这项研究由藤田健康大学资助 [2015100341 号赠款]。

1. 准备
注: 此处提出的测量方法采用了由十二个标记组成的简化标记集, 如下所述。整个测量过程, 包括准备工作, 可在20分钟内完成。本协议在实际临床设置中的可行性已在以前的研究中得到验证:13,14,15,16,17。
<ol><li>根据制造商的协议执行校准过程。</li>
	<li>指导病人穿得容易, 紧身 legwear, 并将彩色标记放在病人身上, 如下所述。<ol>
<li>将标记 (直径30毫米) 放在病人身体的以下点上: 两个 acromia, 臀部 (从股骨较大的大转子沿一条线连接每一个较大的大转子的方向 1/3), 膝盖 (上股骨每侧髁的前后直径中线, 踝关节 (侧足踝部), 脚趾 (第五跖骨头) 和髂嵴 (在每根髂嵴的位置上通过臀部的垂直线)。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>2. 测量
<ol><li>设置跑步机的速度和测量步态模式。<ol>
<li>指导病人进行10米步行测试。</li>
		<li>设置一个主观上舒适的步态速度。设置跑步机的速度, 从70% 的地面步态开始, 逐步提高速度, 在跑步机上找到舒适的步态速度。</li>
		<li>测量走路。对于单个会话, 它需要二十年代。如果需要比较不同的条件 (e. g. 步态速度、矫形器等), 请执行多个会话。在这种情况下, 病人休息1分钟之间的会话。 注: 虽然3DGA 系统的红外摄像机通常用于3DGA 研究, 一个基于视频的简化运动分析系统 (采样频率:60 赫兹;在本协议中,例如、Kinematracer) 用于缩短校准过程。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>3. 数据分析
<ol><li>
时间距离因素 注意: 时间距离参数是步态分析研究中常用的基本参数。根据脚趾和踝关节标记的轨迹, 自动确定足部初次接触和足部活动。<ol>
<li>为避免步进检测中出现错误, 有两位经验丰富的物理治疗师验证定时的准确性, 并在步骤定时出现错误时对其进行调整。</li>
		<li>从这些检测到的步骤计时, 计算以下内容:</li>
		<li>计算节奏 (步骤/分钟) = 60 x 2/SC (s)</li>
		<li>计算步长 (m) = GS (m/秒) x SC (s) + (踝关节标记从脚接触到同一侧足部接触的位移)</li>
		<li>计算步长 (m) = GS (米/秒) x (从一侧到脚接触的另一侧的脚接触的时间) + (一侧和另一侧脚接触的踝关节位置的平均差异)</li>
		<li>计算步长 (m) = 双姿态相位中踝关节标记间的平均横向距离</li>
		<li>计算双姿态的持续时间: 在步态周期中出现两次的双姿态相位的总和;另一侧的脚接触和随后的脚之间的时间。</li>
		<li>计算单姿态的持续时间: 在离脚和随后的脚接触之间的平均间隔在另一侧。 注: SC (阶梯循环): 平均时间从脚跟接触的一方到脚跟接触的同一方。** GS (步态速度)</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
利萨茹概述图片 (剪) 注: 洛普斯被设计成一个数字, 由主要关节上的标记关节轨迹组成, 目的是帮助了解康复患者的整体步态模式14 (见图 1)。<ol>
