M.-A. Deutsch is supported by Dr. Rusche Forschungsprojekt (2014) Deutsche Stiftung f&#252;r Herzforschung and Deutsche Gesellschaft f&#252;r Thorax- Herz- und Gef&#228;&#223;chirurgie. M. Krane is supported by Deutsche Stiftung f&#252;r Herzforschung (F/37/11), Deutsches Zentrum f&#252;r Herz Kreislauf Forschung (DZHK B 13-050A; DZHK B 14-013SE) and Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (KR3770/7-1; KR3770/9-1)

所有实验均批准了德国心脏中心慕尼黑和德国巴伐利亚州（GZ。55.2-1-54-2532.3-17-13）的政府。动物饲养在无特定病原体设施，并与"实验动物保健的原则"，由国家红会的医学研究和"指南实验动物的护理和使用"由美国国家科学院提供的配方获得人文关怀符合科学和美国国立卫生研究院（NIH公开号86-23，1985年修订）出版。 注:一套完整的无菌显微仪器，其中包括两个弯钳和血管扩张器，是必要的过程（ 图2a）。围手术期抗生素预防是不是经常必要的，但可能在免疫功能低下的动物来表示。使用终端异氟烷吸入处死动物。 供体的制备与移植收获 &lt;OL&gt; <li>麻醉通过腹膜内（IP）的动物注射咪达唑仑（5.0毫克/千克），美托咪定（0.5毫克/千克）和芬太尼（0.05毫克/千克体重）。鼠标放置在上术野仰卧位置和确认手术耐受由踏板撤回反射。 </li><li>皮肤消毒三次氯己定和执行中线腹部切口。缩回用湿纱布肠内向左以暴露下腔静脉。 </li><li>注射50 IU肝素通过下腔静脉抗凝稀释0.4ml的生理盐水。切开肝素化后的容器1分钟。 </li><li>打开隔膜和执行双边开胸，露出心脏。前胸壁被优反射并在适当位置的夹紧保持。 </li><li>取出胸腺和直言解剖主动脉和肺动脉主干之间的结缔组织。切开右上腔静脉。 </li><li>穿刺动员升主动脉处的水平装在一个5毫升注射器头臂干与地下30针并缓慢灌注心脏retrogradually而没有过度的压力用3ml 4℃冷心脏停搏液。避免空气进入冠脉循环。掉落冰冷的生理盐水到移植物，以进一步提高心脏骤停。 </li><li>样近端主动脉至头臂干的起源。 </li><li>结扎下，并均优于腔静脉靠近心脏用8-0丝线和远端横切他们的连字。 </li><li>解剖游离肺动脉干的远端越好。结扎接近分叉8-​​0丝绸肺​​动脉和横切其远端。 </li><li>用一个8-0丝线结扎结扎肺静脉一起，横切它们。 </li><li>从供体取出心脏，并将其存储在冰冷的心脏停搏液，直到植入。 </li></ol> 2.收件人准备<ol><li>备通过切割聚酰亚胺管具有11号解剖刀或在显微镜下剪刀的袖口吻合。袖带包括一个圆柱体和一个延伸部分（圆周的1/3），用于安置所述血管夹，每1毫米（图2b）的长度的。 </li><li>麻醉动物，并确认手术耐受如上所述。注入0.25毫升温生理盐水溶液皮下注射（SC）的补液。 </li><li>卸下右颈部区域的使用的电动剃须刀的头发，然后将动物在一个温暖垫仰卧位置。固定双腿的胶带，同时避免过度拉伸的前肢，因为这会危及呼吸链。封面使用眼药膏，以防止干燥的眼睛。消毒手术部位三次洗必泰。 </li><li>做一个横向皮肤切口从右侧下颌角到颈静脉切迹。 </li><li>说白了动员分机ernal颈静脉。烧灼偏科用双极钳和横切它们。 </li><li>划分结扎的颈外静脉与下颌下腺静脉汇合处的水平。 </li><li>通过袖带拉颈外静脉，并通过将一血管钳上的袖带的延伸堵塞血管近侧。取出结扎和灌溉管腔1:10肝素生理盐水。 </li><li>外翻血管壁在压脉袋和与预设的圆周8-0丝线结扎固定。 </li><li>删除胸锁乳突肌的肤浅的一部分。 </li><li>动员的右颈总动脉和横切下面颈动脉分叉连字之间的容器中。 </li><li>通过袖带拉颈动脉和通过将Yasargil夹具上的袖带的延伸堵塞血管近侧。取出结扎和灌溉管腔1:10肝素生理盐水。 </li><li>轻轻dilatE中的动脉管腔与血管扩张器，外翻血管壁在袖口和预设的圆周8-0丝线结扎固定。 </li><li>为了获得足够的空间用于移植植入，取出颌下腺右叶。 </li><li>保持术野湿润，待注入。 </li></ol> 3.植骨<ol><li>放置在收件人颈部接枝与指向内侧主动脉和肺动脉横向倒置。 </li><li>拉移植物的主动脉在与该颈动脉的压脉袋，并固定吻合圆周8-0丝线结扎。 </li><li>切开肺动脉干在其前方面和在与该外部颈静脉压脉袋拉出。再次确保吻合圆周8-0丝线结扎。 </li><li>除去外部颈静脉夹具，通过松开所述颈动脉以下。心中有血立刻填补。提升自主eperfusion下降37℃温生理盐水溶液涂布到移植物。一般情况下，心脏的发展在一分钟内窦性心律。取出袖口延伸静脉部位。 </li><li>确保正确的移植物的位置，吻合口必须是无张力和船只没有扭转。不要在皮肤，因为这烧灼血管可能影响伤口愈合。出血一般自动停止。关闭皮肤用一个8-0连续缝合。 </li></ol> 4.术后护理<ol><li>注入0.25毫升温暖的生理盐水SC补液。 </li><li>为了对抗毒品注射纳洛酮（1.2毫克/千克），氟马西尼（0.5毫克/千克）和atipamezol（2.5毫克/千克体重）SC左动物的保暖垫，直到它已经恢复足够的意识，以保持胸骨斜卧。观察动物的至少一个附加小时到注册任何异常行为。不返回已经历手术给其他动物的公司，直到完全recove动物红色。 </li><li>提供超前镇痛丁丙诺啡（0.05毫克/千克SC每天三次）或根据本地机构协议72小时的步骤后的最小持续时间的替代镇痛。 </li><li>外科医生和一名兽医应定期看动物。如果体重下降&gt; 15％，冷漠，肿胀或手术侧感染动物的使用终端异氟烷吸入安乐死。 </li></ol>

