这里描述的所有方法都是由道格拉斯研究所研究和道德委员会预先批准的。
1. 参加者招聘、实验室问候和问卷调查
<ol><li>招募对参加者 (亲密的朋友/兄弟姐妹/配偶年龄18-35 岁), 并通知他们, 他们将不得不单独完成一份友谊资格调查表后, 抵达实验室, 以确保只有接近其他被包括在实验中 [请参见附件 1为示例广告]。</li>
	<li>确保他们符合所有其他纳入标准 (即右手, 大学级教育, 完善或纠正完美的视力, 没有隐形眼镜, 没有畏惧, 没有药物滥用, 没有精神紊乱, 没有使用或精神药物)。如果他们有资格的话, 安排他们去实验室。</li>
	<li>在他们到达实验室时向他们打招呼。获得知情同意, 将其分开, 并让每个参与者单独填写友情资格问卷和麦吉尔友谊问卷。</li>
	<li>这是用来评估他们的关系的态度, 并排除合作伙伴谁不够接近, 并没有达到最低评分13正确的答案。</li>
	<li>一旦他们的答案被发送到实验室的数据库, 检查每个参与者至少13正确的答案。</li>
	<li>护送合作伙伴进入脑电图记录室。打开刺激演示计算机和脑电图采集计算机。启动脑电图采集应用 [照片 1], 并设置脑电图频道的状态为 "阻抗检查" [图片 2]。</li>
	<li>让每位参赛者坐在相邻房间的指定电脑桌旁, 由玻璃窗隔开。保持窗帘开放, 以便每个参与者都能看到他或她的搭档。鼓励他们谈论 (例如, 在友谊资格问卷上的答案), 以保持对方的存在的感觉。</li>
</ol>2. 电极盖子安置 (参见顾等, 2014)
<ol><li>测量参与者头部的大小, 并使用铅笔标记 Fp1 和 Fp2 电极位置并选择合适尺寸的帽。</li>
	<li>用酒精拭子清洁每个参与者的前额和耳垂。</li>
	<li>在 Fp1 和 Fp2 上, 在脑电图电极帽上插入两个前粘性海绵盘。</li>
	<li>在标记的 Fp1 和 Fp2 位置, 将光盘的粘滞端放在参与者的额头上。请参加者用力按压, 把帽子拉到头上, 紧贴头骨。检查盖是否对称地安装在头上 (从右到左和向前对向后透视), 然后将脑电图插座连接到放大器的插头上。</li>
	<li>使用10mL 钝针尖注射器, 轻轻但牢牢地触摸参与者的头皮, 并移动针侧身逗头发分开。将导电凝胶 (~ 0.5mL) 从头皮上的位置插入, 然后先在接地电极上创建一柱凝胶。然后, 将凝胶插入两个耳电极, 并将其附着在耳垂上。将左耳电极插入顶部通道, 然后将其放在放大器盒中, 将其作为参考。</li>
	<li>使用以前安装在注射器上的消毒钝针尖端, 移动头发链分开, 摆动注射器在所有其他电极部位, 确保尖端与头皮接触。然后, 开始插入导电凝胶在其他电极放置与缓慢向上运动, 以建立一个凝胶柱, 将从头皮到金属的电极。</li>
	<li>使用无菌锋利的针头小心翼翼地, 轻轻地从头到头皮的表面通过每一个电极, 从地面和耳朵开始, 以消除死皮和增加电导通过让凝胶与头皮的活细胞接触和耳垂。</li>
	<li>在刮头皮时检查是否有合适的阻抗。与放大器盒上的电极通道对应的灯会将颜色从橙色变为绿色, 因为每个通道的阻抗都下降到 5 kΩ以下 [请参阅照片 3]。<ol>
<li>注: 如果某一特定电极无法正常工作, 添加更多的凝胶, 并与针更多的刮伤多一点。如果问题仍然存在, 请使用快捷导线, 方法是将其插在放大器上的错误电极的插槽中, 并将另一端连接到 EEG 帽中的电极位置。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>3. 脑电图/ERP 数据记录4。脑电图/ERP 数据记录
<ol><li>在实验之前, 请指导参与者在整个测试期间尝试感受对方的存在。然后, 在双层玻璃窗的两边画上窗帘, 昏暗灯光, 关上每个参与者房间的门。</li>
	<li>为给定的刺激序列键入适当的命令, 以便运行刺激演示软件。然后, 开始记录两个参与者的脑电图, 同时同时呈现视觉刺激。</li>
	<li>一旦刺激演示序列完成, 停止记录脑电图数据。</li>
	<li>在实验结束时, 小心地去除脑电帽, 帮助参与者清洗和烘干头发。</li>
	<li>在学员们整理完头发后, 让他们完成一份调查问卷, 报告他们感觉到伴侣的存在程度, 特别是在实验的哪一部分, 以及他们有多长时间的感觉。</li>
	<li>从放大器中分离出瓶盖和耳电极, 取出一次性海绵碟, 在自来水下清洁瓶盖和耳电极。用温和的肥皂和牙签从电极上清除凝胶, 彻底冲洗, 让脑电图帽风干。</li>
	<li>将 usb 驱动器插入到 EEG 数据采集计算机的 usb 端口之一, 并将数据文件拖到 usb 目录中, 将录制的数据保存在 usb 驱动器上。然后, 将数据传输到另一台计算机进行数据处理。</li>