<li>在十个标记的坐标和水平 (x y) 的虚拟重心 (齿轮) 的轨道上生成洛普斯, 矢状 (y z) 和冠状 (z x) 平面 (x: 左/右, y: 前/后, z: 优越/劣势)。<ol>
<li>用软件或构造一个覆盖电子表格软件上所有标记的运动范围的散点图来绘制。通过假设每个正文段来计算虚拟齿轮, 如下所示: 树干, 0.66;大腿, 0.1;下大腿, 0.05;和脚, 0.02。随后, 计算齿轮作为线段的组成中心。</li>
		</ol>
</li>
		<li>在每个标记中, 为每个步态周期提取三个组件 (x、y 和 z) 的原始数据, 通过步态周期对其进行规范化, 并平均计算值。将虚拟齿轮的 x 和 y 分量的平均值设置为 0, 并将这些值用作标记的 x 和 y 分量的引用。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
偏瘫步态异常步态指数的计算 注意: 一些常见的步态模式被称为中风后偏瘫步态的特点。这些包括髋部徒步旅行、circumduction 和主干18的横向移位。已开发出异常步态模式的指数, 以量化这些步态模式的范围13,16,17。到目前为止, 十异常步态指数 (髋关节徒步旅行, circumduction, 前脚接触, retropulsion 髋关节, 过度髋外旋转, 过度侧移躯干超过不受影响的一侧, 膝伸推力, 屈膝步态, 膝盖不足在摆动阶段和内侧鞭) 已报告的屈曲。表1显示了每个索引的公式。<ol>
<li>根据公式计算指数的原始值。例如, 计算髋部徒步旅行指数的原始值, 以说明摆动阶段髋关节标记的 z 坐标最大值与对侧髋关节标记的同时 z 坐标之间的差异, 为平均值改正双支撑阶段 z 坐标的左-右差。</li>
		<li>根据健康受试者的测量数据, 计算偏差评分 (t 评分)。计算标准分数如下: t = 50 + 10 x (X−µ)/δ (t: 偏差分数;X: 个人数据;µ: 健康主体的平均原始价值;δ: 标准偏差)。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
脚趾间隙策略分析 注意: 摆动时脚趾间隙的策略在健康的受试者和下肢麻痹的患者之间有很大差异。在健康的课程中, 脚趾间隙是通过肢体缩短来实现的, 骨盆或躯干的运动最小。另一方面, 麻痹患者不能在相同的程度上缩短四肢。对于这些患者, 由此产生的补偿策略, 如骨盆倾斜或 circumduction 也影响脚趾清除19。在这一分析中, 脚趾间隙的高度分为两部分: 通过肢体缩短获得的垂直增益和补偿运动得到的, 这直接影响脚趾间隙。包括脚趾间隙的成分 (肢体缩短的垂直分量, 骨盆倾角, 髋关节绑架, 和跳马) 计算如下概述。<ol>
<li>计算从第五跖骨头的 z 坐标到脚趾间隙的总脚趾间隙。</li>
		<li>计算肢体缩短的垂直分量为髋部与第五跖骨之间距离变化的 z 坐标。</li>
		<li>通过总结三个子组件, 计算补偿运动的垂直分量, 如下所示。<ol>
<li>计算骨盆倾角的垂直分量, 作为髋关节标志物高度 (z 坐标) 的差异。</li>
			<li>计算髋部诱拐的垂直分量为髋部和第五跖骨头的距离和诱拐角。这反映出, 如果下肢长度没有改变, 足部将会移动的上升距离。</li>
			<li>在中位和中摆动20之间, 从对侧臀部 z 坐标的变化计算保险存储的垂直分量。</li>
		</ol>
</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>

