This work was supported by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (RO1 AA014925 awarded to Dr. Patricia H. Janak at University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA), Fonds de recherche du Quebec &#8211; Sant&#233; (NC) and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NC, 387224-2010). The open-access publication of this article was made possible by sponsorship from Med Associates Inc.

所有的程序都是由动物研究伦理委员会在Concordia大学批准，同意从加拿大委员会动物保护的建议。 1，动物<ol><li>获得男Long-Evans大鼠（220 - 240 G于到货）。 </li><li>维持大鼠的温度（21℃）和湿度（44％）控制的动物护理设施，在12小时明暗周期与灯在上午7:00。 </li><li>对内部大鼠的到来。 3天后，房子只在个别塑料鞋盒笼中的β-片床上用品，尼龙骨，并免费获得标准大鼠饲料和水。使用具有双护圈，以允许第二瓶的随后放置，除了水瓶笼盖。注:大鼠可被单独饲养，尽快为他们在动物护理设施的到来。 </li><li>开始每天处理大鼠。注:作为指南，装卸一星期通常足以将它们适应新环境是圆周率cked向上和由实验者处理。 </li></ol>在笼2间歇乙醇访问注:在家里笼子行为间歇乙醇访问，以确保只将之前实验中的行为训练阶段开始喝17-19生理相关的量的乙醇。在光相位发起该过程，虽然它可以在任何时间的光或暗循环期间被启动。 <ol><li>准备两瓶每只大鼠。 <ol><li>用100毫升的塑料量筒作为乙醇瓶和473毫升标准的塑料水瓶。使用相对小容量的乙醇瓶中，填充几乎到最大体积容量，以减少乙醇损失由于泄漏和蒸发。 </li><li>补一瓶，用15％乙醇，通过在自来水中稀释的95％乙醇制成。注:其他的乙醇浓度，例如10％或20％，也可以代替15％乙醇中的使用。 </li><li>网络连接就会在第二瓶用自来水。 </li><li>将橡皮塞，用含有滚珠轴承以减少泄漏，在每个瓶吸管。 </li></ol></li><li>设置了两个控制箱，相同处理，家里的笼子与对照笼子不包含老鼠或被褥例外。 <ol><li> 2.1.4 - 按照步骤2.1.1规定的准备乙醇和水的瓶子的控制箱。 </li><li>使用从控制网箱得到控制的溢出和/或蒸发，可能会发生在乙醇访问会话的过程中（如在步骤2.8.1中描述 - 2.8.2）的措施。 </li></ol></li><li>称量所有的乙醇和水的瓶子。记录所有的权重。 </li><li>权衡所有的老鼠。记录所有的权重。 </li><li>将酒精瓶和矿泉水瓶上的每一个笼子，并在同一时间控制箱。留在笼子里24小时两个瓶子。 </li><li>在24小时期间结束时，取出两个瓶子从笼在同一时间。 </li><li>称量所有的乙醇和水的瓶子。记录所有的权重。 </li><li>以确定在24小时期间多少乙醇和水被消耗，减去每个瓶子的重量它被从瓶的重量的家笼中取出时，当它被放置在笼中24小时，早于每只大鼠。 <ol><li>做相同的两个控制箱，然后计算每个流体泄漏的平均金额。 </li><li>减去乙醇和水的溢出，分别的平均量，从相应的乙醇和水的消耗的措施为每只鼠。 </li><li>使用这些泄漏控制措施的差异来计算乙醇的消费量克/公斤，水耗和乙醇偏好。 </li></ol></li><li>要计算乙醇消耗率（g / kg）的，首先基于整体解决方案（乙醇+水成分）的浓度转化的乙醇溶液消耗的投入量（毫升）的重量（克），根据于式容积（毫升）=重量（g）/密度（g / ml）的。注意:溶液的密度将随着乙醇浓度的函数。 <ol><li>接着，乘以由乙醇缩放为所使用的特定百分比的溶液的密度（克/毫升）所消耗的乙醇溶液的体积（毫升），得到的乙醇消耗的重量（克）。 </li><li>鸿沟乙醇大鼠体重（千克）消耗，获得克/千克措施乙醇消耗的重量（克）。 </li></ol></li><li>计算乙醇偏好，表达乙醇摄入量（毫升），为总的流体（乙醇+水，毫升）摄取的百分比。 </li><li>返回水瓶只回老鼠的笼子。在接下来的24小时，给大鼠使用水而不是乙醇。相反，乙醇瓶，将预先称重第二水瓶上笼。 </li><li>在24小时周期结束，同时删除这两个矿泉水瓶从笼子里。 </li><li>称取两组水瓶。记录所有伟亮灯。 </li><li>减去每个瓶子的重量，它被从瓶的重量的家笼中取出时，当它被放置在24小时较早的家笼中，减去在步骤2.8.1中描述的控制的笼子中得到的平均泄漏的措施 - 2.8.2。 </li><li>使用这些溢出控制差的措施，计算水的消耗。 </li><li>重新开始循环，提供乙醇和水的瓶子给大鼠，通过2.14的步骤2.1所述。 <ol><li>重复此循环多次（约12）会诱发高且稳定水平的乙醇消费。参见图1乙醇消费量在笼子代表性的结果（克/千克）。 </li><li>替代的乙醇和水在瓶笼盖整个会话的空间位置，以防止侧偏好的发展。 </li><li>作出新的乙醇溶液每周一次，以确保在准确和稳定的乙醇浓度会话。最小化的乙醇蒸发超过的时间用这种方法长时间的影响。 </li></ol></li></ol> 3，仪器<ol><li>房子的每个空调室通风，声音衰减柜内。 </li><li>构造一个不锈钢金属棒地板的每个调节室，透明聚碳酸酯天花板，透明的聚碳酸酯后壁和前门，和铝金属板的侧壁。 <ol><li>安装液口中央的正确金属侧壁的基地附近。装备的入口流体端口与一个红外线光电管来检测条目插入端口。 </li><li>从流体口的回20毫升注射器含有乙醇使用钝头的针连接聚乙烯管。将注射器插入注射器泵位于声音衰减隔间之外。对于巴甫洛夫歧视的培训课程，乙醇加载到注射器将其放置到前级泵。总理管bŸ手动推进泵，然后擦去多余的乙醇液口。 </li><li>在左侧的侧壁，中心安装一个白色houselight室的天花板附近。 </li><li>安装唱首歌（2 Hz的周期）和左侧壁的左上角配有音箱白噪声发生器。 </li></ol></li><li>装备各空调室中的视觉，嗅觉和触觉刺激特定的配置来创建一个独特的环境。 <ol><li>使用两种不同的情况下，指定的上下文1和语境（2）配置的调节室内的背景1，另一半作为上下文2的一半。 </li><li>创建背景1，将黑纸板板在天花板和前面和后面的腔室的壁，喷雾柠檬气味（10％体积/体积，在自来水中制成稀释柠檬油）放入培养皿中，并将其放置在中心下室的地板上的金属废料托盘，并插入一个透明的聚碳酸酯底板上的金属ŘOD楼。行废盘用吸水纸巾或工作台衬垫。 </li><li>要创建上下文2，离​​开破获室的天花板，前面和后面的墙壁，让他们都清楚，喷雾杏仁味（10％V / V，通过稀释苯甲醛在自来水制造）到培养皿中，并把它集中下室的地板上的金属废料盘，并插入一个穿孔的金属底板上的金属棒地板。行废盘用吸水纸巾或工作台衬垫。 </li></ol></li></ol> 4，习惯化大鼠，观察者的行为训练室和各内调节室内的两个上下文中。对于实验中的这个阶段，不要加载乙醇进入20毫升注射器。 <ol><li>大鼠，观察者对从动物护理设施被运送到实验室的行为训练室的两个短会习惯的过程。 <ol><li>在第一个环节，加载大鼠经口Ñ​​他们家的笼子上的动物护理设施的轮式车，并运送到实验室的行为训练室。照亮了房间的灯，打开风扇在每一个消音柜，退出了房间，关上门，让大鼠适应20分钟，这个新的环境，而留在手推车上他们家的笼子。在这个20分钟的时间内结束，则返回该大鼠的动物护理设施。 </li><li>在第二次会议，使大鼠在实验室行为训练室。和以前一样，离开灯和开关柜球迷在房间里。留在房间里，关着门，以尽量减少干扰，并处理和称重每只大鼠的行为训练室。记录的权重，然后返回大鼠的动物护理设施。 </li></ol></li><li>大鼠，观察者对空调室中的两个短习惯会。 <ol><li>运输大鼠的行为训练室，记录各组大鼠的体重，并加载每只大鼠成其指定的调理室。 </li><li>在第一个习惯会话建立的一半室作为背景1，其余为背景2。 </li><li>在第二届习惯设置每个室与未在以前的会话中使用的上下文。 </li><li>进行了平衡的方式习惯化会话，大鼠，使得一半被第一次接触到上下文1，其次是背景信息2，而另一半是第一次接触到上下文2，其次是背景1。理想情况下，进行了两个习惯会话同一天，虽然可以跨越两天内传播，如果有必要的。 </li><li>对于习惯会话，使用计算机程序来照亮houselight 1分钟的节目已经发出了。