</ol>4. 数据处理
注意: 所有数据处理都是使用 EEGLab 完成的. 15。
<ol><li>打开数据处理软件 [请参阅材料表], 然后在命令界面中键入 "EEGLab" EEGLab [请参阅截图 1 & 2]。</li>
	<li>导入数据文件。对于这一步骤, 首先, 单击 EEGLAB GUI 上的 "文件", 选择 "导入数据", 选择 "使用 EEGLAB 函数和插件", 然后单击 "从 edf/edf/文件 (BIOSIG 工具箱)" [参见截图3]。选择所需的数据文件。</li>
	<li>创建和脑电图事件列表, 其中包括与实验中使用的视觉刺激的差异类型相对应的条目列表 (即被认为不同标记为 "S-BD" 的相同图像, 以及认为不同的不同图像)。标记为 "D-BD")。为此, 请单击 EEGLAB GUI 上的 "ERPLAB", 选择 "事件列表", 然后单击 "创建脑电图事件列表" [请参阅截图 4]。在新窗口中, 为 S BD 类别输入 "事件信息" 和 "Bin 信息 (可选)" 下的相关信息, 然后单击 "更新行"。对 D-BD 类别重复此过程。单击 "应用" (请参阅截图 5)。</li>
	<li>提取基于 bin 的纪元, 每个纪元 (或试用) 由一个从204ms 到1000ms 的单一 ERP 波形组成, 其中0对应于视觉刺激的开始。对于此步骤, 请在 EEGLAB GUI 上选择 "ERPLAB", 然后单击 "提取基于 bin 的纪元" (参见截图 6)。在新窗口下的 "基于 Bin 的纪元时间范围 (ms)", 写 "-204-4"。单击 "运行" (请参阅截图 7)。</li>
	<li>在纪元上执行工件检测。此步骤将删除所有通过放大器饱和或 a/d 修剪而改变的试验。对于4额脑电电极 (Fp1、Fp2、F7 和 F8), 将消除-100 毫伏和/或优于 +100 毫伏的段的纪元。同样, 与-75 毫伏和/或优于 +75 毫伏的段的纪元将被删除其余24个非正面电极。此外, 在所有28电极中, 包含包含超过100ms 的平坦线的段的纪元将被切断。要消除极端电压, 请先单击 EEGLAB GUI 上的 "ERPLAB", 然后选择 "epoched 数据中的工件检测", 然后单击 "简单电压阈值" (参见截图 8)。在新窗口的 "测试周期 (开始结束) [ms]," 写 "-204 1000";在 "电压限制 [uV] (例如-100 100):" 写 "-100 100";在 "通道" 下, 写 "1:4" (只选择4个正面电极)。选择 "接受" (请参阅截图 9)。对其余24电极重复此过程, 在必要时进行适当的更改 (即写入 "-75 75" 而不是 "-100 100" 用于电压限制; 书写 "5:28" 而不是 "1:4" 选择剩余的24电极)。接下来, 要删除平面线, 请单击 EEGLAB GUI 上的 "ERPLAB", 选择 "epoched 数据中的工件检测", 然后单击 "阻止 & 扁线" (参见截图 10)。在 "测试周期 (开始结束) [ms]" 下的新窗口中, 写 "-204 1000";在 "振幅公差 (单值,例如2)" 下: ", 写"-1e-07 1e-07 ";在 "期限 [ms]" 之下, 写 "100";在 "通道 (s)" 下, 写 "1:28" (选择所有28电极)。选择 "接受" (请参阅截图 11)。</li>
	<li>计算每个条件的每个参与者的平均 ERPs (一致与不一致)。为此, 请单击 EEGLAB GUI 上的 "ERPLAB", 然后选择 "平均计算 ERPs" [请参阅截图 12]。</li>
	<li>计算每个条件下的 erp 集的平均值 (一致与不一致), 并绘制由此产生的 erp 波形。在此步骤中, 单击 EEGLAB GUI 上的 "ERPLAB", 然后选择 "跨 ERPsets 平均值 (平均)" [请参阅截图 13]。在新窗口中, 通过单击 "添加 Erpset" 添加相关的 ERP 集, 然后单击 "运行" [查看截图 14]。要绘制 erp 波形, 请单击 EEGLAB GUI 上的 "ERPLAB", 单击 "绘制 erp", 然后选择 "绘制 erp 波形" (参见截图 15)。在 "时间范围 (最小最大值" 下的新窗口中, 在 ms) ", 写"-204.0 1000.0 ", 并点击按钮" 积极向上 "(这将改变按钮的标签为" 负数 ", 使负 y 值显示在 x 轴之上);在 "样式" 下, 选择 "地形" 并将 "w" 和 "h" 值改为 "0.1"。单击 "绘图" (参见截图 16)。</li>
</ol>

