The authors would like to acknowledge the work of Annemarie Baars and Jos&#233; Lozeman-van &#8216;t Klooster in performing, assisting and teaching experiments using the mHB set-up.

注:实验已获得大学医学中心的乌得勒支和乌得勒支大学，荷兰的动物实验委员会。此外，动物实验遵循了实验动物保健的原则并参考准则护理和使用哺乳动物神经科学与行为研究。25 1.实验装置注意:标准MHB装置包括从辅助室（50×50×50厘米），其中，实验动物的组中配合可在测试期间被置于分离的灰色PVC实验箱（100×50×50厘米）的由一个透明的，穿孔的分区1。如果组配合的存在是不希望的，或者如果单独圈养动物进行试验，取代通过由灰色PVC的一个分区的透明的分隔（ 图1;又见奥尔等人，（2001）1）。该MHB（WI个不同的测量）用于认知测试中的协议的部分5进行说明。 <ol><li>放置板（60×20×0.5厘米;采用灰PVC）的包装盒中的中间。 注:该板可包含20气缸（ᴓ1.5厘米）14交错排列的两行或23缸（ᴓ3厘米）8交错在三线。 </li><li>由黑线周围分隔板上的区域为10个长方形（20×15厘米）和2格（20×20厘米）。 </li><li>定位板之上的舞台灯以创建板之间的光强度较大的对比度（较无保护的区域以开放场或光 - 暗过渡测试的光隔室的中心可比）和盒（保护区）为了增加电路板4,8的厌恶性质。 </li><li>房子在一个12小时的动物颠倒昼夜周期（ 如灯灭在上午7:00和灯在7:00 PM）。 注:然而，MHB也可以在传统的光时间表（见的潜在缺点讨论）1,6。 </li><li>在动物中最活跃的阶段进行行为测试（ 例如，上午10时和下午2时00分之间）4,15。 </li><li>保持2周的动物中的设施到达后一个习惯期。在此期间，有相同的人​​进行一周的行为实验处理动物4次，包括在实际的测试将被执行的所有处理程序。白天的时间只处理的动物时，动物将在后面暴露于测试。 </li><li>记录实验数据存储的视频和以优化的结果，并以降低跨观察员变异，练习使用以前的实验2的视频记录的行为打分。确保观察员执行的所有操作和程序规范。 </li></ol> 2. BEHAvioral测试 - 不配合集团的存在<ol><li>在房间里的动物经常容纳在执行行为测试（以避免运输到测试位置的可能的影响）和动物中的设施（使其习惯动物对设备的存在）到来之前安装所有的测试设备。 </li><li>拿起动物的尾巴的基地从家笼，并直接将其放置在MHB。 </li><li>将每个动物在面壁（ 如图1所示）相同的转角的装置。 </li><li>允许动物自由探索MHB一段时间（通常是5分钟1,6,16-18）。 </li><li>拥有一支经验丰富的观察者现场比分使用行为记分软件的行为参数。使用表1中列出的参数。 注:某些行为参数（ 如电机和探索行为）可能会自动为如得分， </em&gt;（2010年）19后MHB必要的调整，亨利等人讨论。 </li><li>为了避免基于嗅觉暗示偏压每次试验后清理用自来水和纸巾的装置。 注:测试社会安置动物时可能测试阶作用，应牢记17,20。 </li></ol> 3.行为测试 - 在小组配合的存在<ol><li>在组壳体的情况下，测量与实验动物和测试期间其保持架配合的相互作用。 <ol><li>放置组配合在该组隔室的实验动物试验之前，以允许习惯（主要是10-30分钟1,12）。 注:社会应激条件下的测试，可以通过测试一个社会个体击败13时，将主导笼队友在小组车厢。 </li><li>将实验动物在测试隔室，并允许它以释放LY探索MHB在第2节。 注:测试社会安置动物时可能测试阶作用，应牢记17,20。 </li><li>拥有一支经验丰富的观察者现场比分使用行为记分软件的行为参数。使用表1中列出的参数。 </li><li>为了避免基于嗅觉暗示偏压每次试验后清理用自来水和纸巾的装置。 </li></ol></li></ol> 4.新物体识别和食物摄入量抑制<ol><li>熟悉的动物对象（例如一个骰子或食品粒料）在他们的家笼，实验前2天。 </li><li>从在从起点的角跨越一个新的物体（例如螺栓或不熟悉的食品）将熟悉物体在装置相距2厘米。 </li><li>测量动物需要接近小说和熟悉对象/食物的时间。使用的参数中&lt;STRONG&gt;表1。 </li><li>为了避免基于嗅觉暗示偏压每次试验后清理用自来水和纸巾的装置。 </li></ol> 5.认知测试<ol><li>用于测试的大鼠3,22放置一个较小的电路板（35×22×1厘米）10缸中的框的中部（ 图1）。减少大小为50×50厘米框插入制成的灰色PVC的分区检测小鼠21。 </li><li>气味所有气缸有味道的动物被吸引到（ 例如香草）和奖励（ 例如，一块杏仁，一个非常可口奖励小鼠和大鼠）网格下饵都让动物无法将其删除。 </li><li>提示缸（通常3）用五色环（带有灰色PVC对比），并引诱他们一个可拆卸的奖励（ 如 0.05克一块杏仁）。 </li><li>在实验前，熟悉日常在2天的奖励动物他们的家笼用的镊子提供，并确保动物吃。 </li><li>拥有一支经验丰富的观察者现场比分使用行为记分软件的行为参数。测量与所述例外识别物体或食物摄取抑制相关的参数，除了在第2（ 表1）中提到的行为参数在表2中列出的参数。 </li><li>阶段1:对于每个动物，每天进行四个试验具有恒定 ​​审间间隔（ 例如，30-60分钟），直到一个恒定的时间来完成试验达到（ 即，当所有三个杏仁片已经被收集）。 </li><li>第2阶段:提示和鱼饵三种不同的汽缸，然后将动物在设置四个试验，以测试逆转学习能力。 </li><li>为了避免基于嗅觉暗示偏压每次试验后清理用自来水和纸巾的装置。 </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

