On behalf of my co-author and myself, I would like to acknowledge Nordixx Canada for helping to fund this research, our participants for their time and patience, and our fellow colleagues, Jos&#233;e, Ria, Lei, and Nadia, for their help with various aspects of this study.

这项研究是根据渥太华大学的研究伦理委员会的指导进行。 1.筛选程序<ol><li>为了招收一批活跃，社区居住的老年人提供一面展示演示文稿在社区中心和公共设施当地步行组和岗位招聘海报。 </li><li>在最初的访问，首先迎接参加，向他们介绍了实验室，并为他们提供时间来改变成适当的服装（ 如短裤，T恤和运动鞋）。一旦准备就绪，提供每个参与者具有深入的研究说明，取得知情同意书，并筛选每个人使用各种问卷调查研究的资格。 注:纳入标准包括:55-80岁，新手越野行走（NW），无神经系统疾病，无认知障碍，无心脏疾病，既往无损伤或手术影响步态和上肢体的运动，并以独立行走的能力。 <ol><li>有参与者完成一般健康和体力活动问卷，为了体育活动准备问卷（PAR-Q），确认年龄，活动水平，任何现有的神经系统疾病，并简要评估心脏健康。 </li><li>接着，让他们完成自我报告姿势稳定性和跌倒问卷（改编自阿什等人 10），以确定跌倒流行，如果适用的话。最后，为了控制为轻度认知障碍11每个受试者完成蒙特利尔认知评估（MOCA），构成的26的最低分数总分30。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2.极设置和越野行走指令<ol><li>提供与一组磁极的每个参与者，并指示他们如何磁极调整到最佳相对于其高度的长度。保证调整对应于约6个人的身体高度的5％。 <ol><li>提供关于极调整以下说明每个参与者。请参与者挺起胸膛，有与会者把极尖的脚趾前面，指导学员放置肘部和前臂尸体旁边，并要求参与者延长杆使肘部形成一个近似90°角下的身体。最后，拧紧杆和角度引导提示倒退。 </li></ol></li><li>指示参与者以下4个基本步骤，以便最小化的信息来处理的量和确保技术12的透彻理解。配发的指令和技术的随后的实践大约30分钟。 注:越野行走的指令是由经过认证的越野行走极导师给出。 <ol><li>固定手腕带之前，指示参与者把他们极腰背后面巍然屹立。请参与者站在自己的胸部又高又轻松的肩上。 注:解释到这样做是为了获得所需的直立体位进行越野行走的理解参与者。 </li><li>已每个参与者固定手腕，把它们背后的极尖，并在其两侧放松武器。同时保持自己的双手打开（ 即不抓把手），责成主题，开始以最小的摆臂走了约100米。 注:在此阶段，该磁极被简单地尾随参与者的后面。 </li><li>同时仍保持双手打开并拖动两极他们身后，指导参与者开始走快。请参与者想象将他们的手，好像他们即将撼动人的手。 注:在此阶段，说明我们的目标是在步态，促进手臂和腿的自然互惠和有节奏的动作。 </li><li>最后，随着手臂向前摆动，有参与者轻轻抓住把手，对地面施加的力。每次摆臂，指导个体微微抬起电线杆离地面，牢牢以后每次步幅种植他们。 注:在此阶段，解释，在步态的进展所施加的力助剂，并提供到上身肌肉阻力。 </li></ol></li></ol> 3.数据采集和测试协议<ol><li>使用标准的卷尺，体重秤，和厚度，取参与者的人体测量，包括身高，体重，间ASIS距离，左，右腿的长度，膝盖的宽度，踝宽度，肩偏移，肘宽度，腕宽度和手厚度。 <ol><li>使用卷尺，测量各腿的长度作为来自前-上棘（ASIS）到内踝的中心的距离，以及左和右ASIS之间的距离（ 即&lt;/ em&gt;的跨ASIS的距离）。 <ol><li>接着，使用卡尺通过找到骨突之间（ 例如髁）每个关节的距离测量每个关节的宽度。最后，测量使用标准卷尺和规模的参与者的身高和体重，分别。 </li></ol></li></ol></li><li>为了评估步态模式（ 例如时空措施）和姿势的调整过的很长一段时间，使用的数据收集的加速度计系统期间，6分钟步行测试（6MWT），这是一个有效的和合适的测试中评估老年成人身体耐力13。 <ol><li>对于加速度计系统，确保其以同时测量加速度（g）和每个特定身体段的角速度（度/秒）包括至少6个传感器，每个加速度计和掺入其中陀螺仪。 <ol><li>此前在参与者的位置，确保所有传感器ARË安全地停靠到系统的基座，以便将它们同步和校准系统，并最终传递精确的测量数据14。 </li></ol></li><li>附加使用可调钩和环带的传感器，固定传感器到手腕，脚腕，腰椎（L5）和躯干和至少100赫兹的采样速率收集。 <ol><li>当放置的传感器，确保它们根据系统指引导向。脚踝传感器前方的位置。手腕上的传感器后方位置（解剖位置时）。躯干传感器胸骨顶上定位，并在L5椎骨L5的传感器直接定位。 注:运动学数据被无线来自这些传感器发射到一个接入点，其用于精确时间同步的数据的传输。 </li></ol></li><li>恰好与6个传感器参与者并要求他们执行6MWT的两项试验，其中一个极与邻NE没有。随机地分配这两个试验来控制顺序效应。 </li><li>在指示为6MWT在自行选定的速度来回走动沿25μm的走道，对于既没有极参与者。这时，一定要单击"开始"，开始数据收集与加速度计的系统。 注:在极试验，提供进一步的指示参与者实施其极化指令。 </li></ol></li><li>最后，通过使用3维的运动捕捉系统至少100赫兹的收集，与埋设在通路二逼板评估短持续时间的步态事件。同步与运动捕捉系统的动力平台，确保平台的力归零，以防止噪音中的数据，并确保他们以足够的采样率采集，例如1000赫兹。 <ol><li>首先将它们连接到电脑通过导线提供同步测力板的运动捕捉系统d从公司。第二，直接在运动捕捉系统软件中，当务之急是要通过输入尺寸，灵敏度，采样率"添加"力板，以捕获量，并为系统中的任何其他必需的信息。 </li><li>确保测力板已经"归零"。在两个步骤做:1）右侧的软件中点击每个测力板，并选择"零力板"; 2）按"零"按钮是直接在测力板的数据采集盒。 注:确保运动捕捉系统从左腿和右腿都收集来自各方力量的平台上脚罢工的实时信息，并允许时空，运动学，动力学和分析。 </li></ol></li><li>完成系统的动态校准（旨在界定捕获量即数据采集过程中使用）。要做到这一点，通过captur挥动-3-标记棒以控制的方式Ë空间。的0，0，0（X，Y，Z，然后执行该系统的静态校准设置全局坐标系统（ 即参考点）由在该指定的基准点，并选择&#39;设置卷放置4-标记的L-帧&#39;在电脑软件中。 注:动态校准后协助用于此模型39反光标志的三维位置的重建。 <ol><li>适合参与者与39反射标记，用双面胶带附接它们，并把它们放在特定的解剖学界标，包括:第二跖骨，侧踝，calcanei，左，右中间柄，外侧股骨髁，左，右大腿中部，ASIS，PSIS，T10，C7右背部，锁骨，胸骨，肩峰流程，左，右中间肱骨，侧向上髁，左，右中间前臂，内侧和外侧的手腕，第二掌骨，前外头，和后外侧头部。 </li><li>指示参与者则通过系统的捕获量执行5米步行6试验中，三连电线杆和三无。随机分配这些试验来控制阶效应，并提供相同的指令为每6MWT。 </li></ol></li></ol> 4.数据和统计分析14 <ol><li>在6MWT的分析，删除所有原来在审讯过程中，以占严格稳态步行取出转弯后，使用系统软件来提取所有地方的时空措施，运动（ROM）的躯干范围，主干速度在所有平面。 注意:这是自动此协议中通过由该系统本身14使用的算法完成的。提取此系统内的必要因变量的步骤如下。 <ol><li>使用加速度计的系统软件，首先点击"监测数据"，选择已收集相应的时间戳试验，右键点击TRIALS，然后选择"转换为CSV"。这样做后，打开CSV文件，并确保所有6个传感器的数据已导出作进一步分析。 </li><li>然后，再次选择试用，然后单击"导出为PDF"。观察系统产生具有多个变量PDF报表。从这里，提取期望为研究的变量，在这种情况下，时空和运动学的措施。 </li></ol></li><li>对于三维运动捕捉，采用了四阶滞后零巴特沃斯滤波器的模拟设备与10 Hz的截止频率以及一个Woltring过滤器标记轨迹带有15mm MSE预测值过滤所有试验。要做到这一点，请将"巴特沃斯和Woltring"过滤选项系统软件中的操作管道，选择上述截止频率和MSE值，然后单击"运行"。 <ol><li>添加"导出到ASCII文件"操作中的操作管道系统并选择"运行"。保存新导出ASCII（电子表格）工作到计算机。 </li><li>打开导出ASCII文件和每个文件中，找到输出功率和的力（ 即动力学）的时刻的每个下肢关节，包括踝，膝和髋部。 注意:使用在工作表内的最小和最大的功能，计算由冬季14所概述对应于单个步态周期的不同阶段（ 如 A 1中，K1，H1 等 ）的上和下峰。 </li><li>接着，提取使用特定的系统软件，它在此情况下，自动地通过系统的算法和从人体测量计算出的时空措施。要提取特定变量，先导入所需的审判进入系统软件中，选择"活动"，并单击所需的变量，以获取每个试验变量平均值。 </li></ol></li><li>大号astly，使用ASCII文件，找到了C7标记的轨迹，以及骶/骨盆标记。使用这些轨迹，计算姿势的调整如在内侧 - 外侧和前侧 - 后侧方向这两个标记和轨迹之间的差。 </li><li>打开统计软件，并导入具体的审判。首先，使用夏皮罗 - 威尔克斯测试正常，确保数据是否是正态分布。 <ol><li>为了与无杆比较，采用配对t检验，当数据被正态分布，偏态时Wilcoxon符号秩检验。必要时使用霍尔姆 - Sidak多重配对比较程序。显着性水平设定为p &lt;0.05。 </li></ol></li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Parkatti, T., Wacker, P., Perttunen, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improvements+in+Functional+Capacity+from+Nordic+Walking:+A+Aandomized+Controlled+Trial+Among+Older+Adults.">Improvements in Functional Capacity from Nordic Walking: A Aandomized Controlled Trial Among Older Adults.</a> J Aging Phys Act. 20 (1), 93-105 (2012).</li><li>Schwameder, H., Roithner, R., Muller, E., Niessen, W., Raschner, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Knee+joint+forces+during+downhill+walking+with+hiking+poles.">Knee joint forces during downhill walking with hiking poles.</a> J Sports Sci. 17 (12), 969-978 (1999).</li><li>Willson, J., Torry, M. R., Decker, M. J., Kernozek, T., Steadman, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+walking+poles+on+lower+extremity+gait+mechanics.">Effects of walking poles on lower extremity gait mechanics.</a> Med Sci Sports Exerc. 33 (1), 142-147 (2001).</li><li>Koizumi, T., Tsujiuchi, N., Takeda, M., Fujikura, R., Kojima, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Load+dynamics+of+joints+in+Nordic+walking.">Load dynamics of joints in Nordic walking.</a> Procedia Engineering. 13, 544-551 (2011).</li><li>Hansen, L., Henriksen, M., Larsen, P., Alkjaer, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nordic+Walking+does+not+reduce+the+loading+of+the+knee+joint.">Nordic Walking does not reduce the loading of the knee joint.</a> Scand J Med Sci Spor. 18 (4), 436-441 (2008).</li><li>Stief, F., Kleindienst, F. I., Wiemeyer, J., Wedel, F., Campe, S., Krabbe, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inverse+dynamic+analysis+of+the+lower+extremities+during+Nordic+walking,+walking,+and+running.">Inverse dynamic analysis of the lower extremities during Nordic walking, walking, and running.</a> J Appl Biomech. 24 (4), 351-359 (2008).