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作者没有什么可透露的。

在本报告中, 提出了一种简化的3DGA 方法。该系统的设计用于日常的实践, 包括一个简化的测量方法和临床医生友好的结果表示。
以前的一些报告使用了 3DGA, 以前已经建立了人类步态的基本知识21。3DGA 有可能对康复诊所作出贡献, 例如, 改善对步态紊乱病理学的了解, 用于治疗规划, 或监测干预效果。然而, 在康复诊所使用3DGA 的情况仍然相当低。有几种可能的障碍, 使用3DGA 在临床设置。所需的时间可能是一个主要障碍, 因为基于研究的3DGA 通常需要大量的准备时间 (i. e), 用于校准系统并安装标记。另一个问题是, 结果解释可能具有挑战性。步态紊乱通常包括几个运动异常, 并了解分析所产生的各种图表需要经验。在临床可行性方面, 采用简化方法和直观数据演示的分析系统将会有所帮助。
完成现有分析方法所需的大量准备时间与追求高测量精度有关。然而, 步态障碍患者的运动速度是有限的, 在日常康复实践中, 我们可能不需要这种水平的准确性。在目前的方法中, 该协议是简化的, 可以在一个时间段内进行, 应足够短, 以便在日常康复实践中的可行性, 同时保持对运动障碍患者的评估要求13,15,16,17。
在目前的方法中, 结果表达方法符合临床要求。在康复诊所, 治疗师通常从评估整体步态模式开始。该方法旨在帮助临床医生使用代表性描述 (i. e) 直观地评估整体步态模式, 根据实际位置关系放置标记轨迹。本研究还以临床经验为基础, 研制了异常步态指数。制定指数来量化中风患者临床常见的异常步态模式, 并通过物理治疗师的临床观察证实所有指标的并发有效性13, 15,16。
该方法除了作为反映临床经验的客观评价方法外, 还将为新的康复策略的制定提供理想的帮助。对脚趾清除策略的分析超出了常规临床评价的范围, 有可能有助于规划有针对性的康复治疗。在所提出的方法和分析中, 临床医生提出两个康复目标;脚趾间隙的范围和达到此目的的补偿范围。因此, 增加脚趾间隙对安全行走是很重要的;但是, 减少补偿也可能提高步行效率22。在目前的方法, 临床医生将获得两组信息作为安全步行和步行效率的指标, 这可能有助于制定有针对性的康复战略, 以提高步行的安全和效率康复病人。
鉴于上述特点, 这种测量和分析方法可以为康复门诊使用 3DGA, 提供一种客观的方法来评估康复患者的步态模式。此外, 它还能更准确地估计干预效果, 而不是临床使用的普通尺度, 这有助于进一步提高康复领域的干预质量。
这项研究并非没有限制。考虑到标记数量的减少和采样率的较低, 与现有系统相比, 该系统的测量精度可能有限。这可能是一个关键的考虑, 当分析快速运动, 如体育专业人士。特别是在评估关节角度或关节运动时, 这种方法中使用的简化标记集可能不足以准确估计关节位置。因此, 对关节运动的分析, 如脑瘫手术的分析, 也可以用这个简化系统来限制。虽然该系统经临床评价证实, 但与金本位法相比, 该方法的心理测量性能尚未确定。今后的研究应进一步确认技术限制。
然而, 在步态障碍患者中, 运动速度有限, 表现差异明显, 与健康受试者比较。因此, 在日常实践中, 我们可能不需要现有方法所提供的精确度水平。此外, 在这个方法中, 结果作为一个平均步态模式, 在二十年代的测量周期, 这是比大多数传统的方法测量地面步态。该特性可提高测量的准确度和可靠性。
最后, 在本研究中, 介绍了一种简化直观的3DGA 方法。为方便使用3DGA 改善康复诊所的质量, 应制定临床可行的测量方法。这里介绍的临床医生友好的方法可能鼓励进一步发展临床可行的测量模型和实施3DGA 在每日康复诊所。

以往的研究表明, 三维步态分析 (3DGA) 在中风后的步态评估中是有用的1,2,3。研究与高质量的运动分析系统提供了大量的洞察人的步态模式, 不仅是那些健康的对象, 但也那些由于各种运动紊乱, 如中风或脑瘫4,5.了解病理学, 评估治疗计划前的病人, 或监测干预效果都可以用 3DGA6升级。此外, 最近的几项研究表明, 3DGA 为康复训练提供指南的可能性为7,8。
然而, 在每天的临床实践中使用3DGA 仍然是有限的。其中一个主要问题是耗时的过程。步态分析中常用的标记集9、10、11由30多个标记组成, 用于全身测量。这些标记集能够非常精确地估计肢体和躯干的运动。这有助于分析的准确性, 这通常是由在人行道周围的摄像头捕捉到的有限数量的步骤数据所做的。然而, 这需要一个耗时的准备和测量过程, 这妨碍了使用3DGA 在日常的临床实践。
在临床设置中使用3DGA 的另一个缺点是, 可能很难解释12提供的结果。3DGA 的结果通常显示在描述参数的图中, 如关节角和身体部位的位移。然而, 康复诊所的步态评估不仅包括评估身体部位的运动, 还涉及整体运动模式。后者只能通过评估这些参数之间的关系来理解, 这样做的难度使得临床医生更不愿意使用3DGA。
为解决这些问题, 促进3DGA 在康复门诊的使用, 我们提出了一种简便、直观的3DGA 测量方法。测量方法由以下几个部分组成: (1) 一个具有12个标记的简化标记集;(2) 测量跑步机上的病人;(3) 步态模式的直观整体图;(4) 通过临床观察验证步态异常指数;(5) 步态策略特征的可视化。本研究所示的议定书遵循该机构医德委员会的指导方针。

<table><tbody><tr><td>KinemaTracer</td><td>KisseiComtec Co., Ltd.</td><td>KinemaTracer-6Cam</td><td>A simple video-based 3D motion analysis system that consists of camera, workstation and softwares.</td></tr></tbody></table>

clinical-oriented three-dimensional gait analysis method for evaluating gait disorder

