这项研究是由安东尼·马尔基翁内先生基金会（70256-23284），并与TCU补助资金进行了IS。作者感谢丹尼尔DelPriore，阿曼达莫林，和克里斯托弗Rodeheffer他们对塑造这些方法的有益贡献。作者也想感谢汉娜布拉德肖和兰迪Proffitt莱瓦他们与拍摄这个协议的援助。

伦理学声明:程序和涉及人类受试者的激励机制已经批准了在得克萨斯州基督教大学机构审查委员会（IRB）。 1.参赛者入选系数和招聘<ol><li>排除谁拥有敏感的糖或其他任何健康状况，这样的损害糖代谢调节糖尿病或其他疾病的人，那将是因为能够安全地消耗加糖或人造甜味饮料阻止他们。排除参与者与身体质量指数（BMI）30，如肥胖与能量失调31相关联。 注意:如果任何在研究下列行为因变量涉及食品或饮料的消费，确保参与者不会从对计划使用的食品或饮料食物过敏症。 </li><li>计划参与者几天提前会议。 注:参加招聘和塞西在调度不必亲自完成。这些程序可以通过电子邮件联系或电话进行。 <ol><li>在安排参加这样的研究，请参与者占用所有食品和非水饮料的预定会话时间32前至少8小时投弃权票。 注:另外，许多临床医生和研究人员，而不是需要一个通宵禁食他们的标准禁食期间测定血液中葡萄糖耐受1。 </li><li>安排在一天中的一个一致的时间，以帮助血糖的自然波动的昼夜变化，而不是禁食的结果，可能会出现控制所有参与者的会话。 注:早晨（上午8和11之间）是安排的会话的理想时间，因为它增加遵守禁食过程和从延长禁食最小参与者的不适（ 例如光头晕）。 </li><li>安排一个参与者的会话或一组参与者会话，这取决于如何敏感的话题选择的因变量反映。 注:例如，如果测量饮食行为作为主要因变量，它可能会更加谨慎，让参与者消费食品私下而不是公开的，因为组存在和大小是已知影响食品消费33,34。当使用一个词汇决策任务，基于调查相关的措施，它可能会更务实的半私人，分区实验室空间运行在小团体的参与者。 </li><li>参与者发送电子邮件提醒24小时提前计划约会提醒的预定会议时间和空腹要求参加者。 注:确保参与者有办法联系研究者并取消或者如果有必要重新安排而不受处罚。请参阅附录A样本提醒电子邮件。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2.调查和词汇决策任务编程<ol><li>硒牛逼了，包括任何基于问卷因变量，调节变量和中介检验假设需要变量的调查。 <ol><li>首先同意书调查和述职发言结束。 </li><li>创建使用调查建设软件35调查。划分满调查到足够的独立调查部分，以适应休息参与者完成词汇判断任务。 注:目前的研究调查编入使用调查建筑软件两部分。要做到这一点，两个独立的调查是建立再后来通过批处理文件链接到一起。上半年包含步骤2.1.3.1-2.1.3.6。第二次调查包含步2.1.4。与会者两半的调查之间的差距在完成词汇判断任务。 </li><li>创建第一调查半，以便它包含的同意文件，并在步骤2.1.3.1-2.1.3.6描述的项目。 注意:如果采集血液glucosË数据，一些研究机构可能会要求研究人员还包括HIPAA（健康保险流通与责任法案）的形式为与会者签署授权任何血糖值的记录。 <ol><li>近一半的调查，评估多久参与者禁食的开始，以及如何饿参与者感觉创建一个页面。 注:请参阅附录B在作者的研究中使用的确切问题和规模点。 </li><li>将"停止"指令，告诉参与者发出停止并联系实验者开始调查的下一部分。 注:请参阅附录C样本集的停止指令。 </li><li>程序中的饮料消费的任务。以供消费的饮料为此，第一程序的一组指令。遵循包括2分钟中性填料的观测任务，参与者可以在2分钟饮料消费期间遵守指令。计划到这个任务，表明参与者有30秒的30秒警告留下来完成的饮料。 注意:在目前的研究，作者编程在他们的调查中块1分钟30秒（见附录D进行精确编码和如何实现它）所采取的哈勃太空望远镜先进的自动图片。其次指示参与者，有30秒留给完成他们的饮料30秒警告。 </li><li>在调查中创建一个页面，提示参与者率（一）愉悦的饮料2分钟饮酒过程中，（二）饮料的喜好​​和（c）可取为购买未来产品后完成。 （有关详细提问和规模点见附录B）。 </li><li>创建一个10分钟的中性填充物的任务，参与者将消费和评估后的饮料完成。 注:此10分钟中性填料任务的目的是允许足够的时间来通过对血液发生葡萄糖的变化。因此，包括该任务的具体内容是到实验者选择。在目前的研究中，参与者被要求名称的办公用品，家居清洁产品，和学习用品，他们可以在3分钟的间隔（编程为包括指令的另外1分钟）所认为的许多品牌，与消费者保持产品测试诡计。同样的JavaScript编码用于血糖操作任务是用来程序中打开的答案回应块出现了整整3分钟（ 附录C）。 注意:如果关心参与者疲劳由于填料任务，另一幻灯片呈现中性物体的照片（不需要字代）可以代替更积极的任务（如上面提到的品牌名称生成任务）。 注:另外，如果有兴趣测量认知功能， 本身任务可以被修改为如果需要更多的认知要求的;鉴于使用各种认知范式的研究已经表明，血糖波动可以便于高负载1,10,36的条件下某些类型的认知。 </li><li>如果测量操作后血糖，程序停止指令第二，处理后的中性填料任务结束后立即阅读，让血糖评估协议的执行情况。 </li></ol></li><li>创建第二个调查的一半包含了所有的词汇决策任务之后，将去的问题，以及与会者被告知任何欺骗的述职陈述（ 例如，在当前的研究行:消费产品测试诡计）。 注:在研究当前行，这部分要求参与者对各种社会人口因素，如报告:年龄，身高，体重，社会经济地位可选，其中一项措施在该部分的心情将允许控制用于 ​​在认知辅助可能导致的情绪14的变化的差异的能力。 </li></ol></li><li>程序中的词汇判断任务，使用任务建设行为的软件37，能够记录的反应时间精确到毫秒的计算机任务。 注意:用于此任务的方案将取决于用来执行该词汇判断软件而变化的编码的信息。请参阅附录E为选择的作者的任务，建设软件样本编码模板，词与非词的样本名单，编入任务20。 <ol><li>程序中的字母串词/在词汇决策任务的非词出现在随机顺序，而不是通过操纵标记为"块"，并在行为任务构建软件"试用"编码的部分重复。 注:随机化，将有助于控制潜在的吸从看到词/非词的字母串的特定顺序对参与者的行为影响。请参阅附录E示例模板为该确切的代码可用于随机字母串的顺序。 注意:在目前的研究中，作者编程每个字母串，以显示在计算机屏幕为250毫秒上。任务被编程使得参与者指示每个字母串是否是通过分别按键盘上的"z"或"M"键，一个字或非字。该任务也被编程，以便有一个实践试验，参与者分为15中性价字和15个非词的字母串的任务来获得熟悉。在刺激呈现时间，响应键，以及任务的长度都可以很容易地通过改变模板代码操纵列入附录E. </li></ol></li><li>整合调查和词汇判断任务。 注:整合与COMPUT计算机化调查的一种方式erized行为的任务是编程的，是一个批处理文件，在记事本应用，将其保存为.bat文件。这种方法有助于消除对实验者打开每个调查部分和手动词汇决策任务，需要减少程序尴尬。请参阅附录F在作者的当前研究使用批处理文件示例代码。 <ol><li>如果运行的计算机上的调查，确保在打开一个网络浏览器（或测量软件程序）打开并定向到包含第一次调查的一半的超级链接批处理文件。 </li><li>程序中的批处理文件，在第一次调查的接近自动打开词汇判断任务。 </li><li>程序中的批处理文件来自动打开一个网络浏览器的词汇决策任务完成后定向到上次调查的一半。 注:附录F样品批处理文件提供的代码来执行步骤2.3.1-2.3.3。 </li></ol></li></ol> 3日研究设置<ol><li>参与者之前到达实验室，利用参与者日志分配每个计划的参与者唯一的ID号（ 如 "101，102"......）。写在一个会话中使用对个人便条每个参与者的ID号。 注意:给一个便条给参与者当参与者进入试验室，输入号码进入电脑调查。以后使用参与者的数量将数据从所有调查的地区和任务联系起来。 </li><li>随机每个计划的参与者分配到之前，他们在实验室到来饮品操作条件。