by western blotting analysis. Expressed recombinant proteins can be used for immunizations, immunoassays and protein sequencing.

HeLa Based Cell Free Expression Systems for Expression of Plasmodium Rhoptry Proteins

Expression of malarial proteins in cell based systems remains challenging. We demonstrate two step and one step IVT (in vitro translation) cell free expression systems for expressing malarial recombinant rhoptry proteins from HeLa cells. We use a Ni-resin affinity based purification system to purify the rhoptry proteins.

基于海拉细胞自由表达系统中的表达<em&gt;疟原虫</em&gt;棒状体蛋白

Malaria causes significant global morbidity and mortality. No routine vaccine is currently available. One of the major reasons for lack of a vaccine is ...

High Yield Expression of Recombinant Human Proteins with the Transient Transfection of HEK293 Cells in Suspension

The art of producing recombinant proteins with complex post-translational modifications represents a major challenge for studies of structure and function. The rapid establishment and high recovery from transiently-transfected mammalian cell lines addresses this barrier and is an effective means of expressing proteins that are naturally channeled through the ER and Golgi-mediated secretory pathway. Here is one protocol for protein expression using the human HEK293F and HEK293S cell lines transfected with a mammalian expression vector designed for high protein yields. The applicability of this system is demonstrated using three representative glycoproteins that expressed with yields between 95-120 mg of purified protein recovered per liter of culture. These proteins are the human Fc&#947;RIIIa and the rat &#945;2-6 sialyltransferase, ST6GalI, both expressed with an N-terminal GFP fusion, as well as the unmodified human immunoglobulin G1 Fc. This robust system utilizes a serum-free medium that is adaptable for expression of isotopically enriched proteins and carbohydrates for structural studies using mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Furthermore, the composition of the N-glycan can be tuned by adding a small molecule to prevent certain glycan modifications in a manner that does not reduce yield.

Laboratory-scale production of eukaryotic proteins with appropriate post-translational modification represents a significant barrier. Here is a robust protocol with rapid establishment and turnaround for protein expression using a mammalian expression system. This system supports selective amino acid, selective labeling of proteins and small molecule modulators of glycan composition.

重组人蛋白与HEK293悬浮细胞的瞬时转染高产表达

The art of producing recombinant proteins with complex post-translational modifications represents a major challenge for studies of structure and ...

Methods for the Determination of Rates of Glucose and Fatty Acid Oxidation in the Isolated Working Rat Heart

The mammalian heart is a major consumer of ATP and requires a constant supply of energy substrates for contraction. Not surprisingly, alterations of myocardial metabolism have been linked to the development of contractile dysfunction and heart failure. Therefore, unraveling the link between metabolism and contraction should shed light on some of the mechanisms governing cardiac adaptation or maladaptation in disease states. The isolated working rat heart preparation can be used to follow, simultaneously and in real time, cardiac contractile function and flux of energy providing substrates into oxidative metabolic pathways. The present protocol aims to provide a detailed description of the methods used in the preparation and utilization of buffers for the quantitative measurement of the rates of oxidation for glucose and fatty acids, the main energy providing substrates of the heart. The methods used for sample analysis and data interpretation are also discussed. In brief, the technique is based on the supply of 14C- radiolabeled glucose and a 3H- radiolabeled long-chain fatty acid to an ex vivo beating heart via normothermic crystalloid perfusion. 14CO2 and 3H2O, end byproducts of the enzymatic reactions involved in the utilization of these energy providing substrates, are then quantitatively recovered from the coronary effluent. With knowledge of the specific activity of the radiolabeled substrates used, it is then possible to individually quantitate the flux of glucose and fatty acid in the oxidation pathways. Contractile function of the isolated heart can be determined in parallel with the appropriate recording equipment and directly correlated to metabolic flux values. The technique is extremely useful to study the metabolism/contraction relationship in response to various stress conditions such as alterations in pre and after load and ischemia, a drug or a circulating factor, or following the alteration in the expression of a gene product.

The following protocol describes the preparation and utilization of buffers for the quantitative measurement of rates of glucose and fatty acid oxidation in the isolated working rat heart. The methods used for sample analysis and data interpretation are also discussed.

为葡萄糖和脂肪酸氧化率在大鼠离体的测定方法

The mammalian heart is a major consumer of ATP and requires a constant supply of energy substrates for contraction. Not surprisingly, alterations of ...