The author would like to thank his many thesis students and research assistants for their help in piloting and administering this protocol. Data presented in this manuscript is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF) under Grant Number (1147743) to Jason Themanson and a grant from Illinois Wesleyan University to Jason Themanson.

注意:下面的协议是根据在伊利诺斯州卫斯理大学批准的机构审查委员会的道德标准开发的。 1. Cyber​​ball刺激准备<ol><li>下载Cyberball范式12,18和计算机上安装它（目前使用的协议，从Cyberball 3.0图像）。另外，创建计算机图像重建Cyber​​ball范例，以满足特定需求。 </li><li>对于每个部分上产生的单个图像的使用照片编辑程序内Cyber​​ball抛出。比如，打破各投从球员到球员到该显示接二连三地创造球的形象，从球员被抛出来的球员 ​​在计算机屏幕上的各个掷框架（ 见图1）。 </li><li>添加任何标签，名称或照片在照片编辑程序中的每个单独的罚球帧，包括任何重新呈现人类参与者作为底播放画面（由手在图1中的屏幕的底部示出）上，以创建一系列掷帧是除球到玩家的运动从播放机相同的。 </li><li>需要注意的帧在每个罚球顺序是"信息框"该扔，或掷序列内的信息提供给有关掷（ 即，它的其他玩家将获得球）的具体目标玩家的第一帧。 </li><li>确保有掷序列在屏幕上创建来自每个玩家投掷彼此播放器（包括来自人类与会者到其他玩家投掷），每个掷序列具有相同数目的掷帧，并且在每个信息帧掷序列已经注意到。 </li></ol> 2. Cyber​​ball社会互动编程<ol><li>创建使用STIM序列文件伸应力演示软件对细节的Cyber​​ball社会互动中的事件的准确顺序。 <ol><li>对于序列文件，指定特定掷帧（按顺序），在屏幕上的帧的定时，帧的顺序，在事件的性质（扔从谁向谁），由人类参所需的响应（必要时），以及事件的整体，以创建所需的交互。创建序列文件中明确地输入所有的这些规范到适当的行，列和内部的程序代码空间。 </li><li>指定所有内编程代码的顺序文件中的每个事件的上述具体的和重复的步骤中创建的每个序列的文件（ 例如，纳入，排除）。 <ol><li>命令中的每个序列文件中的正确序列的掷帧，以使第一滚珠簸从一个播放机到另一无错完成。创建similar下令对每种类型抛出的玩家之间在文件中的序列，使每个类型的投掷表示在序列文件（ 例如，一个3人游戏分为六个不同的可能抛出）。 </li><li>空间中的每个掷帧的450毫秒的间隔时间。在该方法中，确保每个帧被替换为下一帧中，这为参与者提供了运动的图像在屏幕上，并创建一个掷事件，持续总共2700毫秒之前出现为450毫秒。 </li><li>一个信息帧被呈现在序列文件，使得信息帧的显示可以被标记在节省时间的参与者的神经活动的文件在每次插入一个事件相关的标志物。码本的标记通过使用数字来表示玩家所代表的事件的性质（左播放机是播放器"1"的底部玩家选手"2"的右边玩家选手"3"），其中将所有流中的代码"13"，以表示从左侧到右侧的播放机播放一抛。 </li><li>复制整个组六个不同的投影序列的文件内，使得每个掷序列表示的至少两倍的序列文件内。这将提供编程灵活地改变各块内的事件的顺序，以使它们看起来不预先确定。 </li><li>创建"的话，那么"序列文件中的语句，让人类参与者自由选择其中玩家将获得下一掷以下的人参加。给人类参与者的响应垫或鼠标接收一球抛起后，选择下一步的行动;使用潜在鼠标右键扔在右边的播放器，并使用鼠标左键扔的球员在左边的三个玩家的游戏。 </li><li>保证"的话，那么"语句导致相应的下一个掷序列，使得游戏P外行看来无缝（ 即一个人扔在左边的玩家应该遵循从左边到其他玩家的玩家掷）。 </li><li>创建循环和"的话，那么"序列文件中的语句来表示所希望的游戏动作，并允许该程序适当地将人类参与者的选择到下一个事件无关。 </li><li>在程序中启动计数器来改变游戏的本质，这样的程序并不明了人类玩家（ 即同一电脑玩家并不总是犯同样的掷）。使用这些计数器对特定事件或事件模式的重复发生，然后再切换动作游戏，并删除了游戏模式在整个游戏中最好给自发直播外观的玩家在屏幕的两侧，而不仅仅是实际中人类参与者表示在屏幕的底部。 </li></ol></li></ol></li&gt; <li>为了研究不同类型的社会互动发展的不同序列文件。让这些相互作​​用在很大程度上包容或排斥，甚至部分包括或不包括，因为根据研究问题的性质，通过改变每个序列文件中的比重，才能包容性事件和排外事件的人参与。 </li><li>确保事件标记神经收集数据时创建事件相关脑电位（ERPs）用于在每个不同的社会互动的每一个事件类型出现在脑电图文件。这些标记应出现在脑电图文件作为参考帧被呈现给参与者。 </li></ol> 3.神经电记录<ol><li>按照协会的生理心理研究19准则编制的参与者脑电图（EEG）的评估。 </li><li>使用嵌有64烧结银 - 氯化银一莱卡电极帽电极（10mm）的，布置在10-10系统蒙太奇20收集的EEG数据。适合在参与者的头帽和使用导电胶准备每个电极。 <ol><li>在线参考电极放置在锆石和CPZ之间的中点的电极，并使用AFZ作为接地电极。 注:替代在线参可以根据所用的数据收集电极帽的性质是必要的。 </li><li>收集的垂直和水平双极电图活性（EOG）监视使用置于上方和下方的右轨道和靠近每个眼的外眼角烧结银 - 氯化银电极的眼球运动。 </li></ol></li><li>使用数字bioamplifier连续数字化（500赫兹的采样率），放大（增益取决于特定的放大器），和过滤器（70赫兹的低通滤波器，包括一个60赫兹的陷波滤波器）在直流模式下的原始EEG信号。请从脑电图分析可用的选项，这些设置，以便ftware对之前的数据集合中的放大器，并根据脑电图硬件和软件的规格不同而不同。 </li><li>使用脑电图分析软件，以进一步处理这些神经数据记录脑电活动。 </li></ol> 4.离线神经电数据处理<ol><li>使用了空间滤波器正确眨眼，一个多步骤过程，其产生的平均眨眼，利用基于主成分分析（PCA）的空间的奇异值分解，以提取第一分量和协方差的值，然后使用这些协方差值来建立一个过滤器，是专门敏感的眼睛闪烁21。 </li><li>创建的刺激锁定的时期相对于通过从数据转换选项的选择，选择此功能插在脑电图分析软件中的连续的EEG文件，该事件标记。从-900毫秒到1800毫秒，相对于插入的标记，运行这些时代相当于吨他每6个帧掷的整个过程中，并具有0毫秒，该事件被标记为显示在图1中插入一个时间点。 </li><li>正确的从每个时代取出的平均刺激前的基线活动时期的基准线之差（ 即，这是从-900毫秒为0毫秒的事件标记之前的900毫秒的时间窗口）。这个功能可以被选择或从脑电图分析软件中可用的数据转换选项启动。 </li><li>低通滤波器（30赫兹24 dB /倍频程）的时代，并拒绝与电气文物超过+ 75V的任何时期。请从脑电图分析软件可用的选项允许脑电数据如下数据采集转换这些设置，具体费用取决于脑电图软件的规范。 </li><li>平均的神经反应，共同为Cyber​​ball任务块中的每个事件类型。 注意:此平均化处理可以适于仅一个verage第20，中部20，或每个交互中相似类型的，即使最后的20个事件，研究动态神经激活模式在社会互动13的过程。 <ol><li>结合各种事件类型来创建三个主要事件类别:抛出从任一其它玩家的参与，从参与到任何其他球员罚全中，并引发不包括其他两个玩家之间的参与者。例如，结合引发来自人的左边播放机和向右播放到一个平均波形。 </li><li>结合从电脑玩家到最感兴趣的事件类型的事件:引发人类参与者（包容性），并抛出远离人类的参与者（排他性）。 </li></ol></li><li>如果适用，量化N2成分从200运行的平均幅度在离散时延窗口 - 事件标记在鱼类养殖区后320毫秒。 </li><li>如果适用，量化P3组分作为从320运行的平均幅度在离散延迟窗口 - 450毫秒以下的事件标记为Pz的。 </li><li>如果适用，量化的ERP成分扔帧的帧信息研究中的神经活动模式与社会互动不断差异，不同的事件类型如下。 </li></ol>

