我们要感谢罗斯实验室谁帮助优化效率最高和产量协议的前成员。

流感H3N2 VLP的产生1.真核表达系统<ol><li>亚克隆病毒结构的糖蛋白血凝素（HA），神经氨酸酶（NA），和人免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）的Gag的p55到真核表达载体中，如先前所描述pTR600 7 </li><li>扩增的DNA在化学感受大肠杆菌（ 例如 ，DH5α）和使用质粒纯化试剂盒按照制造商的说明分离转染级的质粒。的DNA的量依赖于产率和用户的需要。 </li><li>保持哺乳动物细胞系，293T，在含有10％胎牛血清（FBS）中于37℃，5％CO 2在加湿培养箱中生长培养基。 </li><li>生长的细胞，使得为T-150的组织培养烧瓶中含有每烧瓶45-75×10 6个细胞，使得烧瓶获取由第二天完整细胞粘附和85-95％的细胞融合。检查显微镜所需conflu下细胞ency。 注意:高细胞密度通常建议使用市售的转染试剂然而过度汇合可能导致副产物的细胞废物的积累和减少细胞生存力时，得到最小的细胞毒性最佳蛋白表达。 </li><li>以每个T-150烧瓶中40微克的总DNA量的Gag:在转染当天，制备脂质体和DNA的混合物作为根据制造商的建议，并转染DNA的细胞以1的DNA组合物:1:2的HA:NA。稀释在无血清转染培养基DNA和脂质体溶液不含抗生素，使得每个烧瓶中含有的20-30毫升的总体积。 注:基因结构的比例可能会要求用户进行优化。比例为1:虽然在这里没​​有证明，一个类似的转染过程一直与呼吸道合胞病毒（RSV）的F和HIV Gag的以1进行。对于DENV和CHIKV单一表达质粒，共有20微克每T-150瓶DNA的用于优化Ë的表达。 DNA:转染试剂的比例是用户进行了优化。使用推荐的转染培养基基于转染的方法， 即 ，聚阳离子脂质转染建议减少或缺失胎牛血清从而介质可以补充有生长激素和微量元素，以支持在无血清的生长。 </li><li>返回烧瓶至37℃，5％CO 2培养箱。为200毫升的体积，用9的T-150烧瓶中。将细胞保持在转染培养基直到VLP收获的那天。 </li><li>从视后72-96小时转染后的抗原，或当细胞活力下降至70-80％，通过显微镜检查所估计细胞收获培养上清液。转移上清液到50ml锥形管中并旋转该细胞向下，在500×g下5分钟，4℃以沉淀细胞碎片。 注意:3天上清液用新鲜的预热，无血清转染培养基到贴壁细胞将yiel的代用达第二批VLP的相似或略有减少产量，应由用户进行优化。 </li><li>池上清液过滤通过经由超速离心沉降之前0.22μm的微孔膜。 </li><li>测试用标准血凝测定14所述的HA表达的VLP用0.8％火鸡或哺乳动物红细胞的血细胞凝集活性或具有抗原特异性的ELISA进行。参见图2代表性的结果。 </li></ol> 2. CHIK VLP表达杆状病毒/昆虫细胞系统<ol><li>生成使用商业杆状病毒表达系统，从S-27菌株表达基孔肯雅病毒衣壳和包膜蛋白（C-E3-E2-6K-E1）重组杆状病毒。 </li><li>培养草地夜蛾 Sf9细胞在28℃用100单位/ ml青霉素和100μg/ ml链霉素的无血清的Sf9生长培养基中。用3 - 5×10 5℃/ ml的启动为suspens转瓶培养离子的细胞生长。通过经常当他们达到2-4×10 6℃/毫升（每3-4天）的细胞密度。 </li><li>文化Sf9细胞悬浮在旋转烧瓶在130转多点搅拌板系统上搅拌。为适当的通气性，维​​持培养物体积在旋转烧瓶的不超过一半的体积。 </li><li>对CHIK VLP的表达，感染Sf9细胞在以1的感染复数一的重组杆状病毒2×10 6个细胞/ ml的密度，并返回到28℃培养箱。典型地，感染一或两个转瓶，含有250毫升Sf9细胞。 注意:虽然我们不采用这种方法，昆虫细胞可以使用振荡器平台，在摇瓶培养是在28°C。 </li><li>收获培养物后72-96小时感染后，或者当细胞生存力降低至70-80％，用台盼蓝排阻根据制造商的协议确定的。 注:细胞的同时继续感染增殖和有一〜80％存活率在感染重组CHIK VLP杆状病毒3天感染后（dpi）的Sf9昆虫培养物。杆状病毒感染的细胞在外观上变大。形态也可能由圆形变为椭圆形。在杆状病毒感染的晚期阶段，细胞开始溶解。 </li><li>转移培养物直接从悬浮培养到50ml锥形管中并旋转该细胞向下在500 xg离心在4℃下5分钟。 </li><li>收集上清液并通过超速离心沉淀前通过0.22微米孔径的膜过滤器。 </li></ol> VLP / SVP的3沉淀/净化<ol><li>消毒对25mm×89毫米敞篷超速离心管并具有生物安全罩70％的乙醇。确保乙醇使用前已经擦干。 </li><li>最多可加载32毫升上清到一个干净的试管中。推荐25毫升最小音量，以防止塌陷和充满不足超速离心管的损坏。 </li><li>仔细下垫上清机智在PBSħ无菌3毫升20％甘油（V / V）。确保管是平衡的。 </li><li>在旋转XG 135000 4小时在4℃。 </li><li>吸上清，确保颗粒不从管打跑。 </li><li>重悬沉淀的VLP在用无菌PBS管的底部剧烈上下抽吸。 PBS的量所需的重悬的VLPs取决于VLP总蛋白产量和下游应用。通常情况下，每个悬浮颗粒VLP至少在100微升。 </li><li>商店样品4℃短期储存和-80℃下贮存用于长期存储。 </li></ol> 4.确定蛋白质产量和特异性抗原产量<ol><li>确定使用市售的蛋白定量方法，如BCA测定按照生产商的方案的总蛋白质含量。 </li><li>为了评估特定抗原含量，通过涂布标准抗原和2-5的系列稀释液进行直接的酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）1;上至ELISA 96孔平底板g总蛋白的样品。 <ol><li>与抗原特异性抗体按照探测在平板上抗原的存在，并使用常规的ELISA开发衬底以产生用于酶标仪检测吸光度。参见图2为样本HA-VLP表达HA和ELISA检测的代表性结果; HA和NA的多种组合是可能，但单产可能在HA-NA兼容15不同。 注意:抗原特异性抗体具有可变亲和力和建议的抗体的终点稀释滴定执行VLP量化之前确定。商业抗体将具有用于在ELISA中使用的建议的浓缩或稀释的范围，以及建议的协议。 </li></ol></li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Zeltins, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Construction+and+characterization+of+virus-like+particles:+a+review.">Construction and characterization of virus-like particles: a review.</a> Mol Biotechnol. 53, 92-107 (2013).</li><li>Jain, N. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Formulation+and+stabilization+of+recombinant+protein+based+virus-like+particle+vaccines.">Formulation and stabilization of recombinant protein based virus-like particle vaccines.</a> Adv Drug Deliv Rev. , (2014).</li><li>Mair, C. M., Ludwig, K., Herrmann, A., Sieben, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Receptor+binding+and+pH+stability+-+how+influenza+A+virus+hemagglutinin+affects+host-specific+virus+infection.">Receptor binding and pH stability - how influenza A virus hemagglutinin affects host-specific virus infection.</a> Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1838, 1153-1168 (2014).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Engerix-B+package+insert.">Engerix-B package insert.</a> GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC. , (2013).</li><li>Giles, B. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+computationally+optimized+hemagglutinin+virus-like+particle+vaccine+elicits+broadly+reactive+antibodies+that+protect+nonhuman+primates+from+H5N1+infection.">A computationally optimized hemagglutinin virus-like particle vaccine elicits broadly reactive antibodies that protect nonhuman primates from H5N1 infection.</a> J Infect Dis. 205, 1562-1570 (2012).</li><li>Giles, B. M., Ross, T. