这项工作是由科学技术部的支持（MOST 104-2311-B-001-034）与细胞研究所和机体生物学，中央研究院，台湾。

1.建立使用所需转基因11，13 tsMARCM准备苍蝇<ol><li>生成tsMARCM准备苍蝇从被个别苍蝇进行11转基因的原始版本（ 见表1）。进行标飞遗传交叉方案中，其中先前已经描述的，通过将多个转基因在相同的飞股13。 <ol><li>在一种亲本系，组装FRT 40A，UAS - mCD8 :: GFP（第一报告，mCD8 :: GFP的转基因;转基因的表达是上游激活序列的启动子控制，其产生的膜-拴系记者下所述RNAi对大鼠簇0的表达;绿色荧光蛋白融合的分化8蛋白的小鼠群），和UAS-rCD2RNAi（抑制第二记者表达的抑制的˚F分化2，rcd2）在第 2 次染色体的左臂。地点 组织特异性-GAL4驱动在X或第三染色体，如果可能的话。 </li><li>在另一亲本系，组装FRT 40A，UAS-rCD2 :: RFP的转基因（第二记者，rCD2 :: RFP;另一膜-拴系的记者由具有红色荧光蛋白融合rCD2蛋白），和UAS-GFPRNAi （抑制mCD8 :: GFP表达的抑制;针对GFP表达的RNA干扰）的2 次染色体的左臂。放置热休克（HS）-FLP或组织specific- FLP在X或第三染色体，如果可能的话。 </li></ol></li><li>生成tsMARCM就绪苍蝇从由个人蝇14进行转基因的新版本（ 见表1）。进行标飞的遗传交叉方案中，已经描述previously，通过将多个转基因在同一飞股票13。 <ol><li>在一个亲本线，组装FRT位点和UAS-mCD8.GFP.UAS-rCD2i（mCD8 :: GFP和抑制rCD2表达:: RFP抑制器的组合转基因）的转基因一起的同一手臂第2 次或第 3 次的染色体（FRT和UAS-mCD8.GFP.UAS-rCD2i的转基因的适当对表1中所示）。放置组织特异性-GAL4司机比所选择的FRT位点的染色体，其他可能的话染色体。 </li><li>在另一亲本系，组装FRT位点和UAS-rCD2.RFP.UAS-GFPi（rCD2的其他组合的转基因:: RFP和抑制mCD8 :: GFP表达的抑制）在同一臂的转基因第2 次或第 3号染色体（适当对FRT的转基因的</青霉&gt;和UAS-rCD2.RFP.UAS-GFPi在表1中所示）。代替HS-FLP或大于所选择的FRT位点的染色体，其他可能的话染色体组织特异性-FLP。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2.跨tsMARCM准备飞往生成tsMARCM无性系后代<ol><li>跨tsMARCM就绪苍蝇（ 如，放10-15雄蝇从步骤1.1.1或1.2.1和20-30处女女步骤1.1.2或1.2.2一起飞）在飞食品小瓶新鲜对小瓶的壁订做酵母膏。 </li><li>保持在25℃的交叉tsMARCM就绪蝇2天收集受精卵之前提高交配的机会。 </li><li>频繁交叉tsMARCM就绪蝇转移到新鲜yeasted小瓶避免拥挤（点击向下的苍蝇或使用二氧化碳麻醉苍蝇便于转移;通过保持不超过80-100受精卵在一个10毫升飞食品L为了避免过多的孵幼虫）。 </li><li>培养tsMARCM动物（ 即，受精卵; tsMARCM动物的基因型的一个例子，如在图3中使用的，是HS-FLP [22]，w / w的; UAS-mCD8 :: GFP，UAS-rCD2RNAi，FRT 40A ，GAL4-GH146 / UAS-rCD2 :: RFP，UAS-GFPRNAi，FRT 40A + +）已在25℃下被放置在串行传送小瓶直到他们开发到所需阶段（ 例如，胚胎，幼体，或蛹）。 </li><li>放置包含tsMARCM动物在相同发育阶段到37℃水浴10，20，30，40所传送的小瓶中，50分钟，以确定热休克的最佳时间诱导FLP的表达，以产生感兴趣tsMARCM克隆。如果跳过这一步在tsMARCM实验中使用组织specific- FLP（HS-FLP是首选的神经系分析;对于这种偏好的原因先前已被描述15）。 注:使用在未来tsMARCM实验热休克的最佳时间，如果感兴趣的更多tsMARCM克隆想重复步骤2.5;通常，更多的FLP表达在诱导HS-FLP [22]相比于HS-FLP [1]具有相同的热休克的时间。 </li><li>文化在25℃的热震惊tsMARCM动物，直到他们达到合适的发育阶段，然后进行第3步。 </li></ol> 3.准备，着色漆，和粉煤灰山含脑克隆tsMARCM <ol><li>准备钳保护的菜肴。混合部分A（30克）和有机硅弹性体套件，带活性炭（0.25克）B部分（3克）。将混合物倒入合适的菜肴。 </li><li>解剖幼虫，蛹，或成人的脑袋上使用通过解剖显微镜观察的镊子保护盘钳在1×磷酸盐缓冲盐水的tsMARCM动物（PBS）中的。注:为飞大脑解剖协议已经说明此前16 ribed。 </li><li>固定在玻璃斑点板用含有1×PBS中的4％甲醛在室温下20分钟的飞大脑。处理在该玻璃斑点板为以下步骤剩余的飞大脑。 </li><li>冲洗苍蝇大脑中（含1×PBS中1％的Triton X-100）1％PBT，每洗三次，每次30分钟，以1％的PBT（漂洗三次:删除PBT和快速添加新PBT;清洗:除去PBT，添加新的PBT和孵化在新的PBT使用定轨振荡器）飞大脑。 </li><li>孵育初级抗体的混合物飞大脑在4℃或在室温下4小时过夜。初级抗体的混合物的一个例子是大鼠抗CD8抗体（1:100）:含有与小鼠抗Bruchpilot（BRP），以1％的PBT抗体（1:50），兔抗DsRed的抗体（800 1） 5％正常山羊血清（NGS）。 </li><li>冲洗飞大脑，用1％的PBT三次，然后把它们洗干净三次，每次30分钟，用1％的PBT。 </li><lI&gt;孵育次级抗体的混合物飞大脑在4℃或在室温下4小时过夜。二次抗体的混合物的一个例子是与绿色荧光染料（1:800）缀合的山羊抗大鼠IgG抗体，山羊抗兔IgG抗体有黄色荧光染料（1:800）缀合，和山羊抗小鼠IgG抗体结合有远红色荧光染料（1:800）在含有5％NGS 1％的PBT。 </li><li>冲洗飞大脑，用1％的PBT三次，然后把它们洗干净三次，每次30分钟，用1％的PBT。它们安装在与抗淬火试剂的微滑动。戴上微型滑动微型玻璃盖覆盖和保护的苍蝇大脑。密封使用透明指甲油微玻璃盖和微滑动的边缘。存储这些装并密封在4℃飞大脑标本。 </li></ol> 4.取，处理和分析tsMARCM克隆的荧光图像<ol><li>捕捉tsMARCM克隆fr的荧光图像嗡使用选择的共聚焦显微镜系统在步骤3.8中创建的样品。 </li><li> tsMARCM共焦荧光图像的项目堆叠成二维，使用具有所选择的共焦显微镜系统提供的图像处理软件扁平的图像（ 见图3B - 3E，3G - 3J，3L - 30， 和3Q - 3T为扁平的例子共聚焦荧光图像）。 </li><li>计数使用适当的图像处理软件（在ImageJ的17 如在"细胞计数"功能tsMARCM克隆的多细胞-NB边的细胞数，参见图3E，3J，3O，和3T用于小区的例子神经元的体）。 </li></ol>