</li><li>Hagen, M., Hennig, E. M., Stieldorf, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lower+and+upper+extremity+loading+in+nordic+walking+in+comparison+with+walking+and+running.">Lower and upper extremity loading in nordic walking in comparison with walking and running.</a> J Appl Biomech. 27 (1), 22-31 (2011).</li><li>Shim, J., Kwon, H., Kim, H., Kim, B., Jung, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+the+effects+of+walking+with+and+without+Nordic+pole+on+upper+extremity+and+lower+extremity+muscle+activation.">Comparison of the effects of walking with and without Nordic pole on upper extremity and lower extremity muscle activation.</a> J Phys Ther Sci. 25 (12), 1553-1556 (2013).</li><li>Jensen, S. B., Henriksen, M., Aaboe, J., Hansen, L., Simonsen, E. B., Alkjaer, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Is+it+possible+to+reduce+the+knee+joint+compression+force+during+level+walking+with+hiking+poles.">Is it possible to reduce the knee joint compression force during level walking with hiking poles.</a> Scand J Med Sci Spor. 21 (6), 195-200 (2011).</li><li>Ashburn, A., Hyndman, D., Pickering, R., Yardley, L., Harris, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Predicting+people+with+stroke+at+risk+of+falls.">Predicting people with stroke at risk of falls.</a> Age Ageing. 37 (3), 270-276 (2008).</li><li>Nasreddine, Z. S., Phillips, N. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Montreal+Cognitive+Assessment,+MoCA:+a+brief+screening+tool+for+mild+cognitive+impairment.">The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment.</a> J Am Geriatr Soc. 53 (4), 695-699 (2005).</li><li>Teaching the Technique. Nordixx Inc Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.nordixx.com/pages/teaching-the-technique/">https://www.nordixx.com/pages/teaching-the-technique/</a> (2015)</li><li>Rikli, R. E., Jones, C. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+reliability+and+validity+of+a+6-minute+walk+test+as+a+measure+of+physical+endurance+in+older+adults.">The reliability and validity of a 6-minute walk test as a measure of physical endurance in older adults.</a> J Aging Phys Activ. 6 (4), 363-375 (1998).</li><li>Winter, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biomechanics+and+motor+control+of+human+gait:+normal,+elderly+and+pathological.">Biomechanics and motor control of human gait: normal, elderly and pathological.</a> ISBN. , (1991).</li><li>Winter, D. A., Patla, A. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Signal+processing+and+linear+systems+for+the+movement+sciences.">Signal processing and linear systems for the movement sciences.</a> Waterloo Biomechanics. , (1997).</li><li>Ali, N., Rouhi, G., Robertson, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gender,+vertical+height+and+horizontal+distance+effects+on+single-leg+landing+kinematics:+implications+for+risk+of+non-contact+acl+injury.">Gender, vertical height and horizontal distance effects on single-leg landing kinematics: implications for risk of non-contact acl injury.</a> J Hum Kinet. 37 (1), 27-38 (2013).</li></ol>