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The author has nothing to disclose and declares no conflict of interest.

In this article, a protocol allowing for the measurement of ongoing event-related neural and behavioral data during social interactions was presented. This procedure creates opportunities to look at multiple different event types (inclusionary, exclusionary) within and across varied social interactions. Specifically, the procedure can quantify moment-to-moment event-related neural activity in response to any event that occurs during a computerized social interaction. This neural activity is independent of any particular movement or action initiated by the participant and the nature of the social interactions can be customized to address a multitude of research questions beyond social exclusion research.
Critical to this protocol is the use of event markers for the collection of neural activity during ongoing social interactions. The insertion of these event markers allows for time-locked analyses of event-related activity within any type of social interaction (inclusionary, exclusionary). This capability is not possible in fMRI methodologies3,11 due to the limited temporal resolution of hemodynamic measures. An additional critical element is the creation of a series of images reflecting an ongoing and dynamic social interaction among players. This differs from other ERP protocols that present a single image showing the human participant that he/she was the recipient of the throw15,16,22. In the present protocol, the participants can experience the development of a social event &#8211; just like in real-life interactions &#8211; and researchers have the capability to examine each frame throughout each throw sequence. This allows for the parsing of neural responses into a component structure, rather than seeing social events as some aggregate occurrence. 
Further, because of the open-ended capability to explicitly program the behavior of the computer-generated players within the Cyberball interaction, the researcher has the ultimate flexibility to generate any social interaction for the human participant. This easily allows investigators to examine issues beyond social exclusion research. For example, this protocol could be adapted to address questions pertaining to a number of topics in psychology, across multiple sub-disciplines in the field by varying the nature of the &#8220;back-story&#8221; surrounding the protocol and the conditions of play within the protocol itself. There is no limit on the number of players or the structure to the game. Accordingly, a variety of conditions or controls could be introduced to assess conformity, social ethics, attentional control, information processing, aggression, cooperation and competition, racial or gender bias, and a host of additional constructs and variables of import to researchers examining human behavior. Additionally, researcher could adapt the present protocol to utilize ERP methodologies in chat room research paradigms23 or other &#8220;online&#8221; social interactions24. These paradigms may have more external validity in comparison to Cyberball and the ability to examine ERPs during these chat room interactions, by creating event markers during the presentation of each chat room entry, would allow for the ongoing examination of dynamic neural activity during these more realistic social exchanges while still maintaining a significant level of control over the experimental protocol. This would add to the breadth of understanding related to the process of social exclusion and using these chat room paradigms would allow for much more flexible applications of these ERP techniques to social exclusion research.
Although this protocol has been shown to be effective in obtaining neural and behavioral data from individuals during ongoing social interactions, it is important to mention the limitations of the procedure. Notably, the nature of ERP data requires the averaging of many event trials together in order to improve the signal-to-noise ratio within the data25. Because of this requirement inherent within ERP research, the social interactions in the current protocol can become long and monotonous for the participants as each task block needs to be programmed to include a large number of trials for each type of event. Further, depending on the software program used to implement the presentation of the protocol, the protocol may be dependent upon the human participant&#8217;s response within a certain time-window after receiving the ball. If the participant does not response within the programmed timeframe, the software closes the sequence file, which means that the task block has to be restarted. This can lead to differences in how the participants in the same task condition complete the protocol as some participants will be exposed to a longer protocol due to the restart. Finally, neural data by itself is not sufficient for a complete examination of social exclusion processes. The ERP components described in this protocol could be active in response to some other aspect of the social interaction, or other stimuli entirely, depending on the nature of the social exchange and the setting where the participant is completing the research. Accordingly, the neural data need to be linked with self-report questionnaire data to ensure the functional significance of the neural data by showing that the changes in the ERP components are related to social exclusion and not some other processes or stimuli.
The current protocol offers new empirical insights into the dynamic nature of social interactions by exploring the event-related patterns of neural activation present during ongoing social interactions. Future research using this protocol would be well-served to utilize a variety of software platforms and manipulations of the social interactions to more completely assess the patterns of neural activity present during social interactions. Additionally, future investigations can build upon this protocol by adding layers of complexity to the study designs to investigate individual differences, social influences, and contextual effects to uncover important variables and characteristics that may moderate the exclusion-related effects discovered using the present methodology.

