We would like to thank Jyoti Mishra for useful discussions regarding the paradigm. This research was supported by NIH grants R33DA026109 and R21MH096329 to MSC.

注:本研究方案是根据批准的研究审查委员会在加州洛杉矶大学的道德准则制定。 1.准备听觉和视觉刺激<ol><li>使用其中能够产生视觉图像的软件，在任何频率（视觉角度的例如 1.36周/度）的直径，并创建两个灰度正弦光栅，约为5.7英寸。图像将具有100毫秒的屏幕上的持续时间。 <ol><li>倾斜约10视觉度到断开正中右光栅之一，并倾斜其它光栅相同的量向光栅的左边。 </li><li>确保该倾斜的程度足以允许参与者以区分一个右倾斜一个左倾斜不依靠猜测。 </li></ol></li><li>使用其中能够产生听觉音调软件，创建的100毫秒的持续时间两个纯音。 <ol><li> M阿克一个的较高音调的音调和其他较低音高。例如，一个间距可以为750赫兹，而另一个900赫兹。 </li><li>对于视觉刺激，确保色调足够独特，使得参与者能够区分它们不依靠猜测。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2.编程的刺激呈现<ol><li>使用演示软件，创建将在实验过程中控制听觉和视觉刺激的呈现的计算机代码。 <ol><li>首先选择要呈现的刺激的数量。至少存在于150的每一个每实验条件的视觉和听觉刺激，以确保有足够的重复进行可靠神经生理学响应。 </li><li>目前视觉刺激集中在灰色的背景，与参与者坐在舒适的观看距离。通过扬声器定位在卵石的任一侧呈现听觉刺激ñ。 注意:对于视觉刺激，我们建议一个灰色的背景，在用纯白色（255,255,255）和纯黑色（0,0,0）之间的中点（128,128,128）的RGB值，与一代正弦波使用的白色和黑色刺激。这确保了背景和刺激的平均亮度相媲美，对比度是在刺激和背景的任何点之间恒定。 </li><li>对于每一个的听觉和视觉刺激，独立地选择用于刺激的定时。 注意:这防止了来自预测基于两个流之间的时间关系的刺激。 </li><li>使用的刺激的顺序展示在约1秒的刺激间间隔（峰峰）从同一模式。慢峰峰将就警戒任务的要求更高，速度更快峰峰可能导致无法参与者，使他们的反应时间。 </li><li>变化的确切的ISI随机的范围内，如0.7〜2秒，以使刺激不可预知的参与者，防止与预期有关的神经反应。 </li><li>由于跨模态相互作用可以从同时或几乎同时出现的刺激呈现21,22，保持ISI从两个不同的流刺激之间在不超过300毫秒以内。 </li></ol></li><li>确保听觉和视觉刺激似乎发生交错以参与者，但从来没有共同发生。 </li><li>最后，分割刺激成25段。这些段之前，将三个随机选择的任务的指令，将在下一节中描述的一个。 </li></ol> 3.任务指令<ol><li>东方参与者的任务之前，收集大脑活动的神经生理学的措施。 <ol><li>指导学员出席并听觉的音调有反应，而忽略了视觉刺激时，该指令是"听"。目前这款指令B通过视听手段OTH。 </li><li>指定两个按钮，让与会者作出响应每个音。例如，"按向左箭头如果音调高，右箭头如果音调低"时，该指令是"听"。 </li><li>同样，指导学员出席并视光栅响应，并忽略听觉刺激时，该指令是"看"。 </li><li>分配两个按钮参与者做出反应的视觉光栅。例如，"按下左箭头，如果光栅倾斜到左边和右箭头如果光栅被向左倾斜"。 <ol><li>使用相同的两个按钮对于视觉刺激为听觉刺激，以提高的方式，因此，有必要采用注意控制机制之间的干扰。 </li></ol></li><li>最后，与会指导，使没有得到响应时，该指令是"被动"，但保证参与者擦亮眼睛，集中在屏幕上。 </li></ol></li><li>在整个任务会议，轮流为"听"和"看"段以前参加方式切换到正在无关之间​​，从而使其成为一种有效的分心的说明。 </li><li>提醒参与者保持他们迷恋的眼睛在屏幕的中间，或者一个小圆点或十字线在视觉刺激的呈现位置，并保持他们的眼睛在整个实验中开放。 </li><li>建立在分段之间八到10秒休息，以减轻疲劳的效果，允许参与者休息他们的眼睛，以及较长的1-2分钟休息每6-8分钟。 </li><li>最后，提供每个参与者与充足的实践，以确保它们正确地执行任务。它可能是有益的，特别是对于谁拥有注意困难参与者，练习视觉和第i呈现的参加流听觉任务溶胶化，而不牵引流的同时表示。 </li></ol> 4.神经生理学数据收集<ol><li>一旦学员熟悉任务，IMAT期间开始征收神经生理反应出席会议并忽略信号。 </li><li>制备的脑电图（EEG）帽，并根据制造商的说明书记录设备，并根据目前的方法和出版物标准EEG研究26,27。 注意:重​​要的脑电图记录参数用于脑电图记录的IMAT期间，这可以是用户指定的，包括:（a）取样的128-1,024赫兹率，捕捉的ERP信号的低频; （二）交流电（AC）记录，以减少缓慢漂移; （三）净与整个头皮的采样，并与在最小64的传感器，如果源成像分析将被执行。 </li><li>应用帽参与者的头皮和验证信号的阻抗和质量在每个传感器。要特别注意，以确保在记录电极的阻抗均匀，制造商推荐的范围之内。 注意:在这个时候，如果想要收集非神经生理信号，如呼吸或脉冲还添加任何额外的生理测量装置。 </li><li>同步的神经生理记录与刺激呈现软件，并根据制造商的说明神经生理记录软件。 </li><li>记录的神经生理信号，而参与者执行的任务，以确保在记录软件具有各自的激励和响应用于后续分析的定时的精确记录。 </li></ol> 5.离线数据分析<ol><li>准备神经生理数据使用分析软件统计分析。 </li><li>首先，删除非神经信号分量，这将有助于变异的neurophy大脑的反应的siological录音。 <ol><li>使用0.1-1赫兹的高通滤波器，以去除缓慢漂移诸如那些变化引起的传感器的阻抗。 </li><li>使用30-50赫兹的低通滤波器以消除由电气噪声引入高频成分。 </li><li>标识显示不可靠的数据的传感器，和排除这些或内插的信号。 </li><li>识别和消除罕见大噪声分量如下颌收缩或前额的动作，和系统，非神经的贡献，如眼球运动的肌肉假象。 注意:典型算法，以消除非神经组分包括独立分量分析和回归，以及基于明确的选择标准（即超过阈值例如 ，电压变化）迭代算法。按照可用分析软件的指导方针，并继续按照现行标准进行脑电图研究26,27。 </li></ol></li><li&gt;一旦神经生理数据的主要非神经成分被去除，重新参考在由从各传感器中减去平均值在所有其他传感器或跨左和右乳突通道的平均每个电极中的数据。 注意:此步骤重新表示在每个传感器相对于被假定为包含零神经信号一个中性参考的影响。 注意:稀疏电极蒙太奇可能没有足够的采样，以满足本技术26,27的假设。在后一种情况下，左，右乳突的平均可以提供更准确的参考。 </li><li>示出的大约1秒周围各听觉和每个视觉事件旁边提取时间时期。包括100毫秒的刺激发病前作为基线间隔和至少600毫秒后的刺激发病。 </li><li>从平均落入相同的条件下时代的所有数据 - 出席，忽略，被动感知的刺激与＃8212;计算平均诱发反应电位或"ERP"。减去在刺激前基线的数据的平均值重新表达对ERP振幅作为相对于刺激前信号变化。 </li><li>来识别参加过程的时间过程，比较幅度和定时，以及对ERP响应出席刺激后的空间分布，对那些在被动状态期间。 </li><li>以确定忽略的时间过程，比较幅度和定时，以及对ERP响应忽略​​的刺激后的空间分布，对那些在被动状态期间。 </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