这项工作部分由Nordixx加拿大，在这个视频中使用的行走杖制造商提供资金。

在极使用的术语保持一致的重要性是该协议内的关键。特别是，为了正确极化技术，以及适当的极适当的步骤设置均保持不同研究的一致性非常重要。因此，一个特定的越野行走的组织指导和说明应遵循对等协议这一点。此外，特别是使用加速度计，使用一个完整的身体组三轴向显示器的重要的是要获得被检者的全身体运动的一个完整的了解（ 例如 ，步态和姿势），包括每一个特定的身?...

北欧式健走（NW）被认为是使用专门设计的杆1健身走的简单和安全的方式。有人建议，极提供增加稳定性，改善姿势，减少下肢关节的压力。然而，有限的或相互矛盾的证据存在关于关节负荷和姿势的调整。一方面，Schwameder 等 2，威尔森等 3和小泉等人在运动的措施和/或在地面反应，压缩减少量，并与他们的极行走研究的剪切力4报告的改进。另一方面，在制动/推进力和力矩的方面下降运动的措施，提高关节负荷已经报道由Hansen等 5，Stief 等 6和Hagen等 7而极行走。此外，改善姿势的调整的说法似乎已经消失了entirelŸ通过科研这点不支持。 与步态模式，不同的方法和设备发现了相反的结果类似在这方面的研究被用作良好。几项研究已经使用的3维动作捕捉系统4,6和数码摄像机2,5，全部用并入系统力板，以充分评估步态。而另外，其他研究评估采用北欧极化步态包括使用electrogoniometry 7，肌电图（EMG）8的其他手段，应变计安装在电线杆2,9。在这个协议中所使用的技术，提出了能够超过更多集中在较短的持续时间和单步态循环的替代技术来证明个人的北欧极化步态的更适当的表示（ 即重复步态周期）的特定优势。另外，该方法使用加速度计，一个有效的工具，这一点在越野行走的研究被稀疏使用。根据个别的研究项目的目标，如在本协议所述，特别是对短期和长期的持续时间步态此协议的应用程序可能是适当的情况下。要注意，这两个运动捕捉和加速度计是适于获得各种步态特征，包括重要的是:时空（ 如步幅长度，步态速度等 ），运动（ 例如 ，运动的范围），和动力学（ 例如力，输出功率等 ）的参数。 尽管使用这些不同设备的，只是时间短步态事件（ 即单步态周期）进行了评估，留下的问候问题，最好的评估持续时间较长的步态（ 即重复步态周期）。因此，对于开发和使用该技术的基本原理是基于第i塑造北欧极化步态的完整画面的mportance。 本研究的目的是双重的。第一，主要目标是确定和证实在步态和姿势的评估使用两个加速度计系统和三维运动捕获系统的过短和长持续时间。其次，我们的目标是确定对步态模式包括时间空间和动能措施以及老年人的姿势的调整越野行走手杖的整体效果。迄今为止，极少的研究主要集中在老成人NW对那些为已经出版，功能（ 即力量，平衡，柔韧性）代表了主要的结果变量。因此，需要对有关的步态可测量变量拐杖的作用，知识，能洞察随着年龄的增长极可以怎么玩到我​​们的步态模式。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Nordic walking poles</td>
			<td>Nordixx Canada</td>
			<td>Nordixx Global Traveler or Walker</td>
			<td>Alternative poles may be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>APDM accelerometry system</td>
			<td>APDM</td>
			<td>Opal system</td>
			<td>Alternative systems may be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vicon motion capture system</td>
			<td>Vicon</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Alternative systems may be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Kistler force platforms</td>
			<td>Kistler</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Alternative platforms may be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vicon Nexus &#38; Polygon</td>
			<td>Vicon</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Used in data analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>14mm reflective markers</td>
			<td>Vicon</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Number or markers depends on model</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tape measure</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Weight scale</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Caliper</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

substantiating appropriate motion capture techniques for the assessment of nordic walking gait and posture in older adults