三维步态分析 (3DGA) 被证明是一个有用的临床工具, 以评估步态异常, 由于运动障碍。然而, 在实际诊所使用3DGA 仍然不常见。可能的原因可能包括耗时的测量过程和理解测量结果的困难, 这往往是使用大量的图表来提出的。在这里, 我们提出了一个临床医生友好的3DGA 方法开发, 以促进临床使用3DGA。这种方法包括简化的准备和测量过程, 可以在短时间内进行临床设置和直观的结果演示, 以促进临床医生对结果的理解。快速, 简化的测量程序是通过使用最小的标记和测量的病人在跑步机上实现的。为了促进临床医生的理解, 结果是根据临床医生的观点提出的数字。利萨茹概述图片 (), 显示所有标记的轨迹从一个整体的观点, 是用来促进直觉理解的步态模式。基于临床医生在步态评价中的观点和使用健康学科数据规范化的步态模式指数, 用于评价中风患者典型步态异常的程度。描述了脚趾间隙策略分析的图解, 描述了患者如何依靠正常的补偿策略来达到足趾间隙。这些方法可以促进3DGA 在临床环境中的实施, 并进一步鼓励从临床医生的角度制定测量策略。

本文的方法用于评价步态障碍患者。分析的结果显示在图 2、图 3和图 4中。这些数字显示的结果, 简化3DGA 的病人偏瘫和健康的控制。图 2显示了中风患者的完整步态模式的一个代表。在这个病人中, 观察到典型的步态模式, 如 circumduction、髋部抬高和躯干侧向运动。图 3是显示中风患者步态指数异常 (偏差评分) 的雷达图。circumduction 和髋部高度的标准化评分较高, 表明脑卒中患者的运动水平远高于健康人群。最后,图 4是描述中风患者脚趾间隙策略和年龄匹配的健康主题的图表。在健康的学科中, 脚趾间隙通常是通过肢体缩短来实现的, 而中风患者则主要通过骨盆倾角和跳马等补偿运动来实现。
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57063/57063fig1.jpg"> 图 1: 利萨茹概述图片 (切面) 由三个数字组成: (A)矢状平面、 (B)日冕平面和(C)水平平面。每个轨迹显示联合标记和假设重心的平均步态周期运动。<a href="//cloudflare-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/57063/57063fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57063/57063fig2.jpg"> 图 2: 有代表性中风患者的利萨茹概述图片: (a)矢状平面、 (B)日冕平面和(C)水平平面。增加树干运动 (白色箭头), 臀部徒步旅行 (黑箭头) 和 circumduction (灰色箭头) 从整体概要观察使用了。<a href="//cloudflare-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/57063/57063fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 3" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57063/57063fig3.jpg"> 图 3: 异常步态指数的雷达图.健康科目的平均评分设置为50。高标准分数代表高异常。<a href="//cloudflare-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/57063/57063fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 4" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57063/57063fig4.jpg"> 图 4: 显示中风患者与健康主题的脚趾间隙策略的图表.脚趾间隙是完全通过肢体缩短在健康的主题, 而补偿运动 (髋关节徒步旅行, 髋关节绑架, 和跳马) 也影响脚趾清除在中风患者。<a href="//cloudflare-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/57063/57063fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always"><tbody>
<tr>
<td>步态模式</td>
			<td colspan="2">公式</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>徒步旅行</td>
			<td colspan="2">髋关节标记的 z 坐标最大值在摆动阶段和对侧髋关节标记的 z 坐标上的差异同时, 修正了在双中 Z 坐标的平均值左-右差。支持阶段</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>Circumduction</td>
			<td colspan="2">在 25-75% 的姿态阶段, 踝关节标记的侧向 x 坐标在摆动阶段的 25-75% 和中间最 x 坐标之间的距离差异</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>前脚接触</td>
			<td colspan="2">踝关节标记的 z 坐标与初始接触时脚趾标记的 z 坐标之间的距离, 减去踝关节标记和脚趾标记在站立期间的 z 坐标之间的距离差异</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>Retropulsion 的臀部</td>
			<td colspan="2">单姿态阶段踝关节 y 坐标与髋关节 y 坐标的平均距离</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>髋关节外旋转过度</td>
			<td colspan="2">摆动阶段踝关节 x 坐标与脚趾 x 坐标之间的平均距离</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>过度的横向移位 树干在未受影响的边</td>
			<td colspan="2">之间的平均距离 (1) 双姿态相位部分两侧 acromions 的侧向 X 坐标, 受影响的腿位于受影响的腿后, 腿部的摆动阶段和 (2) 双侧踝关节间的平均 X 坐标, 即受影响的腿部位于未被感染的腿后的双重姿势阶段。</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>膝伸推力</td>
			<td colspan="2">受影响腿单姿态阶段膝关节最大 Y 坐标速度与跑步机步态速度的差异</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>屈膝步态</td>
			<td colspan="2">受影响腿部单姿态阶段的最大膝关节伸展角</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>摆动阶段膝关节屈曲不足</td>
			<td colspan="2">摆动期最大膝关节屈曲角与健康受试者膝关节屈曲角的比较</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>内侧鞭</td>
			<td colspan="2">在受影响的腿的姿势阶段, 踝关节 75-100% 的侧向 x 坐标与脚踝的内侧最 x 坐标之间的距离在 25-75% 之间</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
			<td colspan="2">X、Y 和 Z 坐标分别表示 lateromedial、anteroposteriol 和垂直。</td>
		</tr>
</tbody></table>表 1: 不正常步态模式的公式

