This research was supported by an International Reintegration Grant (n. 14847) from the European Commission to SDB, and by a grant from Polish Narodowe Centrum Nauki (decision No. Dec-2011/01/N/HS6/04092) to JS.

1.同步任务<ol><li>准备仪器: <ol><li>经由常规MIDI接口连接一个标准MIDI打击乐器到计算机。 注:数据采集是通过MIDI电子打击乐器实现。该装置在电机同步任务捕获手指抽头的确切时间。 </li><li>打开专用软件，用于刺激呈现和反应记录。 注:同步任务正在使用的标准软件对音频素材和记录数据从数字的MIDI乐器的呈现（以1毫秒精度）来实现。 </li></ol></li><li>声音素材和程序: <ol><li>从软件界面，选择起搏刺激的同步任务中使用的三种选择（同步序列，音乐和音乐刺激的包络波获得振幅调制噪声）。 注:ISOChronous序列是由96等时呈现的色调（持续时间= 30毫秒）。音乐刺激是拉德斯基进行曲（作品228）由约翰·施特劳斯，其中包括96次（拍=四分音符）片段的计算机生成的钢琴版。三刺激摘录提供的其它材料 ，以这个手稿。 </li><li>选择适当的速度为选定起搏刺激（450，600或750毫秒间发作间隔（IOI）/间拍子间隔（IBI）），为在软件界面表示。确保刺激交付超过耳机舒适的音量。 </li><li>请参与者坐在一个安静的房间，在电脑显示器前。 </li><li>请参与者轻触使用食指她或他的优势手的同步与同步序列的音调或与音乐节拍为更复杂的刺激（音乐或噪声）将MIDI打击乐器。指示PARTICIPAnt的挖掘作为经常成为可能，而无需改变攻率，同时与起搏刺激的同步。 </li><li>启动水龙头的刺激呈现和记录。 </li><li>介绍的最后一个音或音乐节拍后，结束录制的水龙头。 </li></ol></li><li>数据分析: 注:分析使用圆形统计38,39同步窃听任务的数据。是特别适合用于同步数据40,41的分析本方法;此外，圆形统计在计时的能力的个体差异敏感，因此能够发现差的同步2,40箱子。下面列出的分析过程是利用Matlab软件（使用CircStat工具箱39）来实现。 <ol><li>变换相对抽头到起搏刺激的时间进入角在单位圆上（从0-360°）以下通过贝伦斯39所示的过程。 0°（这是当量UAL至360度）对应于起搏刺激（ 即，声音或音乐的节拍）的发生时间。使用下面的公式来获得角度每个抽头时间为:[ 角度（弧度）= 2×π×（抽头/ IOI的时间）]。转换成弧度度与circ_rad2ang功能39。 </li><li>剧情在攻审判点在单位圆分布获得的角度。使用circ_plot功能39做到这一点。提供角度弧度为显示情节函数的参数（例如参见图1）。 </li><li>对于每一个攻丝试验中，使用的角度（圆上的点）来计算的平均所得的矢量R 38,39,42（参见图1）。使用circ_mean 39和circ_r 39的功能，其允许的同步精度和一致性，分别计算。 </li><li> COM普特的同步精度（ 即，平均来说，如何远离起搏刺激以同步攻丝试验参与者抽头），其对应于角矢量R的θ。使用circ_mean功能39。弧度作为函数的参数提供的角度。 </li><li>提交攻丝数据到瑞利测试43评估是否的点的周围的圆形的分布是随机的，利用circ_rtest功能39。弧度作为函数的参数提供的角度。 注意:在瑞利测试，拒绝零假设（ 即，圆形的均匀性，周围一圈随机分布点）如果R矢量长度足够大（ 例如，大于0.4），这表明参与者抽头在与一个给定的相位关系对于起搏刺激上述机会。只有当瑞利测试显著（ 即当颇绕了一圈点ibution不是随机的）同步精度可以得到正确解释。 </li><li>计算同步一致性（ 即，在抽头和起搏刺激的时间之间的差异的变化），其对应于矢量R（从0到1）的长度。使用circ_r功能39。弧度作为函数的参数提供的角度。 注:稠度为1，当所有的抽头发生正好之前或起搏刺激后的相同时间间隔;一致性是0时，抽头随机分布在圆弧上。 </li></ol></li><li>个人的评价结果​​: 注:参与者的性能进行比较，以一个规范的组或对照组揭开差同步精度和一致性差的情况下。要执行此相比，运行纠正t检验 44在singlims计算机编程的，是实现M（ <a href="http://homepages.abdn.ac.uk/j.crawford/pages/dept/SingleCaseMethodsComputerPrograms.htm" target="_blank">http://homepages.abdn.ac.uk/j.crawford/pages/dept/SingleCaseMethodsComputerPrograms.htm</a> ）。 <ol><li>打开singlims计算机程序。输入平均值和同步精度的SD和规范或控制组的样本大小。提供同步精度为参​​与者进行比较，以规范和对照组。点击"计算"按钮以获取经校正的t检验的结果。 注:参与者进行显著较差比规范或控制组当修正t检验的双尾概率低于0.05。 </li><li>输入的平均值和的规范或控制组的同步一致性和样本大小的SD。提供参与者是谁进行比较，以规范或控制组同步一致性。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2.节奏感知任务（Anisochrony检测） <ol><li>准备仪器: <ol><li>打开用于实现anisochrony检测任务的计算机程序。确保计算机键盘的键的设置是否正确，记录参与者的答案。 注:节奏感知任务时均采用标准的软件运行行为实验（ 即刺激呈现和记录行为反应）来实现。 </li></ol></li><li>声音素材和程序: <ol><li>选择刺激（或者同步刺激或音乐）的软件界面所指示的。选择选择刺激的适当速度（450，600，或750毫秒IOI / IBI）。确保刺激是在一个舒适的音量交付了耳机。 注:刺激是基于在同步任务中使用的相同的听觉材料。每个刺激只包括8 isochronously呈现的色调或音乐的节拍，而不是96.对于每个刺激类型，有一个"变"的版本（试验的50％，N = 24）和"无变化"的版本（试验的50％，N = 24）。在变化的刺激，在倒数第二个声音或音乐的节拍发生较早或晚于预期的（由序列IOI / IBI的8,12，或16％）的基础上以前IOIS / IBIS。在无变化的刺激下，IOIS / IBIS完全同步。 </li><li>指导参与者坐在一个安静的房间，在电脑显示器前，听刺激，然后判断，它的介绍后，无论是在刺激或次之间的间隔发生变化（ 即 anisochrony）存在与否。鼓励参与者要注意整个序列。 </li><li>启动刺激呈现。要求参与者按下电脑键盘上的两个键（ 即一键为"变革"或其他关键的"无糖回应刺激的演示文稿后变"的反应）。 </li></ol></li><li>数据分析: 注:分析通过计算鉴别力指数（D&#39;）在变化的每一层从节奏感知任务所获得的数据（在图8中，IOI / IBI的12，16％），并为每个IOI / IBI。的对d&#39;值越高，就越向anisochronies灵敏度。 <ol><li>考虑的响应（48），用于一个给定的刺激，得到由每个参与者，通过用于运行行为实验的软件记录在输出文件中。计数的响应数，当存在于所述刺激anisochrony已被正确检测。计算点击率（ 即，改变刺激的点击数/数）。 </li><li>算响应数时，参与报道的刺激或次之间的间隔发生变化，因为当时有没有变化。计算假报警（FA）率（ 即，Fas蛋白数量/无瓒数GE刺激）。 </li><li>计算出的Z -score的命中率和FA率，用Matlab的NORMINV函数（Z值= NORMINV（点击率或FA率））。减去的 Z -score为FA率从z -score的命中率，以获得D&#39;。 </li></ol></li><li>个人的评价结果​​: 注:参与者的表现比作一个规范或对照组揭开穷人节奏的感知情况。关于同步任务的结果，执行校正t检验使用singlims计算机程序。 <ol><li>打开singlims计算机程序。输入的均值和d&#39;SD和规范或控制组的样本大小。提供D&#39;值的参与者是谁进行比较，以规范和对照组。 注:参与比标准或对照组，当两执行显著穷校正t检验的尾概率低于0.05。 </li></ol></li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