越野行走（NW）已成为运动的安全和简单的形式，近年来，并且在研究该步态模式，各种数据收集技术已采用，每个阳性和阴性。这样做的目的是要确定NW对老年人成年步态和姿势的影响，并确定在短期和长期持续时间分析不同的数据收集系统的最佳利用。 NW和正常行走时步态和姿势在17名健康的老年人进行了评估（年龄:69±7.3）。参加演出的6分钟步行试验（6MWT）两项试验（1极点（WP）和1个无杆（NP））和5米之遥（3 WP和3 NP）6试验。使用两个系统，一个6传感器加速度计系统和一个8摄像机的三维运动捕捉系统运动被记录，以量化的时空，运动学和动力学参数。 与这两个系统中，参与者表现出增加步幅和双拥增减ED步态速度和节奏WP相比，NP（P &lt;0.05）。此外，动作捕捉，大单支持时间被发现WP（P &lt;0.05）。随着3-D采集，较小的臀部发电和力量的瞬间被发现在相对于NP，当超过评估脚跟接触和预摆以及较小的膝盖功率吸收在脚跟接触，预摆，和终端摆动WP周期（p &lt;0.05）。另外，可湿性粉剂在步态周期（P &lt;0.05）的立脚中间产生了在后跟的接触和与较大的时刻沿终端摇摆力小的时刻。被发现的姿势没有变化。 NW看起来适合中老年人促进正常的步态。三维运动捕捉应主要短持续时间的步态分析（ 即单步态周期）期间使用，而加速度计系统应在需要更长的持续时间的分析，如6MWT期间实例中主要使用。

时空步态参数当越野行走手杖行走，并评估使用运动捕捉和力板，步幅（P &lt;0.01），双拥时间（P &lt;0.001），而单支持时间（P &lt;0.001）进行比较，没有极走路都显著较长。另外，步态速度（P &lt;0.05）是显著较慢和韵律（P &lt;0.001）是具有极显著较小比不含老年人。此外，检查步态，当在一个较长时间的步行与6MWT和使用加速度...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Substantiating Appropriate Motion Capture Techniques for the Assessment of Nordic Walking Gait and Posture in Older Adults at JoVE.com

Substantiating Appropriate Motion Capture Techniques for the Assessment of Nordic Walking Gait and Posture in Older Adults

充实适当的运动捕捉技术的越野行走步态中老年人的评估和姿势

这样做的目的是为了证实越野行走步态和姿势分析，数据收集技术的最佳使用。三维运动捕捉应短持续时间的分析（ 即单步态周期）期间使用，而加速度计，应采用较 ​​长的持续时间分析（ 即反复循环）像6分钟步行试验。

Nordic walking (NW) has become a safe and simple form of exercise in recent years, and in studying this gait pattern, various data collection techniques ...

substantiating-appropriate-motion-capture-techniques-for-assessment

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

8.7K 次观看.  University of Ottawa. 这样做的目的是为了证实越野行走步态和姿势分析，数据收集技术的最佳使用。三维运动捕捉应短持续时间的分析（ 即单步态周期）期间使用，而加速度计，应采用较 ​​长的持续时间分析（ 即反复循环）像6分钟步行试验。 

视频: Substantiating Appropriate Motion Capture Techniques for the Assessment of Nordic Walking Gait and Posture in Older Adults

Community-based Adapted Tango Dancing for Individuals with Parkinson's Disease and Older Adults

Adapted tango dancing improves mobility and balance in older adults and additional populations with balance impairments. It is composed of very simple step elements. Adapted tango involves movement initiation and cessation, multi-directional perturbations, varied speeds and rhythms. Focus on foot placement, whole body coordination, and attention to partner, path of movement, and aesthetics likely underlie adapted tango&#8217;s demonstrated efficacy for improving mobility and balance. In this paper, we describe the methodology to disseminate the adapted tango teaching methods to dance instructor trainees and to implement the adapted tango by the trainees in the community for older adults and individuals with Parkinson&#8217;s Disease (PD). Efficacy in improving mobility (measured with the Timed Up and Go, Tandem stance, Berg Balance Scale, Gait Speed and 30 sec chair stand), safety and fidelity of the program is maximized through targeted instructor and volunteer training and a structured detailed syllabus outlining class practices and progression.