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+computationally+optimized+broadly+reactive+antigen+(COBRA)+based+H5N1+VLP+vaccine+elicits+broadly+reactive+antibodies+in+mice+and+ferrets.">A computationally optimized broadly reactive antigen (COBRA) based H5N1 VLP vaccine elicits broadly reactive antibodies in mice and ferrets.</a> Vaccine. 29, 3043-3054 (2011).</li><li>Green, T. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=C3d+enhancement+of+neutralizing+antibodies+to+measles+hemagglutinin.">C3d enhancement of neutralizing antibodies to measles hemagglutinin.</a> Vaccine. 20, 242-248 (2001).</li><li>Bright, R. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cross-Clade+Protective+Immune+Responses+to+Influenza+Viruses+with+H5N1+HA+and+NA+Elicited+by+an+Influenza+Virus-Like+Particle.">Cross-Clade Protective Immune Responses to Influenza Viruses with H5N1 HA and NA Elicited by an Influenza Virus-Like Particle.</a> PLoS ONE. 3, e1501 (2008).</li><li>Yondola, M. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Budding+Capability+of+the+Influenza+Virus+Neuraminidase+Can+Be+Modulated+by+Tetherin.">Budding Capability of the Influenza Virus Neuraminidase Can Be Modulated by Tetherin.</a> J Virol. 85, 2480-2491 (2011).</li><li>Schneider-Ohrum, K., Ross, T. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Virus-like+particles+for+antigen+delivery+at+mucosal+surfaces.">Virus-like particles for antigen delivery at mucosal surfaces.</a> Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 354, 53-73 (2012).</li><li>Murawski, M. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Newcastle+disease+virus-like+particles+containing+respiratory+syncytial+virus+G+protein+induced+protection+in+BALB/c+mice,+with+no+evidence+of+immunopathology.">Newcastle disease virus-like particles containing respiratory syncytial virus G protein induced protection in BALB/c mice, with no evidence of immunopathology.</a> J Virol. 84, 1110-1123 (2010).</li><li>Quan, F. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Viruslike+particle+vaccine+induces+protection+against+respiratory+syncytial+virus+infection+in+mice.">Viruslike particle vaccine induces protection against respiratory syncytial virus infection in mice.</a> J Infect Dis. 204, 987-995 (2011).</li><li>Ross, T. M., Tang, X., Lu, H. R., Olagnier, D., Kirchenbaum, G. A., Evans, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=COBRA-Based+Dengue+Tetravalent+Vaccine+Elicits+Neutralizing+Antibodies+Against+All+Four+Dengue+Serotypes.">COBRA-Based Dengue Tetravalent Vaccine Elicits Neutralizing Antibodies Against All Four Dengue Serotypes.</a> J Vaccine Immunotechnology. 1 (7), (2014).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Manual+for+the+Laboratory+Diagnosis+and+Virological+Surveillance+of+Influenza.">Manual for the Laboratory Diagnosis and Virological Surveillance of Influenza.</a> World Health Organization. , (2011).</li><li>Mitnaul, L. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Balanced+Hemagglutinin+and+Neuraminidase+Activities+Are+Critical+for+Efficient+Replication+of+Influenza+A+Virus.">Balanced Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase Activities Are Critical for Efficient Replication of Influenza A Virus.</a> J Virol. 74, 6015-6020 (2000).</li><li>Jarvis, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Methods in Enzymology. 463, 191-222 (2009).</li><li>Pijlman, G. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enveloped+virus-like+particles+as+vaccines+against+pathogenic+arboviruses.">Enveloped virus-like particles as vaccines against pathogenic arboviruses.</a> Biotechnol J. 10, 659-670 (2015).</li><li>Park, J. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protective+efficacy+of+crude+virus-like+particle+vaccine+against+HPAI+H5N1+in+chickens+and+its+application+on+DIVA+strategy.">Protective efficacy of crude virus-like particle vaccine against HPAI H5N1 in chickens and its application on DIVA strategy.</a> Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 7, 340-348 (2013).</li><li>Gangadharan, D., Smith, J., Weyant, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biosafety+Recommendations+for+Work+with+Influenza+Viruses+Containing+a+Hemagglutinin+from+the+A/goose/Guangdong/1/96+Lineage.+MMWR.+Recommendations+and+reports+:+Morbidity+and+mortality+weekly+report.">Biosafety Recommendations for Work with Influenza Viruses Containing a Hemagglutinin from the A/goose/Guangdong/1/96 Lineage. MMWR. Recommendations and reports : Morbidity and mortality weekly report.</a> Recommendations and reports / Centers for Disease Control. 62, 1-7 (2013).</li></ol>