所描述的方法的目标是提供一组任务和分析策略来表征大多数个体的定时能力和检测节拍耳聋或差的同步的情况。该协议的关键步骤涉及1）用于刺激呈现和采集手指敲击数据的仪器和受试者的响应的设置，同步2）使用两组任务（同步和节奏感知）的数据收集，3）分析数据与圆形统计和节奏感知数据，以及各个结果4）的评价。这些步骤可以由受过训练的实验人员可以容易地进行。用Matlab软件通过实现我们的协议中所描述的步骤，进行数据分析。需要的同步结果的正确解释圆形统计的基础知识。 该方法具有一些优势相比，这些在现有的文学1,27,46。首先，定时在同时涉及知觉和动作，以及与可比刺激材料的任务测试。在大多数以前的研究中，感觉同步和时间观念通常独立研究使用各种任务1,27的。然而，有迹象表明，感知和行动及时处理可解离的患者脑损伤或8击败耳聋2，如以前在球场加工17,22-25观察。它利用了一组能够揭露这些离解的任务不被偏压通过听觉材料的选择是重要的。在这里说明的方法提出的任务是成功地显示在实时处理的感知和行动之间的解离。但是，我们都知道的事实，这离解的进一步确认需要的感性和感觉时序测试与更广泛的任务，EValuating各种定时能力。这个目标可以通过使用的测试，如BAASTA 35的电池，以及通过包括起搏攻丝和anisochrony检测任务（使用最大似然方法来计算检测阈值）和H-BAT 36来实现。其次，同步和感知任务既简单和更复杂的听觉材料进行;后者包括要么全部乐曲的元素（ 例如，音调和节奏的结构）或仅其节奏特征（ 即，振幅调制噪声）。品种中的音乐素材可以提供用于检测受损定时，其可以被限制在韵律处理的最佳条件和处理复杂的节奏刺激如音乐时打败萃取。最后，我们示出了圆形的统计数据，可用于分析同步性能的宝贵和相对容易的方法，如已在先前已显示研究2,40,41。这种方法具有几个优点，使得它特别适合于发现和表征在感觉运动同步2,40个体差异。圆形统计不需要水龙头和起搏刺激之间的一个一一对应，即参与者呈现不佳同步很少见了一个条件。例如，打聋人，孩子，可怜的同步往往忽略水龙头或产生相应的同一起搏刺激40多个水龙头。这使得同步精度不可能在许多情况下的计算。由于不需要抽头和起搏刺激之间的一对一的对应关系，圆形统计克服这一困难，使所有抽头可以被分析。 本文展示突出了代表结果的一组行为的任务集中在这两个感觉同步手指敲击和检测不规则的（阿尼索克hrony）在有节奏的顺序是敏感的，足以在知觉和感觉时间的个体差异。这些任务和措施，允许其感性的时机，从感觉时机不赞成的情况下被发现的，从我们的实验室2显示在最 ​​近的一项研究。我们期望的是，使用这些任务和方法（ 例如，内测试广泛电池）用于检查系统的感知和感觉的定时能力可以成功地延伸到患者的脑损伤47的人群，神经变性疾病（ 例如，帕金森氏病）11， 35，或发育障碍（ 如注意力缺陷多动障碍）48。感性和感觉时间在这些患者人群全面评估有铺路康复 ​​战略时定时能力似乎发挥关键作用（ 例如，在步态的PA康复潜力tients通过听觉提示帕金森氏病）49,50。