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报告没有利益冲突。

在我们的调查中, 一个人的大脑是否对另一种刺激处理敏感, 我们记录了对参与者的脑电图, 因为它们各自呈现出一组图像。
我们操纵了显示给两个参与者的图像的一致性。每个人都是通过屏幕指示指示, 他/她将会看到的总是不同于他/她的伴侣会。一半的时间, 参与者显示不同的图像 (即一致条件) 和一半的时间, 相同的图像 (即不一致的条件)。试验在不一致和一致的条件之间随机进行。
如果一个人的刺激处理会影响到对方大脑的电动力学, 反之亦然, 那么, 不一致的试验的 LPP 分量的平均电压可能不同于贯穿会话的一致的测试。事实上, 我们的初步结果与我们的假设一致: 关键会话的 LPP 值与控制会话的价值不同, 这是一致性的函数。这种效应发生在没有块偏倚和任何可能的隐蔽检测的不一致, 由于噪声的伙伴, 如呼吸变化引起的令人震惊的视觉刺激。
本文的目的是介绍一个新的模式, 涉及脑电图测试对参与者的同时。对于真实的脑电图记录, 啰嗦几点是很重要的。首先, 这是至关重要的帽子是紧贴适合。太大的上限会影响记录的质量, 因为它具有不稳定的凝胶柱, 从而改变阻抗19。第二, 也重要的是, 参与者必须明白, 他们一定要避免过度的运动, 眨眼或弯曲的面部和颈部肌肉, 因为这些可能会扭曲脑电图的痕迹, 使数据很难解释20。实验结束后 , 必须对设备进行适当的清洗 , 以确保电极不胶渣电绝缘 , 这可能会影响未来的信号采集。第三, 如果信号中存在问题, 如噪声或扁线, 请确保接地和参考电极正确连接。降低所有电极的阻抗可以减少噪音, 因为它阻止了它们充当捕获环境电磁噪声的触角。因此, 如果连接有问题, 必须重新应用凝胶, 并在电极下面的头皮重新划伤。如果脑电图上有 myograms, 我们必须让受试者放松, 提醒他/她放松面部和颈部肌肉, 然后再进行实验。
在任何脑电图实验开始的时候, 牢记这项技术的局限性是很重要的。例如, 它的次优空间分辨率可能是值得考虑的问题。另一个考虑因素是脑电图对眼睛闪烁、肌肉活动和身体运动的敏感度, 在录制的21中引入了工件。总的来说, 这些限制可以用其他神经影像学方法来解决, 如 fMRI 和近红外成像, 或者将脑电图与其他替代方案结合起来。即便如此, 在另类脑成像技术方面, EEG 也有其自身的优势, 最明显的是其显著的时间分辨率, 允许研究以毫秒为单位来探测神经活动。它也是一种无创和无痛的工具, 对参与者没有风险。另外, 与其他神经影像学技术相比, 脑电图相对便宜。因此, 本文提出的一种新的配对测试方法, 是对监测技术的明显选择。