作者什么都没有透露。

我们使用以上描述的技术成功表达并纯化的SVP和各种病原体多种结构蛋白组成的VLP。在一般情况下，我们使用哺乳动物表达系统，以产生我们的VLP。然而，在我们的手中，哺乳动物细胞衍生CHIK VLP收益率较低。使用重组杆状病毒昆虫细胞系统时，CHIK VLP产量为更加强劲。在一般情况下，杆状病毒 - 昆虫细胞系统产生的同时控制下更高量的重组蛋白，这可能是由于，并且还由于高水平的外源基因的表达，可以在旋转烧瓶与组织培养瓶中进行培养较高细胞密度的16杆状病毒多角体蛋白启动子。然而，使用杆状病毒的一个缺点是在VLP制剂杆状病毒的非常存在，其具有佐剂活性，并在疫苗歪斜免疫结果然而学习17我们还发现变异流感Ⅴ的产率根据所使用的HA和NA组合的有限合伙人; H3N2容积Vlp2已经相对减少的产量相比，H3N2 VLP1，这可能是由于效率较低VLP装配或NA-15的兼容性，并有待进一步调查。 DNA结构和转染率的优化仍是确保最佳的VLP产量的关键步骤。我们选择了我们基于哺乳动物病毒样颗粒中始终如一地使用哺乳动物载体pTR600因为表现一般是高效，亚克隆方便多限制性内切酶。质粒的比率可为用户的要求提高的VLP的产量进行调整。然而，如所讨论的，哺乳动物的VLP生产的当前限制保持与转染的成本和当前组织培养瓶中的细胞生长的能力。虽然在该协议不进行，我们观察到额外的成功生产VLP的转染细胞时介质冷杉后用新鲜的生长培养基（ 如 OptiMEM中）补充T-72主战坦克小时收获和一个额外的72小时后，VLP的后续收集，虽然收益率可能会略有减少相比，VLP的第一个集合作为。 我们证明用于表达病毒结构蛋白中的任一昆虫或哺乳动物细胞培养通过超速离心来释放的VLP在上清液用于半纯化的过程。在SVP /病毒样颗粒一般都在抗原的免疫和接种疫苗的研究，使用稳定，比活的病毒颗粒，特别是在选择代理商或高病原禽流感（HPAI）株8,18，这需要生物安全水平带来更少的安全威胁3（BSL-3）实验室条件19。 VLP生产是相对简单和经常产生可以由引发针对天然病毒结构蛋白，非排他的变性线性表位的抗体识别的颗粒。的VLP作为一个有用的平台用于引发特异性免疫应答的抗原，并且可以在疫苗开发一个有希望的候选人。 该协议表明在哺乳动物系统转染病毒基因的两种方法。在该图示中，二流感基因，HA和NA，都与HIV Gag的共转染，以产生具有加格内部核心，与HA和NA组装在表面上的VLP。加格代替流感基质1（M1）的取代显示了与无关病毒糖蛋白，如RSV F和可能包括其他基于的Gag-VLP的灵活性。可替代地，CHIKV的合成利用的结构基因盒，其表达为SVP自组装所需的部件，具有呈现一个C蛋白构成中心的表面上CHIKV E蛋白表达。这两种方法表明VLP合成，其需要最少的结构病毒蛋白质从转染的细胞来组装的灵活性。 最后，虽然我们提出了总体方案和代表性resul对于H3N2，RSV，DENV和CHIKV的表达和纯化的TS，这些程序是用于产生使用其它病毒蛋白的VLP的容易适合。这些程序已在其他流感病毒亚型包括H1，H5和H7病毒的产生被成功地用于由我们的基团。此外，单一的载体，用于产生登革SVP的的prM / E设计，可适应于一代的SVP为黄病毒家族的其他成员，包括西尼罗河和日本脑炎病毒。同样地，可用于在披膜病毒科家族的其他成员，包括委内瑞拉，东部和西部马脑炎病毒CHIK的VLP生产的方法。