有关出席并无视注意控制过程可能涉及不同的神经通路和时间的课程。因此，它是值分别测量这些进程。该IMAT是一个工具，通过它人们可以捕捉出席并分别忽略的神经电生理信号，但同时，在持续关注。关键的步骤包括感官神经生理反应的测量时，参与者在参加，忽视或被动地感知在一个给定的方式呈现刺激 - 无论是听觉还是视觉。最重要的是，使用其中没有模态参加，并且其中不响应由一个基准条件，disambiguates主治过程和忽略过程的注意力调制效应，其测量度的相对贡献感觉反应被增强到这主治相对忽视的刺激时，时。 该方法可以修改以包括额外的控制。举例来说，如果听觉和视觉任务难度不同，这可能会在哪个参加并忽略过程接合的两种模式之间的程度引入的可变性。此外，如果这样的联运差异个体间差异，该组的结果可能是高度可变的。的修改，以遏制这种潜在的变乱是在实验开始前，定制的刺激特性到每一个人。例如，可以使用具有台阶的情况下的方法25来建立多少的音调差，需要让参与者在80％的准确率在两个音调之间区分，并有多强的垂直的倾斜所需的参与者来区分两个光栅80％的准确性。这将确保该模式之间的可比性难度。在所提出的实验18中 ，精度上的出席听觉任务（X = 0.94，σ= 0.01）为不显著不同吨汉，关于出席视觉任务（X = 0.93，σ= 0.01），叔（34）&lt;1，P&gt; 0.05。 以进一步确定是否一个刺激流更易于加工比其他，还可以包括一种状态，其中参与者未经其他（单流条件）的存在只有一种刺激流作出反应，并比较这些响应时，参加者出席在其他激励流（双流条件）的存在下刺激。单流与双流性能的比较，将确定如何敏感的刺激过程是从其他方式输入的干扰。 的被动控制条件的主要限制是，因为没有得到响应进行取样，注意的精确焦点是未知的。与会者可以从外部刺激这种情况下退出过程中，类似于在脑海徘徊;他们可能会参加到视觉之间交替和听觉刺激;或者他们可能都划分之间的刺激他们的注意力。这种模糊限制的被动状态期间从事机制的解释。它提供了，相反，在其中外部刺激既不连续出席也不连续忽略的条件。进一步的问题是，被动情况可能比在出席和参与忽略不同程度的觉醒。觉醒的变化可能是直接相关的主治和忽视，进一步对这些机制的表现如何保证学习的机制。 被动参考的广泛意义，不论确切机制，是在提供用于评估注意力调制的响应，无自然参考点。这种情况接近自然状态中，我们与世界互动的时候有没有什么具体的，这是我们必须参加。被动状态可以在任何其他的注意力范式很容易地集成，无论是使用不同的感官形式或其他神经生理神经影像学方式，如磁脑照相，量化和出席忽略过程。例如，在IMAT范例视觉方式接合的基于特征的关注（ 例如 ，正弦光栅的功能）。适应范式对空间的关注（ 即参加向左向右与空间）可以揭示出席，而忽略甚至在早期阶段之间的差异，由于视觉空间注意的影响具有较早出现的延迟（ 例如 ，80-120毫秒），比功能-基于关注。更广泛地使用这种技术在功能性核磁共振研究15,18,19很可能揭示关于参加和忽视，很多相同的方式为网络连接静息态分析的连通性和网络动态的新见解已经通知我们的理解心灵徘徊。 前期的未来实现sented办法将从额外措施时的被动感知利于更好地量化参与者的基本认知策略，并更好地理解什么是默认状态是人们关注的神经过程的。该技术以审单分析的改编会允许一个跟踪并参加一个给定的参与者中忽略跨越时间的过程，跨越时间开门的重视稳定性考察。