录制20分钟会议期间提出的流体端口条目的总数。在会议结束时，编程houselight关闭。在习惯会不会带来任何乙醇或线索。 </li></ol></lI&gt; <li>从室中取出老鼠，他们回到自己的家笼，运回来的动物护理设施。 </li><li>清洁设备（ 如地板，废盘，培养皿）。详情参见步骤5.7。 </li></ol> 5巴甫洛夫歧视训练（PDT） 列车大鼠行为上是成对的，用乙醇和第二听觉线索是不是一听觉线索区分。在实验的这一阶段，填充20毫升注射器，用15％的乙醇。 <ol><li>装备各空调室中的视觉，嗅觉特定的配置，和触觉的刺激来创造一个独特的环境，如步骤3.3.2和3.3.3中所述<ol><li>分配一半的大鼠语境1，而另一半的语境2在平衡重时尚，基于乙醇的消费偏好和整个家笼乙醇接入过程的最后两节的平均值。请参阅续PDT过程中使用分机的背景A.注意:每只大鼠只遇到一个情况下在这一阶段的训练。 </li><li>确保嗅觉刺激是最后的情景刺激被添加到每个空调室中。关闭室和声音衰减开关柜的门包含嗅觉的刺激，并尽量减少不同气味的comingling。 </li></ol></li><li>把老鼠变成了行为训练室，记录各组大鼠的体重，并加载每只大鼠成其指定的调理室。 </li><li>启动控制事件的每一个PDT会议期间按下列顺序的计算机程序。 <ol><li>在节目后，5分钟已经发出，照亮houselight。 </li><li>目前，白噪声刺激和发声刺激各16次。指定这些听觉的刺激之一，是CS +，另一个是CS-，跨越两个上下文中的一个平衡的方式。 </li><li>让每个CS +和CS-审判升AST 10秒。 </li><li>提供0.2毫升乙醇进液口的最后6秒的CS +的过程中。在CS-期间不提供任何酒精。 </li><li>使每个PDT会话平均最后58分钟。目前CS +和CS - 每一个变量的时间67秒时间表。 </li><li>在10秒的连拍间隔期间记录流体端口的条目（在CS上介绍的10秒），在10秒的预CS间隔（10秒前立即CS发病），以及10秒后的连拍间隔（10秒，立即以下CS偏移）为CS +和CS-展示，以及在整个会话的总流体端口条目。也记录在这些间隔期间作出各端口输入的持续时间。 </li><li>在会议结束时，关闭houselight关闭。 </li></ol></li><li>从室中取出老鼠，他们回到自己的家笼，运回来的动物护理设施。 </li><li>检查流体端口，以确保只消耗3.2毫升乙醇中的每个PDTŠ交付分裂国家。 </li><li>冲洗乙醇出聚乙烯管材的使用60毫升注射器中含有少量的水。然后，通过60毫升空气通过管道使用第二，空的注射器，以确保它是干的。 </li><li>清洁设备。对于日常​​保洁，洗地板，废盘和培养皿。每周一次，清洗整个空调室。不要使用有香味的清洁产品，避免产生不希望的气味进入实验装置。 </li><li>继续PDT日常会话，直到老鼠表现出他们的口进入反应到CS +与CS - 稳定的歧视。请注意:响应于所述CS +取得端口条目应该增加了会话，而在响应向CS-端口条目应保持低电平。为了实现歧视PDT会话所需的确切数字调节反应可能会有所不同，但是，作为一个指南，计划在约20次。 </li></ol> 6灭绝<ol><li>装备各空调湛BER与视觉，嗅觉和触觉的刺激来创造一个环境，它是从1时PDT会议大鼠经历截然不同。例如，如果上下文1在PDT中使用，配置室作为背景2灭绝会议。请参阅灭绝的语境B.过程中使用的情况下</li><li>进行灭绝会以相同的PDT会话，但在CS +中不提供任何酒精。 <ol><li>使用PDT过程中用于呈现在CS +和CS-，相同的计算机程序。 </li><li>保持整个实验的相一致，装入一个空的注射器放入注射器泵，并离开泵接通。确保灭绝会议之前的聚乙烯管材不含乙醇。 </li></ol></li><li>每天不断灭绝的会议，直到老鼠不再显示歧视的CS +和CS-之间的响应。注:响应CS +做端口参赛作品必须跨越灭绝会逐步下降，直到有各色无响应向CS +端口条目和端口项中响应于所述CS-制成之间NCE。会议灭绝的确切数字要消灭空调的回应可能会有所不同，但作为一个指南，计划在大约8次。 </li><li>清洁设备在每届会议结束时，按照步骤5.7所述。 </li></ol> 7语境诱发更新测试<ol><li>装备各空调室与视觉，嗅觉和触觉的刺激来创造是在PDT会议所经历的背景。