该MHB范例可以用于测量无条件行为多个维度。该协议可以根据实验的目的略有改变。在这个协议中，我们讨论的设置，时间和测量通常是在我们的实验室中使用。然而，轻微的偏差，以该装置的测量已被用于在过去和也在板气缸的量可以变化3。经常研究使用，每试验5分钟的测试时间，但其他的测试时间也可以是适当的， 即，一旦结束测试的认知试验已成功，或延长测试时间完成，如果动物是非常急或身体受损。测试一天的时间被选定为红光下条件，因为老鼠是夜行性动物，是最活跃的早期黑暗阶段。 Roedel 等人（2006）示出了光或黑暗阶段测试对行为和认知性能的影响在DBA小鼠的MHB 16。其他的研究已经进行在白光条件1,6- MHB实验，然而，应当注意的是，在白光下的条件测试可诱导行为抑制和认知中断（如图DBA小鼠）16。 表1和2含有待测量的大量的行为参数。在数据分析期间，这可能导致一些参数，指示例如"延迟到第一引入板&#39;的显著增加，但不是在同一激励系统的其它参数（在这种情况下，"避免&#39;）。在某些情况下，这可能会导致不确定的结果。 GUILLOUX 等人（2011）介绍了集成行为z得分的行为表型在小鼠24上 。与使用综合行为z得分的多个参数可被组合到单个z得分描述特定motivati​​o最终系统。随后的z分数可以在轮到自己更轻松地在行为测试和实验对比。 除了 ​​这种模式的描述的特征，更深刻的使用成为Salomons 等人的研究清楚。（2012）。习惯化的两个小鼠品系（BALC / CJ和129P3 / J），在MHB新颖性进行了比较，显示出在行为灵活性差表示129P3 / J小鼠4的非自适应行为简档，镜像受损适应能力和可能甚至病态的焦虑。 最后，该MHB允许多个行为层面在一次实验中测量。通过从传统孔板和开放现场测试，无条件的行为，社会交往，认知和适应能力， 即结合的特点，福利可以进行调查。该测试可以例如用于评估由于行为变化到pharmacological-和/或遗传操作，选育和适应能力。相较于传统的测试电池，所需要的动物的数量明显减少，应力测试期间所经历的动物是非常低的。

