This research was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2015M3A9E3052338).

下面介绍的过程是由韩国高丽大学，首尔，韩国的机构审查委员会批准。 1.构建幻影取穴注意:因为一个幽灵练习穴位针刺手法决不能练一个人的穴位感觉质量不同幻像穴位具有相似的扭矩幅度作为人体穴位的创作是在应用这个方法很重要。因此，需要进行彻底的开发和验证过程，以限定一个幻象穴位作为预定义人类穴位。将5％的琼脂糖凝胶显示出具有（分别为59.2±4.5和58.7±4.6μNm，）类似的扭矩幅值到LI4穴位，它位于拇指和食指13之间。 <ol><li>添加0.75克琼脂糖到15ml蒸馏水并使其溶解琼脂糖凝胶暖在微波炉的溶液，持续20秒，直到琼脂糖变得透明。使用concentrat的5％（0.75 G）离子以与类似于人类穴位的扭矩幅值幻象穴位（ 例如 ，合谷穴; 图1）。 </li><li>划分琼脂糖凝胶于2ml部和它们密封在五个管中。请务必戴上手套，以免烫伤。小心垂直于室温（25℃）2小时，以将管定位。 </li><li>评估刺激和使用针灸针和运动传感器专门用于测量针刺手法10新创建的幻象腧穴的生物力学力的程度。位于所述传感器的中​​心开始在评估前一个孔中定位的针刺针。评价使用在通过傅立叶变换计算出的频域功率的频率。 </li><li>应用针灸的穴位幻影。当针比凝胶表面更深15毫米，旋转针15秒，而一个完整的圆顺时针和反CLO旋转ckwise在1秒（1赫兹）。如果可能的话，验证旋转的带运动传感器实时图形的速度。针刺手法后拉从凝胶针头。 </li></ol> 2.针刺手法教育系统的实现<ol><li>制备5％的琼脂糖凝胶体模穴（过程在步骤1.1解释），显示类似于一个真实的人的手臂，如穴位LI4，这是位于拇指和食指之间的穴位的扭矩幅值。 </li><li>消毒用酒精类洗手液针刺手法之前，以避免可能出现伤口或感染而练习针刺手法手。 </li><li>使用该程序的实践针灸。从网站上下载此程序:http://cmslab.khu.ac.kr/downloads/ames并安装该程序。在计算机上启动该程序，并准备运动传感器。通过位于传感器的站前中心的孔的针刺针位置rting评价。因为毫针不会附着到传感器，是准备通过该孔移动针，而传感器测量针的运动。准备幻影穴位插入和操纵针。 </li><li>选择针刺手法的各种模板，包括各种频率和不对称的运动。 1的比例:开始操作之前，请从升降/突刺或按显示在图形用户界面（GUI）的软件，并决定两个单选按钮中的一个练习预期的移动是否遵循1的模式旋转操作技术选择中，1:2的比例，或2:1的比例的正弦曲线。 </li><li>所以，这是准备进行操作的运动传感器的针刺针（0.25×40毫米）中的位置。将针和传感器下的幻象穴位。 </li><li>使用两轴致动器校准运动传感器。针灸针与particip定位蚂蚁的手指，然后按校准屏幕上。通过校准，两轴致动器将识别并调整当前位置作为深度零值。 </li><li>而针刺手法的实际运动正在测量操作幻像穴位针灸针约1分钟。有参与者看屏幕，因为他们操纵针可以同时查看他或她的针刺手法的实际运动，与预期运动一起。传输实际运动显示为绿线，并拟提出的动议的模板，同时重叠的红线。 </li><li>通过点击软件提供的按钮获得使用运动传感器针刺手法的提升/逆冲方式的实时运动波数据（80.3赫兹的采样率）。实时运动波数据也可以用旋转法获得的。 </li><li>重复此至少八次，以提高acupuncTURE操作技能。 </li></ol> 3.数据处理<ol><li>通过施加无限脉冲响应（IIR）滤出的波动的低频信号（&lt;0.2赫兹）和高频率的噪音信号（&gt; 5赫兹）。使用巴特沃斯滤波器，其允许在要么是低于0.2 Hz或高于5赫兹的频率信号的信息进行过滤。 </li><li>通过检测局部最大值和最小值点分离参与者分为重复运动单元的滤波的信号。 </li><li>生成每个参与者的图案模板时，在每个采样单元正常化的持续时间（采样运动单元的长度）和幅度（提升/推压或旋转幅度）。 </li><li>计算采样运动单元的平均幅度和持续时间为每个参与者。 </li><li>提取使用傅立叶变换的实际运动的主要频率，从而使intende的主要频率和频率之间的误差Ð运动程序屏幕上显示的参与者完成1分钟的训练后。 </li><li>分析使用广义相加混合模型（GAMM）方法9为每个参与者的归一化运动单元。 注意:在GAMM，型号为在时间（t）的参与者作为平滑函数的总和与随机截距为个别单元（u）的一个单一操作运动（M）。换言之，模型M = S（t）的 + B（U），其中M为参与者的运动，S（t）是在时间上平滑函数，和b（u）为用于个别单位随机截距。我们以前的研究说明了GAMM模型和均方误差（MSE）的详细9的计算。 </li><li>由第一和针刺手法9的最后试验的参与者计算预期的运动与实际的运动的提取的运动模式之间的均方误差（MSE）。 </li><li>使用两样品t检验，以确定视觉反馈之后改变针刺手法分析来自第一和最后一个试验数据。 </li></ol>