<ol>
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N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessment+of+graft+function+in+rodent+models+of+heart+transplantation.">Assessment of graft function in rodent models of heart transplantation.</a> Microsurgery. 28, 565-570 (2008).</li><li>Schramm, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+subepicardial+microcirculation+in+heterotopically+transplanted+mouse+hearts:+an+intravital+multifluorescence+microscopy+study.">The subepicardial microcirculation in heterotopically transplanted mouse hearts: an intravital multifluorescence microscopy study.</a> J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 134, 210-217 (2007).</li><li>Liu, F., Kang, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heterotopic+heart+transplantation+in+mice.">Heterotopic heart transplantation in mice.</a> J Vis Exp : JoVE. 238, (2007).</li><li>Gong, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Introduction+of+modified+cervical+cardiac+transplant+model+in+mice.">Introduction of modified cervical cardiac transplant model in mice.</a> Exp Clin Transplant. 10, 158-162 (2012).</li><li>Matsuura, A., Abe, T., Yasuura, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simplified+mouse+cervical+heart+transplantation+using+a+cuff+technique.">Simplified mouse cervical heart transplantation using a cuff technique.</a> Transplantation. 51, 896-898 (1991).</li><li>Chen, H., Zhang, Y., Zheng, D., Praseedom, R. K., Dong, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Orthotopic+kidney+transplantation+in+mice:+technique+using+cuff+for+renal+vein+anastomosis.">Orthotopic kidney transplantation in mice: technique using cuff for renal vein anastomosis.</a> PloS one. 8, e77278 (2013).</li><li>Maglione, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+technique+for+heterotopic+vascularized+pancreas+transplantation+in+mice+to+assess+ischemia+reperfusion+injury+and+graft+pancreatitis.">A novel technique for heterotopic vascularized pancreas transplantation in mice to assess ischemia reperfusion injury and graft pancreatitis.</a> Surgery. 141, 682-689 (2007).</li><li>Sucher, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Orthotopic+hind-limb+transplantation+in+rats.">Orthotopic hind-limb transplantation in rats.</a> J Vis Exp : JoVE. , (2010).</li><li>Kamada, N., Calne, R. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Orthotopic+liver+transplantation+in+the+rat.+Technique+using+cuff+for+portal+vein+anastomosis+and+biliary+drainage.">Orthotopic liver transplantation in the rat. Technique using cuff for portal vein anastomosis and biliary drainage.</a> Transplantation. 28, 47-50 (1979).</li><li>Oldani, G., Lacotte, S., Morel, P., Mentha, G., Toso, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Orthotopic+liver+transplantation+in+rats.">Orthotopic liver transplantation in rats.</a> J Vis Exp : JoVE. , (2012).</li><li>Okazaki, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+mouse+model+of+orthotopic+vascularized+aerated+lung+transplantation.">A mouse model of orthotopic vascularized aerated lung transplantation.</a> Am J Transplant. 7, 1672-1679 (2007).</li><li>Suzuki, H., Fan, L., Wilkes, D. 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The authors have nothing to disclose.