A correction to the Acknowledgements section was made in: Uncovering Beat Deafness: Detecting Rhythm Disorders with Synchronized Finger Tapping and Perceptual Timing Tasks.
The Acknowledgements section has been updated from:
This research was supported by an International Reintegration Grant (n. 14847) from the European Commission to SDB and a grant from Polish Ministry for Science and Education to JS.
to:
This research was supported by an International Reintegration Grant (n. 14847) from the European Commission to SDB, and by a grant from Polish Narodowe Centrum Nauki (decision No. Dec-2011/01/N/HS6/04092) to JS.

A correction to the Acknowledgements section was made in: Uncovering Beat Deafness: Detecting Rhythm Disorders with Synchronized Finger Tapping and Perceptual Timing Tasks.

Erratum: Uncovering Beat Deafness: Detecting Rhythm Disorders with Synchronized Finger Tapping and Perceptual Timing Tasks

人类是在加工在其环境1中发生的事件的持续时间特别有效。特别是，感知音乐的节拍或时钟的滴答声经常和与它一起移动的能力（ 例如，在舞蹈或同步运动）的能力在一般人群中（ 即在个人没有收到谁的广泛音乐训练）2,3。这些能力是通过涉及皮质脑区域中的复杂的神经网络为基础（ 例如，前皮层和辅助运动区）和皮层下的结构，例如基底神经节和小脑4-7。 这个网络和随之而来的贫穷瞬时处理的破坏可导致脑损伤8-10或神经变性，如观察到的患者的帕金森氏病11。时间差同步感知然而，可怜到B吃的音乐也可以体现在健康人在没有脑损伤。尽管事实，即大多数可以感知的听觉节奏和同步运动的节拍（ 例如，在音乐），有明显的例外。一些个体具有在同步他们的身体的运动或手指敲击到音乐的节拍的主要困难，并且可以表现出较差的节拍知觉，表示判别旋律具有不同持续时间的纸币的困难。这种情况一直被称为"打败耳聋"或"心律失常"2,12-14。例如，打聋在最近的研究中13，其中一个名为马修病人的病例报告描述。马修是特别不准确的，在反弹 ​​至节奏歌曲的节拍（ 例如，梅伦格歌曲）。同步还是可能的，但只有一个简单的同步序列的声音（ 例如，一个节拍器）。可怜的是同步差拍感知有关，所揭示的评估Amusia的（MBEA）15的蒙特利尔电池。在另外的任务，马修被要求配合舞者的音乐的动向;有趣的是，马蒂厄表现受到损害间距看法。 可怜的节奏感知和较差的同步，在破旧的聋人与幸免间距感知，观察到进一步的研究2,12,14，从而提供令人信服的证据表明节律紊乱可单独发生。拍耳聋因此，患有先天性amusia（ 即音性耳聋），一个神经发育障碍影响音调的感知和生产16-19的典型描述截然不同。有趣的是，可怜的节奏感知和生产可以合作发生先天性amusia 12,16,20差间距处理。然而，在这种情况下，差的节奏的感知依赖于个体的感知音程变化的能力。什么时候在旋律音调变化都去掉，先天性amusics可以成功识别节奏差异21。 重要的个体差异都在拍耳聋被观察到;这一事实值得特别关注。在大多数情况下，无论是节奏感知和同步到音乐的节拍有缺陷2,12-14;但是，也可以在节奏感知幸免2出现不佳的同步。感知和行动在定时域之间的这种解离已使用同步攻丝任务与各种节奏听觉刺激（ 例如，一个节拍器和音乐），并使用不同的节奏感知任务（被示出例如，旋律基于不同音符的持续时间的判别从isochrony的节奏序列检测偏差）。这一发现特别重要，因为它指向的感知和行动的可能分离就定时机制S，如先前在音调处理17,22-25观察。进一步解离突出强调这取决于刺激的复杂性2。最可怜的同步展出了复杂的刺激（ 如音乐或音乐衍生幅度调制噪声）选择性困难，而他们仍表现出简单的同步序列，准确和一致的同步;其他贫困同步呈现相反的格局。总之，这些结果在表明有多种在一般人群中的定时失调，这就需要一个敏感的任务集待检测（如在音乐处理的其他领域，例如螺距25,26观察到的）的表型的收敛。表征节律紊乱的图案是特别相关阐明那些错误的定时系统的具体机制的光。 这里示出了该方法的目标是提供一组任务，可以是用于揭示节拍耳聋箱子在一般人群中，并检测定时病症的不同亚型（ 例如，影响听觉与感觉运动定时或特定类节奏刺激）。感觉时机的能力大多被用手指敲击任务与听觉材料研究。参与者被要求以挖掘他们的食指与同步听觉刺激，如铃声等间隔的时间或音乐（ 例如，在同步或节奏的敲击任务27-29）的序列。另一种流行的范例，这一直是相当大的努力，建模29-32的来源，是在同步续范例，其中，所述参与者继续在以后的声音停止由一个节拍器提供的速率攻丝。节奏感知研究了各种不同的任务，从时间的歧视，估计，二分法（ 即，持续时间比较要"短"和＆＃39;长&#39;的标准），以及检测anisochrony（ 即，确定是否存在内的同步序列的偏差间隔）到节拍对准任务（ 即，检测叠加在音乐节拍器是否与节拍对准）1,2- ，20,33,34。大部分研究都集中在时间知觉，击败生产或感觉时机，这是在孤立测试。但是，它很可能是这样的不同的任务是指一些不同的能力（ 例如，间隔时间与节拍为基础的时机，感性与感觉时间），并不反映相同的时间机制的运作和相关的神经回路。这个问题可以通过使用评估既感性和感觉时机能力的任务最近提出的电池被规避。这些电池允许研究人员获得个体的定时能力的详尽信息。这种电池的例子是BE在校准测试（BAT）34，电池听觉感觉运动的评估时序能力（BAASTA）35，和哈佛击败评估测试（H-BAT）36。这些电池包括攻任务与各种节奏听觉刺激，从音乐到同步序列以及感知的任务（ 例如，持续时间鉴别，检测一个节拍器音乐的节拍的取向，以及anisochrony检测）。在所有的情况下，同一组的音乐片断的被用于感知和感觉运动的任务。 在本文中，我们展示了一组是在揭示节律紊乱模式的节拍，聋人和贫困同步器特别有效，如在以前的研究中2的任务。这些任务是一个更大的电池的试验中，BAASTA 35的一部分。感觉时机的能力被要求参加者挖掘他们的手指简单的节拍测试复杂的听觉刺激（ 例如，同步序列，音乐，以及从音乐刺激来自节奏噪声）27,28。感性定时与一个anisochrony检测任务2,20,33,37测试。一组同步色调呈现。在某些情况下，音调（ 例如，倒数第二个）1呈现迟早基于听觉序列的同步结构超过预期。参与者被要求从isochrony检测偏差。这些感觉和节奏感知任务的优点在于，它们都涉及刺激序列（而不是单一的持续时间）和不同的复杂性的刺激。因此，基于前面的证据，这些任务提供的最佳条件，以揭开节拍耳聋，差的同步不同的表型。特别注意的是，以在同步数据的分析采用的技术。这种技术是基于圆形统计，这种方法尤其我们LL-适合用于检查不准确和不一致的同步的节拍。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Matlab</td><td>Mathworks</td><td></td><td>High-level language and interactive environment for numerical computation, visualization, and programming</td></tr><tr><td>MAX MSP</td><td>Cycling &#039;74</td><td></td><td>Software for data acquisition from MIDI-controlled interfaces, and stimulation presentation</td></tr><tr><td>Presentation</td><td>Neurobehavioral Systems</td><td></td><td>Software for conducting experiments in experimental psychology. Allows precisely-times stimulus delivery and collection of behavioral responses.</td></tr><tr><td>Roland HPD- 10</td><td>Roland</td><td></td><td>Hand percussion pad (MIDI instrument)</td></tr><tr><td>EDIROL FA-66</td><td>Roland</td><td></td><td>MIDI interface to connect the MIDI instrument to the computer.</td></tr></tbody></table>