倒入每个参与者的冷饮进入会议之前所有的饮料与参与者的参与者ID number.Pour标记一个不透明的一次性杯，而房间是空的参与者，让参与者无视已分配饮料的类型。 注:确保实验者（或研究助理）忽视实验的假设。为了使程序充分双盲，添加第二个研究助理的程序。研究助理会倒饮料，数杯，然后用手饮料的实验者，谁再其分发到参与者。 <ol><li>记录参与者的饮料条件参与者日志对应的参与者的ID号旁边。 <ol><li>为了测试非热量甜味剂相对于所产生的独特的效果自然增甜的饮料，要求每个与会者喝任一个"糖甜"石灰苏打饮料，"零热量甜"石灰苏打饮料，或"非甜"石灰味的苏打水饮料。 </li><li>为了测试高能量的对比效果需要与低能源需求，让每位参与者饮用无论是"加糖"石灰苏打饮料或"普通泉水"。 注:参加者应给予分配的12盎司喝（约1即可）。 注:在作者以前的研究，"苏打水"20,38也被用来代替温泉水，以控制在可能不必提出与普通的水碳酸饮料发生适口性差异。 注意:如果喝选区的一致性提出了一个关注读者的研究，非碳酸饮料可使用3。这样做，在实验条件下混合25克纯葡萄糖的成水。在无热量的甜味剂条件混合无热量的甜味剂（如阿斯巴甜或糖精）等量的水中1,2。无糖壁球纸浆混合可在这些条件下改善适口性饮料。 </li></ol></li></ol></li><li>准备管理计算机化的调查。在电脑上，打开文件夹的研究，在批处理文件双击图标并选择运行打开了调查。 注意:如果无法运行调查一台电脑和调查是在纸张格式，写上各种形式的顶部的参与者ID。 </li><li>如果使用血糖仪测量血糖，血液聚集带的测试（1元读），柳叶刀（1元读），血糖仪和参与者日志，内置于记录读数点。 <ol><li>有创可贴，洗手液，医用检查手套，消毒湿巾存在并准备好读之后清理。 </li></ol></li></ol> 4.协议通过研究参与者运行<ol><li>把参与者进入实验室。给予简要介绍了研究的目的。分发一份同意书（数字或在纸上），让参加者在开始试验之前签署。一旦同意给予，手参与者包含适当的，指定的参与者的ID号码的便条。 注:这是确定用一些欺骗最初时解释研究目的的参与者（ 例如，一个封面故事。）如果告诉他们真正的目的会影响参与者的调查和任务响应。如果使用欺骗，需要时汇报通知的真正研究目的的参与者。 </li><li>如果服用操纵前血糖读数，引导参与者到无菌点从调查的路程。戴上手套考试同时采取血糖读数曝光的任何机会，以减少血液。清洁参与者的手指，用无菌之前阅读血糖擦拭。 <ol><li>使用柳叶刀（或柳叶刀放倒血液测试条），轻轻挑破参与者的食指的侧面。挤压的少量血液到血液测试条和插入血糖仪。 </li><li>写下对应的血糖读数和时间的血糖读数是采取在参与者日志。擦拭面积与消毒擦拭。 </li><li>提供参与者洗手液和纸巾擦拭自己的手指。提供一个小的，粘性绷带如果T他参与的欲望，以支付他们的手指。 </li></ol></li><li>直接的所有参与者采取席位，他们的饮料和调查所在的计算机终端。 <ol><li>指导每个参与者放置便条与旁边的地方是给研究者和参与者都可以看到的电脑桌上的参与者ID号。 <ol><li>指导参与者时，在调查之初，提示信息，以确保以后调查回复链接到参与者的饮料条件的能力在便笺中键入参与者的ID号。 </li></ol></li></ol></li><li>指示参与者完成一个消费者评估任务，并且作为结果，消耗了品牌盲饮料。 <ol><li>到手的参与者包括参与者的分配实验饮料杯。仔细检查杯子记录在日志参与分配的条件和参与者的数量相匹配。 </li><li>告诉参与者ŧ帽子电脑会提示他们到消费整个饮料在两分钟内，而这之后将进行调查。 </li><li>请参与者采取杯，并开始喝饮料。此时，点击调查页面上的下一个箭头以开始定时饮料消费的任务。 注:可通过研究者用秒表手动进行2分钟时间，或可被编程到使用JavaScript编程语言（见附录C），计算机调查，使得在单击"开始按钮"的调查就不会进步，直到两分钟过去了，它已责成参与完成的饮料，并告知研究人员来收集杯。 <ol><li>两分钟的时间过去后，学员将被计算机指示点击"开始"按钮，开始对他们喝的印象的调查。 注:学员将首先询问其impressio饮料的NS来支持的封面故事。这个简短的调查是紧跟着一个10分钟的中性填料的任务，以便有时间更改为血糖发生16。 </li></ol></li><li>收集所有使用的饮料杯，从参与者的工作区，但不要扔掉。 </li><li>注意:在实验日志旁边的一个参与者的ID号，如果参与者没有完成整个饮料。 </li></ol></li><li>如果记录血糖，立即采取另一种血糖在进行词汇决策任务之前，在10分钟填料任务结束阅读。重复步骤4.2，4.2.1，4.2.2，4.2.3。 注意:记录的第一和第二血糖读数的两个时间，因为总是有变异的跨参与者读数之间的某个时间量小，由于在需要完成调查的部分的时间差是很重要的。记录读数的时间允许研究者邻在控制了输入它作为在以后的统计分析协变量读数之间的时间ption。 </li><li>一旦10分钟填料任务和血糖读数完成后，提交并关闭了调查。 注:允许该批处理文件，确保一旦调查提交运行调查的互联网浏览器完全关闭自动打开行为的任务，然后验证该批处理文件已成功打开（ 例如，不要简单地最小化窗口。）通过检查，看是否有窗口，提示与会者输入学员身份证号码出现行为任务的软件。 </li></ol> 5.协议通过词汇决策任务运行的参与者<ol><li>双击并打开运行任务的软件。输入出席者的ID号到由行为任务软件给出的参与者ID提示，点击"运行和启动程序词汇判断任务＃34;提示窗口上的按钮。 </li><li>以口头指示或通过包括指令上，在计算机化的任务开始时简要介绍了词汇决策任务的参与者。 </li><li>允许参与者的时间来完成计算机上的词汇决策任务，并指示参与者，当任务完成后通知研究员。 注:通常需要参加大约3-4分钟即可完成词汇判断任务。 </li><li>完成任务后，关闭词汇判断出完全打空格键，并确保该批处理文件打开包含在步骤2.1.4中概述的社会人口和述职问题的最终调查部分。 </li><li>在整个研究的结论，听取汇报的参与者。在给予赔偿参与商定的参与者和从会话释放他们。 </li><li>如果饮料消费的任务期间，参与者没有完成饮料，使用量杯在实验期结束时，测量并记录多少饮料的留在液体盎司，在参与者日志。 </li><li>旗地为谁没有完成分配的饮料，为与会者谁提出的高于100毫克/分升（5.6毫摩尔/升），空腹血糖水平的任何参与者的数据。 注意:丢弃参与者对于那些通过这个血糖阈值数据则建议，因为空腹血糖水平高于100毫克/分升被认为是糖耐量处理/糖尿病前期39的标志。提高血糖在一读也可以是参与者不符合会前禁食的指示，吃之前会话的东西的一个指标。 </li></ol> 6.评分结果，并准备分析数据<ol><li>利用参与者的身份证号码，匹配参与者的手记录的日志数据（ 例如 :Blood血糖读数，饮料条件，饮料的量离开如有任何注意学习会问题），与会者的调查数据和计算机化的词汇判断任务数据。 </li><li>在导入40选择任何统计分析软件格式的所有数据（日志，调查和词汇决策任务）到一个单一的数据集。放弃任何标记的会话数据。 <ol><li>通过手动将数据输入到一个计算机化的电子表格，并将其导入的统计分析软件，或通过直接输入到由统计软件支持的文件格式实现此目的。 </li></ol></li><li>代码和词汇决策任务修剪反应时间数据，离群被称为扭曲的反应时间数据24,29。 <ol><li>无论是通过删除落在外面的先验任何个人响应修剪反应时间数据决定切断延迟，或者通过重新编码用一个词类别的所有反应到一个新的修剪可变不包括先验切断窗口之外的反应。 注:作者建议采取以下先验标准，以微调的反应时间数据:是小于100毫秒，长于1000毫秒消除单个项目的反应，并消除不正确的反应30。 </li></ol></li><li>使用修剪反应潜伏期，创建回答实验假设24,29所需要的所有相关变量。 <ol><li>创建了被列入词汇决策任务（ 如高脂肪的话，低脂肪的话，非字）在每个字类别中的所有正确反应的平均反应时间复合材料。创建的每个字类别24,29,30正确反应总数之和复合材料。 </li></ol></li></ol>