社会互动的科学检验已经经历了复兴，近年来，随着新的理论解释，模型和范式旨在了解爆炸和探索的是目标或社会排斥的根源的影响，以及这些相互作​​用如何导致许多排除1-6的后果。虽然文学已经在开发更好地理解社会排斥的行为，情绪，认知和神经层面的后果做出了巨大的进步，仍有许多不明就参与了社会排斥的动力。在文献中一个显着的差距涉及到各种充满活力的社会排斥过程中社会交往的测量。例如，多个理论模型3,5-8表明，社会排斥的情况下的监测和评估是在一个更大的自我监管制度的第一步，旨在以社会EXC应对lusion和归属感和社会包容的保持健康和可接受的水平。这些模型，和许多在排除现有的文献，提供了巨大的见解社会排斥造成的后果和不良影响的排除导致神经，行为，认知和情感层面。然而，在不断排除在社会交往，从而导致排斥双方的认知和后续的情感和认知反应，排除目标的具体过程，仍然不确定。研究人员已经适应方法在社会交往9获得自报的感觉状态，但这些数据并没有检查，可能促使任何自我报告的影响正在进行的神经过程。 因此，排除在社会交往考试用功能性磁共振成像（fMRI）技术来"看"，而个人被排除发生的事情发起ð3,4,10,11。相比于包含这些研究揭示了不同的神经活动模式中排除。虽然在加强排斥和他们与被排除在自报的后果关系中存在持续的神经过程的认识极为重要，这些研究都是在他们如何能够代表社会互动的动态性质的限制。具体而言，这些功能磁共振成像方法汇总神经活动在整个社会交往，无法检查排除了一下，到此刻的基础。这种限制禁止排斥相关的情感和认知过程的动态特性在社会交往正在发生研究人员无法确定其在交易所的时刻或事件是有意义的就排斥一个人的认知发展的一个完整的理解和相关联的情绪反应。 为了应对吨HESE局限性，最近的研究已经实现的一个类的神经活动，被称为事件相关电位（ERP的），对测量的Cyberball范例12的执行过程中，研究了神经激活本的时刻到时刻图案中的社会排除13。有效保护率是指在头皮上即时间锁定到离散事件和表示大脑活动响应或在制备用于刺激或反应14测得的神经电活动。此外，事件相关电位拥有出众的时间分辨率相比，磁共振成像，它提供了有价值的见解的动态响应社会排斥。如通过大脑活动的响应于社会的纳入和排除的实例，这可以通过Cyber​​ball范例来实施和控制，并在本协议中描述的事件相关的检查得到这样，神经指数，是必要的，以评估模型和目前的预测中目前的社会排斥理论。 现行方法的目的是测量社会活动持续的神经反应过程中一个人参加计算机化的社会交往（包容性的事件，排外事件）。在这种方法中，研究人员必须量化神经活动响应于交互内的每个事件的能力。此外，目前的协议允许为每个事件是由多个掷图像中的每个社交活动的持续检查。这使研究人员能够看变化，神经活动的事件展开。这种分析水平并不在考察ERP的过程中社会交往15,16等方法可作为这些方法只能捕获有关每个事件的一个图像的神经活动，而不允许对事件展开的审查，因为它发生。此外，人类的参与者认为，导致他或她是玩在线游戏其他人，但实际上是一个预编程的游戏与电脑内玩。由于相互作用是预编程的计算机中，能够灵活地与由人类参与者作出的决定，社会相互作用的性质可以预先确定，并且编程取决于所研究的问题13的性质发生变化相互作用， 17。例如，该协议在计算机生成的玩家的行为可以根据通过改变预编程的时间表抛出（创造社会包容任何指定的时间或社会排斥的情况下如该球员传球到其他播放器，当那些抛出发生，数抛出，而时机抛出）。因此，这使得研究人员能够测量神经活动针对可能或相互作用的整体背景可能不匹配的事件。例如，研究人员可以量化的参与者的一个排他性的社会EV神经反应这种交互在很大程度上是对包容性的参与者，它可能比较中的主要排他性的互动参与者的神经反应，以一个排他性的事件中ENT。这些研究的机会都没有现成的使用功能磁共振成像给出的时间限制功能磁共振成像技术。有了这个编程的灵活性，目前协议允许研究人员从不同的神经科学和心理背景，以解决研究问题的新途径，并在社会交往中获取动态的神经和行为活动。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Cyberball (Williams et al., 2000) computerized social interaction program</td><td><a href="https://cyberball.wikispaces.com" target="_blank"><img src="/img/new_window.png" /> https://cyberball.wikispaces.com</a></td><td></td><td>An Alternate set of computerized images can be used or created by the researcher</td></tr><tr><td>Neuroscan SynAmps2 64-Channel Amplifier with SCAN 4.3.1 Acquisition and Analysis Software</td><td><a href="http://www.neuroscan.com/supplies.cfm" target="_blank"><img src="/img/new_window.png" /> Compumedics Neuroscan Neuromedical Supplies</a></td><td>9032-0010-01</td><td>Alternate amplifiers and EEG acquisition equipment and sofware can be used</td></tr><tr><td>STIM2 Complete Version 2.1 Stimulus Presentation Software</td><td><a href="http://www.neuroscan.com/supplies.cfm" target="_blank"><img src="/img/new_window.png" /> Compumedics Neuroscan Neuromedical Supplies</a></td><td>666M</td><td>Alternate stimulus presenation software can be used</td></tr><tr><td>SynAmps2 Quik-Cap Sintered Ag/AgCl 64 Ch./Medium</td><td><a href="http://www.neuroscan.com/supplies.cfm" target="_blank"><img src="/img/new_window.png" /> Compumedics Neuroscan Neuromedical Supplies</a></td><td>96050255</td><td>Alternate EEG caps can be used</td></tr><tr><td>Quik-Gel Conductive Gel</td><td><a href="http://www.neuroscan.com/supplies.cfm" target="_blank"><img src="/img/new_window.png" /> Compumedics Neuroscan Neuromedical Supplies</a></td><td>92000016</td><td>Alternate EEG conductive electrode gel can be used</td></tr><tr><td>NuPrep</td><td><a href="http://www.neuroscan.com/supplies.cfm" target="_blank"><img src="/img/new_window.png" /> Compumedics Neuroscan Neuromedical Supplies</a></td><td>92100025</td><td>Alternate skin preparation exfoliants can be used</td></tr><tr><td>Blunt needle and syringe kit</td><td><a href="http://www.neuroscan.com/supplies.cfm" target="_blank"><img src="/img/new_window.png" /> Compumedics Neuroscan Neuromedical Supplies</a></td><td>104207</td><td>Needle and syringe kit is used to apply conductive gel to electrode embedded in the EEG cap</td></tr></tbody></table>

measuring neural and behavioral activity during ongoing computerized social interactions: an examination of event-related brain potentials