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The authors declared that no competing conflicts of interest exist.

本程序跟踪从创建幻影腧穴和AMES方案，从参与者的试验获得的数据分析中的应用针刺手法教育的过程。幻象穴从琼脂糖凝胶中产生，并将该溶液需要仔细调整，以类似于人类穴位的运动和转矩振幅。我们开发了不同类型的那名类似其他穴位的扭矩幅度幻影腧穴;这些可以与不同的解剖特征13被应用到更全面的针刺手法训练协议，诸如一个用穴。此外，使用运动传感器允许针操纵在运动和力的模式10项量化。使用虚拟和腧穴针灸针，此方案可以适用于通过改变从T的模式培养不同类型的针刺手法他转动或提升/推方法和通过改变频率和图案。此外，通过提取通过数据处理参与者的样品运动，参与者可以看到他们的针刺手法运动瞬间比较实际和预期的运动之间的差异。此外，GAMM，基于广义相加模型（GAM）的方法，允许对平滑函数的混合模型框架内的规格。通过培训前后比较运动模式，参与者可以收到关于针刺手法的改进作为培训结果的信息。 有用于教育和医疗规范程序不同的方法和工具。一个是一个详细的，书面指令集，例如标准操作程序（SOP）。这种方法的目标是实现统一在一个特定的功能的性能，以满足临床试验规范的目标1 </sup&gt;。另一种方法，类似于我们的幻影穴位的方法，在牙齿的模型，其中包括灵活的模具2被找到。先前的研究中使用的力反馈训练与硬膜外注射模拟器获得脑脊液14。幻像穴位是在训练学生进行针灸操作基于幻像教育计划非常有用。这是涉及到医疗程序，包括针灸教育计划的一个重要进展。另一方面，由于缺乏有关针操纵运动参数的定量和客观的信息，也很难学习针刺操纵的复杂的动作。为了解决这个问题，戴维斯等人开发出一种运动和力传感器来量化不同针刺运动和力的模式为两种不同的针刺手法10。 感觉学习是基于感官反馈，旨在减少ð期望与实际运动之间iscrepancies。人类可以估算其运动的每个元件的误差梯度和提高通过根据运动误差迭代修正它们的性能。一个等距目标采集任务过程中的视觉反馈结果表明，以改善两种不同的方式表现:通过视觉 - 运动映射的自动校准并行的视觉反馈增强机动性能，而使用后的审判视觉反馈改进诱导认知策略。 AMES呈现在不断根据参与者的移动而移动的振荡的形式针刺手法，允许参与者获得的反馈和修改他或她的操作技术。 在此协议的关键步骤是调整针灸针的位置，以便它是幻影穴位内没有太深也不能太浅，这样程序将识别为BA针的位置seline和显示运动在同一水平上的屏幕上的模板。开始操作前，运动仔细参与者必须检查屏幕和穴位的位置。 通过调制频率，振幅，和正弦波的比例，预期的运动的可视化和针刺手法的实际运动提供反馈给参与者。这个实时反馈到与会者允许操纵误差的最小化。在此程序中的可视化允许在时间间隔或在旋转和针刺手法的升降/推压运动的速度，以及在运动的图案变化的描绘。例如，提升​​/推压的方式可以是在1:1的比例，2:1，或1:2，和旋转顺时针/逆时针可以是0.5，1，或2赫兹的模式。以提高实时视觉反馈的影响，并让学生掌握移动误差，这个程序提供了使用基于量化测量12错误反馈试用后由参与者制定的预期与实际走势之间的差异信息。 针灸教育的标准化是困难的，因为参与这种做法针灸针的复杂操作。运动的不同的形式，需要进行可视化针刺的不同的方法，如补益和在升降/推压运动减少的方法。最近的研究集中于显示系统用于在医疗过程中，以及对在医疗过程，如虚线模型10-11所使用的工具和方法的仿真增强身体结构的可视化。通过视觉呈现针刺手法过程中执行的手部动作的运动模式，该系统可以帮助学生和年轻医生提高他们复杂的手部动作的表现需要针灸针操纵。因此，我们的节目提出的针灸训练，可以产生标准化的针刺手法高效易行准备的新形式。此外，该方案提供了关于参加演出的针灸针，它可以用来提供视觉 - 运动学习针灸教育的充足数据。 在这里提出的技术的限制如下。第一，是人工生成的用于操纵模板曲线，这意味着它可以从操作运动中的实际设置不同。第二，关于由振荡提供旋转的方法的信息是不直观明显，如顺时针和逆时针运动的方向是不会在可视良好表示。最后，我们的协议不包括在旋转和提升/组合技能提供培训计划助推在一起，这是另一种acupunctu重新操作技能。在今后的研究中，我们将提供熟练的医生，包括旋转和升降/助推克服这些局限性的组合技能模板。 总之，我们的针灸培训新开发的程序使用视觉反馈，并提供了新的方法，针灸教育，聘请了设备，使易于操作针灸针和针灸运动的精确测量。它也是一个成本有效的工具，用以实践针刺的针刺。在医疗过程中超越的身体部位可视化系统，该程序使用图形来提供医疗过程本身的可视化。我们的方案提出了针刺训练是在针刺的针刺标准化做法和数据简单，高效和结果的新方法。