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Clinical-oriented Three-dimensional Gait Analysis Method for Evaluating Gait Disorder at JoVE.com

Clinical-oriented Three-dimensional Gait Analysis Method for Evaluating Gait Disorder

在本研究中, 本文提出了一种三维的基于临床的步态分析方法, 旨在在康复门诊进行。该方法由简化的测量方法和直观的数字组成, 有助于临床医生对结果的理解。

基于临床的三维步态分析方法评价步态障碍

Three-dimensional gait analysis (3DGA) is shown to be a useful clinical tool for the evaluation of gait abnormality due to movement disorders. However, ...

clinical-oriented-three-dimensional-gait-analysis-method-for

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

14.0K 次观看.  Fujita Health University. 在本研究中, 本文提出了一种三维的基于临床的步态分析方法, 旨在在康复门诊进行。该方法由简化的测量方法和直观的数字组成, 有助于临床医生对结果的理解。

视频: Clinical-oriented Three-dimensional Gait Analysis Method for Evaluating Gait Disorder

Asymmetric Walkway: A Novel Behavioral Assay for Studying Asymmetric Locomotion

Behavioral assays are commonly used for the assessment of sensorimotor impairment in the central nervous system (CNS). The most sophisticated methods for quantifying locomotor deficits in rodents is to measure minute disturbances of unconstrained gait overground (e.g., manual BBB score or automated CatWalk). However, cortical inputs are not required for the generation of basic locomotion produced by the spinal central pattern generator (CPG). Thus, unconstrained walking tasks test locomotor deficits due to motor cortical impairment only indirectly. In this study, we propose a novel, precise foot-placement locomotor task that evaluates cortical inputs to the spinal CPG. An instrumented peg-way was used to impose symmetrical and asymmetrical locomotor tasks mimicking lateralized movement deficits. We demonstrate that shifts from equidistant inter-stride lengths of 20% produce changes in the forelimb stance phase characteristics during locomotion with preferred stride length. Furthermore, we propose that the asymmetric walkway allows for measurements of behavioral outcomes produced by cortical control signals. These measures are relevant for the assessment of impairment after cortical damage.

Here, we present a protocol to quantify precise stepping in rodents. Cortical and the spinal central pattern generator signals are required for precise foot-placement during obstructed locomotion. We report here the novel constrained walking task that directly examines precise stepping behavior.

非对称走道:一种新的行为检测方法的研究不对称步态

Behavioral assays are commonly used for the assessment of sensorimotor impairment in the central nervous system (CNS). The most sophisticated methods for ...

科研

行为学

Using Gold-standard Gait Analysis Methods to Assess Experience Effects on Lower-limb Mechanics During Moderate High-heeled Jogging and Running

A limited number of studies have explored lower-limb biomechanics during high-heeled jogging and running, and most studies have failed to clarify the wearing experience of subjects. This protocol describes the differences in lower-limb kinematics and ground reaction force (GRF) between experienced wearers (EW) and inexperienced wearers (IEW) during moderate high-heeled jogging and running. A three-dimensional (3D) motion analysis system with a configured force platform was used to synchronously capture lower-limb joint movements and GRF. 36 young females volunteered to participate in this study and were asked about high-heeled shoe-wearing experience, including frequency, duration, heel types, and heel heights. Eleven who had the experience of 3 to 6 cm heels for a minimum of three days per week (6 h per day) for at least two years and eleven who wore high heels less than twice per month participated. Subjects performed jogging and running at comfortable low and high speeds, respectively, with the right foot completely stepping onto a force platform when passing by along a 10 m walkway. EW and IEW adopted different biomechanical adaptations while jogging and running. IEW exhibited a generally larger range of joint movement, while EW showed a dramatically larger loading rate of GRF during running. Hence, further studies on the lower-limb biomechanics of high-heeled gait should strictly control the wearing experience of the subjects.