脑电图指数在信息处理过程中产生的大神经元群的电突触反应的总和1 。2在这些响应中, 某些模式对感官、运动或认知事件有时间锁定。这些 "事件相关" 的脑电图模式称为 ERPs。3 ERP 由几个偏差 (例如N300、N400 & P600) 组成。这些挠度的特点是它的滞后时间相对于事件的开始, 其电压或振幅, 其正或负电极性和其头皮分布, 所有这些都提供了有关基础神经计算的线索3。
通过 ERP 研究, 我们可以获得关于高阶复杂认知操作4基础神经过程的信息。ERP 方法主要用于心理和神经精神研究。ERPs 与其他神经影像学方法相关的一些优势, 如功能磁共振成像 (fMRI) 和近红外光谱, 包括其出色的时间分辨率, 这使研究人员能够跟踪大脑的计算活动到毫秒, 以及它相对的成本效益。当同时测试两个参与者时, 这一点非常关键, 就像我们研究5、6中的情况一样。
对于这个实验, 我们主要对晚期后阳性 (LPP) 感兴趣, 这是一个有延迟潜伏期的 ERP (即从250到1000ms 后的刺激开始)。它是由表达有意义的刺激, 如文字, 对象, 面孔和场景引起的。众所周知的 P3b 成分属于 LPP 家族, 它的峰值约为600毫秒后刺激发作的文字和大约 750 ms 的脸和场景刺激。新信息的数量越多, 在工作记忆中, 从而在意识, 和更生动, 突出和确定这一信息是, 这个潜力的振幅将是7,8当刺激-或任何它的方面, 例如它的确切的发生时间-是意想不到的, 它引起一个更大的 LPP 比当刺激和它的每个方面被充分地预测了。因此, 大量的认知因素会对 LPP8、9的振幅产生影响。
同时记录两个参与者的脑电图, 因为它们暴露在视觉刺激下, 这可以帮助我们评估一个学科的大脑活动是否会影响对方的大脑电动力学, 当他们都不知道他/她的搭档正在显示什么。
考虑到 ERP 的电压, 头皮的分布和潜伏期都提供了什么神经计算的线索, 他们可以测量, 以测试任何外部影响对大脑和检测的差异在视觉刺激的处理对密切相关个人。为了测试这种影响的存在, 我们集中于一个操作假说: 一个人的视觉刺激所诱发的 LPP 可能会受到他/她的伴侣所显示的刺激的影响。这一假说基于这样的观点, 即如果一个人的刺激处理对另一人的神经活动产生影响, 那么从前者的大脑中产生的新信息可能会调节后者的 LPP 振幅。
一个更精确的假说是建立在一个互补的想法。当刺激被认为与接近其他人所看到的不同时, 刺激对大脑活动的影响应该避免。实际上, 在这种情况下, 这种影响构成了不相关的干扰。为了创建这些知识, 每对的两个参与者都被告知它们将呈现不同的刺激。然而, 实验中只有一半的试验与这项指令一致。因此, 它们构成了不同的刺激条件, 即 DCS。另一半的试验与这项指示不一致。在那里, 同时呈现给每对两个主题的刺激是相同的, 从而组成了相同的刺激条件, ISC。后者的条件被使用, 为了有一个控制条件, 其中的抑制不应该发展, 因为它将涉及的信息相对应的刺激实际上提交到关闭其他。我们的预测是, 如果没有这样的抑制, 更多的信息应该进入工作记忆的内容, 这可能是负责更大的 LPPs 在 ISC 比在 DSC。此外, 发现这种 ERPs 的差异将证实, 刺激处理对 ERPs 的影响的可能性, 因为受试者看不到他们的伙伴所呈现的实际刺激。
这些预测在先前的两个实验中得到证实, 这也表明, 每对两个参与者必须在社会上密切, 而不是陌生人。10,11然而, 在这些实验中, 这些对的两个参与者没有听觉和视觉上的分离。尽管 unlikeliness 的 ERP 效应可能是由合作伙伴之间的经典视觉和/或声学通信引起的, 但考虑到结果对社会认知的重要性, 我们决定引入一个玻璃和在合作伙伴之间进行窗帘分离, 以验证 ERP 的差异是否存在。
然而, 我们知道, 通过这样做, 参与者可能不再感觉在一起的实验, 这可能会产生影响。因此, 我们觉得重要的是提醒参与者在整个实验中尝试感受他们的伴侣的存在, 在我们的汇报会议上, 我们问他们是否成功了。
此外, 在前两个评估刺激处理对 ERP 的影响的实验中, 关闭其他10、11, DSC 和 ISC 对应不同的试验块, 以防止疲劳、策略偏差和其他混淆, 这个实验的实验条件现在对应于随机内块中的试验。
在这个新的实验中, 两个参与者 (A 和 B) 都坐在自己的电脑屏幕前的两个相邻的房间。隔离墙的墙壁上有一个 86-178 厘米的玻璃窗, 两边都用窗帘遮住。因此, 参与者并排坐着, 但在实际实验中既看不到也不能听到对方的声音。然而, 在实验前, 当他们被安装在脑电图帽, 窗帘是开放的, 参与者可以看到对方, 保持亲密的感觉。一旦他们配备了脑电图帽记录他们的大脑活动和脑电图信号检查质量, 窗帘关闭。然而, 最重要的是, 参与者被指示在整个实验过程中尝试继续感受对方的存在。屏幕上的指令指示每个参与者尝试并记住将同时闪烁的图像, 每一个都在各自的屏幕上, 并避免过多的闪烁和面部动作。
他们对这两幅图像的性质的信念是通过屏幕上的指令进行实验控制的, 这清楚地告诉他们, 他们将总是接触到不同的视觉刺激, 而不是将呈现给他们的伴侣。但是, 如前所述, 每个参与者看到200张图像, 其中100个实际上与呈现给其伙伴的图片不同, 形成了一致的条件或 DSC (即不同的刺激条件), 其中100实际上是相同当那些人向他们的搭档展示的时候。它们构成了不一致的条件或 ISC (即相同的刺激条件)。因此, 在不一致的 ISC 试用期间, 两个参与者同时呈现相同的图像。在一致的 DSC 试验中, 两个参与者同时呈现不同的图像。这些试验的顺序是随机的。
我们系统地探讨了时间窗 ERPs 的 LPPs, 以检测不同刺激指令在试验的刺激实际上不同时应触发的抑制指标。我们发现, 在75-150ms 后的图像开始, ERPs 的平均电压减法的绝对值减去从 ISC-路径的参与者是更大的参与人谁感觉在实验中比那些谁没有。这是观察在右额电极部位, 特别是在 F8, 从而超过 ventro 侧前额叶皮质。根据我们以前关于抑制和负 ERP 的著作-组件16,17,18, 我们在一起感受到的参与者中选择了, 那些在一起感觉到 ERPs 的人比 ISC 试验更消极。从而抑制可能发生的人。正如预期的那样, 这些特定参与者比不一致的 ISC 试验 (参见图 4) 具有更小的 LPPs, 用于一致的 DSC 测试。这些结果表明, 在 ICS 试验中, 更多的信息进入工作记忆的内容, 这些信息可能变得更加突出和/或生动, 并/或与更多的信心集成。此外, 他们证明了刺激处理对 ERPs 的影响存在, 因为参与者不可能看到实际呈现给他们的伙伴的图像, 也不可能进行交流。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>EEG acquisition software</td>
			<td>Psychlab</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>http://www.psychlab.com/softw_general.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>8 Digital EEG Amplifiers (NuAmp)</td>
			<td>Neuro Scan Labs</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2 computers</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Matlab</td>
			<td>The MathWorks, Inc</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>http://www.mathworks.com/products/matlab/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EEGLab Matlab toolbox</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>http://sccn.ucsd.edu/eeglab/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ERPLAB Toolbox</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>http://erpinfo.org/erplab</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stimulus generation software</td>
			<td>E-Prime</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ECI Electrode cap</td>
			<td>Electro-cap International, Inc</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>http://www.electro-cap.com/index.cfm/caps/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Special Head Measuring Tape (4 Color ribbon)</td>
			<td>Electro-cap International, Inc</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>http://www.electro-cap.com/index.cfm/supplies/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disposable Sponge Disks</td>
			<td>Electro-cap International, Inc</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>http://www.electro-cap.com/index.cfm/supplies/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cap straps</td>
			<td>Electro-cap International, Inc</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>http://www.electro-cap.com/index.cfm/supplies/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electro-gel</td>
			<td>Electro-cap International, Inc</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>http://www.electro-cap.com/index.cfm/supplies/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Blunt needle (BD Vacutainer PrecisionGlide Multiple Sample Needle)</td>
			<td>Becton, Dickinson and Company</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2 Syringes</td>
			<td>Electro-cap International, Inc</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>http://www.electro-cap.com/index.cfm/supplies/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4 Ear Electrodes</td>
			<td>Electro-cap International, Inc</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>http://www.electro-cap.com/index.cfm/supplies/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alcohol wipes</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2 Red pencils</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Facilities and supplies for participants to wash their hair after the experiment- sink, shampoo, comb, towels, hair dryer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

how to find effects of stimulus processing on event related brain potentials of close others when hyperscanning partners