针刺手法教育系统（AMES）的开发是为了增强学生的针刺手法的技巧，通过视觉 - 运动学习的教学针刺手法的目标。该方案是一个新的方法来使用的图形用户界面（GUI）软件针刺训练。这个系统允许学生同时观察自己的实际运动和预期的运动。这种视觉反馈帮助学生提高他们的针刺手法技巧。 不同的方法和工具，如详细的书面说明或牙科灵活的模具，已发展到教育学生有关的医疗程序1-2。在针灸，传统医学文献已经包括在具有对患者不同的影响针刺手法的各种方法的说明。最近，一些研究提出了一种使用3D立体DISP针灸培训的虚拟现实系统躺在实时3-4逼真的触觉反馈。而许多的过去的发展集中于涉及医疗过程5-6解剖结构，在针刺训练最近的发展集中于针刺或虚拟现实系统的感觉用人工皮肤垫，以提供一个设置类似于在其中针灸针刺的实际临床实践中出现7-8。正如在以前的研究中解释，新系统提供了针刺手法的可视化，可轻松处理银针的使用与廉价和便携工具练习针刺9的显示系统。使用专门为针灸10运动传感器，该系统可以帮助学生和年轻医生使用可视反馈和视觉-运动学习11-12改善他们的针刺手法的表现。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="576">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:204px;">Agarose</td>
			<td style="width:79px;">Lonza</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">50002</td>
			<td style="width:152px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Safe-Lock Tube</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>T2795-1000EA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">motion and force sensor</td>
			<td>Stromatec</td>
			<td>Acusensor</td>
			<td>www.stromatec.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">acupuncture needle</td>
			<td>Seirin</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>J Type Japanese needle</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

visualizing motion patterns in acupuncture manipulation

Acupuncture manipulation varies widely among practitioners in clinical settings, and it is difficult to teach novice students how to perform acupuncture manipulation techniques skillfully. The Acupuncture Manipulation Education System (AMES) is an open source software system designed to enhance acupuncture manipulation skills using visual feedback. Using a phantom acupoint and motion sensor, our method for acupuncture manipulation training provides visual feedback regarding the actual movement of the student's acupuncture manipulation in addition to the optimal or intended movement, regardless of whether the manipulation skill is lifting, thrusting, or rotating. Our results show that students could enhance their manipulation skills by training using this method. This video shows the process of manufacturing phantom acupoints and discusses several issues that may require the attention of individuals interested in creating phantom acupoints or operating this system.