This study investigated lower-limb kinematics and ground reaction force (GRF) during moderate high-heeled jogging and running. Subjects were divided into groups of experienced wearers and inexperienced wearers. A three-dimensional motion analysis system with a configured force platform captured lower-limb joint movements and GRF.

运用金本位步态分析法评估下肢慢跑和跑步时的低肢力学经验效应

A limited number of studies have explored lower-limb biomechanics during high-heeled jogging and running, and most studies have failed to clarify the ...

Paw-Print Analysis of Contrast-Enhanced Recordings (PrAnCER): A Low-Cost, Open-Access Automated Gait Analysis System for Assessing Motor Deficits

Gait analysis is used to quantify changes in motor function in many rodent models of disease. Despite the importance of assessing gait and motor function in many areas of research, the available commercial options have several limitations such as high cost and lack of accessible, open code. To address these issues, we developed PrAnCER, Paw-Print Analysis of Contrast-Enhanced Recordings, for automated quantification of gait. The contrast-enhanced recordings are produced by using a translucent floor that obscures objects not in contact with the surface, effectively isolating the rat&#8217;s paw prints as it walks. Using these videos, our simple software program reliably measures a variety of spatiotemporal gait parameters. To demonstrate that PrAnCER can accurately detect changes in motor function, we employed a haloperidol model of Parkinson&#8217;s disease (PD). We tested rats at two doses of haloperidol: high dose (0.30 mg/kg) and low dose (0.15 mg/kg). Haloperidol significantly increased stance duration and hind paw contact area in the low dose condition, as might be expected in a PD model. In the high dose condition, we found a similar increase in contact area but also an unexpected increase in stride length. With further research, we found that this increased stride length is consistent with the bracing-escape phenomenon commonly observed at higher doses of haloperidol. Thus, PrAnCER was able to detect both expected and unexpected changes in rodent gait patterns. Additionally, we confirmed that PrAnCER is consistent and accurate when compared with manual scoring of gait parameters.

Paw-Print Analysis of Contrast-Enhanced Recordings PrAnCER: A Low-Cost, Open-Access Automated Gait Analysis System for Assessing Motor Deficits

We describe a novel gait analysis system, Paw-Print Analysis of Contrast-Enhanced Recordings (PrAnCER), an open-access automated system for the quantification of gait characteristics in rats that utilizes a novel semitransparent floor to automatically quantify gait. This system was validated using the haloperidol model of Parkinson&#8217;s Disease.

对比度增强记录 (PrAnCER) 的爪打印分析:用于评估电机缺陷的低成本、开放访问自动步态分析系统

Gait analysis is used to quantify changes in motor function in many rodent models of disease. Despite the importance of assessing gait and motor function ...

3D Kinematic Gait Analysis for Preclinical Studies in Rodents

The utility of three-dimensional (3D) kinematic motion analysis systems is limited in rodents. Part of the reason for this inadequacy is the use of complex algorithms and mathematical modeling that accompany 3D data collection and analysis procedures. This work provides a simple, user-friendly, step-by-step detailed methodology for 3D kinematic gait analysis during treadmill locomotion in healthy and neurotraumatic rats using a six-camera motion capture system. Also provided are details on 1) calibration of the system in an experimental set-up customized for quadrupedal locomotion, 2) data collection for treadmill locomotion in adult rats using markers positioned on all four limbs, 3) options available for video tracking and processing, and 4) basic 3D kinematic data generation and visualization and quantification of data using the built-in data collection software. Finally, it is suggested that the utility of this motion capture system be expanded to studying a variety of motor behaviors before and after neurotrauma.

Presented here is a protocol to collect and analyze three-dimensional kinematics of quadrupedal locomotion in rodents for preclinical studies.

3D运动性步态分析,用于啮齿动物的临床前研究

The utility of three-dimensional (3D) kinematic motion analysis systems is limited in rodents. Part of the reason for this inadequacy is the use of ...