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作者什么都没有透露。

该原稿概述了操纵血糖，以及用于测量的目标字和概念的认知辅助产生的变化的过程的简单的，廉价的过程。以上介绍的方法可以适用于广泛的研究领域包括社会心理学，认知心理学和营养科学。鉴于这种方法可能在多个研究领域的人（一些通常不使用调查数据）一起使用，本节将提出关键步骤和故障排除的一些提示，以帮助那些希望在他们的研究来实现这个过程的研究人员。 一到这个过程中最重要的步骤是有一个无差错和严谨的调查/词汇决策任务设置。无论是与一项调查建筑软件的工作，也可以手动执行调查使用的纸张/铅笔措施和秒表的时间完成参与者饮料消费，清晰度和交流所有程序curacy是最重要的两个数据收集和解释，并保持在会话的条件控制。强烈建议校对和预测试的所有调查和收集数据之前，清楚和准确的词汇决策任务的措施。最好是搞多人（既熟悉又盲目的假设），采取问卷调查，并提供反馈。许多调查建设和实验任务的建筑软件公司也提供在线消息论坛和故障排除的帮助页面，以帮助指导建立和编辑这些调查措施和词汇决策任务。因此，同样重要的是有训练有素实验者和研究助理与数据收集和数据输入帮助。写与会话设置的详细说明，如何沟通的任务参与者照本宣科的对话，以及完成该实​​验日志清楚地说明过程的会话脚本。这将确保是procedures是跨会话保持一致，并在可能正在运行的研究多实验者。此外，另一个步骤，以确保所有参与者的数据是准确和参与者ID正确链接是有双倍数据录入程序，其中两个假设瞎研究助理分别输入和链接相同的数据（见协议部分6.1-6.2.1）。 在当前的手稿提出的方法可用于多种原因显著。首先，用于操作血糖该方法是相对简单和便宜的实施。如糖耐量试验操纵血糖的其它方法可以花费最少$ 26元42人购买。当前方法要求，在最低限度，使研究人员购买的市售饮料盒（其可以经常散装在折扣购买）。当该论文的作者计算出每个参与者的费用为饮料（1分配饮料）的ð血液检测设备（2个采血针和2个血试纸），加上买血血糖仪运行研究的费用因素，每名参加者计算价格从$ 1.34 $ 3.34（美元），范围取决于供应量，其中购买。此外，这些方法有能够改变血糖足以影响认知和行为的相关措施16,20,22,43的良好记录。此外，这些方法已允许研究人员测试无热量人造甜味剂，其新颖的甜味，无葡萄糖的组合可能引发的自我调节20,22唯一变化的影响。因此，使用一个简单的血糖操纵诸如描述可以允许研究检验一个人的生理状态和他们的认知和变化之间的复杂的相互作用所述一个决策4,6,8,22。此外，所描述的词汇决策任务提供了用于测量隐含一个有用的工具在认知的变化，可能是其他方式难以测试27。总之，这些方法可能是谁愿意把更多的自我报告的方式进入他们的研究，营养研究人员和谁希望增加更多的行为和生理的方法纳入其研究的心理学家非常有用。 由于超重和肥胖在美国和世界其他国家的发病率超过30年44-46稳步增加，对血糖波动对指导能源监管过程的心理影响研究代表了一个重要领域研究心理学家和营养学家都20,21,43。尽管在任何给定时间引起血糖波动的能源调控决策的变化可能很小（如在杂货店20选择一个不太健康的零食），这些小决定可以创造能源的预算加起来显著的体重增加盈余Ø版本1.00的47时间很长一段。因此，研究关于食品相关认知和卫生决策瞬时血糖波动的影响是一个关键的下一步从当前的自我调节的研究来构建。因此，目前的方法提供了一个机会，既操纵这种波动并测量了微妙的​​心理变化基础可能有助于超重和肥胖。 在目前的方法有重要的限制。该方法的一个限制是，提供用于血糖的变化的等待时间是在允许血糖变化11,12,16所需可接受的时间范围内的较短的一端。这些方法旨在平衡的需要，以便能变化，同时也有助于减少参与者的疲劳和不适。虽然从作者的实验室和其他社会心理学家先前公布的研究显示一致的结果用对的10至12分钟11,12,18 eriods，其他人已经发现，可能有利的测量因变量4,8-之前等待的饮料操纵后20分钟或更长时间。例如，人们可以通过扩展中性填料任务的时间，以允许用于在血糖变化更多的时间增加延迟。在目前的方法也受到限制，因为它们还没有被测试或证实有效的与代谢障碍（如糖尿病），或与能量调节异常相关联的其他健康状况（例如肥胖）的个体。因此，结果不能推广到肥胖个体，因此必须谨慎对待。尽管调查健康体重的个体热量调节相关认知的基础表示调查这些过程的第一步骤中，一个关键的下一个步骤将是审查中的个人谁是肥胖这些效果（或谁失调糖代谢调节），因此，可能会发生反应ŧ<html> Ø波动血糖不同于健康体重的人。未来的研究可受益于试图适应这些方法来安全地调查在这些人群血糖变化（和非变化）的影响。这可能意味着在更改提供饮料的种类，时间为血糖变化允许的，或具有手头适当的医疗设备，如果需要在研究的结束，以帮助重新平衡血糖到安全水平。最后，由于认知研究发现，血葡萄糖的便利效果在老年人1-3最大，这可能是重要的运行的当前协议时包括年龄不同人群。由于本文的作者还没有研究这些群体，但（并主要依靠本科人群提供研究样本），这种模式不能被视为代表或中老年成人表现概括血糖波动的影响。 ove_content"&gt;这份手稿提供了一系列用于操纵血糖变化样方法一种方法来衡量认知相应变化的方法。这是作者的希望，这些方法将有助于提高研究兴趣研究能源的影响波动在认知，决策，和行为。给定的方法提供了一种简单的，并实验验证选项执行这样的研究，因此，它们可能是一个研究的不断增长的领域的一个重要贡献横跨感兴趣的是人许多研究学科。

在认知心理学和神经科学的研究人员长期研究血糖波动对大脑，认知和行为的影响1。例如，研究人员已经发现，在血糖波动对认知需求2的不同水平的任务预测在存储器中的差异（数字广度口头，工作，和偶发）1-5，关注6,7，解谜8和性能，9,10。这项研究发现，提高血糖增强注意力和记忆力，而这些影响工作的认知时，苛刻的任务，并在这些1,3年龄是最强的。 近几十年来，对人的心理血糖波动的影响研究也成为社会心理学11-13领域感兴趣的话题。 在血糖波动都与情绪变化14，动机&lt;SUP&gt; 15，自我控制11-13，态度16,17，18的偏见，以及在决策消费19，吃20,21和金融领域的变化22。由于这些结果超越了各种各样的因变量，对血糖在决策中的作用的信息是明确的:血糖能量大脑的关键形式，而枯竭血糖导致认知重要的变化和自律11,13,15。 鉴于血糖各种心理和行为结果发挥的重要作用，目前手稿提供用于操作血糖研究人员可以使用用于测试的范围内的认知和行为的简单方法。此外，目前的手稿提供一种方法，用于评估的目标字或概念的认知无障碍可在响应中血糖使用改变的波动词汇决策任务。本方法的效率，使其理想用于实验研究，因为它们有效地操纵血糖，使用价格相对低廉，市售产品测量认知改变。本血糖操纵的承受力可以更容易地运行大量获得，以检测所引起的血糖值23的任何操纵改变行为统计学显著差异所需要的足够的电力需要的参与者。此外，词汇判断是有用的，因为它可以揭示认知隐变化不容易通过更明确的措施，如自我报告调查了24访问。 所描述的血糖操纵任务涉及8小时禁食时期之后是热量或无热量的饮料22的定向消耗。禁食八小时后，参与者随机分配至消耗EIT她含糖饮料或水。这种方法还允许通过非热量甜味剂（ 例如阿斯巴甜，三氯蔗糖），其味道甜像传统的热量甜味剂产生的任何独特的效果进行测试，但不包含提高血糖水平20,22,25所需的糖。如果感兴趣的非calorically甜饮料的影响，这个任务包括其中参与者消耗"零热量"饮料可选， 第三主体间的条件。当前的方法已经在多个社交心理范式12,18,22成功应用，并提供一个更短的方式来测试用于在自我调节不是像糖耐量试验26以前使用的措施中的血糖变化的影响。 作者还对评估目标的话，还是观念认知的可访问性，使用词汇判断27,28提供一个过程。在这个TASK，字母串和单词是通过计算机呈现在速射格式，通常分为几个不同的概念范畴（中所描述的研究中，类别是:高脂肪食物的话，低脂肪的食物的话，非字）。参与者被要求迅速识别（通常是通过按键）的字母（ 如 fhens。比萨饼）的字符串是否是一个字或一个不字。反应速度快，参与者正确识别每个概念​​类别字母串测量相对容易地参与者能够在精神上处理该概念类的话。更快的反应意味着一个概念是"在别人的头脑"24,29,30精神上更接近，因此。因此，词汇判断任务使有用因变量，并且还可以用来作为有效的操作检查，以测量是否最近底漆概念（见附图30，用于上吸的更多信息）确实是随后更cognitively访问会比在没有一个素数。虽然词汇判断任务，已在社会心理学已经使用了几十年29任务，目前手稿呈现给程序，链接到一个可编辑的程序模板27，文字的从作者的经验验证列表中的一些细微变化以前的工作，测量健康与非健康食品20认知无障碍。这是作者的希望，这两个程序的进一步调整将有助于导致创新社会心理学研究的领域，在饮食行为和能量调节的研究，并将促进相结合的视角和多学科的方法，进一步的比较研究。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="607">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Survey Building Software</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Qualtrics</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Qualtrics Research Suite</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Alternative survey building softwares / applications include Survey Monkey, Google Forms, Media Lab, and Inquisit software.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Behavioral Task Software (for lexical decision task)</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Inquisit</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Inquisit 4 Lab (4.0.8.0)</td>