改性孔板（MHB）被用来评估的无条件行为多个维度，主要是在小鼠和大鼠1。一些广泛使用的测试测量单个行为参数，它不完全覆盖一个行为尺寸的整个表型。该MHB是基于鼠类可以展示自己丰富的行为库只有在丰富的测试环境2，从而使复杂的行为学观察的概念开发的。 该组式包括传统孔板和旷场试验的特性，从 ​​而导致一个复杂的单个范例，它克服一个试验电池的缺点（ 即在减少动物的数量用1,3,4，绕过测试顺序5，减少时效和成本6）可能产生的影响。与大多数行为测试（ 例如，Hånell＆Marklund，2014年）7 &lt;/ SUP&gt;时，MHB的一个优点是，动物不需要是食物剥夺以增加的动力来解决的任务。此外，社会隔离，可以在测试过程中通过放置在一个（胺基）隔室由透明多孔隔板从测试室中分离的实验动物的组配合，允许视觉，听觉和嗅觉接触8,9-规避。 该MHB已（药理学）验证对小鼠和大鼠1,6。大范围的行为可以测量，如回避行为，风险评估，觉醒，探索，自主活动，习惯，社会亲和力和认知2,8-10。此外，该MHB可以与食物摄取抑制试验，以及新物体识别测试10,11相结合。最后，该MHB也可以使用通过测试社会败动物，同时将一个主导个体中进行社会应力实验组车厢12,13。这个协议对小鼠和大鼠将给MHB的多个应用程序的概述。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="843">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:211px;">Name of Reagent/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:380px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="254">
			<td height="254" style="height:255px;width:211px;">Standard mHB apparatus</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:380px;">The standard mHB apparatus consists of a grey PVC experimental box (100x50x50 cm) separated from a group compartment (50x50x50 cm) by a transparent, perforated partition. If the presence of group mates is unwanted or if individually housed animals are tested, the transparent partition is replaced by a partition made of grey PVC. The board (60x20x0.5 cm; made of grey PVC) is placed in the middle of the box and can contain 20 cylinders (&#7443; 1.5 cm) staggered in two lines or 23 cylinders (&#7443; 3 cm) staggered in three lines positioned on the board. The area around the board is divided by black lines into 10 rectangles (20x15 cm) and 2 squares (20x20 cm).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="210">
			<td height="210" style="height:210px;width:211px;">Cognitive mHB apparatus</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td>The box for cognitive testing is 50x50 cm by inserting a partition made of grey PVC in the standard mHB. A smaller board (35x22x1 cm) with 10 cylinders is placed in the middle of the box. All cylinders are scented with a flavor animals are attracted to (e.g. vanilla) and all are baited with a reward (e.g. a piece of almond) beneath a grid so the animals cannot remove it. Cylinders (often three) are cued with a colored ring (contrasting with the grey PVC) and are baited with a removable reward (e.g. 0.05 g piece of almond).&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:211px;">Vanilla flavor</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Vanilla flavor dissolved in water (0.02%)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:211px;">Camera</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Camera that generates sufficient quality output to rescore the behavior from video.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:211px;">Stage light</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td>A theather light that allows to adjust the light intensity and the dimensions of the surface that is lit.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="88">
			<td height="88" style="height:88px;width:211px;">Behavioral scoring software</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Behavioral scoring software.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

the modified hole board - measuring behavior, cognition and social interaction in mice and rats

这个协议描述了改性孔板（MHB），它结合特征从传统孔板和旷场并且被设计来测量无条件行为在小型实验室哺乳动物（ 例如，小鼠，大鼠，树鼩和小灵长类）的多个方面。这种模式是一种使用一个行为测试电池的一个有价值的替代，因为动物的行为简档的宽光谱行为可以在一个单一的测试进行调查。 该装置由一个盒子，代表着"保护"区域中，从一组室分离。甲板，在其上小圆柱体交错排列在三条线，被放置在盒的中心，代表的设置了"无保护的"区域。动物的认知能力可以通过引诱一些钢瓶在董事会和测量工作，并参考内存进行测量。其他无条件的行为，如activitY型所关乎，焦虑所关乎社会的行为，可以用这种模式来观察。行为的灵活性和使其习惯一种新颖的环境的能力，可以另外通过使动物在MHB多次试验，揭示洞察动物的适应能力进行观察。 由于在一个行为测试电池测试阶效应，幼稚的动物应该用于每个单独的实验。通过在一个单一的范例测试多个行为层面并由此避开这个问题，所使用的实验动物的数量减少。此外，通过避免在测试过程中，没有必要食物社会隔离剥夺的动物中，MHB表示一个行为测试系统，诱导如有应力的量非常低。