uncovering beat deafness: detecting rhythm disorders with synchronized finger tapping and perceptual timing tasks

一组行为的任务，以评估在总人口（ 即非音乐家），知觉和感觉时机的能力在这里呈现揭露节律紊乱，如拍耳聋的目标。在感知听觉节奏模式或听觉节奏的运动差同步（ 例如，用音乐节拍）的持续时间拍耳聋的特点是表现不佳。这些任务包括手指敲击到的简单和复杂的听觉刺激的节拍和嵌入同一刺激节奏凹凸（anisochrony检测任务）的检测同步。这些试验中，它们是易于管理，包括在不同条件下的感知和感觉运动定时的能力（ 例如，节拍速率和类型的听觉材料），并基于相同的听觉刺激，从一个简单的节拍器一个复杂的评估音乐节选。 SYNCHRON的分析源化攻丝数据与圆形统计，它们提供了同步精度可靠的措施进行（ 例如，抽头的定时和起搏刺激的定时之间的差）和一致性。是特别适合用于检测在一般人群中的个体差异对窃听数据圆形的统计信息。同步攻丝和anisochrony检测是敏感的措施，确定节律紊乱的轮廓，并已成功地使用，以发现与备​​用感性的时机不佳同步案件。感性和感觉时机这系统的评估可以扩展到患者的脑损伤，神经退行性疾病（ 如帕金森氏病），发育障碍（ 如注意力缺陷多动障碍）的人群。