我们已经完成了超过200个心脏移植，成功率为90％，在各种实验设置。与这里所描述的技术中，完整的程序，可在60分钟内由有经验的外科医生进行。由器官获取之前制备颈部血管，总接枝缺血时间可以限制到20分钟。时间用于植入（热缺血时间）是显著缩短使用袖套法相比，缝合技术16。 而不是简单地切除如前所述5,17的心脏，我们通过灌注移植与临床使用的?...

在心脏移植模型经常用于研究I / R损伤，移植排斥反应，移植后血管病变和免疫调节剂的效率。小鼠模型结合许多优点，如公知的免疫学和遗传背景，许多近交和转基因品系和相对低的成本的实验的可用性。 1973年，腹部心脏移植小鼠的技术由科里等 [1]首次描述。在此模型中的移植物是由升主动脉到主肺动脉到下腔静脉的收信人的腹主动脉和的端 - 侧吻合术吻合血管。 1991年，宫颈心脏移植小鼠缝合技术由陈等人 2被描述。在此模型中一个逆行冠状动脉灌注由收件人的颈动脉的吻合建立到克的升主动脉船尾。经由冠状窦静脉血液排入右心房，右心室，并通过肺动脉到受体颈外静脉（图1）排出。相较于腹腔移植植入颈椎模型是创伤小，移植物的位置表浅能够很容易获得额外的随访检查（ 如触诊，超声心动图，活体荧光显微镜）3,4。 尽管技术改进5,6，更广泛地使用这种模式已被有限的，由于技术上的困难进行了小血管缝合吻合术吻合口瘘和血栓形成的高发期。 1991年，松浦晃一郎等人 。引入其中血管壁被外翻在一个合成柱面，大大方便了颈部心脏移植7的模型的袖口技术。该技术是福rther通过了各种实验移植模型，包括8肾，胰9，四肢10，11,12肝，肺13,14和血管移植15。相比于缝合技术吻合术的所需时间，因此，热缺血时间较短，有显著较少血管并发症使用袖套法16。此外，它使医生与显微稍加培训与成功率高执行该操作。袖带技术的缺点是在颈总动脉，这可能会改变脑灌注的前提结扎。 在这个视频文章中，我们介绍了宫颈心脏移植小鼠改进和简化套管法。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Forceps JFC-7.2</td>
			<td>S&#38;T</td>
			<td>P-00036</td>
			<td>Curved tip 0.20 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vessel dilatator D-5a</td>
			<td>S&#38;T</td>
			<td>S-00124</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adventita scissor</td>
			<td>S&#38;T</td>
			<td>S-00102</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vascular clamp B-1V</td>
			<td>S&#38;T</td>
			<td>S-00396</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Yasargil Clip</td>
			<td>Peter Lazic</td>
			<td>65,097</td>
			<td>3.5 mm lenght</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bipolar forceps</td>
			<td>Micromed</td>
			<td>148-100-011</td>
			<td>tip 0.25 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polyimide tubes</td>
			<td>River Tech Medical</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>19-24 gauge</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>8.0 silk ligatures</td>
			<td>Catgut</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Custodiol HTK solution</td>
			<td>Essential Pharmaceuticals</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