Adapted tango has demonstrated efficacy for improving mobility and balance. We describe the dissemination of adapted tango teaching methods to dance instructor trainees and the implementation of adapted tango by the trainees in the community for improving mobility and balance in older adults and individuals with Parkinson&#8217;s disease.

以社区为基础改编的探戈舞的个人与帕金森氏病和老年人

Adapted tango dancing improves mobility and balance in older adults and additional populations with balance impairments. It is composed of very simple ...

科研

行为学

Measuring Attentional Biases for Threat in Children and Adults

Investigators have long been interested in the human propensity for the rapid detection of threatening stimuli. However, until recently, research in this domain has focused almost exclusively on adult participants, completely ignoring the topic of threat detection over the course of development. One of the biggest reasons for the lack of developmental work in this area is likely the absence of a reliable paradigm that can measure perceptual biases for threat in children. To address this issue, we recently designed a modified visual search paradigm similar to the standard adult paradigm that is appropriate for studying threat detection in preschool-aged participants. Here we describe this new procedure. In the general paradigm, we present participants with matrices of color photographs, and ask them to find and touch a target on the screen. Latency to touch the target is recorded. Using a touch-screen monitor makes the procedure simple and easy, allowing us to collect data in participants ranging from 3 years of age to adults. Thus far, the paradigm has consistently shown that both adults and children detect threatening stimuli (e.g., snakes, spiders, angry/fearful faces) more quickly than neutral stimuli (e.g., flowers, mushrooms, happy/neutral faces). Altogether, this procedure provides an important new tool for researchers interested in studying the development of attentional biases for threat.

Here we describe a touch-screen visual search paradigm that can be used to study threat detection across the lifespan. The paradigm has already been used in various studies demonstrating that both children and adults detect threatening stimuli like snakes, spiders, and angry faces faster than non-threatening stimuli.

测量注意偏向对威胁儿童和成人

Investigators have long been interested in the human propensity for the rapid detection of threatening stimuli. However, until recently, research in this ...

Multifunctional Setup for Studying Human Motor Control Using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, Electromyography, Motion Capture, and Virtual Reality

The study of neuromuscular control of movement in humans is accomplished with numerous technologies. Non-invasive methods for investigating neuromuscular function include transcranial magnetic stimulation, electromyography, and three-dimensional motion capture. The advent of readily available and cost-effective virtual reality solutions has expanded the capabilities of researchers in recreating &#8220;real-world&#8221; environments and movements in a laboratory setting. Naturalistic movement analysis will not only garner a greater understanding of motor control in healthy individuals, but also permit the design of experiments and rehabilitation strategies that target specific motor impairments (e.g. stroke). The combined use of these tools will lead to increasingly deeper understanding of neural mechanisms of motor control. A key requirement when combining these data acquisition systems is fine temporal correspondence between the various data streams. This protocol describes a multifunctional system&#8217;s overall connectivity, intersystem signaling, and the temporal synchronization of recorded data. Synchronization of the component systems is primarily accomplished through the use of a customizable circuit, readily made with off the shelf components and minimal electronics assembly skills.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation, electromyography, and 3D motion capture are commonly used non-invasive techniques for investigating neuromuscular function in humans. In this paper, we describe a protocol that synchronously samples data generated by all three of these tools along with the unique addition of virtual reality stimulus presentation and feedback.

多功能设置研究人类电机控制用经颅磁刺激，肌电图，运动捕捉和虚拟现实

The study of neuromuscular control of movement in humans is accomplished with numerous technologies. Non-invasive methods for investigating neuromuscular ...

Visualizing Motion Patterns in Acupuncture Manipulation

Acupuncture manipulation varies widely among practitioners in clinical settings, and it is difficult to teach novice students how to perform acupuncture manipulation techniques skillfully. The Acupuncture Manipulation Education System (AMES) is an open source software system designed to enhance acupuncture manipulation skills using visual feedback. Using a phantom acupoint and motion sensor, our method for acupuncture manipulation training provides visual feedback regarding the actual movement of the student's acupuncture manipulation in addition to the optimal or intended movement, regardless of whether the manipulation skill is lifting, thrusting, or rotating. Our results show that students could enhance their manipulation skills by training using this method. This video shows the process of manufacturing phantom acupoints and discusses several issues that may require the attention of individuals interested in creating phantom acupoints or operating this system.