上述任务已成功使用表征个人计时能力没有音乐训练2,34-36。在破旧的耳聋2最近代表性的研究，一组99非音乐家（大学生）使用两个简单的同步任务中筛选出。参与者同步他们的手指与一个同步序列和在一个舒适的节奏的音乐片段（具有600毫秒的IOI / IBI）攻丝。参与者的十个显示特别差同步于两个刺激中的至​​少一个，被称为"差的同步器"。这些参与者表明同步精度是偏离通过从筛选组的平均值大于2的SD;同步一致性是从该组的平均值低于2的SD。他们进行了比较，一组23人（对照组）谁是随机的学生中选择谁没有表现出对贫困同步筛选任务。穷同步器和控制被提交给彻底的测试与这里描述的同步和节奏感知任务。的任务和刺激的顺序跨越参与者被抵消。 窃听收集的同步任务时间序列有助于计算同步精度和一致性与不同的起搏刺激，并在不同的IOI / IBIS差同步和控制。 ，平均结果的准确性和一致性示于图2和图3分别这些数据表明，两者差的同步器和控制在与一个同步序列攻丝沿显著预见起搏刺激。这种现象，被称作"意味着负异步"，在攻丝研究27,45是公知的。意味着负异步倾向于减少或刺激（ 例如，音乐和消失噪声），该比等时呈现的色调更复杂，效果也报告在以前的研究45。需要注意的是可怜的同步器不从控制精度方面的不同。因此，精度不出现是一个度量是足够敏感以检测差拍耳聋或差的同步。考虑同步一致性时，结果更准确。可怜的同步是显著不是所有的刺激和IOIS / IBIS控制不太一致。这种差异更加显著当参与者挖掘与同步序列和音乐（通过节奏）噪声相比。因此，同步一致性是同步的赤字非常敏感，从而代表了一种理想的措施揭露和表征个体差异。从在节奏感知任务得到同样的研究代表性的结果显示在图4中 。可以看出，无论是穷同步器和控制s受此影响的变化，在听觉序列的量（ 即，在序列中较大差异是易于检测）在两个同步刺激和音乐。变化的影响有统计学显著并以更快的节奏更为明显。然而，在集团层面，可怜的同步器并没有在知觉任务执行比对照组差。 在这些感觉的任务（同步一致性）和节奏感知任务所获得的结果被用于揭示贫困同步箱子。来说明用来识别这些条件的过程中，从有代表性的研究取得的数据进行进一步的分析，以执行个体差异的评估。在表1中 ，数据表示为谁在筛选测试中鉴定的10个贫困同步器。当参与者的任务之一进行比对照显著差，与修正吨确定-tests 44，其性能的值示于表中。截止得分，以确定参与者作为不良同步器中的同步一致性而言分别为0.92，0.51，以及0.51对于同步序列，音乐和噪声分别。通过在节奏感知任务差的同步器中得到的结果也与对照组相比的性能。在同一个节拍器节奏感知任务，截止得分（D&#39;）为0.33，1.38，和1.84，为8％，12％，和在持续时间16％的变化（相对于序列IOI）分别。随着音乐，截止得分1.52，1.98，2.10的三个转变。 这用来分析在时间域中的个体差异简单的方法可以让我们发现时序紊乱（击败耳聋或差的同步）的配置文件。事实上，差的同步可能会或可能不会伴随缺乏节奏感知。此外，个人示出的困难在同步的节拍可与听觉刺激（ 例如，音乐），比与其他刺激（ 例如，一个同步序列）表现更差。代表研究揭示减值不同的配置文件。例如，参加者S2，S3，S8和S9表明在大多数起搏刺激的同步不良，以及受损节奏感知。在这两个知觉和感觉障碍的时间在研究以前观察到的先天性amusia 12,16。参与者S1和S5表现出不同的图案。他们执行类似于控制在节奏感知任务，与截止低于D&#39;值。在这两个参与者未受损伤感知在额外的任务，如MBEA 2,15中得到证实。然而，S1和S5的较差的同步器，与复杂的刺激如音乐和调幅噪声尤其攻丝时。例如，S5的性能娃s的机会，当同步水龙头噪声（ 即瑞利的测试不是显著），略高于机会与音乐（在机会与750毫秒IBI）。类似的结果发现参与者S6和S10。请注意，知觉和感觉时机之间的分离，不能占了受损的电机控制，因为参与者，尽管他们可怜的同步，仍然能够利用在自发的节奏，类似的控制。最后，对于一些与会者（ 例如，S2，S5和S6），差的同步，相对于对照组，可以有选择地只涉及一种类型的刺激（ 例如，复杂的刺激如音乐或噪声，而不是一个节拍器） 。总之，时序紊乱的不同配置文件可以被发现与上述任务。这一点尤其重要，以揭示背后不同的时序任务的机制，以及研究这些机制的相互依存关系。 图1:抽头中的同步试验分布实施例所得到的矢量R和它的方向（角度​​theta，θ）表示。在这个例子中，矢量长度= 0.95，θ= -25°。 （从Sowiński＆贝拉达拉2013年改编，许可。）2 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/51761/51761fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">，请点击这里查看此图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/51761/51761fig2.jpg" /> 图2:同步精度为一组差同步器（N = 10）和对照组（N = 23）不同起搏刺激在不同的IOI / IBIS 2起搏刺激的发生（ 例如，音调O操作。ř音乐节拍）对应于0°。负角表明，平均来说，参与者的抽头先于起搏刺激（前导），而正角度表明刺激（滞后）后这些抽头发生。误差柱表示平均值（SEM）的标准误差。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/51761/51761fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图3" src="/files/ftp_upload/51761/51761fig3.jpg" /> 图3:在先前的研究中同步一致性得到了一组差的同步器（10）和对照（n = 23），用不同的起搏刺激在不同IOI / IBIS 2一致性从0（没有同步范围用完全随机与在完全相同的时间间隔发生之前或叔后抽头分配抽头）到1（完全一致的<html>他起搏刺激）。误差棒表示SEM。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/51761/51761fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图4" src="/files/ftp_upload/51761/51761fig4.jpg" /> 图4:结果从节奏感知任务（四值&#39;）在先前的研究中获得了一组差的同步器（10）和对照（n = 23）与同步序列，并与音乐在不同IOI / IBIS 。误差棒表示SEM。 （从Sowiński＆贝拉达拉2013年改编，许可。）2 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/51761/51761fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">，请点击这里查看此图的放大版本。</a> 1table1.jpg"/&gt; 表1:由一组10名贫困同步的同步和节奏感知任务所获得的个人成绩的总结在不同的测试值仅报道当参与者进行比对照组显著差。谁正确，尽管他们恶劣的同步感知偏差anisochrony参与者以粗体表示。 （从Sowiński＆贝拉达拉2013年改编，许可。）2。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/51761/51761table1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击这里查看此表的放大版本。</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Uncovering Beat Deafness: Detecting Rhythm Disorders with Synchronized Finger Tapping and Perceptual Timing Tasks at JoVE.com