大量的参数，可以在MHB来测量使该设置特别适用于测量众多行为层面。其中一个例子是行为适应的鉴定到一种新的环境通过重复暴露于测试。 。Salomons等 （2010）研究了小鼠（BALB / CJ和129P3 / J）的MHB两个近交系的习惯在两个不同的光照条件下（红灯:45勒克斯与白光:框和板之间的对比:框和板之间的对比:115勒克斯（另见协议第1.3节））4。 BALC / cJ小鼠显示减少（habituating）延迟，直到第一板条目（见表1）在红光条件下， 如图2A所示 。与此相反，129P3 / J小鼠表现出习惯的迹象了试验。 图2B显示在白色光线条件下的实验。 BALB / cJ小鼠再显示一个减小延迟到第一板条目以上试验尽管该一nimals显示较慢的习惯模式相比，红光条件。 129P3 / J小鼠不仅显示再次受损习惯，也是白色光的条件下向致敏的趋势。同样地，在一项研究Salomons（2012）129P2 / OlaHsd小鼠显示受损的行为灵活性响应于新颖相比只BALB / cOlaHsd小鼠23。在习惯能力的不同，当在MHB 4测试也因此成为小鼠两个近交系之间的明显。 认知版本的MHB的可以例如被用于测量认知损伤的小鼠。范德Kooij 等 。 （2010年）中使用这种设置来测量C57BL / 6J小鼠轻度脑缺氧缺血的认知功能（缺氧45分钟; HI-45），严​​重的HI（75分钟缺氧; HI-75）和sham-对照组小鼠9。完成试验的能力（ 即，发现在5分钟内的饵孔）示于图3A。 </stroNG&gt;的短期记忆失误数（重温了饵孔），长期记忆错误（访问非饵孔）和遗漏错误（没有访问被逼急的孔）， 如图3B-D分别。 为了证实对HI-45组无认知损伤，这组抗假控制在反转任务测试。三饵孔被任命为三个不同的汽缸和动物测试4项试验。第一阶段的最后试验用的反转级的第一试验比较时的逆转作用变得很明显。完成4逆转试验的持续时间给出的指示对整体性能。 图4示出的等待时间，完成试验为两组，并明确整体治疗效果是明显的。这意味着，在逆转的任务的确有认知灵活性（重新学习）在HI-45组的这是一个障碍<html>使用MHB 9来检测。 <img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/52529/52529fig1.jpg" /> 图修改后的孔板1示意图。 （一）设置了由一个测试盒（箱）与在（无保护）董事会表示有锯齿线和组车厢中间。 <img alt="图5" src="/files/ftp_upload/52529/52529fig5.jpg" /> =新物体， <img alt="图6" src="/files/ftp_upload/52529/52529fig6.jpg" /> =熟悉的对象， <img alt="图7" src="/files/ftp_upload/52529/52529fig7.jpg" /> =起点。（B）的认知版本改性孔板的小鼠的示意图概述。气缸（C）的侧视图中认知版本改性孔板的使用。一块杏仁放在所有气缸的网格下方。目标="_空白"&gt;点击此处查看该图的放大版本。 <img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/52529/52529fig2.jpg" /> 图2.红色光或白色光的条件。 （A）延迟，直到第一次董事会记录（指+ SEM）BALB / CJ，并在红光条件下（0-5盒勒克斯和板45勒克斯）测量123P3 / J小鼠。重复测量ANOVA与Huyn-Feldt调整透露的应变（P = 0.025），试验（P &lt;0.001），试验X应变的相互作用（P &lt;0.001）效果事后分析:菌株之间:* = P &lt;0.0026之间连续两个试验:$ = P &lt;0.0026（BALB / CJ）（B）第一板条目的潜伏期（平均+ SEM）在白光条件（盒0-5勒克斯和电路板120勒克斯）。重复测量ANOVA与Huyn-Feldt调整透露的应变（P = 0.031），试验（P &lt;0.001），试验X应变的相互作用（P &lt;0.001）EFFE。克拉事后分析:* = P &lt;0.0026，连续两次试验之间:$ = P &lt;0.0026（BALB / CJ）和T = P &lt;0.0026（123P3 / J）菌株之间。这个数字已经被修改Salomons 等人 2010年4月。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/52529/52529fig2highres.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图3" src="/files/ftp_upload/52529/52529fig3.jpg" /> 在MHB图3.认知测试（阶段1）。所有的数字显示平均+ SEM（A）的潜伏期，完成假对照组小鼠的试验（秒），HI-45和HI-75（B）遗漏错误数，（C）非饵孔互访和（D）重访的诱饵孔。 * = P &lt;0.05，** = P &lt;0.01，*** = P &lt;0.001假与HI-75，＃= P &lt;0.05，## = P &lt;0.01，### = P &lt;0.001HI-45与HI-75。这个数字已经被修改范德Kooij 等人，2010年9。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/52529/52529fig3highres.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图4" src="/files/ftp_upload/52529/52529fig4.jpg" /> 图4.逆转学习任务（第2阶段）。延迟完成试验（秒），在逆转学习任务（平均+ SEM）。试用效果:＃= P &lt;0.05，## = P &lt;0.01（一审逆转的任务与以往的审判）。治疗效果:* = P &lt;0.05，** = P &lt;0.01（HI-45与假）。这个数字已经被修改范德Kooij 等人，2010年9。 <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td> 系统 </td><td> 活动 </td><td> 测得的参数 </td></tr><tr><td> AVOidance </td><td>进入董事会</td><td>频率，延迟（S），持续时间（％）和平均持续时间（S）在董事会</td></tr><tr><td>风险评估</td><td>拉伸出席</td><td>频率和延迟时间（S）伸展身体姿势（包括后肢） </td></tr><tr><td>觉醒</td><td>宠物美容</td><td>频率，延迟（多个），持续时间（％）和平均持续时间（S）的自修饰</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>排便</td><td>频率和薄利的潜伏期（S）生产</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>排尿</td><td>频率和排尿的潜伏期（S） </td></tr><tr><td>导演探索</td><td>孔探访</td><td>频率和汽缸访问延迟（S） </td></tr><tr><td></td><td>新物体的探索</td><td>频率，延迟（多个），持续时间（％）和平均持续时间（S）探索新物体</td></tr><tr><td>无方向的探索</td><td>饲养箱&lt;/ TD&gt; <td>频率和后脚站起的潜伏期（S）在框中（前爪不碰墙） </td></tr><tr><td></td><td>饲养板</td><td>频率和后脚站起的潜伏期（S）在董事会</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>孔探</td><td>频率和汽缸探索的潜伏期（S） </td></tr><tr><td>记忆</td><td>熟悉对象的探索</td><td>频率，延迟（多个），持续时间（％）和平均持续时间（S）探索熟悉的物体</td></tr><tr><td>社会亲和力</td><td>小组互动</td><td>频率，延迟（多个），持续时间（％）和平均持续时间（S）与该组隔室相互作用</td></tr><tr><td>自主活动</td><td>线路穿越</td><td>次数的越线延迟（S） </td></tr></tbody></table> 表1:行为参数一览 <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacING ="0"&gt; <tbody><tr><td> 内存系统 </td><td> 参数 </td><td> 描述 </td></tr><tr><td> 长期记忆 </td><td>错误的选择</td><td>参观非饵缸;鼻子边缘下方</td></tr><tr><td> 遗漏错误 </td><td>一个诱饵缸遗漏</td><td>没有访问一个诱饵缸</td></tr><tr><td> 短期记忆 </td><td>重复的选择</td><td>重温到开涮缸;鼻子边缘下方</td></tr><tr><td> 整体表现 </td><td>总的试用时间</td><td>时间，直到所有开涮缸已被访问</td></tr></tbody></table> 表2:认知参数一览