Here, we present a protocol for using the Acupuncture Manipulation Education System (AMES) in the training of acupuncture manipulation skills using phantom acupoints.

可视化的运动模式在针刺手法

Acupuncture manipulation varies widely among practitioners in clinical settings, and it is difficult to teach novice students how to perform acupuncture ...

Reversible Cooling-induced Deactivations to Study Cortical Contributions to Obstacle Memory in the Walking Cat

On complex, naturalistic terrain, sensory information about an environmental obstacle can be used to rapidly adjust locomotor movements for avoidance. For example, in the cat, visual information about an impending obstacle can modulate stepping for avoidance. Locomotor adaptation can also occur independent of vision, as sudden tactile inputs to the leg by an expected obstacle can modify the stepping of all four legs for avoidance. Such complex locomotor coordination involves supraspinal structures, such as the parietal cortex. This protocol describes the use of reversible, cooling-induced cortical deactivation to assess parietal cortex contributions to memory-guided obstacle locomotion in the cat. Small cooling loops, known as cryoloops, are specially shaped to deactivate discrete regions of interest to assess their contributions to an overt behavior. Such methods have been used to elucidate the role of parietal area 5 in memory-guided obstacle avoidance in the cat.

Complex locomotion in naturalistic environments requiring careful coordination of the limbs involves regions of the parietal cortex. The following protocol describes the use of reversible cooling-induced deactivation to demonstrate the role of parietal area 5 in memory-guided obstacle avoidance in the walking cat.

可逆冷却诱导 Deactivations 对行走猫的障碍记忆的皮层贡献研究

On complex, naturalistic terrain, sensory information about an environmental obstacle can be used to rapidly adjust locomotor movements for avoidance. For ...

Clinical-oriented Three-dimensional Gait Analysis Method for Evaluating Gait Disorder

Three-dimensional gait analysis (3DGA) is shown to be a useful clinical tool for the evaluation of gait abnormality due to movement disorders. However, the use of 3DGA in actual clinics remains uncommon. Possible reasons could include the time-consuming measurement process and difficulties in understanding measurement results, which are often presented using a large number of graphs. Here we present a clinician-friendly 3DGA method developed to facilitate the clinical use of 3DGA. This method consists of simplified preparation and measurement processes that can be performed in a short time period in clinical settings and intuitive results presentation to facilitate clinicians&#39; understanding of results. The quick, simplified measurement procedure is achieved by the use of minimum markers and measurement of patients on a treadmill. To facilitate clinician understanding, results are presented in figures based on the clinicians&#39; perspective. A Lissajous overview picture (LOP), which shows the trajectories of all markers from a holistic viewpoint, is used to facilitate intuitive understanding of gait patterns. Abnormal gait pattern indices, which are based on clinicians&#39; perspectives in gait evaluation and standardized using the data of healthy subjects, are used to evaluate the extent of typical abnormal gait patterns in stroke patients. A graph depicting the analysis of the toe clearance strategy, which depicts how patients rely on normal and compensatory strategies to achieve toe clearance, is also presented. These methods could facilitate implementation of 3DGA in clinical settings and further encourage development of measurement strategies from the clinician&#39;s point of view.

In this study, a clinician-friendly three-dimensional gait analysis method, which was designed to be performed in the rehabilitation clinic, is presented. The method consists of a simplified measurement method and intuitive figures to facilitate clinicians&#39; understanding of the results.

基于临床的三维步态分析方法评价步态障碍

Three-dimensional gait analysis (3DGA) is shown to be a useful clinical tool for the evaluation of gait abnormality due to movement disorders. However, ...

Measuring the Kinematics of Daily Living Movements with Motion Capture Systems in Virtual Reality

The inability to complete instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) is a precursor to various neuropsychological diseases. Questionnaire-based assessments of IADL are easy to use but prone to subjective bias. Here, we describe a novel virtual reality (VR) test to assess two complex IADL tasks: handling financial transactions and using public transportation. While a participant performs the tasks in a VR setting, a motion capture system traces the position and orientation of the dominant hand and head in a three-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system. Kinematic raw data are collected and converted into &#39;kinematic performance measures,&#39; i.e., motion trajectory, moving distance, and time to completion. Motion trajectory is the path of a particular body part (e.g., dominant hand or head) in space. Moving distance refers to the total distance of the trajectory, and time to completion is how long it took to complete an IADL task. These kinematic measures could discriminate patients with cognitive impairment from healthy controls. The development of this kinematic measuring protocol allows detection of early IADL-related cognitive impairments.

We designed a virtual reality test to assess instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) with a motion capture system. We propose a detailed kinematic analysis to interpret the participant&#39;s various movements, including trajectory, moving distance, and time to completion to evaluate IADL capabilities.