Uncovering Beat Deafness: Detecting Rhythm Disorders with Synchronized Finger Tapping and Perceptual Timing Tasks

行为的任务，允许的感性和感觉时机的能力在一般人群中的评估（ 即非音乐家）的介绍。的手指敲击到听觉刺激的节拍和节奏的检测不规则性的同步提供揭露节律紊乱的一种手段。

揭开节拍耳聋:检测节律紊乱与同步手指敲击和感知定时任务

A set of behavioral tasks for assessing perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) is presented here ...

uncovering-beat-deafness-detecting-rhythm-disorders-with-synchronized

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

12.8K 次观看.  University of Montpellier. 行为的任务，允许的感性和感觉时机的能力在一般人群中的评估（ 即非音乐家）的介绍。的手指敲击到听觉刺激的节拍和节奏的检测不规则性的同步提供揭露节律紊乱的一种手段。 

视频: Uncovering Beat Deafness: Detecting Rhythm Disorders with Synchronized Finger Tapping and Perceptual Timing Tasks

Quantitative Assessment of Cortical Auditory-tactile Processing in Children with Disabilities

Objective and easy measurement of sensory processing is extremely difficult in nonverbal or vulnerable pediatric patients. We developed a new methodology to quantitatively assess children&#39;s cortical processing of light touch, speech sounds and the multisensory processing of the 2 stimuli, without requiring active subject participation or causing children discomfort. To accomplish this we developed a dual channel, time and strength calibrated air puff stimulator that allows both tactile stimulation and sham control. We combined this with the use of event-related potential methodology to allow for high temporal resolution of signals from the primary and secondary somatosensory cortices as well as higher order processing. This methodology also allowed us to measure a multisensory response to auditory-tactile stimulation.

Objective and easy measurement of sensory processing is extremely difficult in nonverbal or vulnerable pediatric patients. We developed a new methodology to quantitatively assess infants and children&#39;s cortical processing of light touch, speech sounds, and the multisensory processing of the 2 stimuli, without requiring active subject participation or causing discomfort in vulnerable patients.

皮质听觉，触觉加工的残疾儿童定量评价

Objective and easy measurement of sensory processing is extremely difficult in nonverbal or vulnerable pediatric patients. We developed a new methodology ...

科研

行为学

Testing Sensory and Multisensory Function in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

In addition to impairments in social communication and the presence of restricted interests and repetitive behaviors, deficits in sensory processing are now recognized as a core symptom in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Our ability to perceive and interact with the external world is rooted in sensory processing. For example, listening to a conversation entails processing the auditory cues coming from the speaker (speech content, prosody, syntax) as well as the associated visual information (facial expressions, gestures). Collectively, the &#8220;integration&#8221; of these multisensory (i.e., combined audiovisual) pieces of information results in better comprehension. Such multisensory integration has been shown to be strongly dependent upon the temporal relationship of the paired stimuli. Thus, stimuli that occur in close temporal proximity are highly likely to result in behavioral and perceptual benefits &#8211; gains believed to be reflective of the perceptual system&#39;s judgment of the likelihood that these two stimuli came from the same source. Changes in this temporal integration are expected to strongly alter perceptual processes, and are likely to diminish the ability to accurately perceive and interact with our world. Here, a battery of tasks designed to characterize various aspects of sensory and multisensory temporal processing in children with ASD is described. In addition to its utility in autism, this battery has great potential for characterizing changes in sensory function in other clinical populations, as well as being used to examine changes in these processes across the lifespan.

We describe how to implement a battery of behavioral tasks to examine the processing and integration of sensory stimuli in children with ASD. The goal is to characterize individual differences in temporal processing of simple auditory and visual stimuli and relate these to higher order perceptual skills like speech perception.

测试儿童的感官和多感官功能自闭症谱系障碍

In addition to impairments in social communication and the presence of restricted interests and repetitive behaviors, deficits in sensory processing are ...

Measurement of Vibration Detection Threshold and Tactile Spatial Acuity in Human Subjects

Tests that allow the precise determination of psychophysical thresholds for vibration and grating orientation provide valuable information about mechanosensory function that are relevant for clinical diagnosis as well as for basic research. Here, we describe two psychophysical tests designed to determine the vibration detection threshold (automated system) and tactile spatial acuity (handheld device). Both procedures implement a two-interval forced-choice and a transformed-rule up and down experimental paradigm. These tests have been used to obtain mechanosensory profiles for individuals from distinct human cohorts such as twins or people with sensorineural deafness.

Here, we present protocols to determine vibration detection thresholds and tactile acuity using psychophysical methods in man.

振动检测阈值和触觉敏锐的空间在人类受试者的测量

Tests that allow the precise determination of psychophysical thresholds for vibration and grating orientation provide valuable information about ...