社会排斥是一种复杂的社会现象，具有强大的负面影响。鉴于社会排斥的心理和情绪健康的影响，对社会排斥的看法如何发展在社会交往过程中的认识，是推进旨在减少被排除有害的治疗费用很重要。到目前为止，社会排斥的最科学的考试已经看过排斥社会互动完成之后。虽然这已经在开发中会发生以下排斥一个人是什么的理解非常有帮助的，它并没有帮助澄清社会排斥过程的瞬间到瞬间动态。因此，目前的协议被开发通过检查事件相关脑激活所存在期间社会互动的模式来获得社会排斥的一种改进的理解。这个协议允许更高的精度和灵敏度在详述socia升过程中导致人们感觉好像他们已经被排除在社会交往。重要的是，当前的协议可以适于包括该变化排他性社会相互作用的性质，通过改变频率的参与者包括研究项目，多久排斥的周期将持续在每个交互，并且当排除会在社会互动的地方。此外，目前的协议可以用来检查变量和构造以外的相关社会排斥。此功能通过在正在进行的社会互动获得双方的神经和行为数据，以解决各种跨应用心理学表明，本协议可能会在科学探索与社会互动的区域发展的核心。

该协议已被用于在先前发表的研究考察社会排斥对正在进行的神经和行为活动的13的影响。第二十二条本科岁的参与者（15名女性，7名男性）完成了Cyber​​ball任务三届上述条件下。提供知情同意后，参与者被告知，他们将被打造成电脑球折腾游戏与其他本科学员。然而，其他的参加者不是真实的，它们是由计算机玩家在本协议中详细表示。每个人的参与完成了协议（纳入，排除，再加入）相同的三个街区。每个块由80个总罚球。在包容和重新融入块，所有玩家必须接到球每个球折腾的机会相等。在排除块，人类参与者具有容纳球的同一平等的机会，直至接收10从投其他球员。该初始阶段之后，人类参与者完成排除在该任务块的剩余部分。 从这个协议代表性结果可包括多个ERP部件每种类型事件的社会互动中，以及在不同类型的相互作用ERP成分的检查检查。的N 2组成的分析表明效果为事件的类型，但对于社会交往的类型没有任何影响，与较大的N 2的振幅为排他性引发不管社会交往的较大范围内。代表结果的P3成分揭示了类似的模式与事件的相互作用中的类型的效果，但不能用于交互本身的类型，用较大的P3​​的振幅为包容性的事件，并为社会相互作用的性质没有整体效果。 图2提供的ERP波形由Cyberball块抛型，突出观察到的差异在N2和P3波幅。 此外，通过利用企业资源规划，该协议允许潜在的变化在神经激活考试对社会互动的过程。代表性的分析，可以进行检查，以在整个排除处理过程中的排斥事件，变化在神经激活。在早期的排斥性试验检查相比更高的排斥试验中，分析了两种N2和P3的过程中下面的相对于第二个20的排斥事件的初始阶段包括以下初始包容相头20的排斥事件已表示为ERP成分较大的振幅排除块的（参见图3）。 <img alt="图1" fo:content-width="6in" src="/files/ftp_upload/52060/52060fig1highres.jpg" width="600" /> 图1. Cyberball掷色曲与事件标记放置ENCE例子。掷帧随着ERP标记过程中不断Cyberball游戏不同的投影序列中的位置的例子。事件标记插入的第一帧信息，提供有关每个掷性质的信息呈现给与会者。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/52060/52060fig1highres.jpg" target="_blank">请点击这里查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/52060/52060fig2highres.jpg" /> 图2.代表的ERP波形，通过掷型和块型。该协议能够提供ERP波形Cyberball的每个任务块中的每个类型的社会活动的。神经活动的每个事件类型的不同模式可以由同一图中的不同波形来表示，与对于每种类型的救援人员到场的单独的行W（包容性，排他性）的Cyber​​ball的每个块（包含，排除，再加入）。在时间点0毫秒表示各掷序列内的ERP的事件标记的定时，与上面的图显示在FCZ波形和底图形在Pz的显示波形。这个数字已经被修改Themanson 等 13许可。 <img alt="图3" src="/files/ftp_upload/52060/52060fig3highres.jpg" /> 图3代表的ERP波形显示在社会排斥的过程中组分的差异。从这个协议解析所述第一20和第二20排斥性事件之后排除块的初始相位包容来自ERP的波形。这种能力在社会互动的过程中，显示​​在神经活性的改变可被应用到不同的ERP部件和电极位置，如图所示的波形式为氟康唑（ 顶部 ）和Pz的（ 底部 ）。这个数字已经被修改Themanson 等 13许可。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measuring Neural and Behavioral Activity During Ongoing Computerized Social Interactions: An Examination of Event-Related Brain Potentials at JoVE.com

Measuring Neural and Behavioral Activity During Ongoing Computerized Social Interactions: An Examination of Event-Related Brain Potentials

Research on social exclusion has grown tremendously in recent years. As the field expands, it is imperative to develop sophisticated methodologies allowing for the simultaneous measurement of neural and behavioral outcomes during social exclusion. This protocol utilizes event-related brain potentials to record ongoing neural activity during computerized social interactions.

测量神经和行为活动期间持续计算机化的社会互动:对事件相关电位的考察

Social exclusion is a complex social phenomenon with powerful negative consequences. Given the impact of social exclusion on mental and emotional health, ...

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13.7K 次观看.  Illinois Wesleyan University. Research on social exclusion has grown tremendously in recent years. As the field expands, it is imperative to develop sophisticated methodologies allowing for the simultaneous measurement of neural and behavioral outcomes during social exclusion. This protocol utilizes event-related brain potentials to record ongoing neural activity during computerized social interactions. 