病毒样颗粒（VLP）是人类疫苗接种核准技术。事实上，一些比较现代感许可的疫苗，包括人乳头瘤病毒（HPV）和肝炎Β的（HepΒ）疫苗采用这种方法。的VLP从能够自组装的结构蛋白形成。组装的粒子模仿病毒形态，但不能感染或复制，因为它们缺乏病毒基因组。的VLP可表达并从许多原核和真核系统的纯化。对文献的审查表明，不同的表达系统按以下标准使用:细菌- 28％，酵母- 20％，植物- 9％，昆虫- 28％，和哺乳动物- 15％1。值得注意的是，基于L1衣壳蛋白HPV疫苗是在酵母中（Gardasil的），或在昆虫细胞系统（的Cervarix）2制备。 HepΒ疫苗，Recombivax和的Engerix-Β，也产生了酵母和组成HepΒ表面抗原3的4。 我们使用哺乳动物和昆虫细胞表达系统来产生需要用于组装多个结构蛋白的共表达的VLP。我们的工作主要集中在设计，生产和净化基于VLP的疫苗对人类病原体:流感病毒，呼吸道合胞病毒（RSV），登革热病毒（DENV）和基孔肯雅病毒（CHIKV）。我们的方法是足够的灵活性，以允许从多个表达质粒的多种结构蛋白的共表达，或单个表达质粒（ 图1）。先前，我们制备并纯化的H5N1的VLP从编码人胚胎肾293T细胞5,6-流感血凝素（HA），神经氨酸酶（NA），和基质（M1）的质粒的共表达装配。用于在哺乳动物细胞中表达的基因进行密码子优化，并克隆到pTR600含有巨细胞病毒立即早期启动子加上内含子的用于启动创见一个真核表达载体真核刀片ription和转录7终止牛生长激素聚腺苷酸化信号。用于产生人类季节性流感亚型H3N2的VLP的本研究中使用的HA，NA（ 图1A）和另一种基质蛋白，HIV的Gag的p55，三个质粒共表达了类似的方法，并已被证明产生大小颗粒流感8种相似的病毒样颗粒。虽然流感疫苗主要诱导抗HA抗体，增加流感病毒神经氨酸酶介导唾液酸酶的活性，使VLP转染细胞的9，也提出了另外的免疫原性目标崭露头角。以产生的RSV的VLP，我们还选择的HIV Gag的的无关核心来设计呈现完全RSV表面糖蛋白，以进一步展示使用HIV Gag的VLP形成灵活性，如先前描述和表征通过电子显微镜6,10原型疫苗。其他先前已经表明，病毒样颗粒呈现呼吸道合胞病毒糖蛋白可以利用新城疫病毒（NDV）11和流感基质12多种病毒组件进行组装。全长表面糖蛋白的序列在本研究中利用保留天然构象可能是必要的功能性受体结合和抗体识别测定通过酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）。 我们使用单一质粒表达系统来生成颗粒的例子是DENV和CHIKV。在登革病毒的情况下，我们可以生产亚病毒颗粒（的SVP）从含有的prM / E的结构基因的表达盒13中的单个质粒中的293T细胞无衣壳。术语SVP用于表示在病毒结构蛋白的组装缺少核心或衣壳蛋白。 CHIK的VLP也可使用含有CHIKV结构基因盒，编码衣壳和包膜蛋白的单个质粒产生的，或在我NSECT细胞通过用重组杆状病毒编码相同的结构基因盒为昆虫细胞表达（ 图1B - C）的优化感染。 表达办法上面讨论的最终结果是VLP的释放到可随后通过超速离心通过20％甘油缓冲纯化细胞培养液中。在这份报告中，我们提出的方法来表达和哺乳动物和昆虫细胞系统净化这些病毒样颗粒。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="786">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Plasmid Maxi Kit</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">12163</td>
			<td style="width:247px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">DMEM</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Cellgro</td>
			<td>10-013</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Lipofectamine</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td>L3000075</td>
			<td>Lipofectamine 2000, Lipofectamine 3000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Opti-MEM I</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td>31985062</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:255px;">Bac-to-Bac Baculovirus Expression System</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10359-016</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Cimarec I 6 multipoint stirrer plate</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">50094596</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Polyclear ultracentrifuge tubes</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Seton</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">7025</td>
			<td>Confirm appropriate tubes for ultracentrifuge and bucket size</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Micro BCA Protein Assay Kit</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">23235</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Phosphate citrate buffer</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P4922</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">o-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P8287</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">0.22 &#956;m vacuum filter top (500 mL)</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Nalgene</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">569-0020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Glycerol</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">G5516</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">H2SO4</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">339741&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Sf-900 II SFM</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10902-096</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

expression and purification of virus-like particles for vaccination

病毒样颗粒（VLPs）和亚病毒颗粒（的SVP）是另一种方法，以病毒疫苗的设计，在使用活病原体提供了更高的生物安全性和稳定性的优点。非感染和自组装，的VLP被用来呈现结构蛋白作为免疫原，绕过活病原体或用于抗原递送的重组病毒载体的需要。在这篇文章中，我们证明VLP设计和开发的不同阶段的临床前动物试验未来的应用。该过程包括以下阶段:抗原的选择，在选择的细胞系的VLP / SVP的纯化抗原的表达，并量化为抗原剂量。我们演示如何使用哺乳动物和昆虫细胞系，为我们的抗原表达和展示方法产量的差异。提出的方法可以应用于各种病原体，并且可以通过替换与免疫原性str中的抗原来实现感兴趣的用户的微生物的uctural蛋白质。病毒样颗粒和的SVP协助抗原特性和最佳候选疫苗的选择。