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Modified Hole Board - Measuring Behavior, Cognition and Social Interaction in Mice and Rats at JoVE.com

The Modified Hole Board - Measuring Behavior, Cognition and Social Interaction in Mice and Rats

This protocol describes the modified hole board, which is a behavioral test set-up that comprises the characteristics of an open field and a traditional hole board. This set-up enables the differential analysis of unconditioned behavior of small laboratory mammals as well as the analysis of cognitive abilities.

修改后的孔板 - 测量行为，认知和社会互动小鼠和大鼠

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure ...

the-modified-hole-board-measuring-behavior-cognition-social

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

17.7K 次观看.  Utrecht University. This protocol describes the modified hole board, which is a behavioral test set-up that comprises the characteristics of an open field and a traditional hole board. This set-up enables the differential analysis of unconditioned behavior of small laboratory mammals as well as the analysis of cognitive abilities. 

视频: The Modified Hole Board - Measuring Behavior, Cognition and Social Interaction in Mice and Rats

The Successive Alleys Test of Anxiety in Mice and Rats

The plus-maze was derived from the early work of Montgomery. He observed that rats tended to avoid the open arms of a maze, preferring the enclosed ones. Handley, Mithani and File et al. performed the first studies on the plus-maze design we use today, and in 1987 Lister published a design for use with mice. 
Time spent on, and entries into, the open arms are an index of anxiety; the lower these indices, the more anxious the mouse is. Alternatively, a mouse that spends most of its time in the closed arms is classed as anxious. 
One of the problems of the plus-maze is that, while time spent on, and entries into, the open arms is a fairly unambiguous measure of anxiety, time in the central area is more difficult to interpret, although time spent here has been classified as &#x201C;decision making&#x201D;. In many tests central area time is a considerable part of the total test time.
Shepherd et al. produced an ingenious design to eliminate the central area, which they called the &#x201C;zero maze&#x201D;. However, although used by several groups, it has never been as widely adopted as the plus-maze. 
In the present article I describe a modification of the plus-maze design that not only eliminates the central area but also incorporates elements from other anxiety tests, such as the light-dark box and emergence tests. It is a linear series of four alleys, each having increasing anxiogenic properties. It has given similar results to the plus-maze in general. Although it may not be more sensitive than the plus-maze (more data is needed before a firm conclusion can be reached on this point), it provides a useful confirmation of plus-maze results which would be useful when, for example, only a single example of a mutant mouse was available, as, for example, in ENU-based mutagenesis programs.

The plus-maze measures anxiety-like behaviour in rodents. There are two opposite closed and two opposite open arms; anxious rodents avoid the open arms. The central area is neither completely open nor closed, so time spent here is ambiguous and difficult to interpret. Here a modification of the plus-maze protocol eliminating this area is described.