视频: Measuring Neural and Behavioral Activity During Ongoing Computerized Social Interactions: An Examination of Event-Related Brain Potentials

High Density Event-related Potential  Data Acquisition in Cognitive Neuroscience

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is currently the standard method of evaluating brain function in the field of Cognitive Neuroscience, in part because fMRI data acquisition and analysis techniques are readily available. Because fMRI has excellent spatial resolution but poor temporal resolution, this method can only be used to identify the spatial location of brain activity associated with a given cognitive process (and reveals virtually nothing about the time course of brain activity). By contrast, event-related potential (ERP) recording, a method that is used much less frequently than fMRI, has excellent temporal resolution and thus can track rapid temporal modulations in neural activity. Unfortunately, ERPs are under utilized in Cognitive Neuroscience because data acquisition techniques are not readily available and low density ERP recording has poor spatial resolution. In an effort to foster the increased use of ERPs in Cognitive Neuroscience, the present article details key techniques involved in high density ERP data acquisition. Critically, high density ERPs offer the promise of excellent temporal resolution and good spatial resolution (or excellent spatial resolution if coupled with fMRI), which is necessary to capture the spatial-temporal dynamics of human brain function.

Event-related potential (ERP) recording is under utilized in Cognitive Neuroscience because data acquisition techniques are not readily available and this method often has poor spatial resolution. To foster the increased use of ERPs in Cognitive Neuroscience, the present article details key techniques involved in high density ERP data acquisition.

高密度事件相关电位在认知神经科学的数据采集

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is currently the standard method of evaluating brain function in the field of Cognitive Neuroscience, in part ...

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Investigating the Effects of Antipsychotics and Schizotypy on the N400 Using Event-Related Potentials and Semantic Categorization

Within the field of cognitive neuroscience, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a popular method of visualizing brain function. This is in part because of its excellent spatial resolution, which allows researchers to identify brain areas associated with specific cognitive processes. However, in the quest to localize brain functions, it is relevant to note that many cognitive, sensory, and motor processes have temporal distinctions that are imperative to capture, an aspect that is left unfulfilled by fMRI&#8217;s suboptimal temporal resolution. To better understand cognitive processes, it is thus advantageous to utilize event-related potential (ERP) recording as a method of gathering information about the brain. Some of its advantages include its fantastic temporal resolution, which gives researchers the ability to follow the activity of the brain down to the millisecond. It also directly indexes both excitatory and inhibitory post-synaptic potentials by which most brain computations are performed. This sits in contrast to fMRI, which captures an index of metabolic activity. Further, the non-invasive ERP method does not require a contrast condition: raw ERPs can be examined for just one experimental condition, a distinction from fMRI where control conditions must be subtracted from the experimental condition, leading to uncertainty in associating observations with experimental or contrast conditions. While it is limited by its poor spatial and subcortical activity resolution, ERP recordings&#8217; utility, relative cost-effectiveness, and associated advantages offer strong rationale for its use in cognitive neuroscience to track rapid temporal changes in neural activity. In an effort to foster increase in its use as a research imaging method, and to ensure proper and accurate data collection, the present article will outline &#8211; in the framework of a paradigm using semantic categorization to examine the effects of antipsychotics and schizotypy on the N400 &#8211; the procedure and key aspects associated with ERP data acquisition.

Using event-related EEG potentials (ERPs), we investigate the effects of antipsychotic medications on abnormal semantic brain activations in healthy individuals with schizotypal traits. We use ERPs to track distinct changes in brain activity, shedding insight into the cognitive processes associated with semantic categorization.

使用事件相关电位和语义分类调查抗精神病药和Schizotypy在N400的影响

Within the field of cognitive neuroscience, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a popular method of visualizing brain function. This is in ...

行为学

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Observing Virtual Social Interactions

The ability to gauge social interactions is crucial in the assessment of others&#x2019; intentions. Factors such as facial expressions and body language affect our decisions in personal and professional life alike 1. These "friend or foe" judgements are often based on first impressions, which in turn may affect our decisions to "approach or avoid". Previous studies investigating the neural correlates of social cognition tended to use static facial stimuli 2. Here, we illustrate an experimental design in which whole-body animated characters were used in conjunction with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) recordings. Fifteen participants were presented with short movie-clips of guest-host interactions in a business setting, while fMRI data were recorded; at the end of each movie, participants also provided ratings of the host behaviour. This design mimics more closely real-life situations, and hence may contribute to better understanding of the neural mechanisms of social interactions in healthy behaviour, and to gaining insight into possible causes of deficits in social behaviour in such clinical conditions as social anxiety and autism 3.

This article demonstrates an experimental design in which whole-body animated characters are used in conjunction with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate the neural correlates of observing virtual social interactions.

观察虚拟社会交往中的神经关联的脑成像研究

The ability to gauge social interactions is crucial in the assessment of others&#x2019; intentions. Factors such as facial expressions and body language ...

Measurement of Neurophysiological Signals of Ignoring and Attending Processes in Attention Control

Attention control is the ability to selectively attend to some sensory signals while ignoring others. This ability is thought to involve two processes: enhancement of sensory signals that are to be attended and the attenuation of sensory signals that are to be ignored. The overall strength of attentional modulation is often measured by comparing the amplitude of a sensory neural response to an external input when attended versus when ignored. This method is robust for detecting attentional modulation, but precludes the ability to assess the separate dynamics of attending and ignoring processes. Here, we describe methodology to measure independently the neurophysiological signals of attending and ignoring using the intermodal attention task (IMAT). This task, when combined with electroencephalography, isolates neurophysiological sensory responses in auditory and visual modalities, when either attending or ignoring, with respect to a passive control. As a result, independent dynamics of attending and of a ignoring can be assessed in either modality. Our results using this task indicate that the timing and cortical sources of attending and ignoring effects differ, as do their contributions to the attention modulation effect, pointing to unique neural trajectories and demonstrating sample utility of measuring them separately.

Attention control comprises enhancement of target signals and attenuation of distractor signals. We describe an approach to measure separately but concurrently, the neurophysiology of attending and ignoring in sustained intermodal attention, utilizing a passive control condition during which neither process is continuously engaged.

忽略并出席在注意控制过程的神经生理信号的测量

Attention control is the ability to selectively attend to some sensory signals while ignoring others. This ability is thought to involve two processes: ...