			<td>Alternative behavioral task softwares / applications include Media Lab / Direct RT or programming the task into an internet browser using a programming language of your choice (such as java).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="106">
			<td height="106" style="height:106px;width:216px;">Batch File&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Microsoft&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Microsoft Notepad; Windows</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="106">
			<td height="106" style="height:106px;width:216px;">Lexical Decision Task Template</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Millisecond</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Millisecond survey library, cited template author is linked on page</td>
			<td>Can build a lexical decision task by hand in other behavioral task softwares.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Participant Scheduling and Compensation Software</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">SONA systems</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SONA systems scheduling software</td>
			<td>Appointments can be arranged manually, too.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Statistical Analysis Software</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">IBM</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">IBM SPSS Statistics Standard, 22</td>
			<td>Alternate softwares include SAS and R.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Blood glucose manipulating beverege paradigm</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Coca Cola&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Sprite, Sprite Zero, Sparkling water</td>
			<td>Can use any store brand sugary beverage, non calorically sweetened beverage, and sparkling water beverage, as long as beverages are not easily discernable from each other by sight.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Lancet</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Assure</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Assure Lanets 23 gauge</td>
			<td>Many brands of testing lancets available both online and at local pharmacies.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Blood glucose testing meter</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Bayer&#39;s</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Breeze 2</td>
			<td>Many brands of testing meters available both online and at local pharmacies.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Blood glucose testing strips</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Bayer&#39;s</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Breeze 2</td>
			<td>Many brands of testing strips available both online and at local pharmacies, but they must be compatible with your chosen meter.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">&#160;Nitrile exam gloves (400 count)</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Kirkland</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Kirkland Signature Nitrile Exam Gloves</td>
			<td>Any medical grade exam glove that provides sufficient protection from blood exposure can be used.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:216px;">Disinfecting wipes</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Lysol</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Lysol Disinfecting Wipes Lemon Scent</td>
			<td>Any wipe that can kill off any bloodborne or contact born contaminants.</td>
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a method for manipulating blood glucose and measuring resulting changes in cognitive accessibility of target stimuli