注意控制导行为通过引导我们的神经和认知资源朝向选择输入信号，同时限制进入其他信号，基于给定的行为目标1。例如，阅读一本书时，对应于书中的视觉信号是目标信号被增强，而其它感觉信号 - 例如电视在隔壁房间 - 是牵引器信号被衰减。在人类和非人类的灵长类动物1-4录音，表明在感觉皮层神经反应被增强相对于期间选择性注意忽略干扰项出席目标，表明感觉输入在大脑中的强度进行调制，作为是否一个功能它们被归类为目标或干扰项5-7。我们参加和忽略的注意调制效应是指当这种差异在信号强度。 越来越多的兴趣是从参加忽略的神经过程有助于注意力的控制及其障碍，另行是否以及如何神经过程的问题​​。这是越来越明显，忽略干扰的能力，可以独立于我们参加目标的能力被削弱。例如，撑开抑制可以增加任务负载8，认知老化9和睡眠剥夺10被削弱，在没有目标增强递减。目前还不知道，如果在目标增强递减也可以在不抑制分心的赤字存在。也许更重要的是，它没有解决或者是否参加或忽略，但不能同时，可以阐明其中注意控制受损神经精神条件的赤字。因此，它是有价值的，以便更好地理解是否出席并忽略源自可分离皮层通路，如果以及它们如何在神经动力学不同。通过测量和出席分别忽略过程，这样的问题可以得到解决。 在这里，我们描述的方法来衡量和参加另行忽略的神经生理信号，但同时，在持续关注。这种方法建立在注意力调制效果:在当个人在参加和忽略在感官流刺激神经感官反应幅度的差异。注意调制效应是一种强大的工具，用于检测注意调制过的感官信号，但它排除来评估主治和忽略过程的分离动力学的能力。即，主治和忽略可能出现，因为人们关注的过程增强了感官目标信号时在神经感觉反应的差异，或由于忽略衰减感官牵引信号，或二者。这些替代品之间测试，使用一个附加的控制条件是必需的，其中一个量化strengtħ的感觉输入在其天然基线，当它们既不出席也不忽略。这类似于走在繁忙的街道，满车，但也积极看（ 如出租车），也不主动忽略（ 例如 ，非出租车小汽车和公共汽车）的过路车。通过评估所参加或忽略感觉信号，相对于一个参比条件主治和忽略过程中，幅度和定时可以单独进行量化。 这种被动控制测量出席，而忽略过程进行有效地用途已在预期11-13注意力和记忆力，注意力相互作用9,10,14-17研究报道。在这里，我们描述了使用中的持续关注的上下文这种方法的，在一个非线索，连续，联运（ 即 ，听觉视觉）注意力任务（IMAT）18。换句话说，这种方法适合于正在进行叻的研究呃比预备控制流程，允许跨时间这些过程的跟踪。此方法还量化调节在不同的感官方式（ 即听觉与视觉）感觉反应控制流程，从而专注于那些没有专门为特定的感官或内容领域中的进程。不同于以往的功能性磁共振成像研究15,19,20，这种方法的轨道出席，而忽略使用时间分辨神经生理信号（脑电图，脑电图），从而提供在出席而忽略过程的时间分布是毫秒级的进程。我们的代表结果表明在确定的直接证据可分离皮质来源和出席并忽略的神经过程的时间动态，并注意调节效果的独特贡献使用该技术。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>NetStation Software</td>
			<td>Electrical Geodesic, Inc.</td>
			<td>version 4.5.1</td>
			<td>Alternate recording software may be used.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Matlab Software</td>
			<td>The MathWorks, Inc.</td>
			<td>7.10.0 (R2010a)</td>
			<td>Alternate analysis and presentation software may be used.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PsychToolbox Software</td>
			<td>http://psychtoolbox.org/</td>
			<td>v3.0.8 (2010-03-06)</td>
			<td>Open-source software. Alternate stimulus presentation software may be used.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Netstation Amplifier</td>
			<td>Electrical Geodesic, Inc.</td>
			<td>300</td>
			<td>Alternate amplifier may be used.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EEG Net</td>
			<td>Electrical Geodesic, Inc.</td>
			<td>HCGSN130</td>
			<td>Alternate EEG cap may be used.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Saline-Based Electrolyte (Potassium Chloride)</td>
			<td>Electrical Geodesic, Inc.</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td>Electrolyte used in soaking of net for this high-impedance EEG system. Alternate electrolyte mediate can be used.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