A Within-subjects Experimental Protocol to Assess the Effects of Social Input on Infant EEG

Despite the importance of social interactions for infant brain development, little research has assessed functional neural activation while infants socially interact. Electroencephalography (EEG) power is an advantageous technique to assess infant functional neural activation. However, many studies record infant EEG only during one baseline condition. This protocol describes a paradigm that is designed to comprehensively assess infant EEG activity in both social and nonsocial contexts as well as tease apart how different types of social inputs differentially relate to infant EEG. The within-subjects paradigm includes four controlled conditions. In the nonsocial condition, infants view objects on computer screens. The joint attention condition involves an experimenter directing the infant's attention to pictures. The joint attention condition includes three types of social input: language, face-to-face interaction, and the presence of joint attention. Differences in infant EEG between the nonsocial and joint attention conditions could be due to any of these three types of input. Therefore, two additional conditions (one with language input while the experimenter is hidden behind a screen and one with face-to-face interaction) were included to assess the driving contextual factors in patterns of infant neural activation. Representative results demonstrate that infant EEG power varied by condition, both overall and differentially by brain region, supporting the functional nature of infant EEG power. This technique is advantageous in that it includes conditions that are clearly social or nonsocial and allows for examination of how specific types of social input relate to EEG power. This paradigm can be used to assess how individual differences in age, affect, socioeconomic status, and parent-infant interaction quality relate to the development of the social brain. Based on the demonstrated functional nature of infant EEG power, future studies should consider the role of EEG recording context and design conditions that are clearly social or nonsocial.

This novel protocol is designed to assess the neural bases of social interaction in infants. The paradigm is designed to tease apart how various social inputs such as language, joint attention, and face-to-face interaction relate to infant neural activation. Infant EEG power is recorded during both social and nonsocial conditions.

一个被试内实验协议，以评估对婴幼儿脑社会投入的影响

Despite the importance of social interactions for infant brain development, little research has assessed functional neural activation while infants ...

Recording Human Electrocorticographic (ECoG) Signals for Neuroscientific Research and Real-time Functional Cortical Mapping

Neuroimaging studies of human cognitive, sensory, and motor processes are usually based on noninvasive techniques such as electroencephalography (EEG), magnetoencephalography or functional magnetic-resonance imaging. These techniques have either inherently low temporal or low spatial resolution, and suffer from low signal-to-noise ratio and/or poor high-frequency sensitivity. Thus, they are suboptimal for exploring the short-lived spatio-temporal dynamics of many of the underlying brain processes. In contrast, the invasive technique of electrocorticography (ECoG) provides brain signals that have an exceptionally high signal-to-noise ratio, less susceptibility to artifacts than EEG, and a high spatial and temporal resolution (i.e., &lt;1 cm/&lt;1 millisecond, respectively). ECoG involves measurement of electrical brain signals using electrodes that are implanted subdurally on the surface of the brain. Recent studies have shown that ECoG amplitudes in certain frequency bands carry substantial information about task-related activity, such as motor execution and planning1, auditory processing2 and visual-spatial attention3. Most of this information is captured in the high gamma range (around 70-110 Hz). Thus, gamma activity has been proposed as a robust and general indicator of local cortical function1-5. ECoG can also reveal functional connectivity and resolve finer task-related spatial-temporal dynamics, thereby advancing our understanding of large-scale cortical processes. It has especially proven useful for advancing brain-computer interfacing (BCI) technology for decoding a user's intentions to enhance or improve communication6 and control7. Nevertheless, human ECoG data are often hard to obtain because of the risks and limitations of the invasive procedures involved, and the need to record within the constraints of clinical settings. Still, clinical monitoring to localize epileptic foci offers a unique and valuable opportunity to collect human ECoG data. We describe our methods for collecting recording ECoG, and demonstrate how to use these signals for important real-time applications such as clinical mapping and brain-computer interfacing. Our example uses the BCI2000 software platform8,9 and the SIGFRIED10 method, an application for real-time mapping of brain functions. This procedure yields information that clinicians can subsequently use to guide the complex and laborious process of functional mapping by electrical stimulation.
Prerequisites and Planning:
Patients with drug-resistant partial epilepsy may be candidates for resective surgery of an epileptic focus to minimize the frequency of seizures. Prior to resection, the patients undergo monitoring using subdural electrodes for two purposes: first, to localize the epileptic focus, and second, to identify nearby critical brain areas (i.e., eloquent cortex) where resection could result in long-term functional deficits. To implant electrodes, a craniotomy is performed to open the skull. Then, electrode grids and/or strips are placed on the cortex, usually beneath the dura. A typical grid has a set of 8 x 8 platinum-iridium electrodes of 4 mm diameter (2.3 mm exposed surface) embedded in silicon with an inter-electrode distance of 1cm. A strip typically contains 4 or 6 such electrodes in a single line. The locations for these grids/strips are planned by a team of neurologists and neurosurgeons, and are based on previous EEG monitoring, on a structural MRI of the patient's brain, and on relevant factors of the patient's history. Continuous recording over a period of 5-12 days serves to localize epileptic foci, and electrical stimulation via the implanted electrodes allows clinicians to map eloquent cortex. At the end of the monitoring period, explantation of the electrodes and therapeutic resection are performed together in one procedure.
In addition to its primary clinical purpose, invasive monitoring also provides a unique opportunity to acquire human ECoG data for neuroscientific research. The decision to include a prospective patient in the research is based on the planned location of their electrodes, on the patient's performance scores on neuropsychological assessments, and on their informed consent, which is predicated on their understanding that participation in research is optional and is not related to their treatment. As with all research involving human subjects, the research protocol must be approved by the hospital's institutional review board. The decision to perform individual experimental tasks is made day-by-day, and is contingent on the patient's endurance and willingness to participate. Some or all of the experiments may be prevented by problems with the clinical state of the patient, such as post-operative facial swelling, temporary aphasia, frequent seizures, post-ictal fatigue and confusion, and more general pain or discomfort.
At the Epilepsy Monitoring Unit at Albany Medical Center in Albany, New York, clinical monitoring is implemented around the clock using a 192-channel Nihon-Kohden Neurofax monitoring system. Research recordings are made in collaboration with the Wadsworth Center of the New York State Department of Health in Albany. Signals from the ECoG electrodes are fed simultaneously to the research and the clinical systems via splitter connectors. To ensure that the clinical and research systems do not interfere with each other, the two systems typically use separate grounds. In fact, an epidural strip of electrodes is sometimes implanted to provide a ground for the clinical system. Whether research or clinical recording system, the grounding electrode is chosen to be distant from the predicted epileptic focus and from cortical areas of interest for the research. Our research system consists of eight synchronized 16-channel g.USBamp amplifier/digitizer units (g.tec, Graz, Austria). These were chosen because they are safety-rated and FDA-approved for invasive recordings, they have a very low noise-floor in the high-frequency range in which the signals of interest are found, and they come with an SDK that allows them to be integrated with custom-written research software. In order to capture the high-gamma signal accurately, we acquire signals at 1200Hz sampling rate-considerably higher than that of the typical EEG experiment or that of many clinical monitoring systems. A built-in low-pass filter automatically prevents aliasing of signals higher than the digitizer can capture. The patient's eye gaze is tracked using a monitor with a built-in Tobii T-60 eye-tracking system (Tobii Tech., Stockholm, Sweden). Additional accessories such as joystick, bluetooth Wiimote (Nintendo Co.), data-glove (5th Dimension Technologies), keyboard, microphone, headphones, or video camera are connected depending on the requirements of the particular experiment.
Data collection, stimulus presentation, synchronization with the different input/output accessories, and real-time analysis and visualization are accomplished using our BCI2000 software8,9. BCI2000 is a freely available general-purpose software system for real-time biosignal data acquisition, processing and feedback. It includes an array of pre-built modules that can be flexibly configured for many different purposes, and that can be extended by researchers' own code in C++, MATLAB or Python. BCI2000 consists of four modules that communicate with each other via a network-capable protocol: a Source module that handles the acquisition of brain signals from one of 19 different hardware systems from different manufacturers; a Signal Processing module that extracts relevant ECoG features and translates them into output signals; an Application module that delivers stimuli and feedback to the subject; and the Operator module that provides a graphical interface to the investigator.
A number of different experiments may be conducted with any given patient. The priority of experiments will be determined by the location of the particular patient's electrodes. However, we usually begin our experimentation using the SIGFRIED (SIGnal modeling For Realtime Identification and Event Detection) mapping method, which detects and displays significant task-related activity in real time. The resulting functional map allows us to further tailor subsequent experimental protocols and may also prove as a useful starting point for traditional mapping by electrocortical stimulation (ECS).
Although ECS mapping remains the gold standard for predicting the clinical outcome of resection, the process of ECS mapping is time consuming and also has other problems, such as after-discharges or seizures. Thus, a passive functional mapping technique may prove valuable in providing an initial estimate of the locus of eloquent cortex, which may then be confirmed and refined by ECS. The results from our passive SIGFRIED mapping technique have been shown to exhibit substantial concurrence with the results derived using ECS mapping10.
The protocol described in this paper establishes a general methodology for gathering human ECoG data, before proceeding to illustrate how experiments can be initiated using the BCI2000 software platform. Finally, as a specific example, we describe how to perform passive functional mapping using the BCI2000-based SIGFRIED system.