VLP产量分别由病毒抗原结构的设计变量。在这个协议中，我们已经证明了在上清液生产SVP或VLP的纯化通过超速离心使用昆虫和哺乳动物细胞的。 DENV的prM / E的结构基因的表达盒的四种亚型被用来构建DENV的SVP（界定为1-4）的版本于表1，并在0.6毫升卷证明1.1-2.6毫克总蛋白的范围内。对于需要三个基因构建病毒样颗粒，我们发现1优化的DNA转染比:1:2的HA:NA:加格分别合成流感病毒样颗粒;与此相反，表达的多个基孔肯雅病毒蛋白质的单个质粒是足以重组杆状病毒和哺乳动物CHIK VLP的产生。此外，双质粒转过程也是可能的哺乳动物细胞，如例如与RSV F和Gag以1转染:1的比例，并产生approxi三方共同0.01毫克/毫升的总细胞培养上清液。如表1所示，从Sf9细胞CHIK SVP收率0.008-0.016毫克总蛋白/ ml上清液体积的之间的范围内，同时生产通过哺乳动物293T产生蛋白质的10倍的减少。使用不同的野生型，全长HA质粒H3N2病毒样颗粒的两个版本之间，H3N2 VLP样品2既有总蛋白和特定HA含量的降低产量。其它样品的VLP的HA的量示于图2和3并说明HA和ELISA法如何被用来估计对VLP的表面内容。与以往的直接ELISA法，使用重组HA的已知浓度进行比较ELISA反应样品H3的VLP装到ELISA平板中产生的标准曲线。 ELISA或类似免疫测定被推荐为VLP的量化具有与已知的交叉反应容易获得的单克隆抗体，以良好的保守epit华保，但可能不会适用于所有的抗原。 RSV F被充分表征的，因此在ELISA使用单克隆抗RSV F抗体也适用于上沉淀RSV F VLP的面F定量。除了 ​​由特异性抗体抗原功能性和抗原识别，VLP制剂可以在结构上通过电子显微镜进行评估。 图4是示出了HA（加格核心）流感的VLP被成功地表达，组装，和作为的VLP纯化代表图像。 <table fo:keep-together.within-page="1"><tbody><tr><td> 描述 </td><td> 培养体积（毫升） </td><td> 收获 </td><td> 总容积 </td><td> 总蛋白产量（毫克） </td><td> 产量（毫克）/体积（毫升） </td><td> 具体抗原含量 </td></tr><tr><td> DENV1 SVP </td><td> 293T186 </td><td> 4 D </td><td> 0.6米升</td><td> 1.115 </td><td> 0.006 </td><td> ND </td></tr><tr><td> DENV2 SVP </td><td> 293T / 186 </td><td> 4 D </td><td> 0.6毫升</td><td> 2.5 </td><td> 0.0134 </td><td> ND </td></tr><tr><td> DENV3 SVP </td><td> 293T / 186 </td><td> 3天</td><td> 0.6毫升</td><td> 1.536 </td><td> 0.0083 </td><td> ND </td></tr><tr><td> DENV4 SVP </td><td> 293T / 186 </td><td> 4 D </td><td> 0.6毫升</td><td> 2.613 </td><td> 0.014 </td><td> ND </td></tr><tr><td> CHIK VLP </td><td> SF9 / 186 </td><td> 3 DPI </td><td> 0.6毫升</td><td> 1.503 </td><td> 0.0081 </td><td> ND </td></tr><tr><td> CHIK VLP </td><td> SF9 / 500 </td><td> 4 DPI </td><td> 2.0毫升</td><td> 8.276 </td><td> 0.0166 </td><td> ND </td></tr><tr><td> CHIK VLP </td><td> 293T / 186 </td><td> 3天</td><td> 0.6毫升</td><td> 0.296 </td><td> 0.0016 </td><td> ND </td></tr><tr><td> H3N2 VLP 1 </td><td> 293T /216 </td><td> 3天</td><td> 0.6毫升</td><td> 1.25 </td><td> 0.0058 </td><td> 1.9微克HA /微升</td></tr><tr><td> H3N2 VLP 2 </td><td> 293T / 216 </td><td> 3天</td><td> 0.6毫升</td><td> 0.956 </td><td> 0.0044 </td><td> 0.96微克HA /微升</td></tr><tr><td> H3N2 VLP 3 </td><td> 293T / 216 </td><td> 3天</td><td> 0.6毫升</td><td> 1.6 </td><td> 0.0074 </td><td> 1.2微克HA /微升</td></tr><tr><td> H3N2 VLP 4 </td><td> 293T / 216 </td><td> 3天</td><td> 0.6毫升</td><td> 1.54 </td><td> 0.0071 </td><td> 0.98微克HA /微升</td></tr><tr><td> RSV F VLP </td><td> 293T / 216 </td><td> 3天</td><td> 0.6毫升</td><td> 2.3 </td><td> 0.0106 </td><td> 0.15微克RSV F /微升</td></tr><tr><td colspan="7"> 一个 d =天转染后，DPI =天，感染后</td></tr></tbody></table> 表1:亚病毒和v<html>通过构建体病毒属样颗粒的产率。VLP卷的代表性数据，总蛋白产量（通过常规BCA测定确定的）或特定抗原含量（通过ELISA测定）的各种SVP / VLP构建体中示出。收益率是可变由于SVP / VLP组装和细胞类型的差异，最高产量，可能需要用户进行优化。任DENV1-4的各种版本而不同的基础上的血清型，而CHIK的VLP使用相同的序列，但准备在体积或细胞培养物的类型有所不同。不同版本的H3N2的VLP（1-4）表示共享一个HA特异性ELISA反应性表位的四个独特的HA序列和具有相同的NA和Gag芯进行共表达。与RSV F VLP，其是从RSV F和Gag双质粒转染产生，合成和RSV F含量使用RSV F特异性ELISA测定近似。 .JPG"/&gt; 图1:方法-质粒基因设计的病毒结构蛋白的表达，将形成的VLP VLP设计，合成及纯化示意图:（A）在293T细胞三质粒共转染多种结构蛋白的共表达从在293T细胞中的单个质粒编码的单个基因盒，和（C）的重组杆状病毒编码CHIK结构蛋白结构蛋白（B）的表达被用于感染培养的Sf9细胞在旋转烧瓶以促进悬浮的高密度的细胞生长。该病毒样颗粒从细胞培养基中收获，澄清细胞碎片，并从非颗粒沉降通过超速离心在20％甘油垫隔开。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/54041/54041fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> 图2:H3 VLP的实施例血凝测定法对H3N2的VLP和其相应的澄清的上清液的有代表性的样品进行常规的血凝试验; （未示出）的H3N2 HA测定可以用0.8％火鸡红细胞或豚鼠红细胞来进行。总蛋白质含量，使用的纯化的VLP的标准BCA测定估计和不进行的或推荐的澄清的上清液。 ELISA法对纯化VLP进行，并使用已知浓度的重组HA标准估计HA含量。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/54041/54041fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图3" src="/files/ftp_upload/54041/54041fig3.jpg" /> 图3:防爆<html>充足H3的ELISA用于H3的VLP。将ELISA板H3含量的定量涂布从不同的HA序列（样品1-9）产生的已知浓度的重组HA标准的连续稀释和稀释的H3N2 VLP样品。关联的标准，以在492nm（OD）中获得的光密度值的浓度（微克/微升），浓度通过推断x值相交的标准曲线的线性部分获得。重组HA标准和未知样品的稀释液一式两份被装在井A和B分别或C＆D。该VLP样品的最终浓度由VLP样品稀释倍数浓度的乘积。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/54041/54041fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> 4041 / 54041fig4.jpg"/&gt; 图4:使用的Gag-芯HA-VLP的电子显微镜纯化流感HA的VLP的代表性电子显微镜图像。病毒样颗粒组装成涂有HA球形颗粒。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/54041/54041fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Expression and Purification of Virus-like Particles for Vaccination at JoVE.com