针刺手法教育系统（AMES）是一个可视化旋转手法或起重/助推针灸治疗方法的教育体系。这里，我们显示一个1赫兹转动操作（ 图1）中的运动和转矩振幅的波形的原始数据的一个例子。正如图2A所示，程序同时可视化的实际运动和使用不同颜色的线的预期的运动，允许一个视觉一运动学习。此外，有用于旋转和升降/按照不同的运动（ 图2B）的对称性和频率突刺运动各种模板。参与者完成针刺手法后，将实时运动的原始数据进行处理，以产生每个参与者的实际针刺手法的提取样品运动。所采样的运动被用于计算错误拟移动和加工后的实际运动（ 图3）之间。经分析，复杂的提升/逆冲会话期间针刺手法的运动模式得到改善。所估计的运动图形回归曲线更接近与训练前测试（ 图4A）相比在训练后测试的运动模板。此外，还有以下训练（ 图 4B）中的复杂的起重一个显著形状误差的减少/突刺会话。 <img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/54213/54213fig1.jpg" /> 图1.运动幅度和扭矩的波形原始数据的1赫兹旋转操作过程中（左:人类穴位，右:幻影穴）的例子。在5％（0.75 G）琼脂糖浓度用于创建具有扭矩幅度幻影取穴类似于人类的穴位S（ 例如 ，在合谷穴位）。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/54213/54213fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/54213/54213fig2.jpg" /> 图2.方案概述。A的 ）程序的屏幕截图。从运动传感器发送实际运动显示为绿线，和预期的运动的模板同时重叠，显示为红色系。B）的针刺手法运动的各种模板。针灸该教育计划支持的旋转和升降/助推了针灸针的动作都训练。提供了各种模板，学习各种频率和非对称的动作。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/54213/54213fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">PLE</a><html> ASE点击此处查看该图的放大版本。 <img alt="图3" src="/files/ftp_upload/54213/54213fig3.jpg" /> 图3.通过提取数据处理和计算错误的参与者的样品运动。（ 一）在试用原始运动数据，（二）确定的采样移动单位，（C）与正常化重新采样观测数据的数量为具体的数字（50），（d）与0和1，和（e）之间的升降/逆冲幅度重新缩放正常化计算各个运动和模板形状之间的均方误差。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/54213/54213fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> 3fig4.jpg"/&gt; 图4.数据分析之前和训练。 A）的岗前培训和岗位培训试验之间的运动模式的比较。前和培训后之间进行八个训练试验。单运动单元（蓝点线），拟合模型（红线）通过一个广义相加混合模型（GAMM），和预期的运动（黑线）前和后的培训的模板被显示。B）的盒和MSE值须图。均方误差（MSE）的预培养和培训后试验进行比较。可以看出此参与者表现出比使用这个程序后，训练审前培训后试用显著较低的MSE值。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/54213/54213fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Visualizing Motion Patterns in Acupuncture Manipulation at JoVE.com

Visualizing Motion Patterns in Acupuncture Manipulation

在这里，我们提出了一个协议，用于在使用虚拟取穴针刺手法技能培训采用针刺手法教育系统（AMES）。

可视化的运动模式在针刺手法

Acupuncture manipulation varies widely among practitioners in clinical settings, and it is difficult to teach novice students how to perform acupuncture ...

visualizing-motion-patterns-in-acupuncture-manipulation

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

8.6K 次观看.  Kyung Hee University. 在这里，我们提出了一个协议，用于在使用虚拟取穴针刺手法技能培训采用针刺手法教育系统（AMES）。 

视频: Visualizing Motion Patterns in Acupuncture Manipulation

Mindfulness in Motion (MIM): An Onsite Mindfulness Based Intervention (MBI) for Chronically High Stress Work Environments to Increase Resiliency and Work Engagement