在小鼠和大鼠连续的小巷测试焦虑

The plus-maze was derived from the early work of Montgomery. He observed that rats tended to avoid the open arms of a maze, preferring the enclosed ones.  ...

科研

行为学

The Crossmodal Congruency Task as a Means to Obtain an Objective Behavioral Measure in the Rubber Hand Illusion Paradigm

The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is a popular experimental paradigm. Participants view touch on an artificial rubber hand while the participants' own hidden hand is touched. If the viewed and felt touches are given at the same time then this is sufficient to induce the compelling experience that the rubber hand is one's own hand. The RHI can be used to investigate exactly how the brain constructs distinct body representations for one's own body. Such representations are crucial for successful interactions with the external world. To obtain a subjective measure of the RHI, researchers typically ask participants to rate statements such as "I felt as if the rubber hand were my hand". Here we demonstrate how the crossmodal congruency task can be used to obtain an objective behavioral measure within this paradigm.
The variant of the crossmodal congruency task we employ involves the presentation of tactile targets and visual distractors. Targets and distractors are spatially congruent (i.e. same finger) on some trials and incongruent (i.e. different finger) on others. The difference in performance between incongruent and congruent trials - the crossmodal congruency effect (CCE) - indexes multisensory interactions. Importantly, the CCE is modulated both by viewing a hand as well as the synchrony of viewed and felt touch which are both crucial factors for the RHI.
The use of the crossmodal congruency task within the RHI paradigm has several advantages. It is a simple behavioral measure which can be repeated many times and which can be obtained during the illusion while participants view the artificial hand. Furthermore, this measure is not susceptible to observer and experimenter biases. The combination of the RHI paradigm with the crossmodal congruency task allows in particular for the investigation of multisensory processes which are critical for modulations of body representations as in the RHI.

We demonstrate how an objective measure can be employed in the widely employed rubber hand illusion paradigm. This measure is obtained by modifying the well-established crossmodal congruency task. This task allows the investigation of multisensory processes which are critical for modulations of body representations as in the rubber hand illusion.

一致性的任务作为一种手段来获取目标行为的措施中的橡胶手错觉范式Crossmodal

The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is a popular experimental paradigm. Participants view touch on an artificial rubber hand while the participants' own hidden ...

Moderate Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Quantification of Social Behavior in Adult Rats

Alterations in social behavior are among the major negative consequences observed in children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs). Several independent laboratories have demonstrated robust alterations in the social behavior of rodents exposed to alcohol during brain development across a wide range of exposure durations, timing, doses, and ages at the time of behavioral quantification. Prior work from this laboratory has identified reliable alterations in specific forms of social interaction following moderate prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) in the rat that persist well into adulthood, including increased wrestling and decreased investigation. These behavioral alterations have been useful in identifying neural circuits altered by moderate PAE1, and may hold importance for progressing toward a more complete understanding of the neural bases of PAE-related alterations in social behavior. This paper describes procedures for performing moderate PAE in which rat dams voluntarily consume ethanol or saccharin (control) throughout gestation, and measurement of social behaviors in adult offspring.

The goal of the protocol presented here is to describe procedures to expose rats to moderate levels of alcohol during prenatal brain development and to quantify resulting alterations in social behavior during adulthood.

适度的产前酒精暴露在成年大鼠社会行为的量化

Alterations in social behavior are among the major negative consequences observed in children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs). Several ...

Quantifying Social Motivation in Mice Using Operant Conditioning

In this protocol, social motivation is measured in mice through a pair of operant conditioning paradigms. To conduct the experiments, two-chambered shuttle boxes were equipped with two operant levers (left and right) and a food receptacle in one chamber, which was then divided from the second chamber by an automated guillotine door covered by a wire grid. Different stimulus mice, rotated across testing days, served as a social stimulus behind the wire grid, and were only visible following the opening of the guillotine door. Test mice were trained to lever press in order to open the door and gain access to the stimulus partner for 15 sec. The number of lever presses required to obtain the social reward progressively increased on a fixed schedule of 3. Testing sessions ended after test mice stopped lever pressing for 5 consecutive minutes. The last reinforced ratio or breakpoint can be used as a quantitative measure of social motivation. For the second paradigm, test mice were trained to discriminate between left and right lever presses in order to obtain either a food reward or the social reward. Mice were rewarded for every 3 presses of each respective lever. The number of food and social rewards can be compared as a measurement of the value placed upon each reward. The ratio of each reward type can also be compared between mouse strains and the change in this ratio can be monitored within testing sessions to measure satiation with a given reward type. Both of these operant conditioning paradigms are highly useful for the quantification of social motivation in mouse models of autism and other disorders of social behavior.