measurement of neurophysiological signals of ignoring and attending processes in attention control

Attention control is the ability to selectively attend to some sensory signals while ignoring others. This ability is thought to involve two processes: enhancement of sensory signals that are to be attended and the attenuation of sensory signals that are to be ignored. The overall strength of attentional modulation is often measured by comparing the amplitude of a sensory neural response to an external input when attended versus when ignored. This method is robust for detecting attentional modulation, but precludes the ability to assess the separate dynamics of attending and ignoring processes. Here, we describe methodology to measure independently the neurophysiological signals of attending and ignoring using the intermodal attention task (IMAT). This task, when combined with electroencephalography, isolates neurophysiological sensory responses in auditory and visual modalities, when either attending or ignoring, with respect to a passive control. As a result, independent dynamics of attending and of a ignoring can be assessed in either modality. Our results using this task indicate that the timing and cortical sources of attending and ignoring effects differ, as do their contributions to the attention modulation effect, pointing to unique neural trajectories and demonstrating sample utility of measuring them separately.

该协议IMAT先前已用于确定出席，并在持续关注18无视流程的响应速度的独特贡献。在这项研究中，我们测试了35例健康右利手人（22女，年龄:X = 21.0，σ= 5.4），通过在加州大学洛杉矶分校心理学系主题池招募。所有的参与者提供书面参与研究之前知情同意书。代表性的结果突出测量出席的值，并独立地忽略流程。在这些结果中，该IMAT揭露出席的独特时间和空间轮廓，并忽略过程相对于该关注调制效果。 例如，在听觉感官方式，参加而忽略过程有助于在不同的时间点，减去在出席IG感官的活动中获得的关注调制效应从一个诺雷得的另一个条件（ 图1）。 ERP的听觉刺激，在frontocentral传感器，在刺激发病后的第一个100毫秒，被调制忽略过程，但不能出席相对被动控制过程。然而，在随后的400毫秒，感官的ERP的调制时的出席条件，但不是在忽略条件发生。因此，参加而忽略过程的影响，在不同时间点以下刺激发病的感官听觉反应。因为在ERP不同时间点可以与处理的不同阶段相关联，这样的结果表明，出席并忽略可能在处理的不同阶段来实现，并且因此具有不同的皮层机制有关。这种分化不是从感觉反应比较明显时参加与忽略的条件（ 即没有一个被动控制），这表明一个显著关注modulatio整个感觉处理间隔n效果。 <img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/52958/52958fig1.jpg" /> 图1:参加并忽略时间回应听觉刺激听觉诱发反应电位（ERPs，顶部曲线），以听觉刺激出席时，忽视和被动条件。插图显示在整个头皮此响应的地形。下图显示了两两相减（A =参加，P =被动，I =忽略）获得的差波。在情节顶部实心条表 ​​示的时间点期间，各对不同的信号振幅，P &lt;0.05（假发现率进行校正）。使用配对t检验显着性进行了评估。遮光对线指示围绕均值的一个标准误差。 在视觉感官方式，采用被动控制条件下，也表现出了安泰信独特的贡献，得到的结果不同的图案定并忽略过程的注意力调制效应（ 图2）。视觉感官ERP，枕部处电极，从180-300毫秒显示注意力调制（手捧忽略）的效果显著在刺激开始后，经过450毫秒。这段时间内也显示时相比，被动控制出席一个显著的效果，但不用于忽略，这表明只有出席流程调制感觉处理。比较图1和图2中，我们可以得出结论，在此期间参加过程在听觉和视觉感觉形态感官调制作出了贡献。 <img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/52958/52958fig2.jpg" /> 图2:参加并忽略时间回应视觉刺激视觉诱发反应电位（ERPs，顶图）视觉刺激出席时，忽视和被动状态。该插图示出了第Ë地形整个头皮这种反应。下图显示了两两相减（A =参加，P =被动，I =忽略）获得的差波。在情节顶部实心条表 ​​示的时间点期间，各对不同的信号振幅，P &lt;0.05（假发现率进行校正）。使用配对t检验显着性进行了评估。遮光对线指示围绕均值的一个标准误差。 一个也可以得出结论，在比较图1和2，即在视觉上感觉模式，忽略早期影响是不存在，相对于听觉模式。然而，这些方法的时间轮廓取决于选择用于分析空间的传感器的选择。在图1和2，这些进行了评价的frontocentral和枕电极，分别为18的一个簇。在不同的群集，响应的时间模式可以不同。 Ť他是由每个电极从许多不同的皮质源测量的信号，并且因此，从不同的皮层位置所引起的神经信号的混合物的事实复杂化。出于这个原因，主治和忽略动力学进一步分辨率，在空间域中，可以通过突出电极测量到脑的皮质模型获得。我们在这里提出这样的分析，其示出从IMAT进一步信息增益的结果。该方法的脑电数据投影皮质完全别处18,24描述。 <img alt="图3" src="/files/ftp_upload/52958/52958fig3.jpg" /> 以下刺激发病跨越，在70毫秒图3:出席皮质投影和忽略过程成对差异波在整个皮质的皮质预测。（颞平面SPL:优越的顶叶，latOcc:外侧枕叶皮层，STP）出席（A），忽略（I）和通IVE（P）的条件。使用配对t检验显着性进行了评估。皮质地图显示导致t统计量是通过P &lt;0.05的显着性阈值。 。