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作者宣称，他们没有竞争的经济利益。

该议定书中的关键步骤步骤1.1.1，1.2.1，2.3，2.5和3.2是获得良好tsMARCM结果是至关重要的。不表达在神经祖细胞GAL4组织特异性-GAL4驱动是优选的步骤1.1.1和1.2.1。避免过度拥挤在步骤2.3在飞食品小瓶生长的动物。因为感应延迟，FLP的在热休克的表达水平，和神经祖细胞（ 即，NBS和系膜）的平均分割时间是未知的，这是最好的，以改变热休克的时间（10，20，30 ，40，和50...

脑，由广大多样类型的神经元的，赋予动物感知，处理和来自外部世界的挑战的反应能力。成年果蝇中央脑的神经元被从神经干细胞的数量有限的派生，称为神经母细胞（NBS），开发1,2中。大多数国家统计局参加在果蝇脑内神经发生不对称分裂产生自我更新国家统计局和神经节母细胞（系膜细胞）和系膜细胞然后再通过另一轮分裂产生分化成神经元3两个子细胞（ 图1A ）。由于神经元形态的复杂性，并确定具体的神经元，正面镶嵌标签技术，以阻遏细胞标记物（MARCM）马赛克分析相关的挑战，被发明使visualizat一个单一的神经元即神经元的一小部分出来的周边，未标记的神经元4的人口的离子。 MARCM利用翻转酶（FLP）/ FLP识别目标（FRT）系统介导携带阻抑基因，其表达通常抑制报道基因4的表达的杂合等位基因的分割前体细胞内的同源染色体之间的位点特异性重组。的有丝分裂后，重组染色体分成双细胞，使得一个单元包含阻抑基因的纯合等位基因，而另一个单元没有阻遏基因的记者的在该小区（和其后代）表现不再4受阻。三个克隆型态通常在MARCM实验中发现，当FLP在的NB或系膜是随机诱导:单细胞和双小区GMC克隆，其描绘在单细胞resolutio神经元形态n和多细胞-NB克隆，它揭示了从一个共同的NB（ 图1B）衍生的神经元的整个形态模式。该MARCM技术已在果蝇的神经生物学研究中得到了广泛应用，包括神经类型识别用于重建大脑宽布线网络，神经系分析了披露神经元，参与细胞命运规范基因功能表型特征的发展历史，以及神经元形态发生和分化研究5，6，7，8，9，10。由于传统MARCM只标注诱导有丝分裂重组事件发生后两个子细胞（和系）中的一个，从侧无人盯防的潜在有用的信息丢失。这种限制妨碍了基本M的应用该切换细胞命运在快节奏的许多神经谱系的ARCM系统高分辨率分析或精密在不同动物11,12相同的神经元基因功能分析。 双点MARCM（tsMARCM）是一种先进的系统，标签从共同祖衍生用两种不同颜色的神经元，从而使有用的信息从双细胞两侧的恢复，从而克服了原有MARCM系统11的限制（ 图2A - 2C）。在tsMARCM系统中，两个RNA干扰（RNAi）为主抑制器是位于前体细胞内的同源染色体的反式位点，并且这些抑制剂的表达独立地抑制它们各自的记者（ 图2B）的表达。继通过FLP / FRT系统介导的位点特异性有丝分裂重组，在TWø基于RNAi的抑制成为分隔成两张细胞，以允许不同的记者（ 图2B）中的表达。两个克隆的图案，与多细胞-NB克隆相关的单细胞克隆和两个小区用GMC相关联的单细胞，通常见于一个tsMARCM实验（ 图2C）。信息从可利用作为另一侧上的参考双子细胞的一侧导出，使得到的高分辨率神经谱系分析，如出生约会标记的神经元，和用于精确调查在不同的动物相同的神经元表型分析神经基因功能11,12。这里，我们提出一个步骤一步协议描述如何在果蝇进行tsMARCM实验，其可以通过其他实验室使用，以扩大其神经发育的研究（以及其它组织的发展，如适用）。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Carbon dioxide (CO2)</td>
			<td>Local vendor</td>
			<td>n.a.</td>
			<td>Anesthetize flies</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CO2 pad</td>
			<td>Local vendor</td>
			<td>n.a.</td>
			<td>Sort, cross and transfer flies</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10x PBS pH 7.4</td>
			<td>Uniregion Bio-Tech (or other vendors)</td>
			<td>PBS001</td>
			<td>Dissect, rinse, wash and immunostain fly brains</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Formaldehyde</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>252549</td>
			<td>Fix fly brains</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T8787</td>
			<td>Rinse, wash and immunostain fly brains</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Normal goat</td>
			<td rowspan="2">Jackson ImmunoResearch&#160;</td>
			<td rowspan="2">005-000-121</td>
			<td rowspan="2">Immunostain fly brains</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>serum</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rat anti-mouse CD8 antibody</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>MCD0800</td>
			<td>Immunostain fly brains</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rabbit anti-DsRed antibody</td>
			<td>Clonetech</td>
			<td>632496</td>
			<td>Immunostain fly brains</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse anti-Brp antibody</td>
			<td>Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank</td>
			<td>nc82</td>
			<td>Immunostain fly brains</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat anti-rat IgG antibody conjugated with Alexa Fluor 488</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A11006</td>
			<td>Immunostain fly brains</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat anti-rabbit IgG antibody conjugated with Alexa Fluor 546</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A11035</td>
			<td>Immunostain fly brains</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat anti-mouse IgG antibody conjugated with Alexa Fluor 647</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A21236</td>
			<td>Immunostain fly brains</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SlowFade gold antifade reagent</td>
			<td>Molecular Probes</td>
			<td>S36936</td>
			<td>Mount fly brains and protect quenching of fluorescence&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PYREX 9 depression glass spot plate</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>7220-85</td>
			<td>Dissect, rinse, wash and immunostain fly brains</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sylgard 184 silicone elastomer kit</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>SYLG184</td>
			<td>Make black Sylgard dishes to protect forceps during brain dissection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Activated charcoal</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>242276-250G</td>
			<td>Make black Sylgard dishes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dumont #5 forceps</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>11252-30</td>
			<td>Dissect and mount fly brains</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro slide</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>2948-75x25</td>
			<td>Mount fly brains</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro cover glass No.1.5</td>
			<td>VWR International</td>
			<td>48366-205</td>
			<td>Mount fly brains</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nail polish</td>
			<td>Local vendor</td>
			<td>not available</td>
			<td>Seal micro cover glass on micro slides</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="2">Incubator&#160;</td>
			<td>Kansin Instruments</td>
			<td rowspan="2">LTI603</td>
			<td rowspan="2">culture flies at 25&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>(or other vendors)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="2">Water bath</td>
			<td>Kansin Instruments</td>
			<td rowspan="2">WB212-B2</td>
			<td rowspan="2">Induce heat-shock in flies at 37&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>(or other vendors)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="2">Orbital shaker</td>
			<td>Kansin Instruments</td>
			<td rowspan="2">OS701</td>
			<td rowspan="2">Wash and immunostain fly brains</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>(or other vendors)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dissection microscope</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>EZ4</td>
			<td>Sort, cross and transfer flies; Dissect, rinse, wash and immunostain fly brains</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Confocal microscope</td>
			<td>Zeiss (or other vendors)</td>
			<td>LSM 700 (or other models)</td>
			<td>Image tsMARCM clones</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>image-processing software 1 
			(e.g., Zeiss LSM image browser)&#160;</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td>not available</td>
			<td>Project stacks of confocal images</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>image-processing software 2 
			(e.g., Image-J)&#160;</td>
			<td>not available</td>
			<td>not available</td>
			<td>Count cell number of tsMARCM clones</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