Much research in social psychology has investigated the impact of bodily energy need on cognition and decision-making. As such, blood glucose, the body's primary energy source, has been of special interest to researchers for years. Fluctuations in blood glucose have been linked to a variety of changes in cognitive and behavioral processes, such as self-control, political attitudes, and eating behavior. To help meet growing interest in the links between bodily energy need and these processes, this manuscript offers a simple methodology to experimentally manipulate blood glucose using a fasting procedure followed by administration of a sugar-sweetened, unsweetened, or artificially-sweetened beverage. This is followed by presentation of a method for measuring resulting changes in implicit cognition using a lexical decision-task. In this task, participants are asked to identify whether strings of letters are words or non-words and response latencies are recorded. Sample results from a recent publication are presented as an example of the applications for the experimental manipulation of blood glucose and the lexical decision task measures.

参与者上述方法是在希尔和他的同事在20一个中等规模的，在美国南部私立大学运行研究实施。在大学本科人口提供的主题样品和学员获得了部分课程学分作为参与研究的补偿。使用当前稿件协议中列出的具体方法，作者通过血糖操作步骤接着一个词汇决策任务运行的参与者（ 见表1使用了大约饮品信息）。在数据采集结束时，与会者谁的数据不符合空腹准备要求[ 例如 。那些谁实验会议之前吃还是在不到8个小时，除了喝什么水（N = 18）被排除在外，共造成116本科生我n，用于分析的最终样品（75名妇女，41人; 36雪碧条件（12人），40雪碧零条件（14人），并在矿泉水条件40（15人）），年龄18〜二十五年（M = 19.81，SD = 3.27）。 <table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always"><tbody><tr><td> 条件 </td><td> 能源/ 100G </td><td> 饮料配料 </td></tr><tr><td>加糖</td><td> 167千焦/千卡40 </td><td>碳酸水，糖，其他甜味剂（甜菊糖甙），柠檬酸，苹果酸，酸度调节剂（葡糖酸钠），柠檬调味剂（天然的）。 </td></tr><tr><td>无热量甜味剂</td><td> 0千焦/ 0千卡</td><td>碳酸水，柠檬酸，柠檬调味剂（天然的），非热量甜味剂（阿斯巴甜，安赛蜜），防腐剂（E211），酸度调节器（E331）。 </td></tr><tr><td>水</td><td> 0千焦/ 0千卡</td><td>苏打水，天然香料</td></tr></tbody></table> 表1:使用跨所有研究的饮料的特征表由希尔和他的同事20原本发布修改。 数据分析首先，参与者的词汇判断时间的数据进行了清理和使用本稿件协议第6条所述的程序修剪。接下来创建平均分数复合材料每个字类别作者（高脂肪，低脂肪和非字），仅利用正确的反应数据。不正确的响应的数据不被认为是因为不正确的分类已更快的反应时间可能仅仅是在键盘上随机啄食的结果，而不是反映在一个字，本身的认知无障碍的差异。 ñEXT，初步2（性别）×3（饮料）×3（字组）混合模型方差分析以检验饮条件或参与者的性别是否影响词分类的准确性。结果显示酒后条件在任何文字类（P = 0.25）和参与者的性别的准确度没有差异并没有与任何操纵变量（P小号≥0.28）的相互作用。因此，性别和准确性变量被排除进一步的分析。 为了检验这一假设，非calorically甜饮料（NCS）会增加高热量的认知无障碍，但不是低热量或无字字母串，一个3×3的混合模型的方差分析来看，随着输入为饮式试间因子和响应字类别（高热量的话，低热量的话，和非字）输入作为试内因子。因此，作者预期参与者分配饮用非calorically当分类高热量的食物的话，而不是分类低热量或无食字时加糖的饮料将有更快的反应时间。结果表明，有饮料的类型和反应单词类别，F（4，224）= 2.98，P = 0.02，ηP 2 = 0.05（ 见图1）之间的显著相互作用。接下来，探讨这种相互作用，笔者跑了三个独立的协方差分析模型的研究上单个字类饮料条件的影响（ 如高热量的话），并控制了响应时间，以每个替代词类同时控制响应时间为每个替代词类。邦费罗尼的校正（α= 0.017）施加到保护的α水平，降低由于运行多个，独立的ANCOVA模型犯1型误差的任何充气可能性。正如预测的那样，拆包的相互作用揭示饮料类型对参与者显著主效应9;反应时间到高热量的食物即，F（111）= 6.03，P = 0.003，ηP 2 = 0.10。有饮料类型的参与者的反应时间没有影响到低热量食品的话，F（2，111）= 1.93，P = 0.15），或非词语，F（2，111）= 0.90，P = 0.41。补充分析用Sidak校正，其中用于计算新的α-截止式比Bonferroni校正41显示用于α-意义为Bonferroni检验同一截止值，α= 0.017多个保守运行，从而重新-confirmed我们的主要作用的重要性。 最后，赫尔默特正交对比计划（α= 0.025）进行了探测谁消耗NCS饮料参与者之间的反应时间的任何差异和那些谁消耗加糖或不加糖的饮料。作者首先比较参与者NCS条件&#39;的反应时间对这些参与者中都加糖和不加糖的饮料条件。结果显示，与会者谁喝饮料NCS比与会者谁喝加糖或不加糖的饮料（P = 0.001，CI:-84.89，-20.11），响应更快高热量的话。最后对比已运行进行调查，如果有反应时间为两个控制条件范围内高热量的话任何差异（含糖VS，不加糖的饮料）。结果显示平均反应时间为高热量的话参与者谁喝加糖或不加糖的饮料（P = 0.28）之间没有任何差异。 这项研究的结果发现，谁消耗与NCS甜饮料，比起那些谁消耗加糖或不加糖饮料的参与者，有更短的反应潜伏期高热量食品的名称做了那些谁消耗加糖或不加糖的饮料。没有这样的差异被发现的低热量食品或非字的名称，提示饮用无热量的甜味剂可以增加认知的易用性（并因此，可能反映了当务之急）与高热量的食物。这些结果表明，食用网络控制系统可能会影响对热量密度高的食物隐含的欲望中，可能会鼓励增加热量消耗随时间的方式。 <table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2"></td><td colspan="4">高热量</td><td colspan="4">低卡路里</td><td colspan="4">非字</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"></td><td> 中号 </td><td> SD </td><td> 敏 </td><td> 马克斯 </td><td> 中号 </td><td> SD </td><td> 敏 </u&gt; </td><td> 马克斯 </td><td> 中号 </td><td> SD </td><td> 敏 </td><td> 马克斯 </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> 正确的话 </td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">加糖</td><td> 6.97 </td><td> 0.17 </td><td> 6 </td><td> 7 </td><td> 6.83 </td><td> 0.38 </td><td> 6 </td><td> 7 </td><td> 13.42 </td><td> 1.02 </td><td> 10 </td><td> 14 </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">非Calorically甜</td><td> 6.98 </td><td> 0.16 </td><td> 6 </td><td> 7 </td><td> 6.88 </td><td> 0.34 </td><td> 6 </td><td> 7 </td><td> 13.33 </td><td> 1.23 </td><td> 8 </td><td> 14 </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">无糖</td><td> 6.85 </td><td> 0.36 </td><td> 6 </td><td> 7 </td><td> 6.75<html></td><td> 0.44 </td><td> 6 </td><td> 7 </td><td> 13.33 </td><td> 1.42 </td><td> 7 </td><td> 14 </td></tr></tbody></table> 表2:描述统计的字母串分级式的正确数目由Word类别和饮料条件（加糖，不加糖calorically和不加糖）。 <img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/54211/54211fig1.jpg" /> 图1:反应时间结果意味着词汇决策任务中正确归类字母串的反应时间（毫秒）由Word绘制类和饮料的条件。更长的反应时间延迟指示一个字品类较少的认知无障碍。误差棒反映调整装置的标准误差。 只有在高热量条件中的饮料组的比较是显著。TPS://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/54211/54211fig1large.jpg"目标="_空白"&gt;点击此处查看该图的放大版本。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Method for Manipulating Blood Glucose and Measuring Resulting Changes in Cognitive Accessibility of Target Stimuli at JoVE.com