A pragmatic mindfulness intervention to benefit personnel working in chronically high-stress environments, delivered onsite during the workday, is timely and valuable to employee and employer alike. Mindfulness in Motion (MIM) is a Mindfulness Based Intervention (MBI) offered as a modified, less time intensive method (compared to Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction), delivered onsite, during work, and intends to enable busy working adults to experience the benefits of mindfulness. It teaches mindful awareness principles, rehearses mindfulness as a group, emphasizes the use of gentle yoga stretches, and utilizes relaxing music in the background of both the group sessions and individual mindfulness practice. MIM is delivered in a group format, for 1 hr/week/8 weeks. CDs and a DVD are provided to facilitate individual practice. The yoga movement is emphasized in the protocol to facilitate a quieting of the mind. The music is included for participants to associate the relaxed state experienced in the group session with their individual practice. To determine the intervention feasibility/efficacy we conducted a randomized wait-list control group in Intensive Care Units (ICUs). ICUs represent a high-stress work environment where personnel experience chronic exposure to catastrophic situations as they care for seriously injured/ill patients. Despite high levels of work-related stress, few interventions have been developed and delivered onsite for such environments. The intervention is delivered on site in the ICU, during work hours, with participants receiving time release to attend sessions. The intervention is well received with 97% retention rate. Work engagement and resiliency increase significantly in the intervention group, compared to the wait-list control group, while participant respiration rates decrease significantly pre-post in 6/8 of the weekly sessions. Participants value institutional support, relaxing music, and the instructor as pivotal to program success. This provides evidence that MIM is feasible, well accepted, and can be effectively implemented in a chronically high-stress work environment.

Mindfulness in Motion MIM: An Onsite Mindfulness Based Intervention MBI for Chronically High Stress Work Environments to Increase Resiliency and Work Engagement

The Mindfulness in Motion (MIM) protocol offers a pragmatic Mindfulness Based Intervention (MBI) on-site, for persons working in chronically high-stress work environments that significantly increases resiliency and work engagement. The protocol has proven feasible, beneficial, and is easily adaptable to other high-stress workplaces.

正念的运动 （MIM）:一种基于现场干预正念（MBI）用于长期的高压力的工作环境，以增加弹性和工作投入

A pragmatic mindfulness intervention to benefit personnel working in chronically high-stress environments, delivered onsite during the workday, is timely ...

科研

行为学

How to Study Placebo Responses in Motion Sickness with a Rotation Chair Paradigm in Healthy Participants

Placebo responses occur in every medical intervention when patients or participants expect to receive an effective treatment to relieve symptoms. However, underlying mechanisms of placebo responses are not fully understood. It has repeatedly been shown that placebo responses are associated with changes in neural activity but for many conditions it is unclear whether they also affect the target organ, such as the stomach in motion sickness. Therefore, we present a methodology for the multivariate assessment of placebo responses by subjective, behavioral and objective measures in motion sickness with a rotation chair paradigm. The physiological correlate of motion sickness is a shift in gastric myoelectrical activity towards tachygastria that can be recorded with electrogastrography. The presented study applied the so-called balanced placebo design (BPD) to investigate the effects of ginger compared to placebo and the effects of expectations by verbal information. However, the study revealed no significant main or interactional effects of ginger (as a drug) or information on outcome measures but showed interactions when sex of participants and experimenters are taken into considerations. We discuss limitations of the presented study and report modifications that were used in subsequent studies demonstrating placebo responses when rotation speed was lowered. In general, future placebo studies have to identify the appropriate target organ for the studied placebo responses and to apply the specific methods to assess the physiological correlates.

An experimental rotation chair paradigm is used to investigate whether a placebo intervention on motion sickness affects subjective outcome measures only or also affects behavioral and objective measures in a balanced placebo design.

如何学习安慰剂反应晕车了旋转椅范式健康参与者

Placebo responses occur in every medical intervention when patients or participants expect to receive an effective treatment to relieve symptoms. However, ...