每对的合作伙伴必须能够通过麦吉尔友谊问卷, 而无需沟通。每位合伙人然后坐在屏幕前的两个相邻的房间之一。这些房间是由一个玻璃窗口隔开, 通过它, 参与者沟通, 以保持感觉的团结, 而安装的脑电图帽。在检查足够的脑电图信号后, 玻璃被窗帘覆盖, 以防止视觉传播。然后, 合作伙伴必须保持沉默, 但被指示在整个实验中尝试在他们的伴侣面前感受。就在它开始之前, 参与者被告知每一个都将一次呈现一个图像, 并且这些图像将同时出现在他们自己的屏幕上。他们还指示, 对于每一个试验, 同时图像将始终是不同的。但是, 不知情的是, 试验是随机的: 其中只有一半与此指令一致, 实际上包括两个不同的图像。这些试验形成 DSC, 即不同刺激条件。另一半的试验与指令不一致。它们包括两个相同的图像, 形成 ISC (相同刺激条件)。实验结束后, 参与者被分成两组: 那些报告说在大多数试验中他们的伴侣在场的人和那些报告他们没有的人。在至少两个时间窗口 (TWs) 中, 通过从 DSC 的 ERPs (与指令一致) 减去 ERPs 的平均电压 (与指令不一致), 可以找到合作伙伴的刺激处理的影响: 首先, 在75150毫秒, 这些增减的绝对价值更大, 特别是在正面的地方, 那些在伴侣面前感觉比没有的人;其次, 在 LPP 时间窗口 (即从650到 950 ms 开机自检), 在 DSC 中, ERPs 的阳性程度明显低于 ISC, 早期 (75-150ms) 增减的原始结果为负值。

本文介绍了三个数字。这些数字的每个部分 (总共28个部分) 代表一个具有自己的标签 (即Fp1、Fp2、F7、F8 等) 的 EEG 通道。图 1显示了一个典型的 "良好" 结果示例, 描述了从单个参与者获得的 ERP 波形。黑线对应于一致的条件, 红线对应于不一致的条件。相比之下,图 2描述的是 "较差" 的结果, 原因是波形描述的是无法识别的 ERP 组件、扁平衬里或噪音。这些也从一个参与者获得。黑线对应于一致条件, 红线对应于不一致的条件。图 3显示了来自参与者的27个 ERP 集的平均值, 在实验的50% 以上。黑线对应于控件一致的类别, 红线对应于关键不一致的类别。图 4是对13个人的平均 ERP 的描述, 这些人感觉在一起超过50% 的试验, 并且在75-150ms 时间窗口的 F8 电极站点上, 不一致的条件更积极。对于大多数电极, 不一致条件比一致条件更积极。
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56120/56120fig1v2.jpg"> 图 1: 典型的 "好" 结果, 表示来自一个参与者的 ERPs.每个部分 (总共28个部分) 代表一个具有自己的标签 (即Fp1、Fp2、F7、F8、等) 的 EEG 通道。ERP 组件在波形中有很好的定义。黑线对应于一致的条件 (不同的刺激条件, 或 DSC), 红线对应于不一致的条件 (相同的刺激条件, 或 ISC)。<a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/56120/56120fig1v2large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56120/56120fig2v2.jpg"> 图 2: 典型的 "较差" 结果, 表示来自一个参与者的 ERPs.每个部分 (总共28个部分) 代表一个具有自己的标签 (即Fp1、Fp2、F7、F8、等) 的 EEG 通道。黑线对应于一致条件 (DSC), 红线对应于不一致条件 (ISC)。 ERP 组件在波形中没有很好的定义, 许多标记为一条扁平线 (即F8、Fc4)。<a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/56120/56120fig2v2large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 3" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56120/56120fig3v2.jpg"> 图 3: 在一起感觉的27个参与者的 ERPs 的平均值.  每个部分 (总共28个部分) 代表一个具有自己的标签 (即Fp1、Fp2、F7、F8、等) 的 EEG 通道。黑线对应于一致条件 (DSC), 红线对应于不一致条件 (ISC)。<a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/56120/56120fig3v2large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 4" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56120/56120fig4.jpg"> 图 4: 在 F8 电极站点, 在75-150ms 比 ERPs 到不一致的 ISC 试验中, 13 参加者 ERPs 的平均平均数和 ERPs 对一致的 DSC 试验的影响更大.每个部分 (总共28个部分) 代表一个具有自己的标签 (即Fp1、Fp2、F7、F8、等) 的 EEG 通道。黑线对应于一致的条件, 红线对应于不一致的条件。在 F3 (p = 0.024) 的一致和不一致条件之间的 600-900 毫秒时间窗口有显著的差异, F4 (p = 0.001), 熔 (p = 0.024), Fc3 (p = 0.041), Fcz (p = 0.022), Fc4 (p = 0.002), Ft8 (p = 0.004), C3 (p = 0.022) 和 T4 (p = 0.039), 条件不一致的情况更积极。<a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/56120/56120fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
补充文件 1<a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/56120/Debriefing_Questionnaire_(COUPLE-FRIEND-SIBLING)_-_Google_Forms.pdf.pdf.pdf" target="_blank">请单击此处下载此文件.</a>
补充文件 2<a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/56120/Eligibility_Questionnaire_(COUPLES-FRIENDS-SIBLINGS)_-_Google_Forms.pdf.pdf" target="_blank">请单击此处下载此文件.</a>
补充文件 3<a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/56120/Friendship_Eligibility_Questionnaire_-_Google_Forms.pdf" target="_blank">请单击此处下载此文件.</a>
补充文件 4<a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/56120/McGill_Friendship_Questionnaire_-_Google_Forms.pdf.pdf" target="_blank">请单击此处下载此文件.</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about How to Find Effects of Stimulus Processing on Event Related Brain Potentials of Close Others when Hyperscanning Partners at JoVE.com

How to Find Effects of Stimulus Processing on Event Related Brain Potentials of Close Others when Hyperscanning Partners

Hyperscanning 合作伙伴时如何发现刺激处理对近距离活动相关脑电位的影响

该协议描述了在评估一个人的大脑的敏感性的关键步骤, 通过选择配对的合作伙伴, 记录他们的脑电图 (EEG) 和计算其与事件相关的脑电位 (ERPs)。

The partners of each pair must be able to pass the McGill Friendship Questionnaire without communicating. Each partner is then seated in front of a screen ...