皮质投影结果为听觉和视觉出席而忽略过程，在70毫秒的等待时间在刺激开始后，示于图3本延迟的选择，因为它有效地捕捉变异出席并忽略在这两个感官域皮层源-内一个单一的时间周期。这些数据表明，除了在有效保护率暴露了他们不同的时空格局，出席并忽略在这些两种模式有不同的皮质来源的进程。注意力调制（AI）的整体效果是可靠卓越的顶叶（SPL），外侧枕叶皮层（latOcc），以及颞平面（STP），其他的地区之一。 出席的影响，并忽略过程中，当对测量被动控制情况，发现不同的显示皮质来源出席，而忽略了更复杂的模式。即，在听觉方式中，STP和SPL出席听觉刺激（AP）的时忽略听觉刺激（IP），而不增加激活时减少在活化。与此相反，在latOcc出席活动听觉刺激（AP）时增加，但忽略（IP）时，没有显示出效果。同样，参加而忽略过程的皮质来源不同的视觉模式，大致反转相对于听觉模态模式下。在latOcc忽略视觉刺激（IP）时激活降低，但没有表现出效果出席（AP）。然而，SPL和STP激活就读视觉刺激（AP）时增加，但不会忽略（IP）的时候。 我们强调并出席在无视70毫秒在视觉模式，即不存在在ERP效应的存在（Figu重新2）。一种可能的解释，与上面给出的理由线，是在头皮上所选电极中的数据表示两个子集和跨皮质产生的大脑信号的混合物。源成像结果允许发电机的更精确的分析，从而可以揭示效应不存在于电极的给定子集。在视觉和听觉域源成像数据的组合表明参加，而忽略过程具有可分离皮质来源，除了具有不同的时空格局。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measurement of Neurophysiological Signals of Ignoring and Attending Processes in Attention Control at JoVE.com

Measurement of Neurophysiological Signals of Ignoring and Attending Processes in Attention Control

Attention control comprises enhancement of target signals and attenuation of distractor signals. We describe an approach to measure separately but concurrently, the neurophysiology of attending and ignoring in sustained intermodal attention, utilizing a passive control condition during which neither process is continuously engaged.

忽略并出席在注意控制过程的神经生理信号的测量

Attention control is the ability to selectively attend to some sensory signals while ignoring others. This ability is thought to involve two processes: ...

measurement-neurophysiological-signals-ignoring-attending-processes

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

9.0K 次观看.  University of California Los Angeles. Attention control comprises enhancement of target signals and attenuation of distractor signals. We describe an approach to measure separately but concurrently, the neurophysiology of attending and ignoring in sustained intermodal attention, utilizing a passive control condition during which neither process is continuously engaged. 

视频: Measurement of Neurophysiological Signals of Ignoring and Attending Processes in Attention Control

Methods to Explore the Influence of Top-down Visual Processes on Motor Behavior

Kinesthetic awareness is important to successfully navigate the environment. When we interact with our daily surroundings, some aspects of movement are deliberately planned, while others spontaneously occur below conscious awareness. The deliberate component of this dichotomy has been studied extensively in several contexts, while the spontaneous component remains largely under-explored. Moreover, how perceptual processes modulate these movement classes is still unclear. In particular, a currently debated issue is whether the visuomotor system is governed by the spatial percept produced by a visual illusion or whether it is not affected by the illusion and is governed instead by the veridical percept. Bistable percepts such as 3D depth inversion illusions (DIIs) provide an excellent context to study such interactions and balance, particularly when used in combination with reach-to-grasp movements. In this study, a methodology is developed that uses a DII to clarify the role of top-down processes on motor action, particularly exploring how reaches toward a target on a DII are affected in both deliberate and spontaneous movement domains.