cell lineage analyses and gene function studies using twin-spot marcm

中号 osaic带有R epressible 有丝米 arker 一 nalysis（MARCM）是一种已被广泛应用在果蝇的神经生物学研究来描绘复杂的形态和内，否则无人盯防和泰然自若操纵基因功能的神经元亚群的积极镶嵌标签制度生物。在MARCM系统中产生遗传马赛克通过同源染色体之间的位点特异性重组内分裂前体细胞的有丝分裂过程中，以产生两个标记（MARCM克隆）和未标记的子细胞介导的。所述MARCM方法的扩展，称为双点MARCM（tsMARCM），标签都从具有两种不同颜色的共同祖先来源的双细胞。这种技术被开发，以使从两个半谱系有​​用信息的检索。通过综合分析对不同tsMARCM克隆的tsMARCM系统允许高分辨率神经系mapping至揭示从共同祖细胞产生的标记的神经元的确切出生顺序。此外，tsMARCM系统还通过允许不同动物的相同神经元的表型分析延伸基因功能的研究。在这里，我们将介绍如何应用tsMARCM系统，方便神经发育研究果蝇 。

该tsMARCM系统已被用于通过检索来自共同的NB衍生的神经元的重要信息，以促进神经谱系分析和基因功能研究。该系统已被用于识别大部分（如果不是全部）的神经元类型，确定每个神经元类型的细胞数量，并确定使用tsMARCM这些神经元的出生顺序11，12，18（见讨论部分的详细说明开展神经系...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Cell Lineage Analyses and Gene Function Studies Using Twin-spot MARCM at JoVE.com