how-to-find-effects-stimulus-processing-on-event-related-brain

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

7.7K 次观看.  Douglas Mental Health University Institute. 该协议描述了在评估一个人的大脑的敏感性的关键步骤, 通过选择配对的合作伙伴, 记录他们的脑电图 (EEG) 和计算其与事件相关的脑电位 (ERPs)。

视频: How to Find Effects of Stimulus Processing on Event Related Brain Potentials of Close Others when Hyperscanning Partners

Preparation of Oligomeric &beta;-amyloid1-42 and Induction of Synaptic Plasticity Impairment on Hippocampal Slices

Impairment of synaptic connections is likely to underlie the subtle amnesic changes occurring at the early stages of Alzheimer s Disease (AD). &beta;-amyloid (A&beta;), a peptide produced in high amounts in AD, is known to reduce Long-Term Potentiation (LTP), a cellular correlate of learning and memory. Indeed, LTP impairment caused by A&beta; is a useful experimental paradigm for studying synaptic dysfunctions in AD models and for screening drugs capable of mitigating or reverting such synaptic impairments. Studies have shown that A&beta; produces the LTP disruption preferentially via its oligomeric form. Here we provide a detailed protocol for impairing LTP by perfusion of oligomerized synthetic A&beta;1-42 peptide onto acute hippocampal slices. In this video, we outline a step-by-step procedure for the preparation of oligomeric A&beta;1-42. Then, we follow an individual experiment in which LTP is reduced in hippocampal slices exposed to oligomerized A&beta;1-42 compared to slices in a control experiment where no A&beta;1-42 exposure had occurred.

Preparation of Oligomeric &#946;-amyloid1-42 and Induction of Synaptic Plasticity Impairment on Hippocampal Slices

One feature of Alzheimer's Disease is the elevation of A&beta;1-42 peptide. Here we provide a protocol for preparing synthetic A&beta;1-42 oligomers, which impairs hippocampal Long-Term Potentiation, a cellular correlate of memory. This procedure is useful for investigating mechanisms of A&beta;-induced pathology and drug screening.

低聚β-淀粉样蛋白的制备 1-42和突触可塑性损伤诱导海马脑片

Impairment of synaptic connections is likely to underlie the subtle amnesic changes occurring at the early stages of Alzheimer s Disease (AD). ...

科研

神经科学

High Density Event-related Potential  Data Acquisition in Cognitive Neuroscience

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is currently the standard method of evaluating brain function in the field of Cognitive Neuroscience, in part because fMRI data acquisition and analysis techniques are readily available. Because fMRI has excellent spatial resolution but poor temporal resolution, this method can only be used to identify the spatial location of brain activity associated with a given cognitive process (and reveals virtually nothing about the time course of brain activity). By contrast, event-related potential (ERP) recording, a method that is used much less frequently than fMRI, has excellent temporal resolution and thus can track rapid temporal modulations in neural activity. Unfortunately, ERPs are under utilized in Cognitive Neuroscience because data acquisition techniques are not readily available and low density ERP recording has poor spatial resolution. In an effort to foster the increased use of ERPs in Cognitive Neuroscience, the present article details key techniques involved in high density ERP data acquisition. Critically, high density ERPs offer the promise of excellent temporal resolution and good spatial resolution (or excellent spatial resolution if coupled with fMRI), which is necessary to capture the spatial-temporal dynamics of human brain function.

Event-related potential (ERP) recording is under utilized in Cognitive Neuroscience because data acquisition techniques are not readily available and this method often has poor spatial resolution. To foster the increased use of ERPs in Cognitive Neuroscience, the present article details key techniques involved in high density ERP data acquisition.

高密度事件相关电位在认知神经科学的数据采集

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is currently the standard method of evaluating brain function in the field of Cognitive Neuroscience, in part ...

State-Dependency Effects on TMS:  A Look at Motive Phosphene Behavior

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive neurostimulatory and neuromodulatory technique that can transiently or lastingly modulate cortical excitability (either increasing or decreasing it) via the application of localized magnetic field pulses.1,2 Within the field of TMS, the term state dependency refers to the initial, baseline condition of the particular neural region targeted for stimulation. As can be inferred, the effects of TMS can (and do) vary according to this primary susceptibility and responsiveness of the targeted cortical area.3,4,5

In this experiment, we will examine this concept of state dependency through the elicitation and subjective experience of motive phosphenes. Phosphenes are visually perceived flashes of small lights triggered by electromagnetic pulses to the visual cortex. These small lights can assume varied characteristics depending upon which type of visual cortex is being stimulated. In this particular study, we will be targeting motive phosphenes as elicited through the stimulation of V1/V2 and the V5/MT+ complex visual regions.6

In this article, we examine the effects of visually relevant state dependency on TMS induced motive phosphenic presentations.

依赖国家对TMS的:一看动机幻视行为

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive neurostimulatory and neuromodulatory technique that can transiently or lastingly modulate ...

Vibrodissociation of Neurons from Rodent Brain Slices to Study Synaptic Transmission and Image Presynaptic Terminals

Mechanical dissociation of neurons from the central nervous system has the advantage that presynaptic boutons remain attached to the isolated neuron of interest. This allows for examination of synaptic transmission under conditions where the extracellular and postsynaptic intracellular environments can be well controlled. A vibration-based technique without the use of proteases, known as vibrodissociation, is the most popular technique for mechanical isolation. A micropipette, with the tip fire-polished to the shape of a small ball, is placed into a brain slice made from a P1-P21 rodent. The micropipette is vibrated parallel to the slice surface and lowered through the slice thickness resulting in the liberation of isolated neurons. The isolated neurons are ready for study within a few minutes of vibrodissociation. This technique has advantages over the use of primary neuronal cultures, brain slices and enzymatically isolated neurons including: rapid production of viable, relatively mature neurons suitable for electrophysiological and imaging studies; superior control of the extracellular environment free from the influence of neighboring cells; suitability for well-controlled pharmacological experiments using rapid drug application and total cell superfusion; and improved space-clamp in whole-cell recordings relative to neurons in slice or cell culture preparations. This preparation can be used to examine synaptic physiology, pharmacology, modulation and plasticity. Real-time imaging of both pre- and postsynaptic elements in the living cells and boutons is also possible using vibrodissociated neurons. Characterization of the molecular constituents of pre- and postsynaptic elements can also be achieved with immunological and imaging-based approaches.