虚拟现实中运动捕捉系统的日常生活运动运动学测量

The inability to complete instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) is a precursor to various neuropsychological diseases. Questionnaire-based ...

Using a Real-Time Locating System to Measure Walking Activity Associated with Wandering Behaviors Among Institutionalized Older Adults

A real-time locating system (RTLS) can be used to track the walking activity of institutionalized older adults in long-term care who are at risk for wandering behaviors. The benefits of a RTLS are objective and continuous measurements of activity. Self-report methods of activity, especially wandering, by health care staff are vulnerable to floor effects and recall bias, and continuous clinical or research observation over the long-term can be time-consuming and expensive. Health care staff also fail to recognize the onset and/or duration of wandering behaviors, which are associated with a variety of adverse health outcomes in this population but amenable to intervention. RTLS technologies can measure the walking activity of institutionalized residents with cognitive impairment over time with a high degree of accuracy. This is particularly useful for the study of wandering, defined as walking for at least 60 seconds with few (if any) breaks in activity. Wandering is associated with disease progression, hospitalizations, falls and death. Previous work suggests older adults with poor balance ability and high sustained walking activity may be particularly susceptible to poor health outcomes. RTLS&#39;s are used to assess cognitive impairment and factors associated with gait and balance; however, supplemental paper and pencil gait/balance tools may be used to further refine risk profiles. This project discusses the use of a RTLS to measure walking activity and also gait quality and balance ability measures on this population.

This paper discusses the use of a continuous and objective real-time locating system to measure walking activity associated with wandering behaviors, focusing on older adults with cognitive impairment. Walking activity is measured by walking distance, sustained walking distance, and sustained gait speed. Also assessed are gait quality and balance ability.

利用实时定位系统测量被培养的老年人的游走行为相关的步行活动

A real-time locating system (RTLS) can be used to track the walking activity of institutionalized older adults in long-term care who are at risk for ...

3D Kinematic Gait Analysis for Preclinical Studies in Rodents

The utility of three-dimensional (3D) kinematic motion analysis systems is limited in rodents. Part of the reason for this inadequacy is the use of complex algorithms and mathematical modeling that accompany 3D data collection and analysis procedures. This work provides a simple, user-friendly, step-by-step detailed methodology for 3D kinematic gait analysis during treadmill locomotion in healthy and neurotraumatic rats using a six-camera motion capture system. Also provided are details on 1) calibration of the system in an experimental set-up customized for quadrupedal locomotion, 2) data collection for treadmill locomotion in adult rats using markers positioned on all four limbs, 3) options available for video tracking and processing, and 4) basic 3D kinematic data generation and visualization and quantification of data using the built-in data collection software. Finally, it is suggested that the utility of this motion capture system be expanded to studying a variety of motor behaviors before and after neurotrauma.

Presented here is a protocol to collect and analyze three-dimensional kinematics of quadrupedal locomotion in rodents for preclinical studies.

3D运动性步态分析,用于啮齿动物的临床前研究

The utility of three-dimensional (3D) kinematic motion analysis systems is limited in rodents. Part of the reason for this inadequacy is the use of ...

Highlighting and Reducing the Impact of Negative Aging Stereotypes During Older Adults' Cognitive Testing

As life expectancy increases, aging has become a major health challenge, resulting in a huge effort to better discriminate between normal and pathological cognitive decline. It is thus essential that cognitive tests and their administration are as fair as possible. However, an important source of bias during cognitive testing comes from negative aging stereotypes that can impair the memory performance of older adults and inflate age differences on cognitive tasks. The fear of confirming negative aging stereotypes creates an extra pressure among older adults which interferes with their intellectual functioning and leads them to perform below their true abilities. Here, we present a protocol that highlights simple but efficient interventions to alleviate this age-based stereotype threat effect. The first study showed that simply informing older participants about the presence of younger participants (threat condition) led older adults to underperform on a standardized memory test compared with younger participants, and that this performance difference was eliminated when the test was presented as age-fair (reduced-threat condition). The second study replicated these findings on short cognitive tests used to screen for predementia in clinical settings and showed that teaching older adults about stereotype threat inoculated them against its effects. These results provide useful recommendations about how to improve older adults' memory assessment both in Iab studies and in clinical settings.

Here, we present a protocol designed to show how negative aging stereotypes can impair memory performance of older adults during cognitive testing and how to reduce this deleterious effect. This method can help older people to perform at an optimal level during testing in both lab studies and clinical settings.

在老年人认知测试中突出和减少消极衰老成见的影响

As life expectancy increases, aging has become a major health challenge, resulting in a huge effort to better discriminate between normal and pathological ...