Cell Lineage Analyses and Gene Function Studies Using Twin-spot MARCM

这里，我们提出了一个协议，用于一个马赛克标记技术，它允许从一个共同的祖细胞在两种不同颜色来源的神经元的可视化。这有利于与出生约会单个神经元中不同个体的相同的神经元的能力，研究基因功能的神经谱系分析。

细胞谱系分析和基因功能研究使用双点MARCM

Mosaic analysis with a repressible cell marker (MARCM) is a positive mosaic labeling system that has been widely applied in Drosophila neurobiological ...

cell-lineage-analyses-and-gene-function-studies-using-twin-spot-marcm

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

9.9K 次观看.  Academia Sinica. 这里，我们提出了一个协议，用于一个马赛克标记技术，它允许从一个共同的祖细胞在两种不同颜色来源的神经元的可视化。这有利于与出生约会单个神经元中不同个体的相同的神经元的能力，研究基因功能的神经谱系分析。 

视频: Cell Lineage Analyses and Gene Function Studies Using Twin-spot MARCM

Efficient Gene Transfer in Chick Retinas for Primary Cell Culture Studies: An Ex-ovo Electroporation Approach

The cone photoreceptor-enriched cultures derived from embryonic chick retinas have become an indispensable tool for researchers around the world studying the biology of retinal neurons, particularly photoreceptors. The applications of this system go beyond basic research, as they can easily be adapted to high throughput technologies for drug development. However, genetic manipulation of retinal photoreceptors in these cultures has proven to be very challenging, posing an important limitation to the usefulness of the system. We have recently developed and validated an ex&#160;ovo plasmid electroporation technique that increases the rate of transfection of retinal cells in these cultures by five-fold compared to other currently available protocols1. In this method embryonic chick eyes are enucleated at stage 27, the RPE is removed, and the retinal cup is placed in a plasmid-containing solution and electroporated using easily constructed custom-made electrodes. The retinas are then dissociated and cultured using standard procedures. This technique can be applied to overexpression studies as well as to the downregulation of gene expression, for example via the use of plasmid-driven RNAi technology, commonly achieving transgene expression in 25% of the photoreceptor population. The video format of the present publication will make this technology easily accessible to researchers in the field, enabling the study of gene function in primary retinal cultures. We have also included detailed explanations of the critical steps of this procedure for a successful outcome and reproducibility.

Efficient Gene Transfer in Chick Retinas for Primary Cell Culture Studies: An Ex-ovo Electroporation Approach

Embryonic chick retinal cell cultures constitute valuable tools for the study of photoreceptor biology. We have developed an efficient gene transfer technique based on ex&#160;ovo plasmid electroporation of the retinas prior to culture. This technique considerably increases transfection efficiencies over currently available protocols, making genetic manipulation feasible for this system.

在小鸡视网膜有效的基因转移的原代细胞培养研究:<em&gt;前OVO</em&gt;电穿孔法

The cone photoreceptor-enriched cultures derived from embryonic chick retinas have become an indispensable tool for researchers around the world studying ...

科研

发育生物学

Organotypic Slice Cultures for Studies of Postnatal Neurogenesis

Here we describe a technique for studying hippocampal postnatal neurogenesis in the rodent brain using the organotypic slice culture technique. This method maintains the characteristic topographical morphology of the hippocampus while allowing direct application of pharmacological agents to the developing hippocampal dentate gyrus. Additionally, slice cultures can be maintained for up to 4 weeks and thus, allow one to study the maturation process of newborn granule neurons. Slice cultures allow for efficient pharmacological manipulation of hippocampal slices while excluding complex variables such as uncertainties related to the deep anatomic location of the hippocampus as well as the blood brain barrier. For these reasons, we sought to optimize organotypic slice cultures specifically for postnatal neurogenesis research.

Here we describe a technique for studying hippocampal postnatal neurogenesis using the organotypic slice culture technique. This method allows for in vitro manipulation of adult neurogenesis and allows for the direct application of pharmacological agents to the cultured hippocampus.

器官切片文化为产后神经再生的研究

Here we describe a technique for studying hippocampal postnatal neurogenesis in the rodent brain using the organotypic slice culture technique. This ...