Expression and Purification of Virus-like Particles for Vaccination

这里，我们提出用于合成使用任一杆状病毒或哺乳动物表达系统，并超速离心纯化病毒样颗粒的协议。这种高度可定制的方式被用来识别在一个安全的，灵活的方式的病毒抗原作为疫苗的目标。

表达和疫苗病毒样颗粒的纯化

Virus-like particles (VLPs) and subviral particles (SVPs) are an alternative approach to viral vaccine design that offers the advantages of increased ...

expression-and-purification-of-virus-like-particles-for-vaccination

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

21.7K 次观看.  University of Georgia. 这里，我们提出用于合成使用任一杆状病毒或哺乳动物表达系统，并超速离心纯化病毒样颗粒的协议。这种高度可定制的方式被用来识别在一个安全的，灵活的方式的病毒抗原作为疫苗的目标。 

视频: Expression and Purification of Virus-like Particles for Vaccination

The Preparation of Primary Hematopoietic Cell Cultures From Murine Bone Marrow for Electroporation

It is becoming increasingly apparent that electroporation is the most effective way to introduce plasmid DNA or siRNA into primary cells. The Gene Pulser MXcell  electroporation system and Gene Pulser  electroporation buffer were specifically developed to transfect nucleic acids into mammalian cells and difficult-to-transfect cells, such as primary and stem cells.This video demonstrates how to establish primary hematopoietic cell cultures from murine bone marrow, and then prepare them for electroporation in the MXcell system. We begin by isolating femur and tibia. Bone marrow from both femur and tibia are then harvested and cultures are established. Cultured bone marrow cells are then transfected and analyzed.

This procedure describes how to establish primary hematopoietic cell cultures from murine bone marrow and is followed by transfection using the Gene Pulser MXCell electroporation system.

主电穿孔的小鼠骨髓造血细胞培养制备

It is becoming increasingly apparent that electroporation is the most effective way to introduce plasmid DNA or siRNA into primary cells. The Gene Pulser ...

科研

生物学

Staining of Proteins in Gels with Coomassie G-250 without Organic Solvent and Acetic Acid

In classical protein staining protocols using Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB), solutions with high contents of toxic and flammable organic solvents (Methanol, Ethanol or 2-Propanol) and acetic acid are used for fixation, staining and destaining of proteins in a gel after SDS-PAGE. To speed up the procedure, heating the staining solution in the microwave oven for a short time is frequently used. This usually results in evaporation of toxic or hazardous Methanol, Ethanol or 2-Propanol and a strong smell of acetic acid in the lab which should be avoided due to safety considerations. In a protocol originally published in two patent applications by E.M. Wondrak (US2001046709 (A1), US6319720 (B1)), an alternative composition of the staining solution is described in which no organic solvent or acid is used. The CBB is dissolved in bidistilled water (60-80mg of CBB G-250 per liter) and 35 mM HCl is added as the only other compound in the staining solution. The CBB staning of the gel is done after SDS-PAGE and thorough washing of the gel in bidistilled water. By heating the gel during the washing and staining steps, the process can be finished faster and no toxic or hazardous compunds are evaporating. The staining of proteins occurs already within 1 minute after heating the gel in staining solution and is fully developed after 15-30 min with a slightly blue background that is destained completely by prolonged washing of the stained gel in bidistilled water, without affecting the stained protein bands.

A short protocol for protein staining with Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB) G-250 in polyacrylamide gels is described without using organic solvents or acetic acid as in the classical staining procedures with CBB.

无有机溶剂和醋酸，蛋白质与考马斯亮蓝G - 250凝胶染色

In classical protein staining protocols using Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB), solutions with high contents of toxic and flammable organic solvents ...

Using an Automated Cell Counter to Simplify Gene Expression Studies: siRNA Knockdown of IL-4 Dependent Gene Expression in Namalwa Cells

The use of siRNA mediated gene knockdown is continuing to be an important tool in studies of gene expression.  siRNA studies are being conducted not only to study the effects of downregulating single genes, but also to interrogate signaling pathways and other complex interaction networks.  These pathway analyses require both the use of relevant cellular models and methods that cause less perturbation to the cellular physiology.  Electroporation is increasingly being used as an effective way to introduce siRNA and other nucleic acids into difficult to transfect cell lines and primary cells without altering the signaling pathway under investigation. There are multiple critical steps to a successful siRNA experiment, and there are ways to simplify the work while improving the data quality at several experimental stages.  To help you get started with your siRNA mediated gene knockdown project, we will demonstrate how to perform a pathway study complete from collecting and counting the cells prior to electroporation through post transfection real-time PCR gene expression analysis.  The following study investigates the role of the transcriptional activator STAT6 in IL-4 dependent gene expression of CCL17 in a Burkitt lymphoma cell line (Namalwa).  The techniques demonstrated are useful for a wide range of siRNA-based experiments on both adherent and suspension cells.  We will also show how to streamline cell counting with the TC10 automated cell counter, how to electroporate multiple samples simultaneously using the MXcell electroporation system, and how to simultaneously assess RNA quality and quantity with the Experion automated electrophoresis system.

This procedure describes a quick and easy workflow to introduce siRNA into difficult to transfect cell lines and follow gene expression by real-time PCR. Use of an automated cell counter, multi-well electroporation plate, and automated electrophoresis station provide quick and reliable results without the need for expensive robotic handling.

使用自动细胞计数器简化基因表达研究：在Namalwa细胞的IL - 4依赖的基因表达的siRNA击倒

The use of siRNA mediated gene knockdown is continuing to be an important tool in studies of gene expression.  siRNA studies are being conducted not only ...