This article describes a new protocol for the quantitative measurement of social motivation in mice using operant conditioning for a social reward. The protocol is useful for the measurement of social motivation in mouse models of autism and other disorders of social behavior.

量化的社会动机小鼠使用操作条件反射

In this protocol, social motivation is measured in mice through a pair of operant conditioning paradigms. To conduct the experiments, two-chambered ...

The Social Dimension of Stress: Experimental Manipulations of Social Support and Social Identity in the Trier Social Stress Test

In many situations humans are influenced by the behavior of other people and their relationships with them. For example, in stressful situations supportive behavior of other people as well as positive social relationships can act as powerful resources to cope with stress. In order to study the interplay between these variables, this protocol describes two effective experimental manipulations of social relationships and supportive behavior in the laboratory. In the present article, these two manipulations are implemented in the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST)&#8212;a standard stress induction paradigm in which participants are subjected to a simulated job interview. More precisely, we propose (a) a manipulation of the relationship between different protagonists in the TSST by making a shared social identity salient and (b) a manipulation of the behavior of the TSST-selection committee, which acts either supportively or unsupportively. These two experimental manipulations are designed in a modular fashion and can be applied independently of each other but can also be combined. Moreover, these two manipulations can also be integrated into other stress protocols and into other standardized social interactions such as trust games, negotiation tasks, or other group tasks.

Previous research on the social dimension of stress has focused on two important variables: social identity and social support. This protocol introduces an effective experimental manipulation of these two social variables and describes their implementation in a standard stress induction paradigm (Trier Social Stress Test).

应力的社会问题:社会支持和社会认同的特里尔社会的实验操作压力测试

In many situations humans are influenced by the behavior of other people and their relationships with them. For example, in stressful situations ...

A Method for Evaluating the Reinforcing Properties of Ethanol in Rats without Water Deprivation, Saccharin Fading or Extended Access Training

Operant oral self-administration methods are commonly used to study the reinforcing properties of ethanol in animals. However, the standard methods require saccharin/sucrose fading, water deprivation and/or extended training to initiate operant responding in rats. This paper describes a novel and efficient method to quickly initiate operant responding for ethanol that is convenient for experimenters and does not require water deprivation or saccharin/sucrose fading, thus eliminating the potential confound of using sweeteners in ethanol operant self-administration studies. With this method, Wistar rats typically acquire and maintain self-administration of a 20% ethanol solution in less than two weeks of training. Furthermore, blood ethanol concentrations and rewards are positively correlated for a 30 min self-administration session. Moreover, naltrexone, an FDA-approved medication for alcohol dependence that has been shown to suppress ethanol self-administration in rodents, dose-dependently decreases alcohol intake and motivation to consume alcohol for rats self-administering 20% ethanol, thus validating the use of this new method to study the reinforcing properties of alcohol in rats.

This protocol describes a novel and efficient method to quickly initiate operant responding for ethanol in rats that, contrary to standard methods, does not require water deprivation or saccharin/sucrose fading to initiate responding.

一种用于评价大鼠乙醇的补强性能没有禁水，糖精衰落或扩展访问训练方法

Operant oral self-administration methods are commonly used to study the reinforcing properties of ethanol in animals. However, the standard methods ...

Examining Recall Memory in Infancy and Early Childhood Using the Elicited Imitation Paradigm

The ability to recall the past allows us to report on details of previous experiences, from the everyday to the significant. Because recall memory is commonly assessed using verbal report paradigms in adults, studying the development of this ability in preverbal infants and children proved challenging. Over the past 30 years, researchers have developed a non-verbal means of assessing recall memory known as the elicited or deferred imitation paradigm. In one variant of the procedure, participants are presented with novel three-dimensional stimuli for a brief baseline period before a researcher demonstrates a series of actions that culminate in an end- or goal-state. The participant is allowed to imitate the demonstrated actions immediately, after a delay, or both. Recall performance is then compared to baseline or to performance on novel control sequences presented at the same session; memory can be assessed for the individual target actions and the order in which they were completed. This procedure is an accepted analogue to the verbal report techniques used with adults, and it has served to establish a solid foundation of the nature of recall memory in infancy and early childhood. In addition, the elicited or deferred imitation procedure has been modified and adapted to answer questions relevant to other aspects of cognitive functioning. The broad utility and application of imitation paradigms is discussed, along with limitations of the approach and directions for future research.

The elicited imitation procedure was established to examine the development of recall memory in infancy and early childhood. This procedure has been widely used to establish a solid foundation of the nature of recall memory in infancy and early childhood.

使用仿引起范式检查召回内存在婴幼儿时期

The ability to recall the past allows us to report on details of previous experiences, from the everyday to the significant. Because recall memory is ...