Efficient Generation of hiPSC Neural Lineage Specific Knockin Reporters Using the CRISPR/Cas9 and Cas9 Double Nickase System

Gene targeting is a critical approach for characterizing gene functions in modern biomedical research. However, the efficiency of gene targeting in human cells has been low, which prevents the generation of human cell lines at a desired rate. The past two years have witnessed a rapid progression on improving efficiency of genetic manipulation by genome editing tools such as the CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats)/Cas (CRISPR-associated) system. This manuscript describes a protocol for generating lineage specific human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) reporters using CRISPR/Cas system assisted homologous recombination. Procedures for obtaining necessary components for making neural lineage reporter lines using the CRISPR/Cas system, focusing on construction of targeting vectors and single guide RNAs, are described. This protocol can be extended to platform establishment and mutation correction in hiPSCs.

Genome editing tools such as the CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats)/Cas (CRISPR-associated) system have greatly improved gene targeting efficiency in human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). This manuscript describes a protocol for generating lineage specific hiPSC reporter using CRISPR/Cas system assisted homologous recombination.

的hiPSC神经细胞系特异性敲开记者代高效使用CRISPR / Cas9和Cas9双切口酶系统

Gene targeting is a critical approach for characterizing gene functions in modern biomedical research. However, the efficiency of gene targeting in human ...

A Method for Lineage Tracing of Corneal Cells Using Multi-color Fluorescent Reporter Mice

Lineage tracing experiments define the origin, fate and behavior of cells in a specific tissue or organism. This technique has been successfully applied for many decades, revealing seminal findings in developmental biology. More recently, it was adopted by stem cell biologists to identify and track different stem cell populations with minimal experimental intervention. The recent developments in mouse genetics, the availability of a large number of mouse strains, and the advancements in fluorescent microscopy allow the straightforward design of powerful lineage tracing systems for various tissues with basic expertise, using commercially available tools. We have recently taken advantage of this powerful methodology to explore the origin and fate of stem cells at the ocular surface using R26R-Confetti mouse. This model offers a multi-color genetic system, for the expression of 4 fluorescent genes in a random manner. Here we describe the principles of this methodology and provide an adaptable protocol for designing lineage tracing experiments; specifically for the corneal epithelium as well as for other tissues.

In this article we describe the principles for designing and performing a multi-color lineage tracing experiment using R26R-Confetti mice. We provide a specific protocol for tracking corneal epithelial cells which can be modified for other tissues of interest.

方法对角膜细胞的谱系追踪使用多色荧光记者小鼠

Lineage tracing experiments define the origin, fate and behavior of cells in a specific tissue or organism. This technique has been successfully applied ...

Co-localization of Cell Lineage Markers and the Tomato Signal

The cell lineage tracing system has been used predominantly in developmental biology studies. The use of Cre recombinase allows for the activation of the reporter in a specific cell line and all progeny. Here, we used the cell lineage tracing technique to demonstrate that chondrocytes directly transform into osteoblasts and osteocytes during long bone and mandibular condyle development using two kinds of Cre, Col10a1-Cre and Aggrecan-CreERT2 (Agg-CreERT2), crossed with Rosa26tdTomato. Both Col10 and aggrecan are well-recognized markers for chondrocytes.
On this basis, we developed a new method-cell lineage tracing in conjunction with fluorescent immunohistochemistry-to define cell fate by analyzing the expression of specific cell markers. Runx2 (a marker for early-stage osteogenic cells) and Dentin matrix protein1 (DMP1; a marker for late-stage osteogenic cells) were used to identify chondrocyte-derived bone cells and their differentiation status. This combination not only broadens the application of cell lineage tracing, but also simplifies the generation of compound mice. More importantly, the number, location, and differentiation statuses of parent cell progeny are displayed simultaneously, providing more information than cell lineage tracing alone. In conclusion, the co-application of cell lineage tracing techniques and immunofluorescence is a powerful tool for investigating cell biology in vivo.

We developed two sets of tracing combinations in Rosa26tdtomato (ubiquitously expressed in all cells)/Cre (specifically expressed in chondrocytes) mice: one with 2.3Col1a1-GFP (specific to osteoblasts) and one with immunofluorescence (specific to bone cells). The data demonstrate the direct transformation of chondrocytes into bone cells.

细胞系标记的共定位和番茄信号

The cell lineage tracing system has been used predominantly in developmental biology studies. The use of Cre recombinase allows for the activation of the ...