Expression, Detergent Solubilization, and Purification of a Membrane Transporter, the MexB Multidrug Resistance Protein

Multidrug resistance (MDR), the ability of a cancer cell or pathogen to be resistant to a wide range of structurally and functionally unrelated anti-cancer drugs or antibiotics, is a current serious problem in public health. This multidrug resistance is largely due to energy-dependent drug efflux pumps. The pumps expel anti-cancer drugs or antibiotics into the external medium, lowering their intracellular concentration below a toxic threshold. We are studying multidrug resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an opportunistic bacterial pathogen that causes infections in patients with many types of injuries or illness, for example, burns or cystic fibrosis, and also in immuno-compromised cancer, dialysis, and transplantation patients. The major MDR efflux pumps in P. aeruginosa are tripartite complexes comprised of an inner membrane proton-drug antiporter (RND), an outer membrane channel (OMF), and a periplasmic linker protein (MFP) 1-8. The RND and OMF proteins are transmembrane proteins. Transmembrane proteins make up more than 30% of all proteins and are 65% of current drug targets. The hydrophobic transmembrane domains make the proteins insoluble in aqueous buffer. Before a transmembrane protein can be purified, it is necessary to find buffer conditions containing a mild detergent that enable the protein to be solubilized as a protein detergent complex (PDC) 9-11. In this example, we use an RND protein, the P. aeruginosa MexB transmembrane transporter, to demonstrate how to express a recombinant form of a transmembrane protein, solubilize it using detergents, and then purify the protein detergent complexes. This general method can be applied to the expression, purification, and solubilization of many other recombinantly expressed membrane proteins. The protein detergent complexes can later be used for biochemical or biophysical characterization including X-ray crystal structure determination or crosslinking studies.

In this protocol we demonstrate the expression, solubilization, and purification of a recombinantly expressed membrane protein, MexB, as a soluble protein detergent complex. MexB is a multidrug resistance membrane transporter from the opportunistic bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

表达，洗涤剂溶解，和一个膜转运，MexB多药耐药蛋白的纯化

Multidrug resistance (MDR), the ability of a cancer cell or pathogen to be resistant to a wide range of structurally and functionally unrelated ...

Paraffin-Embedded and Frozen Sections of Drosophila Adult Muscles

The molecular characterization of muscular dystrophies and myopathies in humans has revealed the complexity of muscle disease and genetic analysis of muscle specification, formation and function in model systems has provided valuable insight into muscle physiology. Therefore, identifying and characterizing molecular mechanisms that underlie muscle damage is critical. The structure of adult Drosophila multi-fiber muscles resemble vertebrate striated muscles 1 and the genetic tractability of Drosophila has made it a great system to analyze dystrophic muscle morphology and characterize the processes affecting muscular function in ageing adult flies 2. Here we present the histological technique for preparing paraffin-embedded and frozen sections of Drosophila thoracic muscles. These preparations allow for the tissue to be stained with classical histological stains and labeled with protein detecting dyes, and specifically cryosections are ideal for immunohistochemical detection of proteins in intact muscles. This allows for analysis of muscle tissue structure, identification of morphological defects, and detection of the expression pattern for muscle/neuron-specific proteins in Drosophila adult muscles. These techniques can also be slightly modified for sectioning of other body parts.

Paraffin-Embedded and Frozen Sections of Drosophila Adult Muscles

Identification of mechanisms underlying muscle damage is crucial. Here we present the histological technique for preparing paraffin-embedded and frozen sections of Drosophila thoracic muscles. This allows analysis of muscle morphology and localization of protein and other muscle cell components.

石蜡包埋及冷冻的部分果蝇成人肌肉

The molecular characterization of muscular dystrophies and myopathies in humans has revealed the complexity of muscle disease and genetic analysis of ...

In vitro Reconstitution of the Active T. castaneum Telomerase

Efforts to isolate the catalytic subunit of telomerase, TERT, in sufficient quantities for structural studies, have been met with limited success for more than a decade. Here, we present methods for the isolation of the recombinant Tribolium castaneum TERT (TcTERT) and the reconstitution of the active T. castaneum telomerase ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex in vitro.
Telomerase is a specialized reverse transcriptase1 that adds short DNA repeats, called telomeres, to the 3' end of linear chromosomes2 that serve to protect them from end-to-end fusion and degradation. Following DNA replication, a short segment is lost at the end of the chromosome3 and without telomerase, cells continue dividing until eventually reaching their Hayflick Limit4. Additionally, telomerase is dormant in most somatic cells5 in adults, but is active in cancer cells6 where it promotes cell immortality7.
The minimal telomerase enzyme consists of two core components: the protein subunit (TERT), which comprises the catalytic subunit of the enzyme and an integral RNA component (TER), which contains the template TERT uses to synthesize telomeres8,9. Prior to 2008, only structures for individual telomerase domains had been solved10,11. A major breakthrough in this field came from the determination of the crystal structure of the active12, catalytic subunit of T. castaneum telomerase, TcTERT1.
Here, we present methods for producing large quantities of the active, soluble TcTERT for structural and biochemical studies, and the reconstitution of the telomerase RNP complex in vitro for telomerase activity assays. An overview of the experimental methods used is shown in Figure 1.

In vitro Reconstitution of the Active T. castaneum Telomerase

Efforts to isolate the catalytic subunit of telomerase, TERT, in sufficient quantities for structural studies, have been met with limited success for more than a decade. Here, we present methods for the isolation of the recombinant Tribolium castaneum TERT (TcTERT) and the reconstitution of the active T. castaneum telomerase ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex in vitro.

在体外重组活跃T。谷盗端粒酶

Efforts to isolate the catalytic subunit of telomerase, TERT, in sufficient quantities for structural studies, have been met with limited success for more ...