heterotopic cervical heart transplantation in mice

The heterotopic cervical heart transplantation in mice is a valuable tool in transplant and cardiovascular research. The cuff technique greatly simplifies this model by avoiding challenging suture anastomoses of small vessels thereby reducing warm ischemia time. In comparison to abdominal graft implantation the cervical model is less invasive and the implanted graft is easily accessible for further follow-up examinations. Anastomoses are performed by pulling the ascending aorta of the graft over the cuff with the recipient&#8217;s common carotid artery and by pulling the main pulmonary artery over the cuff with the external jugular vein. Selection of appropriate cuff size and complete mobilization of the vessels are important for successful revascularization. Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury can be minimized by perfusing the graft with a cardioplegic solution and by hypothermia. In this article, we provide technical details for a simplified and improved cuff technique, which should allow surgeons with basic microsurgical skills to perform the procedure with a high success rate.

我们的团队经过大约20个训练手术能成功执行所描述的技术。最具挑战性的部分是外翻颈动脉上的压脉袋的血管壁，因为它很容易翻转回来，多次尝试可能导致撕裂壁。训练期间之后，平均总手术时间为60±8分钟。大约20分钟都需要捐助的收获，25分钟准备的颈部血管和15分钟吻合及皮肤缝合的。 心肌I / R损伤的调查，我们进行了200的操作在同系的C57BL / 6小鼠中各种实验设置与92...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Heterotopic Cervical Heart Transplantation in Mice at JoVE.com

Heterotopic Cervical Heart Transplantation in Mice

The cuff technique shortens and facilitates the model of heterotopic cervical heart transplantation in mice by avoiding technically challenging suture anastomoses of small vessels. The technical details shown in this video paper should allow researches to establish this model in their laboratories.

颈椎异位心脏移植小鼠

The heterotopic cervical heart transplantation in mice is a valuable tool in transplant and cardiovascular research. The cuff technique greatly simplifies ...

heterotopic-cervical-heart-transplantation-in-mice

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

11.1K 次观看.  German Heart Center Munich, Technische Universität München. The cuff technique shortens and facilitates the model of heterotopic cervical heart transplantation in mice by avoiding technically challenging suture anastomoses of small vessels. The technical details shown in this video paper should allow researches to establish this model in their laboratories.

视频: Heterotopic Cervical Heart Transplantation in Mice

Controlled Cervical Laceration Injury in Mice

Use of genetically modified mice enhances our understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying several neurological disorders such as a spinal cord injury (SCI). Freehand manual control used to produce a laceration model of SCI creates inconsistent injuries often associated with a crush or contusion component and, therefore, a novel technique was developed. Our model of cervical laceration SCI has resolved inherent difficulties with the freehand method by incorporating 1) cervical vertebral stabilization by vertebral facet fixation, 2) enhanced spinal cord exposure, and 3) creation of a reproducible laceration of the spinal cord using an oscillating blade with an accuracy of &plusmn;0.01 mm in depth without associated contusion. Compared to the standard methods of creating a SCI laceration such as freehand use of a scalpel or scissors, our method has produced a consistent lesion. This method is useful for studies on axonal regeneration of corticospinal, rubrospinal, and dorsal ascending tracts.