Behavioral Assessment of Hearing in 2 to 4 Year-old Children: A Two-interval, Observer-based Procedure Using Conditioned Play-based Responses

Collecting reliable behavioral data from toddlers and preschoolers is challenging. As a result, there are significant gaps in our understanding of human auditory development for these age groups. This paper describes an observer-based procedure for measuring hearing sensitivity with a two-interval, two-alternative forced-choice paradigm. Young children are trained to perform a play-based, motor response (e.g., putting a block in a bucket) whenever they hear a target signal. An experimenter observes the child&#39;s behavior and makes a judgment about whether the signal was presented during the first or second observation interval; the experimenter is blinded to the true signal interval, so this judgment is based solely on the child&#39;s behavior. These procedures were used to test 2 to 4 year-olds (n = 33) with no known hearing problems. The signal was a 1,000 Hz warble tone presented in quiet, and the signal level was adjusted to estimate a threshold corresponding to 71%-correct detection. A valid threshold was obtained for 82% of children. These results indicate that the two-interval procedure is both feasible and reliable for use with toddlers and preschoolers. The two-interval, observer-based procedure described in this paper is a powerful tool for evaluating hearing in young children because it guards against response bias on the part of the experimenter.

This paper describes a procedure for measuring hearing sensitivity in 2 to 4 year-old children. Children are trained to perform play-based responses when they hear a target signal. Thresholds are then estimated in a two-interval, two-alternative forced-choice paradigm, based on observations of the child&#39;s behaviors.

2听证会，以4岁儿童的行为评估:两区间，观测为基础的应用程序基于条件性播放响应

Collecting reliable behavioral data from toddlers and preschoolers is challenging. As a result, there are significant gaps in our understanding of human ...

Bouncing Ball with a Uniformly Varying Velocity in a Metronome Synchronization Task

Sensorimotor synchronization (SMS), a fundamental human ability to coordinate movements with external rhythms, has long been thought to be modality specific. In the canonical metronome synchronization task that requires tapping a finger along with an isochronous sequence, a well-established finding is that synchronization is much more stable to an auditory sequence consisting of auditory tones than to a visual sequence consisting of visual flashes. However, recent studies have shown that periodically moving visual stimuli can substantially improve synchronization compared with visual flashes. In particular, synchronization of a visual bouncing ball that has a uniformly varying velocity was found to be not less stable than synchronization of auditory tones. Here, the current protocol describes the application of the bouncing ball with a uniformly varying velocity in a metronome synchronization task. The usage of the bouncing ball in sequences with different inter-onset intervals (IOI) is included. The representative results illustrate synchronization performance of the bouncing ball, as compared with the performances of auditory tones and visual flashes. Given its comparable synchronization performance to that of auditory tones, the bouncing ball is of particular importance for addressing the current research topic of whether modality-specific mechanisms underlay SMS.

The purpose of this protocol is to introduce the application of a bouncing ball with a uniformly varying velocity in a metronome synchronization task.

节拍器同步任务中具有均匀变速的弹跳球

Sensorimotor synchronization (SMS), a fundamental human ability to coordinate movements with external rhythms, has long been thought to be modality ...

Behavioral Determination of Stimulus Pair Discrimination of Auditory Acoustic and Electrical Stimuli Using a Classical Conditioning and Heart-rate Approach

Acute animal preparations have been used in research prospectively investigating electrode designs and stimulation techniques for integration into neural auditory prostheses, such as auditory brainstem implants1-3 and auditory midbrain implants4,5. While acute experiments can give initial insight to the effectiveness of the implant, testing the chronically implanted and awake animals provides the advantage of examining the psychophysical properties of the sensations induced using implanted devices6,7.
Several techniques such as reward-based operant conditioning6-8, conditioned avoidance9-11, or classical fear conditioning12 have been used to provide behavioral confirmation of detection of a relevant stimulus attribute. Selection of a technique involves balancing aspects including time efficiency (often poor in reward-based approaches), the ability to test a plurality of stimulus attributes simultaneously (limited in conditioned avoidance), and measure reliability of repeated stimuli (a potential constraint when physiological measures are employed).
Here, a classical fear conditioning behavioral method is presented which may be used to simultaneously test both detection of a stimulus, and discrimination between two stimuli. Heart-rate is used as a measure of fear response, which reduces or eliminates the requirement for time-consuming video coding for freeze behaviour or other such measures (although such measures could be included to provide convergent evidence). Animals were conditioned using these techniques in three 2-hour conditioning sessions, each providing 48 stimulus trials. Subsequent 48-trial testing sessions were then used to test for detection of each stimulus in presented pairs, and test discrimination between the member stimuli of each pair. 
This behavioral method is presented in the context of its utilisation in auditory prosthetic research. The implantation of electrocardiogram telemetry devices is shown. Subsequent implantation of brain electrodes into the Cochlear Nucleus, guided by the monitoring of neural responses to acoustic stimuli, and the fixation of the electrode into place for chronic use is likewise shown.

The application of a classical fear conditioning behavioral paradigm for auditory prosthetic research in rats is described. This paradigm provides a mechanism for identifying both detection of, and discrimination between, distinct acoustic and electrical stimuli using heart-rate as an outcome measure.

使用传统的空调和心率的方法刺激听觉声学和电刺激对歧视行为的测定

Acute animal preparations have been used in research prospectively investigating electrode designs and stimulation techniques for integration into neural ...