Expression and Purification of the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Protein in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is a chloride channel, that when mutated, can give rise to cystic fibrosis in humans.There is therefore considerable interest in this protein, but efforts to study its structure and activity have been hampered by the difficulty of expressing and purifying sufficient amounts of the protein1-3. Like many 'difficult' eukaryotic membrane proteins, expression in a fast-growing organism is desirable, but challenging, and in the yeast S. cerevisiae, so far low amounts were obtained and rapid degradation of the recombinant protein was observed 4-9. Proteins involved in the processing of recombinant CFTR in yeast have been described6-9 .In this report we describe a methodology for expression of CFTR in yeast and its purification in significant amounts. The protocol describes how the earlier proteolysis problems can be overcome and how expression levels of CFTR can be greatly improved by modifying the cell growth conditions and by controlling the induction conditions, in particular the time period prior to cell harvesting. The reagants associated with this protocol (murine CFTR-expressing yeast cells or yeast plasmids) will be distributed via the US Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, which has sponsored the research. An article describing the design and synthesis of the CFTR construct employed in this report will be published separately (Urbatsch, I.; Thibodeau, P. et al., unpublished). In this article we will explain our method beginning with the transformation of the yeast cells with the CFTR construct - containing yeast plasmid (Fig. 1). The construct has a green fluorescent protein (GFP) sequence fused to CFTR at its C-terminus and follows the system developed by Drew et al. (2008)10. The GFP allows the expression and purification of CFTR to be followed relatively easily. The JoVE visualized protocol finishes after the preparation of microsomes from the yeast cells, although we include some suggestions for purification of the protein from the microsomes. Readers may wish to add their own modifications to the microsome purification procedure, dependent on the final experiments to be carried out with the protein and the local equipment available to them. The yeast-expressed CFTR protein can be partially purified using metal ion affinity chromatography, using an intrinsic polyhistidine purification tag. Subsequent size-exclusion chromatography yields a protein that appears to be &gt;90% pure, as judged by SDS-PAGE and Coomassie-staining of the gel.

Expression and Purification of the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Protein in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Attempts to express the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae have, until now, yielded relatively low amounts of protein. This protocol and the associated reagents distributed via the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation should allow the preparation of milligram amounts of this 'difficult' eukaryotic membrane protein.

囊性纤维化跨膜传导调节蛋白表达和纯化酿酒酵母

The  cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is a chloride  channel, that when mutated, can give rise to cystic fibrosis in  ...

Purification of Transcripts and Metabolites from Drosophila Heads

For the last decade, we have tried to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms of neuronal degeneration using Drosophila as a model organism. Although fruit flies provide obvious experimental advantages, research on neurodegenerative diseases has mostly relied on traditional techniques, including genetic interaction, histology, immunofluorescence, and protein biochemistry. These techniques are effective for mechanistic, hypothesis-driven studies, which lead to a detailed understanding of the role of single genes in well-defined biological problems. However, neurodegenerative diseases are highly complex and affect multiple cellular organelles and processes over time. The advent of new technologies and the omics age provides a unique opportunity to understand the global cellular perturbations underlying complex diseases. Flexible model organisms such as Drosophila are ideal for adapting these new technologies because of their strong annotation and high tractability. One challenge with these small animals, though, is the purification of enough informational molecules (DNA, mRNA, protein, metabolites) from highly relevant tissues such as fly brains. Other challenges consist of collecting large numbers of flies for experimental replicates (critical for statistical robustness) and developing consistent procedures for the purification of high-quality biological material. Here, we describe the procedures for collecting thousands of fly heads and the extraction of transcripts and metabolites to understand how global changes in gene expression and metabolism contribute to neurodegenerative diseases. These procedures are easily scalable and can be applied to the study of proteomic and epigenomic contributions to disease.

Purification of Transcripts and Metabolites from Drosophila Heads

We describe here the procedures for the extraction and purification of mRNA and metabolites from Drosophila heads. We are applying these techniques to better understand the cellular perturbations underlying neuronal degeneration. These methodologies can be easily scaled and adapted for other "omic" projects.

成绩单和代谢产物的分离纯化<em&gt;果蝇</em&gt;头

For the last decade, we have tried to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms of neuronal degeneration using Drosophila as a model organism. ...

Analysis of Global RNA Synthesis at the Single Cell Level following Hypoxia

Hypoxia or lowering of the oxygen availability is involved in many physiological and pathological processes. At the molecular level, cells initiate a particular transcriptional program in order to mount an appropriate and coordinated cellular response. The cell possesses several oxygen sensor enzymes that require molecular oxygen as cofactor for their activity. These range from prolyl-hydroxylases to histone demethylases. The majority of studies analyzing cellular responses to hypoxia are based on cellular populations and average studies, and as such single cell analysis of hypoxic cells are seldom performed. Here we describe a method of analysis of global RNA synthesis at the single cell level in hypoxia by using Click-iT RNA imaging kits in an oxygen controlled workstation, followed by microscopy analysis and quantification.&nbsp; Using cancer cells exposed to hypoxia for different lengths of time, RNA is labeled and measured in each cell. This analysis allows the visualization of temporal and cell-to-cell changes in global RNA synthesis following hypoxic stress.

We describe a technique for analysis of global RNA synthesis in hypoxia using imaging. Click-chemistry labeling of RNA has not previously been performed under hypoxia and allows visualization of global RNA changes at the single cell level. This approach complements the existing averaged RNA techniques, allowing direct visualization of cell-to-cell changes in global RNA synthesis.

全球合成的RNA在单细胞水平以下的低氧分析

Hypoxia or lowering of the oxygen availability is involved in many physiological and pathological processes. At the molecular level, cells initiate a ...

Measurement of Metabolic Rate in Drosophila using Respirometry

Metabolic disorders are a frequent problem affecting human health. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms that regulate metabolism is a crucial scientific task. Many disease causing genes in humans have a fly homologue, making Drosophila a good model to study signaling pathways involved in the development of different disorders. Additionally, the tractability of Drosophila simplifies genetic screens to aid in identifying novel therapeutic targets that may regulate metabolism. In order to perform such a screen a simple and fast method to identify changes in the metabolic state of flies is necessary. In general, carbon dioxide production is a good indicator of substrate oxidation and energy expenditure providing information about metabolic state. In this protocol we introduce a simple method to measure CO2 output from flies. This technique can potentially aid in the identification of genetic perturbations affecting metabolic rate.

Measurement of Metabolic Rate in Drosophila using Respirometry

Metabolic disorders are among one of the most common diseases in humans. The genetically tractable model organism D. melanogaster can be used to identify novel genes that regulate metabolism. This paper describes a relatively simple method which allows studying the metabolic rate in flies by measuring their CO2 production.