Multifunctional Setup for Studying Human Motor Control Using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, Electromyography, Motion Capture, and Virtual Reality

The study of neuromuscular control of movement in humans is accomplished with numerous technologies. Non-invasive methods for investigating neuromuscular function include transcranial magnetic stimulation, electromyography, and three-dimensional motion capture. The advent of readily available and cost-effective virtual reality solutions has expanded the capabilities of researchers in recreating &#8220;real-world&#8221; environments and movements in a laboratory setting. Naturalistic movement analysis will not only garner a greater understanding of motor control in healthy individuals, but also permit the design of experiments and rehabilitation strategies that target specific motor impairments (e.g. stroke). The combined use of these tools will lead to increasingly deeper understanding of neural mechanisms of motor control. A key requirement when combining these data acquisition systems is fine temporal correspondence between the various data streams. This protocol describes a multifunctional system&#8217;s overall connectivity, intersystem signaling, and the temporal synchronization of recorded data. Synchronization of the component systems is primarily accomplished through the use of a customizable circuit, readily made with off the shelf components and minimal electronics assembly skills.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation, electromyography, and 3D motion capture are commonly used non-invasive techniques for investigating neuromuscular function in humans. In this paper, we describe a protocol that synchronously samples data generated by all three of these tools along with the unique addition of virtual reality stimulus presentation and feedback.

多功能设置研究人类电机控制用经颅磁刺激，肌电图，运动捕捉和虚拟现实

The study of neuromuscular control of movement in humans is accomplished with numerous technologies. Non-invasive methods for investigating neuromuscular ...

Substantiating Appropriate Motion Capture Techniques for the Assessment of Nordic Walking Gait and Posture in Older Adults

Nordic walking (NW) has become a safe and simple form of exercise in recent years, and in studying this gait pattern, various data collection techniques have been employed, each with positives and negatives. The aim was to determine the effect of NW on older adult gait and posture and to determine optimal use of different data collection systems in both short and long duration analysis. Gait and posture during NW and normal walking were assessed in 17 healthy older adults (age: 69 &#177; 7.3). Participants performed two trials of 6 Minute Walk Tests (6MWT) (1 with poles (WP) and 1 without poles (NP)) and 6 trials of a 5m walk (3 WP and 3 NP). Motion was recorded using two systems, a 6-sensor accelerometry system and an 8-camera 3-dimensional motion capture system, in order to quantify spatial-temporal, kinematic, and kinetic parameters.
With both systems, participants demonstrated increased stride length and double support and decreased gait speed and cadence WP compared to NP (p &#60;0.05). Also, with motion capture, larger single support time was found WP (p &#60;0.05). With 3-D capture, smaller hip power generation and moments of force were found at heel contact and pre-swing as well as smaller knee power absorption at heel contact, pre-swing, and terminal swing WP compared to NP, when assessed over one cycle (p &#60;0.05). Also, WP yielded smaller moments of force at heel contact and terminal swing along with larger moments at mid-stance of a gait cycle (p &#60;0.05). No changes were found for posture.
NW seems appropriate for promoting a normal gait pattern in older adults. Three-dimensional motion capture should primarily be used during short duration gait analysis (i.e. single gait cycle), while accelerometry systems should be primarily employed in instances requiring longer duration analysis such as during the 6MWT.

The aim was to substantiate optimal use of data collection techniques for Nordic walking gait and posture analysis. Three-dimensional motion capture should be used during short duration analysis (i.e. single gait cycle), while accelerometry should be employed for longer duration analysis (i.e. repeated cycles) like a 6 Minute Walk Test.

充实适当的运动捕捉技术的越野行走步态中老年人的评估和姿势

Nordic walking (NW) has become a safe and simple form of exercise in recent years, and in studying this gait pattern, various data collection techniques ...

Visualizing Visual Adaptation

Many techniques have been developed to visualize how an image would appear to an individual with a different visual sensitivity: e.g., because of optical or age differences, or a color deficiency or disease. This protocol describes a technique for incorporating sensory adaptation into the simulations. The protocol is illustrated with the example of color vision, but is generally applicable to any form of visual adaptation. The protocol uses a simple model of human color vision based on standard and plausible assumptions about the retinal and cortical mechanisms encoding color and how these adjust their sensitivity to both the average color and range of color in the prevailing stimulus. The gains of the mechanisms are adapted so that their mean response under one context is equated for a different context. The simulations help reveal the theoretical limits of adaptation and generate &#34;adapted images&#34; that are optimally matched to a specific environment or observer. They also provide a common metric for exploring the effects of adaptation within different observers or different environments. Characterizing visual perception and performance with these images provides a novel tool for studying the functions and consequences of long-term adaptation in vision or other sensory systems.

This article describes a novel method for simulating and studying adaptation in the visual system.

可视化视觉适应

Many techniques have been developed to visualize how an image would appear to an individual with a different visual sensitivity: e.g., because of optical ...