Functional Manipulation of Maternal Gene Products Using In Vitro Oocyte Maturation in Zebrafish

Cellular events that take place during the earliest stages of animal embryonic development are driven by maternally derived gene products deposited into the developing oocyte. Because these events rely on maternal products which typically act very soon after fertilization-that preexist inside the egg, standard approaches for expression and functional reduction involving the injection of reagents into the fertilized egg are typically ineffective. Instead, such manipulations must be performed during oogenesis, prior to or during the accumulation of maternal products. This article describes in detail a protocol for the in vitro maturation of immature zebrafish oocytes and their subsequent in vitro fertilization, yielding viable embryos that survive to adulthood. This method allows the functional manipulation of maternal products during oogenesis, such as the expression of products for phenotypic rescue and tagged construct visualization, as well as the reduction of gene function through reverse-genetics agents.

Functional Manipulation of Maternal Gene Products Using In Vitro Oocyte Maturation in Zebrafish

An optimized protocol for the in vitro maturation of zebrafish oocytes used for the manipulation of maternal gene products is presented here.

产妇基因产品的官能化操作使用<em&gt;体外</em斑马鱼&gt;卵母细胞成熟

Cellular events that take place during the earliest stages of animal embryonic development are driven by maternally derived gene products deposited into ...

Structure-function Studies in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells Using Recombinase-mediated Cassette Exchange

Gene engineering in mouse embryos or embryonic stem cells (mESCs) allows for the study of the function of a given protein. Proteins are the workhorses of the cell and often consist of multiple functional domains, which can be influenced by posttranslational modifications. The depletion of the entire protein in conditional or constitutive knock-out (KO) mice does not take into account this functional diversity and regulation. An mESC line and a derived mouse model, in which a docking site for FLPe recombination-mediated cassette exchange (RMCE) was inserted within the ROSA26 (R26) locus, was previously reported. Here, we report on a structure-function approach that allows for molecular dissection of the different functionalities of a multidomain protein. To this end, RMCE-compatible mice must be crossed with KO mice and then RMCE-compatible KO mESCs must be isolated. Next, a panel of putative rescue constructs can be introduced into the R26 locus via RMCE targeting. The candidate rescue cDNAs can be easily inserted between RMCE sites of the targeting vector using recombination cloning. Next, KO mESCs are transfected with the targeting vector in combination with an FLPe recombinase expression plasmid. RMCE reactivates the promoter-less neomycin-resistance gene in the ROSA26 docking sites and allows for the selection of the correct targeting event. In this way, high targeting efficiencies close to 100% are obtained, allowing for insertion of multiple putative rescue constructs in a semi-high throughput manner. Finally, a multitude of R26-driven rescue constructs can be tested for their ability to rescue the phenotype that was observed in parental KO mESCs. We present a proof-of-principle structure-function study in p120 catenin (p120ctn) KO mESCs using endoderm differentiation in embryoid bodies (EBs) as the phenotypic readout. This approach enables the identification of important domains, putative downstream pathways, and disease-relevant point mutations that underlie KO phenotypes for a given protein.

Proteins often contain multiple domains that can exert different cellular functions. Gene knock-outs (KO) do not consider this functional diversity. Here, we report a recombination-mediated cassette exchange (RMCE)-based structure-function approach in KO embryonic stem cells that allows for the molecular dissection of various functional domains or variants of a protein.

在小鼠胚胎干细胞结构功能研究使用重组酶介导的盒式交换

Gene engineering in mouse embryos or embryonic stem cells (mESCs) allows for the study of the function of a given protein. Proteins are the workhorses of ...

CRISPR-mediated Loss of Function Analysis in Cerebellar Granule Cells Using In Utero Electroporation-based Gene Transfer