It is unclear how top-down signals from the ventral visual stream affect movement. We developed a paradigm to test motor behavior towards a target on a 3D depth inversion illusion. Significant differences are reported in both deliberate, goal-directed movements and automatic actions under illusory and veridical viewing conditions.

方法探索自上而下视觉过程对电机性能的影响

Kinesthetic awareness is important to successfully navigate the environment. When we interact with our daily surroundings, some aspects of movement are ...

科研

行为学

The 5-Choice Serial Reaction Time Task: A Task of Attention and Impulse Control for Rodents

This protocol describes the 5-choice serial reaction time task, which is an operant based task used to study attention and impulse control in rodents. Test day challenges, modifications to the standard task, can be used to systematically tax the neural systems controlling either attention or impulse control. Importantly, these challenges have consistent effects on behavior across laboratories in intact animals and can reveal either enhancements or deficits in cognitive function that are not apparent when rats are only tested on the standard task. The variety of behavioral measures that are collected can be used to determine if other factors (i.e., sedation, motivation deficits, locomotor impairments) are contributing to changes in performance. The versatility of the 5CSRTT is further enhanced because it is amenable to combination with pharmacological, molecular, and genetic techniques.

This protocol describes the 5-choice serial reaction time task, which is an operant based task used to study attention and impulse control in rodents. Test day challenges, which are modifications of the standard task, increase flexibility of the task and can be combined with other manipulations to more fully characterize behavior.

5选择序列反应时任务:注意的任务和脉冲控制鼠害

This protocol describes the 5-choice serial reaction time task, which is an operant based task used to study attention and impulse control in rodents. ...

Methods to Test Visual Attention Online

Online data collection methods have particular appeal to behavioral scientists because they offer the promise of much larger and much more representative data samples than can typically be collected on college campuses. However, before such methods can be widely adopted, a number of technological challenges must be overcome &#8211; in particular in experiments where tight control over stimulus properties is necessary. Here we present methods for collecting performance data on two tests of visual attention. Both tests require control over the visual angle of the stimuli (which in turn requires knowledge of the viewing distance, monitor size, screen resolution, etc.) and the timing of the stimuli (as the tests involve either briefly flashed stimuli or stimuli that move at specific rates). Data collected on these tests from over 1,700 online participants were consistent with data collected in laboratory-based versions of the exact same tests. These results suggest that with proper care, timing/stimulus size dependent tasks can be deployed in web-based settings.

To replicate laboratory settings, online data collection methods for visual tasks require tight control over stimulus presentation. We outline methods for the use of a web application to collect performance data on two tests of visual attention.

方法在线测试视觉注意

Online data collection methods have particular appeal to behavioral scientists because they offer the promise of much larger and much more representative ...

Assessing the Multiple Dimensions of Engagement to Characterize Learning: A Neurophysiological Perspective

In a recent theoretical synthesis on the concept of engagement, Fredricks, Blumenfeld and Paris1 defined engagement by its multiple dimensions: behavioral, emotional and cognitive. They observed that individual types of engagement had not been studied in conjunction, and little information was available about interactions or synergy between the dimensions; consequently, more studies would contribute to creating finely tuned teaching interventions. Benefiting from the recent technological advances in neurosciences, this paper presents a recently developed methodology to gather and synchronize data on multidimensional engagement during learning tasks. The technique involves the collection of (a) electroencephalography, (b) electrodermal, (c) eye-tracking, and (d) facial emotion recognition data on four different computers. This led to synchronization issues for data collected from multiple sources. Post synchronization in specialized integration software gives researchers a better understanding of the dynamics between the multiple dimensions of engagement. For curriculum developers, these data could provide informed guidelines for achieving better instruction/learning efficiency. This technique also opens up possibilities in the field of brain-computer interactions, where adaptive learning or assessment environments could be developed.

This paper aims to describe the techniques involved in the collection and synchronization of the multiple dimensions (behavioral, affective and cognitive) of learners&#8217; engagement during a task.

评估参与的多维度来表征学习:神经生理学角度

In a recent theoretical synthesis on the concept of engagement, Fredricks, Blumenfeld and Paris1 defined engagement by its multiple dimensions: ...