A Method for Manipulating Blood Glucose and Measuring Resulting Changes in Cognitive Accessibility of Target Stimuli

The authors introduce a method for manipulating blood glucose and measuring resulting changes in cognitive accessibility of target words using a lexical decision task.

一种操纵血糖和目标刺激的认知辅助测量带来的变化法

Much research in social psychology has investigated the impact of bodily energy need on cognition and decision-making.  As such, blood glucose, the body's ...

a-method-for-manipulating-blood-glucose-measuring-resulting-changes

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

8.9K 次观看.  Texas Christian University. The authors introduce a method for manipulating blood glucose and measuring resulting changes in cognitive accessibility of target words using a lexical decision task.

视频: A Method for Manipulating Blood Glucose and Measuring Resulting Changes in Cognitive Accessibility of Target Stimuli

The Crossmodal Congruency Task as a Means to Obtain an Objective Behavioral Measure in the Rubber Hand Illusion Paradigm

The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is a popular experimental paradigm. Participants view touch on an artificial rubber hand while the participants' own hidden hand is touched. If the viewed and felt touches are given at the same time then this is sufficient to induce the compelling experience that the rubber hand is one's own hand. The RHI can be used to investigate exactly how the brain constructs distinct body representations for one's own body. Such representations are crucial for successful interactions with the external world. To obtain a subjective measure of the RHI, researchers typically ask participants to rate statements such as "I felt as if the rubber hand were my hand". Here we demonstrate how the crossmodal congruency task can be used to obtain an objective behavioral measure within this paradigm.
The variant of the crossmodal congruency task we employ involves the presentation of tactile targets and visual distractors. Targets and distractors are spatially congruent (i.e. same finger) on some trials and incongruent (i.e. different finger) on others. The difference in performance between incongruent and congruent trials - the crossmodal congruency effect (CCE) - indexes multisensory interactions. Importantly, the CCE is modulated both by viewing a hand as well as the synchrony of viewed and felt touch which are both crucial factors for the RHI.
The use of the crossmodal congruency task within the RHI paradigm has several advantages. It is a simple behavioral measure which can be repeated many times and which can be obtained during the illusion while participants view the artificial hand. Furthermore, this measure is not susceptible to observer and experimenter biases. The combination of the RHI paradigm with the crossmodal congruency task allows in particular for the investigation of multisensory processes which are critical for modulations of body representations as in the RHI.

We demonstrate how an objective measure can be employed in the widely employed rubber hand illusion paradigm. This measure is obtained by modifying the well-established crossmodal congruency task. This task allows the investigation of multisensory processes which are critical for modulations of body representations as in the rubber hand illusion.

一致性的任务作为一种手段来获取目标行为的措施中的橡胶手错觉范式Crossmodal

The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is a popular experimental paradigm. Participants view touch on an artificial rubber hand while the participants' own hidden ...