Gait Analysis of Age-dependent Motor Impairments in Mice with Neurodegeneration

Motor behavior tests are commonly used to determine the functional relevance of a rodent model and to test newly developed treatments in these animals. Specifically, gait analysis allows recapturing disease relevant phenotypes that are observed in human patients, especially in neurodegenerative diseases that affect motor abilities such as Parkinson&#39;s disease (PD), Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and others. In early studies along this line, the measurement of gait parameters was laborious and depended on factors that were hard to control (e.g., running speed, continuous running). The development of ventral plane imaging (VPI) systems made it feasible to perform gait analysis at a large scale, making this method a useful tool for the assessment of motor behavior in rodents. Here, we present an in-depth protocol of how to use kinematic gait analysis to examine the age-dependent progression of motor deficits in mouse models of neurodegeneration; mouse lines with decreased levels of endophilin, in which neurodegenerative damage progressively increases with age, are used as an example.

In this study, we demonstrate the use of kinematic gait analysis based on ventral plane imaging to monitor the subtle changes in motor coordination as well as the progression of neurodegeneration with advancing age in mouse models (e.g., endophilin mutant mouse lines).

变性小鼠年龄依赖性运动障碍的步态分析

Motor behavior tests are commonly used to determine the functional relevance of a rodent model and to test newly developed treatments in these animals. ...

发育生物学

Clinical Assessment of Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters in Patients and Older Adults

Spatial and temporal characteristics of human walking are frequently evaluated to identify possible gait impairments, mainly in orthopedic and neurological patients1-4, but also in healthy older adults5,6. The quantitative gait analysis described in this protocol is performed with a recently-introduced photoelectric system (see&#160;Materials table) which has the potential to be used in the clinic because it is portable, easy to set up (no subject preparation is required before a test), and does not require maintenance and sensor calibration. The photoelectric system consists of series of high-density floor-based photoelectric cells with light-emitting and light-receiving diodes that are placed parallel to each other to create a corridor, and are oriented perpendicular to the line of progression7. The system simply detects interruptions in light signal, for instance due to the presence of feet within the recording area. Temporal gait parameters and 1D spatial coordinates of consecutive steps are subsequently calculated to provide common gait parameters such as step length, single limb support and walking velocity8, whose validity against a criterion instrument has recently been demonstrated7,9. The measurement procedures are very straightforward; a single patient can be tested in less than 5 min&#160;and a comprehensive report can be generated in less than 1&#160;min.

This protocol is used to evaluate spatial and temporal gait variables of neurological/orthopedic patients and older persons by means of a recently-introduced floor-based photocell system.

时空步态参数的患者和老年人的临床评估

Spatial and temporal characteristics of human walking are frequently evaluated to identify possible gait impairments, mainly in orthopedic and ...

医学

Video Movement Analysis Using Smartphones (ViMAS): A Pilot Study

The use of smartphones in clinical practice is steadily increasing with the availability of low cost/freely available &#34;apps&#34; that could be used to assess human gait. The primary aim of this manuscript is to test the concurrent validity of kinematic measures recorded by a smartphone application in comparison to a 3D motion capture system in the sagittal plane. The secondary aim was to develop a protocol for clinicians on the set up of the smartphone camera for video movement analysis.
The sagittal plane knee angle was measured during heel strike and toe off events using the smart phone app and a 3D motion-capture system in 32 healthy subjects. Three trials were performed at near (2-m) and far (4-m) smartphone camera distances. The order of the distances was randomized. Regression analysis was performed to estimate the height of the camera based on either the subject&#39;s height or leg length.
Absolute measurement errors were least during toe off (3.12 &#177; 5.44 degrees) compared to heel strike (5.81 &#177; 5.26 degrees). There were significant (p &#60; 0.05) but moderate agreements between the application and 3D motion capture measures of knee angles. There were also no significant (p &#62; 0.05) differences between the absolute measurement errors between the two camera positions. The measurement errors averaged between 3 - 5 degrees during toe off and heel strike events of the gait cycle.
The use of smartphone apps can be a useful tool in the clinic for performing gait or human movement analysis. Further studies are needed to establish the accuracy in measuring movements of the upper extremity and trunk.

Video Movement Analysis Using Smartphones ViMAS: A Pilot Study

This manuscript describes the method to test the concurrent validity of kinematic measures recorded by the smartphone application in comparison to a 3D motion capture system in the sagittal plane. This protocol will enable clinicians to set up smartphones for video capture of human movement.

视频运动分析使用智能手机（ViMAS）的初步研究

The use of smartphones in clinical practice is steadily increasing with the availability of low cost/freely available &#34;apps&#34; that could be used to ...