A novel technique to create a reproducible in vivo model of cervical spinal cord laceration injury in the mouse is described. This technique is based on spine stabilization by fixation of the cervical facets and laceration of the spinal cord using an oscillating blade with an accuracy of &plusmn;0.01 mm.

控制宫颈裂伤损伤小鼠

Use of genetically modified mice enhances our  understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying several neurological disorders  such as a spinal cord ...

科研

医学

Murine Cervical Heart Transplantation Model Using a Modified Cuff Technique

Mouse models are of special interest in research since a wide variety of monoclonal antibodies and commercially defined inbred and knockout strains are available to perform mechanistic in vivo studies. While heart transplantation models using a suture technique were first successfully developed in rats, the translation into an equally widespread used murine equivalent was never achieved due the technical complexity of the microsurgical procedure. In contrast, non-suture cuff techniques, also developed initially in rats, were successfully adapted for use in mice1-3. This technique for revascularization involves two major steps I) everting the recipient vessel over a polyethylene cuff; II) pulling the donor vessel over the formerly everted recipient vessel and holding it in place with a circumferential tie. This ensures a continuity of the endothelial layer, short operating time and very high patency rates4.
Using this technique for vascular anastomosis we performed more than 1,000 cervical heart transplants with an overall success rate of 95%. For arterial inflow the common carotid artery and the proximal aortic arch were anastomosed resulting in a retrograde perfusion of the transplanted heart. For venous drainage the pulmonary artery of the graft was anastomosed with the external jugular vein of the recipient5.
Herein, we provide additional details of this technique to supplement the video.

The murine cervical heart transplantation model is well suited for immunological as well as ischemia reperfusion injury studies. We modified the procedure using a non-suture cuff technique and performed more than 1,000 successful transplants with this approach.
Herein, we provide additional details of this technique to supplement the video.

用改进的袖套法小鼠颈部心脏移植模型

Mouse models are of special interest in research since a wide variety of monoclonal antibodies and commercially defined inbred and knockout strains are ...

Heterotopic Auxiliary Rat Liver Transplantation With Flow-regulated Portal Vein Arterialization in Acute Hepatic Failure

In acute hepatic failure auxiliary liver transplantation is an interesting alternative approach. The aim is to provide a temporary support until the failing native liver has regenerated.1-3 The APOLT-method, the orthotopic implantation of auxiliary segments- averts most of the technical problems. However this method necessitates extensive resections of both the native liver and the graft.4 In 1998, Erhard developed the heterotopic auxiliary liver transplantation (HALT) utilizing portal vein arterialization (PVA) (Figure 1). This technique showed promising initial clinical results.5-6 We developed a HALT-technique with flow-regulated PVA in the rat to examine the influence of flow-regulated PVA on graft morphology and function (Figure 2).
A liver graft reduced to 30 % of its original size, was heterotopically implanted in the right renal region of the recipient after explantation of the right kidney.&#160; The infra-hepatic caval vein of the graft was anastomosed with the infrahepatic caval vein of the recipient. The arterialization of the donor&#8217;s portal vein was carried out via the recipient&#8217;s right renal artery with the stent technique. The blood-flow regulation of the arterialized portal vein was achieved with the use of a stent with an internal diameter of 0.3 mm. The celiac trunk of the graft was end-to-side anastomosed with the recipient&#8217;s aorta and the bile duct was implanted into the duodenum. A subtotal resection of the native liver was performed to induce acute hepatic failure. 7
In this manner 112 transplantations were performed. The perioperative survival rate was 90% and the 6-week survival rate was 80%. Six weeks after operation, the native liver regenerated, showing an increase in weight from 2.3&#177;0.8 g to 9.8&#177;1 g. At this time, the graft&#8217;s weight decreased from 3.3&#177;0.8 g to 2.3&#177;0.8 g.
We were able to obtain promising long-term results in terms of graft morphology and function. HALT with flow-regulated PVA reliably bridges acute hepatic failure until the native liver regenerates.