科研

行为学

Assessment of Age-related Changes in Cognitive Functions Using EmoCogMeter, a Novel Tablet-computer Based Approach

The main goal of this study was to assess the usability of a tablet-computer-based application (EmoCogMeter) in investigating the effects of age on cognitive functions across the lifespan in a sample of 378 healthy subjects (age range 18-89 years). Consistent with previous findings we found an age-related cognitive decline across a wide range of neuropsychological domains (memory, attention, executive functions), thereby proving the usability of our tablet-based application. Regardless of prior computer experience, subjects of all age groups were able to perform the tasks without instruction or feedback from an experimenter. Increased motivation and compliance proved to be beneficial for task performance, thereby potentially increasing the validity of the results. Our promising findings underline the great clinical and practical potential of a tablet-based application for detection and monitoring of cognitive dysfunction.

We tested the usability of a tablet-computer-based application (EmoCogMeter) in investigating the effects of age on cognition. Results show an age-related cognitive decline, thereby proving the usability of our application. Findings underline the great clinical and practical potential of a tablet-based application for detection and monitoring of cognitive dysfunction.

与年龄相关的变化认知功能使用EmoCogMeter，新型平板计算机基础法评估

The main goal of this study was to assess the usability of a tablet-computer-based application (EmoCogMeter) in investigating the effects of age on ...

A Method for Investigating Age-related Differences in the Functional Connectivity of Cognitive Control Networks Associated with Dimensional Change Card Sort Performance

The ability to adjust behavior to sudden changes in the environment develops gradually in childhood and adolescence. For example, in the Dimensional Change Card Sort task, participants switch from sorting cards one way, such as shape, to sorting them a different way, such as color. Adjusting behavior in this way exacts a small performance cost, or switch cost, such that responses are typically slower and more error-prone on switch trials in which the sorting rule changes as compared to repeat trials in which the sorting rule remains the same. The ability to flexibly adjust behavior is often said to develop gradually, in part because behavioral costs such as switch costs typically decrease with increasing age. Why aspects of higher-order cognition, such as behavioral flexibility, develop so gradually remains an open question. One hypothesis is that these changes occur in association with functional changes in broad-scale cognitive control networks. On this view, complex mental operations, such as switching, involve rapid interactions between several distributed brain regions, including those that update and maintain task rules, re-orient attention, and select behaviors. With development, functional connections between these regions strengthen, leading to faster and more efficient switching operations. The current video describes a method of testing this hypothesis through the collection and multivariate analysis of fMRI data from participants of different ages.

This video presents a method of examining age-related changes in functional connectivity of cognitive control networks engaged by targeted tasks/processes. The technique is based on multi-variate analysis of fMRI data.

针对调查中的认知控制网络与关联维度变化卡片分类性能的功能连通性年龄相关性差异的方法

The ability to adjust behavior to sudden changes in the environment develops gradually in childhood and adolescence. For example, in the Dimensional ...

Irrelevant Stimuli and Action Control: Analyzing the Influence of Ignored Stimuli via the Distractor-Response Binding Paradigm

Selection tasks in which simple stimuli (e.g. letters) are presented and a target stimulus has to be selected against one or more distractor stimuli are frequently used in the research on human action control. One important question in these settings is how distractor stimuli, competing with the target stimulus for a response, influence actions. The distractor-response binding paradigm can be used to investigate this influence. It is particular useful to separately analyze response retrieval and distractor inhibition effects. Computer-based experiments are used to collect the data (reaction times and error rates). In a number of sequentially presented pairs of stimulus arrays (prime-probe design), participants respond to targets while ignoring distractor stimuli. Importantly, the factors response relation in the arrays of each pair (repetition vs. change) and distractor relation (repetition vs. change) are varied orthogonally. The repetition of the same distractor then has a different effect depending on response relation (repetition vs. change) between arrays. This result pattern can be explained by response retrieval due to distractor repetition. In addition, distractor inhibition effects are indicated by a general advantage due to distractor repetition. The described paradigm has proven useful to determine relevant parameters for response retrieval effects on human action.

The distractor-response binding paradigm is described. It can be used to shed light on the influence irrelevant stimuli, competing with targets for a response, can have on human action. Both response retrieval effects and distractor inhibition effects can be analyzed within the paradigm.

不相干的刺激和动作控制:通过分心 - 响应绑定范式忽略刺激的影响分析

Selection tasks in which simple stimuli (e.g. letters) are presented and a target stimulus has to be selected against one or more distractor stimuli are ...

Uncovering Beat Deafness: Detecting Rhythm Disorders with Synchronized Finger Tapping and Perceptual Timing Tasks

A set of behavioral tasks for assessing perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) is presented here with the goal of uncovering rhythm disorders, such as beat deafness. Beat deafness is characterized by poor performance in perceiving durations in auditory rhythmic patterns or poor synchronization of movement with auditory rhythms (e.g., with musical beats). These tasks include the synchronization of finger tapping to the beat of simple and complex auditory stimuli and the detection of rhythmic irregularities (anisochrony detection task) embedded in the same stimuli. These tests, which are easy to administer, include an assessment of both perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities under different conditions (e.g., beat rates and types of auditory material) and are based on the same auditory stimuli, ranging from a simple metronome to a complex musical excerpt. The analysis of synchronized tapping data is performed with circular statistics, which provide reliable measures of synchronization accuracy (e.g., the difference between the timing of the taps and the timing of the pacing stimuli) and consistency. Circular statistics on tapping data are particularly well-suited for detecting individual differences in the general population. Synchronized tapping and anisochrony detection are sensitive measures for identifying profiles of rhythm disorders and have been used with success to uncover cases of poor synchronization with spared perceptual timing. This systematic assessment of perceptual and sensorimotor timing can be extended to populations of patients with brain damage, neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Parkinson&#8217;s disease), and developmental disorders (e.g., Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder).

Behavioral tasks that allow for the assessment of perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) are presented. Synchronization of finger tapping to the beat of an auditory stimuli and detecting rhythmic irregularities provides a means of uncovering rhythm disorders.

揭开节拍耳聋:检测节律紊乱与同步手指敲击和感知定时任务

A set of behavioral tasks for assessing perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) is presented here ...

A Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate Interference in Working Memory by Distractions and Interruptions

Goal-directed behavior is often impaired by interference from the external environment, either in the form of distraction by irrelevant information that one attempts to ignore, or by interrupting information that demands attention as part of another (secondary) task goal. Both forms of external interference have been shown to detrimentally impact the ability to maintain information in working memory (WM). Emerging evidence suggests that these different types of external interference exert different effects on behavior and may be mediated by distinct neural mechanisms. Better characterizing the distinct neuro-behavioral impact of irrelevant distractions versus attended interruptions is essential for advancing an understanding of top-down attention, resolution of external interference, and how these abilities become degraded in healthy aging and in neuropsychiatric conditions. This manuscript describes a novel cognitive paradigm developed the Gazzaley lab that has now been modified into several distinct versions used to elucidate behavioral and neural correlates of interference, by to-be-ignored distractors versus to-be-attended interruptors. Details are provided on variants of this paradigm for investigating interference in visual and auditory modalities, at multiple levels of stimulus complexity, and with experimental timing optimized for electroencephalography (EEG) or functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies. In addition, data from younger and older adult participants obtained using this paradigm is reviewed and discussed in the context of its relationship with the broader literatures on external interference and age-related neuro-behavioral changes in resolving interference in working memory.