Force and Position Control in Humans - The Role of Augmented Feedback

During motor behaviour, humans interact with the environment by for example manipulating objects and this is only possible because sensory feedback is constantly integrated into the central nervous system and these sensory inputs need to be weighted in order meet the task specific goals. Additional feedback presented as augmented feedback was shown to have an impact on motor control and motor learning. A number of studies investigated whether force or position feedback has an influence on motor control and neural activation. However, as in the previous studies the presentation of the force and position feedback was always identical, a recent study assessed whether not only the content but also the interpretation of the feedback has an influence on the time to fatigue of a sustained submaximal contraction and the (inhibitory) activity of the primary motor cortex using subthreshold transcranial magnetic stimulation. This paper describes one possible way to investigate the influence of the interpretation of feedback on motor behaviour by investigating the time to fatigue of submaximal sustained contractions together with the neuromuscular adaptations that can be investigated using surface EMG. Furthermore, the current protocol also describes how motor cortical (inhibitory) activity can be investigated using subthreshold TMS, a method known to act solely on the cortical level. The results show that when participants interpret the feedback as position feedback, they display a significantly shorter time to fatigue of a submaximal sustained contraction. Furthermore, subjects also displayed an increased inhibitory activity of the primary cortex when they believed to receive position feedback compared when they believed to receive force feedback. Accordingly, the results show that interpretation of feedback results in differences on a behavioural level (time to fatigue) that is also reflected in interpretation-specific differences in the amount of inhibitory M1 activity.

Controlling an identical movement with position or force feedback results in different neural activation and motor behavior. This protocol describes how to investigate behavioral changes by looking at neuromuscular fatigue and how to evaluate motor cortical (inhibitory) activity using subthreshold TMS with respect to the interpretation of augmented feedback.

力和位置控制人类 - 增强反馈的作用

During motor behaviour, humans interact with the environment by for example manipulating objects and this is only possible because sensory feedback is ...

Combined Invasive Subcortical and Non-invasive Surface Neurophysiological Recordings for the Assessment of Cognitive and Emotional Functions in Humans

In spite of the success in applying non-invasive electroencephalography (EEG), magneto-encephalography (MEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) for extracting crucial information about the mechanism of the human brain, such methods remain insufficient to provide information about physiological processes reflecting cognitive and emotional functions at the subcortical level. In this respect, modern invasive clinical approaches in humans, such as deep brain stimulation (DBS), offer a tremendous possibility to record subcortical brain activity, namely local field potentials (LFPs) representing coherent activity of neural assemblies from localized basal ganglia or thalamic regions. Notwithstanding the fact that invasive approaches in humans are applied only after medical indication and thus recorded data correspond to altered brain circuits, valuable insight can be gained regarding the presence of intact brain functions in relation to brain oscillatory activity and the pathophysiology of disorders in response to experimental cognitive paradigms. In this direction, a growing number of DBS studies in patients with Parkinson&#39;s disease (PD) target not only motor functions but also higher level processes such as emotions, decision-making, attention, memory and sensory perception. Recent clinical trials also emphasize the role of DBS as an alternative treatment in neuropsychiatric disorders ranging from obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) to chronic disorders of consciousness (DOC). Consequently, we focus on the use of combined invasive (LFP) and non-invasive (EEG) human brain recordings in assessing the role of cortical-subcortical structures in cognitive and emotional processing trough experimental paradigms (e.g. speech stimuli with emotional connotation or paradigms of cognitive control such as the Flanker task), for patients undergoing DBS treatment.

The present protocol aims at assessing cognitive-emotional functions in the basal ganglia by simultaneous neurophysiological recording of local field potentials and non-invasive brain cortical activity (EEG). The procedure is exemplified by the use of paradigms involving speech stimuli with emotional connotation or the Flanker task involving cognitive control.

在人类联合微创皮层下和非侵入性的表面神经生理学录音认知的评估和情感作用

In spite of the success in applying non-invasive electroencephalography (EEG), magneto-encephalography (MEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging ...

Central and Divided Visual Field Presentation of Emotional Images to Measure Hemispheric Differences in Motivated Attention

Two dominant theories on lateralized processing of emotional information exist in the literature. One theory posits that unpleasant emotions are processed by right frontal regions, while pleasant emotions are processed by left frontal regions. The other theory posits that the right hemisphere is more specialized for the processing of emotional information overall, particularly in posterior regions.
Assessing the different roles of the cerebral hemispheres in processing emotional information can be difficult without the use of neuroimaging methodologies, which are not accessible or affordable to all scientists. Divided visual field presentation of stimuli can allow for the investigation of lateralized processing of information without the use of neuroimaging technology. 
This study compared central versus divided visual field presentations of emotional images to assess differences in motivated attention between the two hemispheres. The late positive potential (LPP) was recorded using electroencephalography (EEG) and event-related potentials (ERPs) methodologies to assess motivated attention. Future work will pair this paradigm with a more active behavioral task to explore the behavioral impacts on the attentional differences found.

This study compared central versus divided visual field presentations of emotional images to assess differences in motivated attention between the two hemispheres. The late positive potential (LPP) was recorded using electroencephalography (EEG) and event-related potentials (ERPs) methodologies to assess motivated attention.

中央和分割的视觉场表现的情绪图像, 以测量半球的差异, 激发注意

Two dominant theories on lateralized processing of emotional information exist in the literature. One theory posits that unpleasant emotions are processed ...