Auxiliary liver transplantation provides a temporary support in acute hepatic failure, until regeneration of the failing liver. The heterotopic auxiliary liver transplantation (HALT) with portal vein arterialization (PVA) renders sufficient liver function. We developed an analogous technique in the rat, to examine the influence of the portal vein arterialization on the morphology and function of the graft.

在急性肝衰竭异位辅助性大鼠肝移植流量调节门静脉动脉

In acute hepatic failure auxiliary liver transplantation is an interesting alternative approach. The aim is to provide a temporary support until the ...

A Modified Method for Heterotopic Mouse Heart Transplantion

Mice are often used as heart transplant donors and recipients in studies of transplant immunology due to the wide range of transgenic mice and reagents available. A difficulty is presented due to the small size of the animal and the considerable technical challenges of the microsurgery involved in heart transplantation. In particular, a high rate of technical failure early after transplantation may result from recipient death and post-operative complications such as hind limb paralysis or a non-beating heart. Here, the complete technique for heterotopic mouse heart transplantation is demonstrated, involving harvesting the donor heart and its subsequent implantation into a recipient mouse. The donor heart is harvested immediately following in situ perfusion with cold heparinized saline and transection of the ascending aorta and pulmonary artery. The recipient operation involves preparation of the abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava (IVC), followed by end-to-side anastomosis of the donor aorta with the recipient aorta using a single running 10-0 microsuture and a similar anastomosis of the donor pulmonary artery with the recipient IVC. Following the operation the animal is injected with 0.6 ml normal saline subcutaneously and allowed to recover on a 37&#160;&#176;C heating pad. The results from 227 mouse heart transplants are summarized with a success rate at 48 hr of 86.8%. Of the 13.2% failures within 48 hr, 5 (2.2%) experienced hind limb paralysis, 10 (4.4%) had a non-beating heart due to graft ischemic injury and/or thrombosis, while 15 (6.6%) died within 48 hr.

A technique is demonstrated for the microsurgical procedure for heterotopic transplantation of hearts in mice, including simplified methods for donor harvesting and recipient vessel anastomosis.

对于异位小鼠心脏移植技术的一种改进方法

Mice are often used as heart transplant donors and recipients in studies of transplant immunology due to the wide range of transgenic mice and reagents ...

Murine Heterotopic Heart Transplant Technique

It is now over forty years since this technique was first reported by Corry, Wynn and Russell. Although it took some years for other labs to become proficient in and utilize this technique, it is now widely used by many laboratories around the world. A significant refinement to the original technique was developed and reported in 2001 by Niimi. Described here are the techniques that have evolved over more than a decade in the hands of three surgeons (Plenter, Grazia, Pietra) in our center. These techniques are now being passed on to a younger generation of surgeons and researchers.
Based largely on the Niimi experience, the procedures used have evolved in the fine details - details which we will endeavor to relate here in such a way that others may be able to use this very useful model. Like Niimi, we have found that a video aid to learning is a priceless resource for the beginner.

The manuscript describes the steps required to perform the heterotopic heart transplant in the mouse.

小鼠异位心脏移植技术

It is now over forty years since this technique was first reported by Corry, Wynn and Russell. Although it took some years for other labs to become ...