Recording Human Electrocorticographic ECoG Signals for Neuroscientific Research and Real-time Functional Cortical Mapping

We present a method for collecting electrocorticographic signals for research purposes from humans who are undergoing invasive epilepsy monitoring. We show how to use the BCI2000 software platform for data collection, signal processing and stimulus presentation. Specifically, we demonstrate SIGFRIED, a BCI2000-based tool for real-time functional brain mapping.

神经科学的研究和实时功能皮层映射记录人力Electrocorticographic（ECOG）信号

Neuroimaging studies of human cognitive, sensory, and motor processes are usually based on noninvasive techniques such as electroencephalography (EEG), ...

Applications of EEG Neuroimaging Data: Event-related Potentials, Spectral Power, and Multiscale Entropy

When considering human neuroimaging data, an appreciation of signal variability represents a fundamental innovation in the way we think about brain signal. Typically, researchers represent the brain's response as the mean across repeated experimental trials and disregard signal fluctuations over time as "noise". However, it is becoming clear that brain signal variability conveys meaningful functional information about neural network dynamics. This article describes the novel method of multiscale entropy (MSE) for quantifying brain signal variability. MSE may be particularly informative of neural network dynamics because it shows timescale dependence and sensitivity to linear and nonlinear dynamics in the data.

Neuroimaging researchers typically consider the brain's response as the mean activity across repeated experimental trials and disregard signal variability over time as "noise". However, it is becoming clear that there is signal in that noise. This article describes the novel method of multiscale entropy for quantifying brain signal variability in the time domain.

脑电图神经影像数据:事件相关电位，光谱功率，和多尺度熵的应用

When considering human neuroimaging data, an appreciation of signal variability represents a fundamental innovation in the way we think about brain ...

How to Find Effects of Stimulus Processing on Event Related Brain Potentials of Close Others when Hyperscanning Partners

The partners of each pair must be able to pass the McGill Friendship Questionnaire without communicating. Each partner is then seated in front of a screen in one of two adjacent rooms. These rooms are separated by a glass window through which participants communicate to maintain feelings of togetherness while being fitted with the EEG cap. After checking for adequate EEG signals, the glass is covered by a curtain to prevent visual communication. Then, partners must be silent but are instructed to try to feel in the presence of their partner during the entire experiment. Just before it starts, participants are told that each of them will be presented with one image at a time and that these images will occur at the same time for both of them on their own screen. They are also instructed that, for each trial, the simultaneous images will always be different. However, unbeknownst to them, trials are randomized: only half of them are consistent with this instruction and actually include two different images. These trials form the DSC, that is, the different-stimuli condition. The other half of the trials are inconsistent with the instruction. They include two identical images and form the ISC (identical-stimuli condition). After the experiment, participants are sorted into two groups: those who reported that they felt in the presence of their partner during the majority of the trials and those who reported they did not. The impact of the stimulus processing of the partner is found by subtracting the mean voltages of the ERPs of the ISC (inconsistent with the instructions) from the ERPs of the DSC (consistent with the instructions) in at least two time windows (TWs): firstly, in the 75 to 150 ms TW, where the absolute values of these subtractions are greater, especially at right frontal sites, in those who felt in the presence of their partner than in those who did not; secondly, in the LPP time window (i.e., from 650 to 950 ms post onset), where ERPs are significantly less positive in the DSC than in the ISC in those in whom the raw results of the early (75-150ms) subtractions are negative.