Gaze in Action: Head-mounted Eye Tracking of Children's Dynamic Visual Attention During Naturalistic Behavior

Young children's visual environments are dynamic, changing moment-by-moment as children physically and visually explore spaces and objects and interact with people around them. Head-mounted eye tracking offers a unique opportunity to capture children's dynamic egocentric views and how they allocate visual attention within those views. This protocol provides guiding principles and practical recommendations for researchers using head-mounted eye trackers in both laboratory and more naturalistic settings. Head-mounted eye tracking complements other experimental methods by enhancing opportunities for data collection in more ecologically valid contexts through increased portability and freedom of head and body movements compared to screen-based eye tracking. This protocol can also be integrated with other technologies, such as motion tracking and heart-rate monitoring, to provide a high-density multimodal dataset for examining natural behavior, learning, and development than previously possible. This paper illustrates the types of data generated from head-mounted eye tracking in a study designed to investigate visual attention in one natural context for toddlers: free-flowing toy play with a parent. Successful use of this protocol will allow researchers to collect data that can be used to answer questions not only about visual attention, but also about a broad range of other perceptual, cognitive, and social skills and their development.

Young children do not passively observe the world, but rather actively explore and engage with their environment. This protocol provides guiding principles and practical recommendations for using head-mounted eye trackers to record infants' and toddlers' dynamic visual environments and visual attention in the context of natural behavior.

行动中的目光: 在自然主义行为中对儿童动态视觉注意力的头戴式眼动

Young children's visual environments are dynamic, changing moment-by-moment as children physically and visually explore spaces and objects and interact ...

Measurement of Spatial Stability in Precision Grip

The purpose of the protocol is to indirectly evaluate the direction of the finger force during manipulation of a handheld object based on the biomechanical relationships in which deviated force direction causes center of pressure (COP) replacement. To evaluate this, a thin, flexible, and high spatial resolution pressure sensor sheet is used. The system allows measurement of the COP trajectory in addition to the force amplitude and its temporal regulation. A series of experiments found that increased trajectory length reflected a sensorimotor deficit in stroke patients, and that decreased COP trajectory reflects a compensatory strategy to avoid an object slipping from the hand grip in the elderly. Moreover, the COP trajectory could also be decreased by dual task interference. This article describes the experimental procedure and discusses how finger COP contributes to an understanding of the physiology and pathophysiology of grasping.

The goal of this protocol is to measure the center of pressure (COP) replacement using a high spatial resolution sensor sheet to reflect the spatial stability in a precision grip. The use of this protocol could contribute to greater understanding of the physiology and pathophysiology of grasping.

精密握把空间稳定性的测量

The purpose of the protocol is to indirectly evaluate the direction of the finger force during manipulation of a handheld object based on the ...

Impact of High-intensity Interval Exercise and Moderate-Intensity Continuous Exercise on the Cardiac Troponin T Level at an Early Stage of Training

An elevation in cardiac troponin T (cTnT), as a highly specific biomarker of cardiomyocyte damage, after moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MCE) has been described. The exercise-induced cTnT response distorts the diagnostic role of the cTnT assay. Although high-intensity interval exercise (HIE) is growing in popularity and concerns remain about its safety, available data related to cTnT release after HIE is limited, which hampers the use of HIE as a health intervention. Here, we present three representative HIE protocols [traditional HIE (repeated 4 min cycling at 90% V&#775;O2max interspersed with 3 min rest, 200 kJ/session); sprint interval exercise (SIE, repeated 1 min cycling at 120% V&#775;O2max interspersed with 1.5 min rest, 200 kJ/session); and repeated sprint exercise (RSE, 40 x 6 s all-out sprints interspersed with 9 s rest)] and one representative MCE protocol (continuous cycling exercise at an intensity of 60% V&#775;O2max, 200 kJ/session). Forty-seven sedentary, overweight young women were randomly assigned to one of four groups (HIE, SIE, RSE, and MCE). Six bouts of respective exercise were performed by every single group, with each being 48 h apart. Meanwhile, for four groups, the duration of the entire testing period was identical, being 10 days. Before and after the first and final exercise bouts, an assessment was conducted of cTnT. The current study provides a frame of reference giving a clear picture of how a specific exercise session affects the circulating cTnT concentration at the early stage of training. The information may assist with clinical interpretations of post-exercise cTnT elevation and guide the prescription of exercise, especially for HIE.

Here, we present protocols of high-intensity interval and moderate-intensity continuous exercise to observe the response of circulating cardiac troponin T (cTnT) concentration to acute exercise over 10 days. The information may assist with clinical interpretations of post-exercise cTnT elevation and guide the prescription of exercise.

高强度间歇锻炼和中强度连续运动对心脏肌钙蛋白T级在训练早期阶段的影响

An elevation in cardiac troponin T (cTnT), as a highly specific biomarker of cardiomyocyte damage, after moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MCE) has ...