Brain malformation is often caused by genetic mutations. Deciphering the mutations in patient-derived tissues has identified potential causative factors of the diseases. To validate the contribution of a dysfunction of the mutated genes to disease development, the generation of animal models carrying the mutations is one obvious approach. While germline genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) are popular biological tools and exhibit reproducible results, it is restricted by time and costs. Meanwhile, non-germline GEMMs often enable exploring gene function in a more feasible manner. Since some brain diseases (e.g., brain tumors) appear to result from somatic but not germline mutations, non-germline chimeric mouse models, in which normal and abnormal cells coexist, could be helpful for disease-relevant analysis. In this study, we report a method for the induction of CRISPR-mediated somatic mutations in the cerebellum. Specifically, we utilized conditional knock-in mice, in which Cas9 and GFP are chronically activated by the CAG (CMV enhancer/chicken &#223;-actin) promoter after Cre-mediated recombination of the genome. The self-designed single-guide RNAs (sgRNAs) and the Cre recombinase sequence, both encoded in a single plasmid construct, were delivered into cerebellar stem/progenitor cells at an embryonic stage using in utero electroporation. Consequently, transfected cells and their daughter cells were labeled with green fluorescent protein (GFP), thus facilitating further phenotypic analyses. Hence, this method is not only showing electroporation-based gene delivery into embryonic cerebellar cells but also proposing a novel quantitative approach to assess CRISPR-mediated loss-of-function phenotypes.

CRISPR-mediated Loss of Function Analysis in Cerebellar Granule Cells Using In Utero Electroporation-based Gene Transfer

Conventional loss-of-function studies of genes using knockout animals have often been costly and time-consuming. Electroporation-based CRISPR-mediated somatic mutagenesis is a powerful tool to understand gene functions in vivo. Here, we report a method to analyze knockout phenotypes in proliferating cells of the cerebellum.

CRISPR 介导的小脑颗粒细胞在宫内电穿孔基因转移中的功能分析损失

Brain malformation is often caused by genetic mutations. Deciphering the mutations in patient-derived tissues has identified potential causative factors ...

Tracing Gene Expression Through Detection of &#946;-galactosidase Activity in Whole Mouse Embryos

The Escherichia coli LacZ gene, encoding &#946;-galactosidase, is largely used as a reporter for gene expression and as a tracer in cell lineage studies. The classical histochemical reaction is based on the hydrolysis of the substrate X-gal in combination with ferric and ferrous ions, which produces an insoluble blue precipitate that is easy to visualize. Therefore, &#946;-galactosidase activity serves as a marker for the expression pattern of the gene of interest as the development proceeds. Here we describe the standard protocol for the detection of &#946;-galactosidase activity in early whole mouse embryos and the subsequent method for paraffin sectioning and counterstaining. Additionally, a procedure for clarifying whole embryos is provided to better visualize X-gal staining in deeper regions of the embryo. Consistent results are obtained by performing this procedure, although optimization of reaction conditions is needed to minimize background activity. Limitations in the assay should be also considered, particularly regarding the size of the embryo in whole mount staining. Our protocol provides a sensitive and a reliable method for &#946;-galactosidase detection during the mouse development that can be further applied to the cryostat sections as well as whole organs. Thus, the dynamic gene expression patterns throughout development can be easily analyzed by using this protocol in whole embryos, but also detailed expression at the cellular level can be assessed after paraffin sectioning.

Here we describe the standard protocol for the detection of &#946;-galactosidase activity in early whole mouse embryos and the method for paraffin sectioning and counterstaining. This is an easy and quick procedure to monitor gene expression during development that can also be applied to tissue sections, organs or cultured cells.

通过检测全小鼠胚胎β乳糖酶活性追踪基因表达

The Escherichia coli LacZ gene, encoding &#946;-galactosidase, is largely used as a reporter for gene expression and as a tracer in cell lineage studies. ...

Single-cell Transcriptomic Analyses of Mouse Pancreatic Endocrine Cells

Pancreatic endocrine cells, which are clustered in islets, regulate blood glucose stability and energy metabolism. The distinct cell types in islets, including insulin-secreting &#946; cells, are differentiated from common endocrine progenitors during the embryonic stage. Immature endocrine cells expand via cell proliferation and mature during a long postnatal developmental period. However, the mechanisms underlying these processes are not clearly defined. Single-cell RNA-sequencing is a promising approach for the characterization of distinct cell populations and tracing cell lineage differentiation pathways. Here, we describe a method for the single-cell RNA-sequencing of isolated pancreatic &#946; cells from embryonic, neonatal and postnatal pancreases.

We describe a method for the isolation of endocrine cells from embryonic, neonatal and postnatal pancreases followed by single-cell RNA sequencing. This method allows analyses of pancreatic endocrine lineage development, cell heterogeneity and transcriptomic dynamics.

小鼠胰腺内分泌细胞的单细胞 Transcriptomic 分析

Pancreatic endocrine cells, which are clustered in islets, regulate blood glucose stability and energy metabolism. The distinct cell types in islets, ...