This report demonstrates a technique for mechanical isolation of individual viable neurons retaining attached presynaptic boutons. Vibrodissociated neurons have the advantages of rapid production, excellent pharmacological control and improved space-clamp without influence from neighboring cells. This method can be used for imaging of synaptic elements and patch-clamp recording.

Vibrodissociation从啮齿动物脑切片的神经元，研究突触传递和图像突触前的码头

Mechanical dissociation of neurons from the central nervous system has the advantage that presynaptic boutons remain attached to the isolated neuron of ...

Multi-electrode Array Recordings of Neuronal Avalanches in Organotypic Cultures

The cortex is spontaneously active, even in the absence of any particular input or motor output. During development, this activity is important for the migration and differentiation of cortex cell types and the formation of neuronal connections1. In the mature animal, ongoing activity reflects the past and the present state of an animal into which sensory stimuli are seamlessly integrated to compute future actions. Thus, a clear understanding of the organization of ongoing i.e. spontaneous activity is a prerequisite to understand cortex function. 
Numerous recording techniques revealed that ongoing activity in cortex is comprised of many neurons whose individual activities transiently sum to larger events that can be detected in the local field potential (LFP) with extracellular microelectrodes, or in the electroencephalogram (EEG), the magnetoencephalogram (MEG), and the BOLD signal from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The LFP is currently the method of choice when studying neuronal population activity with high temporal and spatial resolution at the mesoscopic scale (several thousands of neurons). At the extracellular microelectrode, locally synchronized activities of spatially neighbored neurons result in rapid deflections in the LFP up to several hundreds of microvolts. When using an array of microelectrodes, the organizations of such deflections can be conveniently monitored in space and time. 
Neuronal avalanches describe the scale-invariant spatiotemporal organization of ongoing neuronal activity in the brain2,3. They are specific to the superficial layers of cortex as established in vitro4,5, in vivo in the anesthetized rat 6, and in the awake monkey7. Importantly, both theoretical and empirical studies2,8-10 suggest that neuronal avalanches indicate an exquisitely balanced critical state dynamics of cortex that optimizes information transfer and information processing.
In order to study the mechanisms of neuronal avalanche development, maintenance, and regulation, in vitro preparations are highly beneficial, as they allow for stable recordings of avalanche activity under precisely controlled conditions. The current protocol describes how to study neuronal avalanches in vitro by taking advantage of superficial layer development in organotypic cortex cultures, i.e. slice cultures, grown on planar, integrated microelectrode arrays (MEA; see also 11-14).

A robust way to study neuronal avalanches, i.e. scale-invariant spatio-temporal activity bursts, indicative of critical state dynamics in cortex. Avalanches emerge spontaneously in developing superficial layers of cultured cortex which allows for long-term measurements of the activity with planar integrated multi-electrode arrays (MEA) under precisely controlled conditions.

器官型培养的神经元雪崩多电极阵列记录

The cortex is spontaneously active, even in the absence of any particular input or motor output.  During development, this activity is important for the ...

Applications of EEG Neuroimaging Data: Event-related Potentials, Spectral Power, and Multiscale Entropy

When considering human neuroimaging data, an appreciation of signal variability represents a fundamental innovation in the way we think about brain signal. Typically, researchers represent the brain's response as the mean across repeated experimental trials and disregard signal fluctuations over time as "noise". However, it is becoming clear that brain signal variability conveys meaningful functional information about neural network dynamics. This article describes the novel method of multiscale entropy (MSE) for quantifying brain signal variability. MSE may be particularly informative of neural network dynamics because it shows timescale dependence and sensitivity to linear and nonlinear dynamics in the data.

Neuroimaging researchers typically consider the brain's response as the mean activity across repeated experimental trials and disregard signal variability over time as "noise". However, it is becoming clear that there is signal in that noise. This article describes the novel method of multiscale entropy for quantifying brain signal variability in the time domain.

脑电图神经影像数据:事件相关电位，光谱功率，和多尺度熵的应用

When considering human neuroimaging data, an appreciation of signal variability represents a fundamental innovation in the way we think about brain ...

Somatosensory Event-related Potentials from Orofacial Skin Stretch Stimulation

Cortical processing associated with orofacial somatosensory function in speech has received limited experimental attention due to the difficulty of providing precise and controlled stimulation. This article introduces a technique for recording somatosensory event-related potentials (ERP) that uses a novel mechanical stimulation method involving skin deformation using a robotic device. Controlled deformation of the facial skin is used to modulate kinesthetic inputs through excitation of cutaneous mechanoreceptors. By combining somatosensory stimulation with electroencephalographic recording, somatosensory evoked responses can be successfully measured at the level of the cortex. Somatosensory stimulation can be combined with the stimulation of other sensory modalities to assess multisensory interactions. For speech, orofacial stimulation is combined with speech sound stimulation to assess the contribution of multi-sensory processing including the effects of timing differences. The ability to precisely control orofacial somatosensory stimulation during speech perception and speech production with ERP recording is an important tool that provides new insight into the neural organization and neural representations for speech.

This paper introduces a method for obtaining somatosensory event-related potentials following orofacial skin stretch stimulation. The current method can be used to evaluate the contribution of somatosensory afferents to both speech production and speech perception.