A novel cognitive paradigm is developed to elucidate behavioral and neural correlates of interference by to-be-ignored distractors versus interference by to-be-attended interruptors during a working memory task. In this manuscript, several variants of this paradigm are detailed, and data obtained with this paradigm in younger/older adult participants is reviewed.

认知范式调查干扰工作记忆的干扰和中断

Goal-directed behavior is often impaired by interference from the external environment, either in the form of distraction by irrelevant information that ...

The Modified Hole Board - Measuring Behavior, Cognition and Social Interaction in Mice and Rats

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure multiple dimensions of unconditioned behavior in small laboratory mammals (e.g., mice, rats, tree shrews and small primates). This paradigm is a valuable alternative for the use of a behavioral test battery, since a broad behavioral spectrum of an animal&#8217;s behavioral profile can be investigated in one single test.
The apparatus consists of a box, representing the &#8216;protected&#8217; area, separated from a group compartment. A board, on which small cylinders are staggered in three lines, is placed in the center of the box, representing the &#8216;unprotected&#8217; area of the set-up. The cognitive abilities of the animals can be measured by baiting some cylinders on the board and measuring the working and reference memory. Other unconditioned behavior, such as activity-related-, anxiety-related- and social behavior, can be observed using this paradigm. Behavioral flexibility and the ability to habituate to a novel environment can additionally be observed by subjecting the animals to multiple trials in the mHB, revealing insight into the animals&#8217; adaptive capacities.
Due to testing order effects in a behavioral test battery, na&#239;ve animals should be used for each individual experiment. By testing multiple behavioral dimensions in a single paradigm and thereby circumventing this issue, the number of experimental animals used is reduced. Furthermore, by avoiding social isolation during testing and without the need to food deprive the animals, the mHB represents a behavioral test system, inducing if any, very low amount of stress.

This protocol describes the modified hole board, which is a behavioral test set-up that comprises the characteristics of an open field and a traditional hole board. This set-up enables the differential analysis of unconditioned behavior of small laboratory mammals as well as the analysis of cognitive abilities.

修改后的孔板 - 测量行为，认知和社会互动小鼠和大鼠

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure ...

Event-related Potentials During Target-response Tasks to Study Cognitive Processes of Upper Limb Use in Children with Unilateral Cerebral Palsy

Unilateral Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is a very common cause of disability in childhood. It is characterized by unilateral motor impairments that are frequently dominated in the upper limb. In addition to a reduced movement capacity of the affected upper limb, several children with unilateral CP show a reduced awareness of the remaining movement capacity of that limb. This phenomenon of disregarding the preserved capacity of the affected upper limb is regularly referred to as Developmental Disregard (DD). Different theories have been postulated to explain DD, each suggesting slightly different guidelines for therapy. Still, cognitive processes that might additionally contribute to DD in children with unilateral CP have never been directly studied. The current protocol was developed to study cognitive aspects involved in upper limb control in children with unilateral CP with and without DD. This was done by recording event-related potentials (ERPs) extracted from the ongoing EEG during target-response tasks asking for a hand-movement response. ERPs consist of several components, each of them associated with a well-defined cognitive process (e.g., the N1 with early attention processes, the N2 with cognitive control and the P3 with cognitive load and mental effort). Due to its excellent temporal resolution, the ERP technique enables to study several covert cognitive processes preceding overt motor responses and thus allows insight into the cognitive processes that might contribute to the phenomenon of DD. Using this protocol adds a new level of explanation to existing behavioral studies and opens new avenues to the broader implementation of research on cognitive aspects of developmental movement restrictions in children.

Several children with unilateral Cerebral Palsy seem to disregard the preserved capacity of their affected upper limb. This Developmental Disregard is extensively described in the literature but the involved cognitive processes have not been studied. To study underlying cognitive factors of upper limb control, an event-related potential protocol was developed.

事件相关电位在目标响应的任务，研究的上肢使用在儿童认知过程单侧脑性麻痹

Unilateral Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is a very common cause of disability in childhood. It is characterized by unilateral ...

A Pressure Injection System for Investigating the Neuropharmacology of Information Processing in Awake Behaving Macaque Monkey Cortex

The top-down modulation of feed-forward cortical information processing is functionally important for many cognitive processes, including the modulation of sensory information processing by attention. However, little is known about which neurotransmitter systems are involved in such modulations. A practical way to address this question is to combine single-cell recording with local and temporary neuropharmacological manipulation in a suitable animal model. Here we demonstrate a technique combining acute single-cell recordings with the injection of neuropharmacological agents in the direct vicinity of the recording electrode. The video shows the preparation of the pressure injection/recording system, including preparation of the substance to be injected. We show a rhesus monkey performing a visual attention task and the procedure of single-unit recording with block-wise pharmacological manipulations.

Here, we show the pressure injection of neuropharmacological substances during single-cell recording in an awake, behaving macaque monkey. This procedure allows pharmacological manipulation in the direct vicinity of a cortical recording site.

对调查信息处理的神经药理学清醒行为猕猴皮质压力喷射系统

The top-down modulation of feed-forward cortical information processing is functionally important for many cognitive processes, including the modulation ...

An Automated Method to Determine the Performance of Drosophila in Response to Temperature Changes in Space and Time

Temperature is a ubiquitous environmental factor that affects how species distribute and behave. Different species of Drosophila fruit flies have specific responses to changing temperatures according to their physiological tolerance and adaptability. Drosophila flies also possess a temperature sensing system that has become fundamental to understanding the neural basis of temperature processing in ectotherms. We present here a temperature-controlled arena that permits fast and precise temperature changes with temporal and spatial control to explore the response of individual flies to changing temperatures. Individual flies are placed in the arena and exposed to pre-programmed temperature challenges, such as uniform gradual increases in temperature to determine reaction norms or spatially distributed temperatures at the same time to determine preferences. Individuals are automatically tracked, allowing the quantification of speed or location preference. This method can be used to rapidly quantify the response over a large range of temperatures to determine temperature performance curves in Drosophila or other insects of similar size. In addition, it can be used for genetic studies to quantify temperature preferences and reactions of mutants or wild-type flies. This method can help uncover the basis of thermal speciation and adaptation, as well as the neural mechanisms behind temperature processing.

An Automated Method to Determine the Performance of Drosophila in Response to Temperature Changes in Space and Time

Here we present a protocol to automatically determine the locomotor performance of Drosophila at changing temperatures using a programmable temperature-controlled arena that produces fast and accurate temperature changes in time and space.

一种自动测定果蝇在空间和时间温度变化中的性能的方法

Temperature is a ubiquitous environmental factor that affects how species distribute and behave. Different species of Drosophila fruit flies have specific ...