神经科学

A Two-interval Forced-choice Task for Multisensory Comparisons

We provide a procedure for a psychophysics experiment in humans based on a previously described paradigm aimed to characterize the perceptual duration of intervals within the range of milliseconds of visual, acoustic, and audiovisual aperiodic trains of six pulses. In this task, each of the trials consists of two consecutive intramodal intervals where the participants press the upward arrow key to report that the second stimulus lasted longer than the reference, or the downward arrow key to indicate otherwise. The analysis of the behavior results in psychometric functions of the probability of estimating the comparison stimulus to be longer than the reference, as a function of the comparison intervals. In conclusion, we advance a way of implementing standard programming software to create visual, acoustic, and audiovisual stimuli, and to generate a two-interval forced-choice (2IFC) task by delivering stimuli through noise-blocking headphones and a computer&#39;s monitor.

Psychophysics is essential for studying perception phenomena through sensory information. Here we present a protocol to perform a two-interval forced-choice task as implemented in a previous report on human psychophysics where participants estimated the duration of visual, auditory, or audiovisual intervals of aperiodic trains of pulses.

多感比较的双区间强制选择任务

We provide a procedure for a psychophysics experiment in humans based on a previously described paradigm aimed to characterize the perceptual duration of ...

A Tactile Automated Passive-Finger Stimulator (TAPS)

Although tactile spatial acuity tests are used in both neuroscience research and clinical assessment, few automated devices exist for delivering controlled spatially structured stimuli to the skin. Consequently, investigators often apply tactile stimuli manually. Manual stimulus application is time consuming, requires great care and concentration on the part of the investigator, and leaves many stimulus parameters uncontrolled. We describe here a computer-controlled tactile stimulus system, the Tactile Automated Passive-finger Stimulator (TAPS), that applies spatially structured stimuli to the skin, controlling for onset velocity, contact force, and contact duration. TAPS is a versatile, programmable system, capable of efficiently conducting a variety of psychophysical procedures. We describe the components of TAPS, and show how TAPS is used to administer a two-interval forced-choice tactile grating orientation test.
Corresponding Author: Daniel Goldreich

A Tactile Automated Passive-Finger Stimulator TAPS

We describe a computer-controlled device for investigating the sense of touch: the Tactile Automated Passive-finger Stimulator (TAPS). We describe the components of TAPS, and show how TAPS is used to administer a two-interval forced-choice tactile grating orientation test.

自动化被动手指触觉刺激器（TAPS）

Although tactile spatial acuity tests are used in both neuroscience research and clinical assessment, few automated devices exist for delivering ...

生物学

Sound Source Localization Testing in Single-sided Deafness Following Bone Conduction Intervention

Single-sided deafness (SSD), where there is severe to profound hearing loss in one ear and normal hearing in the other, is a prevalent auditory condition that significantly impacts the quality of life for those affected. The ability to accurately localize sound sources is crucial for various everyday activities, including speech communication and environmental awareness. In recent years, bone conduction intervention has emerged as a promising solution for patients with SSD, offering a non-invasive alternative to traditional air conduction hearing aids. However, the effectiveness of bone conduction devices (BCDs), especially in terms of improving sound localization abilities, remains a topic of considerable interest.
Here, we present a protocol to assess the impact of bone conduction intervention on sound localization ability in patients with SSD. The protocol includes the experimental setup (a sound-treated room and a semicircular array of loudspeakers), stimuli, and data analysis methods. Participants indicate the perceived direction of noise bursts, and their responses are analyzed using root mean square error (RMSE) and bias. The results of sound localization testing before and after bone conduction intervention are reported and compared. Despite no significant differences, most patients (71%) had a localization bias clearly toward the intervention side after bone conduction intervention. The study concludes that bone conduction intervention can promptly enhance certain sound localization skills in patients with SSD, offering evidence to support the efficacy of BCDs as a treatment for SSD.

We present a protocol to evaluate the impact of bone conduction intervention on sound localization ability in patients with single-sided deafness (SSD). This protocol can be applied to assess the efficacy of bone conduction devices in restoring sound localization abilities and improving the overall quality of life for individuals with SSD.

骨传导干预后单侧耳聋的声源定位测试

Single-sided deafness (SSD), where there is severe to profound hearing loss in one ear and normal hearing in the other, is a prevalent auditory condition ...

How to Calculate and Validate Inter-brain Synchronization in a fNIRS Hyperscanning Study

The dynamics between coupled brains of individuals have been increasingly represented by inter-brain synchronization (IBS) when they coordinate with each other, mostly using simultaneous-recording signals of brains (namely hyperscanning) with fNIRS. In fNIRS hyperscanning studies, IBS has been commonly assessed through the wavelet transform coherence (WTC) method because of its advantage on expanding time series into time-frequency space where oscillations can be seen in a highly intuitive way. The observed IBS can be further validated via the permutation-based random pairing of the trial, partner, and condition. Here, a protocol is presented to describe how to obtain brain signals via fNIRS technology, calculate IBS through the WTC method, and validate IBS by permutation in a hyperscanning study. Further, we discuss the critical issues when using the above methods, including the choice of fNIRS signals, methods of data preprocessing, and optional parameters of computations.&#160;In summary, using the WTC method and permutation is a potentially standard pipeline for analyzing IBS in fNIRS hyperscanning studies, contributing to both the reproducibility and reliability of IBS.

如何在fNIRS超扫描研究中计算和验证脑间同步

The dynamics between coupled brains of individuals have been increasingly represented by inter-brain synchronization (IBS) when they coordinate with each ...