Manipulation of Epileptiform Electrocorticograms (ECoGs) and Sleep in Rats and Mice by Acupuncture

Ancient Chinese literature has documented that acupuncture possesses efficient therapeutic effects on epilepsy and insomnia. There is, however, little research to reveal the possible mechanisms behind these effects. To investigate the effect of acupuncture on epilepsy and sleep, several issues need to be addressed. The first is to identify the acupoints, which correspond between humans, rats, and mice. Furthermore, the depth of insertion of the acupuncture needle, the degree of needle twist in manual needle acupuncture, and the stimulation parameters for electroacupuncture (EA) need to be determined. To evaluate the effects of acupuncture on epilepsy and sleep, a feasible model of epilepsy in rodents is required. We administer pilocarpine into the left central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) to simulate focal temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) in rats. Intraperitoneal (IP) injection of pilocarpine induces generalized epilepsy and status epilepticus (SE) in rats. Five IP injections of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) with a one-day interval between each injection successfully induces spontaneous generalized epilepsy in mice. Recordings of electrocorticograms (ECoGs), electromyograms (EMGs), brain temperature, and locomotor activity are used for sleep analysis in rats, while ECoGs, EMGs, and locomotor activity are employed for sleep analysis in mice. ECoG electrodes are implanted into the frontal, parietal, and contralateral occipital cortices, and a thermistor is implanted above the cerebral cortex by stereotactic surgery. EMG electrodes are implanted into the neck muscles, and an infrared detector determines locomotor activity. The criteria for categorizing vigilance stages, including wakefulness, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and non-REM (NREM) sleep are based on information from ECoGs, EMGs, brain temperature, and locomotor activity. Detailed classification criteria are stated in the text.

Manipulation of Epileptiform Electrocorticograms ECoGs and Sleep in Rats and Mice by Acupuncture

This paper demonstrates the performance of acupuncture, epilepsy models, and the analysis of sleep in rodents. The acupuncture procedure and the identification of acupoints are described. Pilocarpine or pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) is used to induce epilepsy. Electrocorticogram (ECoG), electromyogram (EMG), brain temperature, and locomotor activity recordings are employed for sleep analysis.

癫痫Electrocorticograms（ECoGs）的操作，并睡在针刺大鼠和小鼠

Ancient Chinese literature has documented that acupuncture possesses efficient therapeutic effects on epilepsy and insomnia. There is, however, little ...

Measuring the Kinematics of Daily Living Movements with Motion Capture Systems in Virtual Reality

The inability to complete instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) is a precursor to various neuropsychological diseases. Questionnaire-based assessments of IADL are easy to use but prone to subjective bias. Here, we describe a novel virtual reality (VR) test to assess two complex IADL tasks: handling financial transactions and using public transportation. While a participant performs the tasks in a VR setting, a motion capture system traces the position and orientation of the dominant hand and head in a three-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system. Kinematic raw data are collected and converted into &#39;kinematic performance measures,&#39; i.e., motion trajectory, moving distance, and time to completion. Motion trajectory is the path of a particular body part (e.g., dominant hand or head) in space. Moving distance refers to the total distance of the trajectory, and time to completion is how long it took to complete an IADL task. These kinematic measures could discriminate patients with cognitive impairment from healthy controls. The development of this kinematic measuring protocol allows detection of early IADL-related cognitive impairments.

We designed a virtual reality test to assess instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) with a motion capture system. We propose a detailed kinematic analysis to interpret the participant&#39;s various movements, including trajectory, moving distance, and time to completion to evaluate IADL capabilities.

虚拟现实中运动捕捉系统的日常生活运动运动学测量

The inability to complete instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) is a precursor to various neuropsychological diseases. Questionnaire-based ...

Assessing the Autonomic and Behavioral Effects of Passive Motion in Rats using Elevator Vertical Motion and Ferris-Wheel Rotation

The overall goal of this study is to assess the autonomic and behavioral effects of passive motion in rodents using the elevator vertical motion and Ferris-wheel rotation devices. These assays can help confirm the integrity and normal functioning of the autonomic nervous system. They are coupled to quantitative measures based on defecation counting, open-field examination, and balance beam crossing. The advantages of these assays are their simplicity, reproducibility, and quantitative behavioral measures. The limitations of these assays are that the autonomic reactions could be epiphenomena of non-vestibular disorders and that a functioning vestibular system is required. Examination of disorders such as motion sickness will be greatly aided by the detailed procedures of these assays.