Transplantation of Pulmonary Valve Using a Mouse Model of Heterotopic Heart Transplantation

Tissue engineered heart valves, especially decellularized valves, are starting to gain momentum in clinical use of reconstructive surgery with mixed results. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of the neotissue development, valve thickening, and stenosis development are not researched extensively. To answer the above questions, we developed a murine heterotopic heart valve transplantation model. A heart valve was harvested from a valve donor mouse and transplanted to a heart donor mouse. The heart with a new valve was transplanted heterotopically to a recipient mouse. The transplanted heart showed its own heartbeat, independent of the recipient&#8217;s heartbeat. The blood flow was quantified using a high frequency ultrasound system with a pulsed wave Doppler. The flow through the implanted pulmonary valve showed forward flow with minimal regurgitation and the peak flow was close to 100 mm/sec. This murine model of heart valve transplantation is highly versatile, so it can be modified and adapted to provide different hemodynamic environments and/or can be used with various transgenic mice to study neotissue development in a tissue engineered heart valve.

In order to understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying neotissue formation and stenosis development in tissue engineered heart valves, a murine model of heterotopic heart valve transplantation was developed. A pulmonary heart valve was transplanted to recipient using the heterotopic heart transplantation technique.

肺动脉瓣使用异位心脏移植小鼠模型移植

Tissue engineered heart valves, especially decellularized valves, are starting to gain momentum in clinical use of reconstructive surgery with mixed ...

Rat Heterotopic Abdominal Heart/Single-lung Transplantation in a Volume-loaded Configuration

Herein, we describe a novel technique for heterotopic abdominal heart-lung transplantation (HAHLT) in rats. The configuration of the transplant graft involves anastomosis of donor inferior vena cava (IVC) to recipient IVC, and donor ascending aorta (Ao) to recipient abdominal Ao. The right upper and middle lung lobes are preserved and function as conduits for blood flow from right heart to left heart.
There are several advantages to using this technique, and it lends itself to a broad range of applications. Because the graft is transplanted in a configuration that allows for dyamic volume-loading, cardiac function may be directly assessed in vivo. The use of pressure-volume conductance catheters permits characterization of load-dependent and load-independent hemodynamic parameters. The graft may be converted to a loaded configuration by applying a clamp to the recipient&#8217;s infra-hepatic IVC. We describe modified surgical techniques for both donor and recipient operations, and an ideal myocardial protection strategy. Depending on the experimental aim, this model may be adapted for use in both acute and chronic studies of graft function, immunologic status, and variable ventricular loading conditions. The conducting airways to the transplanted lung are preserved, and allow for acute lung re-ventilation. This facilitates analysis of the effects of the mixed venous and arterial blood providing coronary perfusion to the graft.
A limitation of this model is its technical complexity. There is a significant learning curve for new operators, who should ideally be mentored in the technique. A surgical training background is advantageous for those wishing to apply this model. Despite its complexity, we aim to present the model in a clear and easily applicable format. Because of the physiologic similarity of this model to orthotopic transplantation, and its broad range of study applications, the effort invested in learning the technique is likely to be worthwhile.

We describe a novel technique for heterotopic abdominal heart-lung transplantation (HAHLT) in rats. The transplant configuration results in a partially loaded graft circulation, allowing direct functional assessment. This model may be employed for acute or chronic studies of function and immunologic status of the transplanted graft.

大鼠异位心脏腹部/在卷装配置单肺移植

Herein, we describe a novel technique for heterotopic abdominal heart-lung transplantation (HAHLT) in rats. The configuration of the transplant graft ...

Cardiac Catheterization in Mice to Measure the Pressure Volume Relationship: Investigating the Bowditch Effect