3D Kinematic Analysis for the Functional Evaluation in the Rat Model of Sciatic Nerve Crush Injury

Compared to the Sciatic Functional Index (SFI), kinematic analysis is a more reliable and sensitive method for performing functional evaluations of sciatic nerve injury rodent models. In this protocol, we describe a novel kinematic analysis method that uses a three-dimensional (3D) motion capture apparatus for functional evaluations using a rat sciatic nerve crush injury model. First, the rat is familiarized with treadmill walking. Markers are then attached to the designated bone landmarks and the rat is made to walk on the treadmill at the desired speed. Meanwhile, the posterior limb movements of the rat are recorded using four cameras. Depending on the software used, marker tracings are created using both automatic and manual modes and the desired data are produced after subtle adjustments. This method of kinematic analysis, which uses a 3D motion capture apparatus, offers numerous advantages, including superior precision and accuracy. Many more parameters can be investigated during the comprehensive functional evaluations. This method has several shortcomings that require consideration: The system is expensive, can be complicated to operate, and may produce data deviations due to skin shifting. Nevertheless, kinematic analysis using a 3D motion capture apparatus is useful for performing functional anterior and posterior limb evaluations. In the future, this method may become increasingly useful for generating accurate assessments of various traumas and diseases.

We introduce a kinematic analysis method that uses a three-dimensional motion capture apparatus containing four cameras and data processing software for performing functional evaluations during fundamental research involving rodent models.

坐骨神经粉碎损伤大鼠模型中功能评估的3D运动学分析

Compared to the Sciatic Functional Index (SFI), kinematic analysis is a more reliable and sensitive method for performing functional evaluations of ...

神经科学

Motor Dual-Tasks for Gait Analysis and Evaluation in Post-Stroke Patients

Eighteen stroke patients were recruited for this study involving the evaluation of cognition and walking ability and multitask gait analysis. Multitask gait analysis consisted of a single walking task (Task 0), a simple motor dual-task (water-holding, Task 1), and a complex motor dual-task (crossing obstacles, Task 2). The task of crossing obstacles was considered to be equivalent to the combination of a simple walking task and a complex motor task as it involved more nervous system, skeletal movement, and cognitive resources. To eliminate heterogeneity in the results of the gait analysis of the stroke patients, the dual-task gait cost values were calculated for various kinematic parameters. The major differences were observed in the proximal joint angles, especially in the angles of the trunk, pelvis, and hip joints, which were significantly larger in the dual motor tasks than in the single walking task. This research protocol aims to provide a basis for the clinical diagnosis of gait function and an in-depth study of motor control in stroke patients with motor control deficits through the analyses of dual-motor walking tasks.

This paper presents a protocol specifically for dual motor task gait analysis in stroke patients with motor control deficits.

用于中风后患者步态分析和评估的运动双任务

Eighteen stroke patients were recruited for this study involving the evaluation of cognition and walking ability and multitask gait analysis. Multitask ...

Comprehensive Understanding of Inactivity-Induced Gait Alteration in Rodents

It is well known that disuse affects neural systems and that joint motions become altered; however, which outcomes properly exhibit these characteristics is still unclear. The present study describes a motion analysis approach that utilizes three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction from video captures. Using this technology, disuse-evoked alterations of walking performances were observed in rodents exposed to a simulated microgravity environment by unloading their hindlimb by their tail. After 2 weeks of unloading, the rats walked on a treadmill, and their gait motions were captured with four charge-coupled device (CCD) cameras. 3D motion profiles were reconstructed and compared to those of control subjects using the image processing software. The reconstructed outcome measures successfully portrayed distinct aspects of distorted gait motion: hyperextension of the knee and ankle joints and higher position of the hip joints during the stance phase. Motion analysis is useful for several reasons. First, it enables quantitative behavioral evaluations instead of subjective observations (e.g., pass/fail in certain tasks). Second, multiple parameters can be extracted to fit specific needs once the fundamental datasets are obtained. Despite hurdles for broader application, the disadvantages of this method, including labor intensity and cost, may be alleviated by determining comprehensive measurements and experimental procedures.

The present protocol describes three-dimensional motion tracking/evaluation to depict gait motion alteration of rats after exposure to a simulated disuse environment.

全面了解啮齿动物不活动引起的步态改变

It is well known that disuse affects neural systems and that joint motions become altered; however, which outcomes properly exhibit these characteristics ...