The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test (rPVT): A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

The human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is a widely used procedure for measuring changes in fatigue and sustained attention. The present article describes a rodent version of the PVT&#8212;termed the &#34;rPVT&#34;&#8212;that measures similar aspects of attention (i.e., performance accuracy, motor speed, premature responding, and lapses in attention). Data are presented that demonstrate both the short- and long-term usefulness of the rPVT when employed with laboratory rats. Rats easily learn the rPVT, and learning to perform the basic procedure takes less than two weeks of training. Once acquired, rat performances in the rPVT show a high degree of similarity to these same performance measures in the human PVT, including similarities in, lapses in attention, reaction times, vigilance decrements across session time (i.e., the human &#34;time-on-task&#34; effects), and the response-stimulus interval (RSI) effect described for humans. Thus the rPVT can be an extremely valuable tool for assessing the effects of a wide range of variables on sustained attention quite similar to human PVT performances, and thus can be useful for developing novel treatments for neurobehavioral dysfunctions.

The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test rPVT: A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

A rat version of the human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is described that measures aspects of attention similar to those measured with the human PVT, including aspects of human vigilance such as performance accuracy, motor speed, premature responding, and lapses in attention.

鼠类精神运动警觉测试（rPVT）:一个在大鼠和小鼠的神经行为评估性能的方法

The human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is a widely used procedure for measuring changes in fatigue and sustained attention. The present article ...

Measuring Active and Passive Tameness Separately in Mice

Domesticated animals such as dogs and laboratory mice show a high level of tameness, which is important for humans to handle them easily. Tameness has two behavioral components: a reluctance to avoid humans (passive tameness) and a motivation to approach humans (active tameness). To quantify these components in mice, we previously developed behavioral tests for active tameness, passive tameness, and the willingness to stay on a human hand, each designed to be completed within 3 min. The data obtained were used for selective breeding, with a large number of mice analyzed per generation. The active tameness test measures the movement of the mouse toward a human hand and the contact it engages in. The passive tameness test measures the duration of time that a mouse tolerates human touch. In the stay-on-hand test, a mouse is placed on a human hand and touched slowly using the thumb of that hand; the duration of time that the animal remains on the hand is measured. Here, we describe the test set-up and apparatus, explain the procedures, and discuss the appropriate data analysis. Finally, we explain how to interpret the results.

Tameness in animals includes a reduction of avoidance responses to humans (passive tameness) and an increase in active approaches to humans (active tameness). Here, we describe detailed protocols for three behavioral tests (active tameness, passive tameness, and stay-on-hand tests) to separately measure the active and passive tameness of mice.

小鼠主动和被动驯服的测定

Domesticated animals such as dogs and laboratory mice show a high level of tameness, which is important for humans to handle them easily. Tameness has two ...

A High-performance Liquid Chromatography Measurement of Kynurenine and Kynurenic Acid: Relating Biochemistry to Cognition and Sleep in Rats

The kynurenine pathway (KP) of tryptophan degradation has been implicated in psychiatric disorders. Specifically, the astrocyte-derived metabolite kynurenic acid (KYNA), an antagonist at both N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) and &#945;7 nicotinic acetylcholine (&#945;7nACh) receptors, has been implicated in cognitive processes in health and disease. As KYNA levels are elevated in the brains of patients with schizophrenia, a malfunction at the glutamatergic and cholinergic receptors is believed to be causally related to cognitive dysfunction, a core domain of the psychopathology of the illness. KYNA may play a pathophysiologically significant role in individuals with schizophrenia. It is possible to elevate endogenous KYNA in the rodent brain by treating animals with the direct bioprecursor kynurenine, and preclinical studies in rats have demonstrated that acute elevations in KYNA may impact their learning and memory processes. The current protocol describes this experimental approach in detail and combines a) a biochemical analysis of blood kynurenine levels and brain KYNA formation (using high-performance liquid chromatography), b) behavioral testing to probe the hippocampal-dependent contextual memory (passive avoidance paradigm), and c) an assessment of sleep-wake behavior [telemetric recordings combining electroencephalogram (EEG) and electromyogram (EMG) signals] in rats. Taken together, a relationship between elevated KYNA, sleep, and cognition is studied, and this protocol describes in detail an experimental approach to understanding function outcomes of kynurenine elevation and KYNA formation in vivo in rats. Results obtained through variations of this protocol will test the hypothesis that the KP and KYNA serve pivotal roles in modulating sleep and cognition in health and disease states.

Alterations in the kynurenine pathway (KP) neuroactive metabolites are implicated in psychiatric illnesses. Investigating the functional outcomes of an altered kynurenine pathway metabolism in vivo in rodents may help elucidate novel therapeutic approaches. The current protocol combines biochemical and behavioral approaches to investigate the impact of an acute kynurenine challenge in rats.