Animal models that mimic human cardiac disorders have been created to test potential therapeutic strategies. A key component to evaluating these strategies is to examine their effects on heart function. There are several techniques to measure in vivo cardiac mechanics (e.g., echocardiography, pressure/volume relations, etc.). Compared to echocardiography, real-time left ventricular (LV) pressure/volume analysis via catheterization is more precise and insightful in assessing LV function. Additionally, LV pressure/volume analysis provides the ability to instantaneously record changes during manipulations of contractility (e.g., &#946;-adrenergic stimulation) and pathological insults (e.g., ischemia/reperfusion injury). In addition to the maximum (+dP/dt) and minimum (-dP/dt) rate of pressure change in the LV, an accurate assessment of LV function via several load-independent indexes (e.g., end systolic pressure volume relationship and preload recruitable stroke work) can be attained. Heart rate has a significant effect on LV contractility such that an increase in the heart rate is the primary mechanism to increase cardiac output (i.e., Bowditch effect). Thus, when comparing hemodynamics between experimental groups, it is necessary to have similar heart rates. Furthermore, a hallmark of many cardiomyopathy models is a decrease in contractile reserve (i.e., decreased Bowditch effect). Consequently, vital information can be obtained by determining the effects of increasing heart rate on contractility. Our and others data has demonstrated that the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS1) knockout mouse has decreased contractility. Here we describe the procedure of measuring LV pressure/volume with increasing heart rates using the NOS1 knockout mouse model.

This article describes the measurement of murine left ventricular function via pressure/volume analysis at different heart rates.

心导​​管在小鼠测量压力体积的关系:调查的影响鲍迪奇

Animal models that mimic human cardiac disorders have been created to test potential therapeutic strategies. A key component to evaluating these ...

A Novel Microsurgical Model for Heterotopic, En Bloc Chest Wall, Thymus, and Heart Transplantation in Mice

Exploration of novel strategies in organ transplantation to prolong allograft survival and minimizing the need for long-term maintenance immunosuppression must be pursued. Employing vascularized bone marrow transplantation and co-transplantation of the thymus have shown promise in this regard in various animal models.1-11 Vascularized bone marrow transplantation allows for the uninterrupted transfer of donor bone marrow cells within the preserved donor microenvironment, and the incorporation of thymus tissue with vascularized bone marrow transplantation has shown to increase T-cell chimerism ultimately playing a supportive role in the induction of immune regulation. The combination of solid organ and vascularized composite allotransplantation can uniquely combine these strategies in the form of a novel transplant model. Murine models serve as an excellent paradigm to explore the mechanisms of acute and chronic rejection, chimerism, and tolerance induction, thus providing the foundation to propagate superior allograft survival strategies for larger animal models and future clinical application. Herein, we developed a novel heterotopic en bloc chest wall, thymus, and heart transplant model in mice using a cervical non-suture cuff technique. The experience in syngeneic and allogeneic transplant settings is described for future broader immunological investigations via an instructional manuscript and video supplement.

To study combined solid organ and vascularized composite allotransplantation, we describe a novel heterotopic en bloc chest wall, thymus, and heart transplant model in mice using a cervical non-suture cuff technique.

一种新的显微模型异位，整块胸壁，胸腺，和心脏移植小鼠

Exploration of novel strategies in organ transplantation to prolong allograft survival and minimizing the need for long-term maintenance immunosuppression ...

A Simplified Model for Heterotopic Heart Valve Transplantation in Rodents

There is an urgent clinical need for heart valve replacements that can grow in children. Heart valve transplantation is proposed as a new type of transplant with the potential to deliver durable heart valves capable of somatic growth with no requirement for anticoagulation. However, the immunobiology of heart valve transplants remains unexplored, highlighting the need for animal models to study this new type of transplant. Previous rat models for heterotopic aortic valve transplantation into the abdominal aorta have been described, though they are technically challenging and costly. For addressing this challenge, a renal subcapsular transplant model was developed in rodents as a practical and more straightforward method for studying heart valve transplant immunobiology. In this model, a single aortic valve leaflet is harvested and inserted into the renal subcapsular space. The kidney is easily accessible, and the transplanted tissue is securely contained in a subcapsular space that is well vascularized and can accommodate a variety of tissue sizes. Furthermore, because a single rat can provide three donor aortic leaflets and a single kidney can provide multiple sites for transplanted tissue, fewer rats are required for a given study. Here, the transplantation technique is described, providing a significant step forward in studying the transplant immunology of heart valve transplantation.

This protocol describes a simple and efficient method for the transplantation of aortic valve leaflets under the renal capsule to allow for the study of alloreactivity of heart valves.