从口面皮肤牵拉刺激体感事件相关电位

Cortical processing associated with orofacial somatosensory function in speech has received limited experimental attention due to the difficulty of ...

Effects of Blast-induced Neurotrauma on Pressurized Rodent Middle Cerebral Arteries

Though there have been studies on the histopathological and behavioral effects of blast exposure, fewer have been dedicated to blast&#39;s cerebral vascular effects. Impact (i.e., non-blast) traumatic brain injury (TBI) is known to decrease pressure autoregulation in the cerebral vasculature in both humans and experimental animals. The hypothesis that blast-induced traumatic brain injury (bTBI), like impact TBI, results in impaired cerebral vascular reactivity was tested by measuring myogenic dilatory responses to reduced intravascular pressure in rodent middle cerebral arterial (MCA) segments from rats subjected to mild bTBI using an Advanced Blast Simulator (ABS) shock tube. Adult, male Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized, intubated, ventilated and prepared for Sham bTBI (identical manipulation and anesthesia except for blast injury) or mild bTBI. Rats were randomly assigned to receive Sham bTBI or mild bTBI followed by sacrifice 30 or 60 min post-injury. Immediately after bTBI, righting reflex (RR) suppression times were assessed, euthanasia at the time points post-injury was completed, the brain was harvested and the individual MCA segments were collected, mounted and pressurized. As the intraluminal pressure perfused through the arterial segments was reduced in 20 mmHg increments from 100 to 20 mmHg, MCA diameters were measured and recorded. With decreasing intraluminal pressure, MCA diameters steadily increased significantly above baseline in the Sham bTBI groups while MCA dilator responses were significantly reduced (p &#60; 0.05) in both bTBI groups as evidenced by the impaired, smaller MCA diameters recorded for the bTBI groups. In addition, RR suppression in the bTBI groups was significantly (p &#60; 0.05) higher than in the Sham bTBI groups. MCA&#39;s collected from the Sham bTBI groups exhibited typical vasodilatory properties to decreases in intraluminal pressure while MCA&#39;s collected following bTBI exhibited significantly impaired myogenic vasodilatory responses to reduced pressure that persisted for at least 60 min after bTBI.

Here, we present a protocol to describe methods for ex vivo vascular reactivity determination following a primary blast traumatic brain injury (bTBI) using isolated, pressurized, rodent middle cerebral arterial (MCA) segments. bTBI induction is accomplished using a shock tube, also known as an Advanced Blast Simulator (ABS) device.

爆炸性神经损伤对压生啮鼠中脑动脉的影响

Though there have been studies on the histopathological and behavioral effects of blast exposure, fewer have been dedicated to blast&#39;s cerebral ...

Conducting Hyperscanning Experiments with Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

Concurrent brain recordings of two or more interacting persons, an approach termed hyperscanning, are gaining increasing importance for our understanding of the neurobiological underpinnings of social interactions, and possibly interpersonal relationships. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is well suited for conducting hyperscanning experiments because it measures local hemodynamic effects with a high sampling rate and, importantly, it can be applied in natural settings, not requiring strict motion restrictions. In this article, we present a protocol for conducting fNIRS hyperscanning experiments with parent-child dyads and for analyzing brain-to-brain synchrony. Furthermore, we discuss critical issues and future directions, regarding the experimental design, spatial registration of the fNIRS channels, physiological influences and data analysis methods. The described protocol is not specific to parent-child dyads, but can be applied to a variety of different dyadic constellations, such as adult strangers, romantic partners or siblings. To conclude, fNIRS hyperscanning has the potential to yield new insights into the dynamics of the ongoing social interaction, which possibly go beyond what can be studied by examining the activities of individual brains.

The present protocol describes how to conduct fNIRS hyperscanning experiments and analyze brain-to-brain synchrony. Further, we discuss challenges and possible solutions.

利用功能近红外光谱进行超扫描实验

Concurrent brain recordings of two or more interacting persons, an approach termed hyperscanning, are gaining increasing importance for our understanding ...

Advanced Diffusion Imaging in The Hippocampus of Rats with Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is the most common type of acquired brain injury. Since patients with traumatic brain injury show a tremendous variability and heterogeneity (age, gender, type of trauma, other possible pathologies, etc.), animal models play a key role in unraveling factors that are limitations in clinical research. They provide a standardized and controlled setting to investigate the biological mechanisms of injury and repair following TBI. However, not all animal models mimic the diffuse and subtle nature of mTBI effectively. For example, the commonly used controlled cortical impact (CCI) and lateral fluid percussion injury (LFPI) models make use of a craniotomy to expose the brain and induce widespread focal trauma, which are not commonly seen in mTBI. Therefore, these experimental models are not valid to mimic mTBI. Thus, an appropriate model should be used to investigate mTBI. The Marmarou weight drop model for rats induces similar microstructural alterations and cognitive impairments as seen in patients who sustain mild trauma; therefore, this model was selected for this protocol. Conventional computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans commonly show no damage following a mild injury, because mTBI induces often only subtle and diffuse injuries. With diffusion weighted MRI, it is possible to investigate microstructural properties of brain tissue, which can provide more insight into the microscopic alterations following mild trauma. Therefore, the goal of this study is to obtain quantitative information of a selected region-of-interest (i.e., hippocampus) to follow up disease progression after obtaining a mild and diffuse brain injury.

The overall goal of this procedure is to obtain quantitative microstructural information of the hippocampus in a rat with mild traumatic brain injury. This is done using an advanced diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging protocol and region-of-interest based analysis of parametric diffusion maps.

Hyperscanning 合作伙伴时如何发现刺激处理对近距离活动相关脑电位的影响

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低聚β-淀粉样蛋白的制备_1-42和突触可塑性损伤诱导海马脑片