This protocol describes key steps involved in assessing the sensitivity of the brain of one person to the stimulus processing of a close other by selecting pairs of partners, recording their electroencephalogram (EEG) simultaneously and computing their event-related brain potentials (ERPs).

Hyperscanning 合作伙伴时如何发现刺激处理对近距离活动相关脑电位的影响

The partners of each pair must be able to pass the McGill Friendship Questionnaire without communicating. Each partner is then seated in front of a screen ...

Analyzing Neural Activity and Connectivity Using Intracranial EEG Data with SPM Software

Measuring neural activity and connectivity associated with cognitive functions at high spatial and temporal resolutions is an important goal in cognitive neuroscience. Intracranial electroencephalography (EEG) can directly record electrical neural activity and has the unique potential to accomplish this goal. Traditionally, averaging analysis has been applied to analyze intracranial EEG data; however, several new techniques are available for depicting neural activity and intra- and inter-regional connectivity. Here, we introduce two analytical protocols we recently applied to analyze intracranial EEG data using the Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) software: time-frequency SPM analysis for neural activity and dynamic causal modeling of induced responses for intra- and inter-regional connectivity. We report our analysis of intracranial EEG data during the observation of faces as representative results. The results revealed that the inferior occipital gyrus (IOG) showed gamma-band activity at very early stages (110 ms) in response to faces, and both the IOG and amygdala showed rapid intra- and inter-regional connectivity using various types of oscillations. These analytical protocols have the potential to identify the neural mechanisms underlying cognitive functions with high spatial and temporal profiles.

We present two analytical protocols that can be used to analyze intracranial electroencephalography data using the Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) software: time-frequency statistical parametric mapping analysis for neural activity, and dynamic causal modeling of induced responses for intra- and inter-regional connectivity.

利用 SPM 软件分析颅内脑电图数据的神经活动和连接性

Measuring neural activity and connectivity associated with cognitive functions at high spatial and temporal resolutions is an important goal in cognitive ...

Event Related Potentials (ERPs) and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Neuropsychiatric diagnoses like ADHD are based on subjective methods like interviews, rating scales and observations. There is a need for more brain-based supplements. Stimulant medication is the most common treatment for ADHD. Clinically useful predictors of response have so far not been reported. The aim of this paper is to describe the EEG based methods we apply to extract potential biomarkers for brain dysfunction. Examples relate to biomarkers for pediatric ADHD, and prediction of medication response. The main emphasis is on Event Related Potentials (ERPs).
A nineteen channel EEG is recorded during a 3 min eyes-opened task, a 3 min eyes-closed task, and a 20 min cued visual GO/NOGO task (VCPT). ERPs are recorded during this task. The goal of the ERP protocol is to extract biomarkers of assumed brain dysfunctions that significantly differentiate between a patient group and healthy controls. The protocol includes recording during standard conditions and artifact correction. ERP waves can be used or transformed into latent components. The components of the patient group are compared with controls, empathizing components that, when compared, show relatively high effect sizes. Sub-groups of the patients are selected on the basis of the cluster analysis in the space of the components. Treatment procedure (such as medication, tDCS or neurofeedback protocol) can be applied and the changes in components related to treatment in the subgroups are observed, forming the basis for clinical recommendations.
The methods described were applied in a study of 87 pediatric ADHD patients. The index of medication response discriminated significantly between responders and non-responders with a large, and clinically meaningful effect size (d = 1.84). In an ongoing study comparing ADHD children with matched controls, several variables discriminate significantly between patients and controls. The global index will exceed d = .8. The EEG based methods described here could be clinically meaningful.

Event Related Potentials ERPs and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder ADHD

EEG-methods are applied for extracting biomarkers of brain dysfunctions. The focus is on multi-channel event-related potentials (ERPs) recorded in a cued GO/NOGO task. Non-brain artifacts are corrected and ERPs are compared with the normative data. Examples relate to biomarkers for ADHD diagnosis and prediction of medication response.

事件相关电位 （ERPs） 和其他基于脑电图的提取大脑功能障碍生物标志物的方法:从小儿注意力缺陷/多动障碍 （ADHD） 中的例子

Neuropsychiatric diagnoses like ADHD are based on subjective methods like interviews, rating scales and observations. There is a need for more brain-based ...

测量神经和行为活动期间持续计算机化的社会互动:对事件相关电位的考察

摘要

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此视频中的章节

高密度事件相关电位在认知神经科学的数据采集

使用事件相关电位和语义分类调查抗精神病药和Schizotypy在N400的影响

观察虚拟社会交往中的神经关联的脑成像研究

忽略并出席在注意控制过程的神经生理信号的测量

一个被试内实验协议，以评估对婴幼儿脑社会投入的影响

神经科学的研究和实时功能皮层映射记录人力Electrocorticographic（ECOG）信号

脑电图神经影像数据:事件相关电位，光谱功率，和多尺度熵的应用

Hyperscanning 合作伙伴时如何发现刺激处理对近距离活动相关脑电位的影响

利用 SPM 软件分析颅内脑电图数据的神经活动和连接性

事件相关电位（ERPs）和其他基于脑电图的提取大脑功能障碍生物标志物的方法:从小儿注意力缺陷/多动障碍（ADHD）中的例子

测量神经和行为活动期间持续计算机化的社会互动:对事件相关电位的考察

摘要

探索更多视频

此视频中的章节

高密度事件相关电位在认知神经科学的数据采集

使用事件相关电位和语义分类调查抗精神病药和Schizotypy在N400的影响

观察虚拟社会交往中的神经关联的脑成像研究

忽略并出席在注意控制过程的神经生理信号的测量

一个被试内实验协议，以评估对婴幼儿脑社会投入的影响

神经科学的研究和实时功能皮层映射记录人力Electrocorticographic（ECOG）信号

脑电图神经影像数据:事件相关电位，光谱功率，和多尺度熵的应用

Hyperscanning 合作伙伴时如何发现刺激处理对近距离活动相关脑电位的影响

利用 SPM 软件分析颅内脑电图数据的神经活动和连接性

事件相关电位 （ERPs） 和其他基于脑电图的提取大脑功能障碍生物标志物的方法:从小儿注意力缺陷/多动障碍 （ADHD） 中的例子

事件相关电位（ERPs）和其他基于脑电图的提取大脑功能障碍生物标志物的方法:从小儿注意力缺陷/多动障碍（ADHD）中的例子