Protocols are presented to assess the autonomic and behavioral effects of passive motion in rodents using elevator vertical motion and Ferris-wheel rotation.

使用电梯垂直运动和摩天轮旋转评估大鼠被动运动的自主性和行为效应

The overall goal of this study is to assess the autonomic and behavioral effects of passive motion in rodents using the elevator vertical motion and ...

Analysis of Learning and Memory Ability in an Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Model using the Morris Water Maze

A Morris water maze (MWM) experiment forces experimental animals to swim and learn to find a platform hidden in the water. It is widely used in scientific research to assess the learning and memory of animals. Due to the extensive use of the MWM test, visual experimental protocols are essential for researchers. This manuscript uses the latest studies to introduce the protocol of the MWM test. Alzheimer&#8217; Disease (AD) is characterized by a progressive loss of memory and cognitive function. An alternative and complementary treatment used for AD is Manual Acupuncture (MA). To assess the learning and memory ability of AD model mice, the MWM test was conducted. The visible platform trial, hidden platform trial, probe trial, and reversal trial of MWM were used to evaluate spatial learning and memory ability. In the visible platform trial, the swimming speed and escape latency of mice in different groups was not significantly different. In the hidden platform and reversal trials, the AD group showed a long escape latency. The escape latency decreased significantly after the MA treatment. Low platform crossover number and the proportion of time in the SW quadrant in the probe trial increased after the MA treatment (p &#60; 0.05 or p &#60; 0.01). The results of the MWM tests suggest that MA can effectively improve the spatial learning and memory abilities of AD model mice. Rigorous experimental operations provided assurance of the reliability of the results.

Herein, a protocol to conduct the Morris water maze tests to evaluate the ability of learning and memory of Alzheimer&#8217;s Disease model mice and to assess the effect of manual acupuncture for treating them is described.

使用莫里斯水迷宫对阿尔茨海默氏病小鼠模型学习和记忆能力的分析

A Morris water maze (MWM) experiment forces experimental animals to swim and learn to find a platform hidden in the water. It is widely used in scientific ...

Investigation into Deep Breathing through Measurement of Ventilatory Parameters and Observation of Breathing Patterns

In this protocol, two deep breathing patterns were shown to 15 participants to determine an easy yet effective method of breathing exercise for future application in a clinical setting. The women in their twenties were seated comfortably in a chair with back support. They were fitted with an airtight mask connected to a&#160;gas analyzer. Three electrodes were placed on the chest connected to a wireless transmitter for relaying to the electrocardiograph. They executed a 5 min rest phase, followed by 5 min of deep breathing with a natural breathing pattern, terminating with a 5 min rest phase. This was followed by a 10 min intermission before commencing the second instruction phase of substituting the natural breathing pattern with the diaphragmatic breathing pattern. Simultaneously, the following took place: a) continuous collection, measurement and analysis of the expired gas to assess the ventilatory parameters on a breath-by-breath basis; b) measurement of the heart rate by an electrocardiograph; and c) videotaping of the participant&#8217;s thoracoabdominal movement from a lateral aspect. From the video capture, the investigators carried out visual observation of the fast-forward motion-images followed by classification of the breathing patterns, confirming that the participants had carried out the method of deep breathing as instructed. The amount of oxygen uptake revealed that, during deep breathing, the work of breathing decreased. The results from the expired minute ventilation, respiration rate and tidal volume confirmed increased ventilatory efficiency for deep breathing with the natural breathing pattern compared to that with the diaphragmatic breathing pattern. This protocol suggests a suitable method of instruction for assessing deep breathing exercises on the basis of oxygen consumption, ventilatory parameters, and chest wall excursion.

Here, we present a protocol to assess two deep breathing patterns of natural and diaphragmatic breathing for their effectiveness and ease of execution. Fifteen participants were selected, utilizing an electrocardiograph and expired gas analyzer for measurement of the ventilatory parameters, together with visual assessment by video capture of thoracoabdominal movement.

通过呼吸参数测量和呼吸模式观察对深呼吸的调查

In this protocol, two deep breathing patterns were shown to 15 participants to determine an easy yet effective method of breathing exercise for future ...