例如，如果一个给定的大鼠经历语境1 PDT会话，配置了室内的语境1的测试环节。请参考更新测试的语境答过程中使用的情况下</li><li>进行上下文诱导重建测试完全相同于PDT会话，但重建试验期间不发送任何乙醇。目前 CS +和CS - 作为PDT在会议之前，但隐瞒了乙醇。 <ol><li>使用同一台计算机PRogram PDT过程中用于呈现在CS +和CS-的。 </li><li>保持整个相一致，装入一个空的注射器插入注射器泵，并离开泵接通。确保测试环节之前，聚乙烯管材不含有乙醇。 </li></ol></li><li>观察巴甫洛夫空调酒精寻求行为方面引起的更新。注意:此更新效果将是明显通过在响应于所述CS +取得端口条目的数量选择性的增加，与在响应于所述CS-，相对于CS +和CS-制成端口条目行为没有变化响应的观察消退训练结束。 </li><li>清洁设备在会议结束时，按照步骤5.7所述。 </li></ol>

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所有的实验程序批准了康考迪亚大学动物研究伦理委员会，并根据从加拿大委员会动物保护的指导方针。 这篇文章的开放获取出版成为可能，赞助医学Associates公司

结果，从这个过程表明，离散环境刺激是经常陪伴分娩的酒精可以获取驾驶酒精寻求行为的能力。他们还表明，与现有的可用性或不存在酒精相关的情境刺激可以引导条件的行为反应，以离散酒精预测线索。 该协议中的关键步骤在本任务上下文包括刺激来说是外部的大鼠。然而，大鼠在实验的感受性的状态也可以构成一个"语境"，可能会影响重建20。因此重要的是要，观察者大鼠的重建试验之前可能发生的，改变其感受性状态，如颅内microinfusions或全身注射任何程序。此外，习惯以microinfusions或全身注射前应该既灭绝和PDT s内进行essions，为了防止这样的程序从变得与实验中的一个特定阶段相关联。 时间参数，如CS持续时间，CS-US间隔，并intertrial间隔（ITI），人们早已知道，影响了空调的各种调理范例21-26的响应。类似地，时间参数可影响观察中的程序的更新效果。任何一组参数比在协议中指定的其他应通过实验验证了在试验性研究进行到使用它们中较大的调查之前。 修改和故障排除此前有研究发现，乙醇，老鼠消耗的笼子量可以相差从大鼠购买17,27供应商的功能。因此，供应商是用于研究的这个阶段的一个重要的考虑因素。同样，大鼠品系的选择应当被共小心nsidered，因为有在乙醇消耗28-31菌株的差异的许多报告。 在厌恶空调范式以前的工作表明，大鼠的发育年龄会影响观察巴甫洛夫条件性恐惧反应32续期。的重建效果非常幼鼠缺乏（未满产后20天）已建议是由于上下文信息33减值编码。大鼠在本过程中所用的发育年龄，因此应考虑在内。 巴甫洛夫的条件酒精寻求行为重建已观察到10％的9,16，15％，14％或20％15乙醇溶液在笼乙醇访问和实验PDT相使用。研究人员可以使用任何的这些乙醇浓度为在其laborator建立此步骤的目的IES。 在收购巴甫洛夫歧视的培训是非常重要的每届会议结束后，检查流体口，以确保所有交付的乙醇已被消耗。让老鼠在空调室额外10 - 每次会议结束后15分钟可完成的PDT早期鼓励，这不是在会议期间消耗任何酒精的消耗。只留下未使用的乙醇，在端口的数量应该减少为PDT的进展。如果由PDT大鼠年底或者是（A）不消耗所有的乙醇和/或（b）没有回应CS +，那么这些科目应该从研究被丢弃。最可靠的大鼠应对更多的CS +比CS - 。然而，一些可能只在高级别响应这两个线索，从而没有表现出歧视的证据。大鼠显示高响应到CS +和CS-PDT过程中不会从研究丢弃。根据我们的经验，这些受试者表现出明显的歧视在第一消光会话在无乙醇，这表明它们高水平的PDT期间响应于CS-是由乙醇中的流体端口的存在下驱动。这些主题也倾向于表现健壮重建的效果。 该过程的局限性因为重建试验在无乙醇进行的，由CS +引起空调端口条目逐渐横跨测试会话减弱。因此，在试验中，对这些实验诱导的变化可以评估所产生的行为的总数量，是相当低的。因为在这个任务响应往往在开始时与测试会议结束越高，研究实验操作对条件的试点按试行响应的影响是很重要的。 参赛作品进入流体容器提供主要依赖的措施完成这项任务。然而，一个错误的端口条目可能是REGI如果动物是足够接近的流体容器破裂的红外光束穿过流体端口，其晶须的开口stered。虽然罕见，错误的反应是很明显的占港口的急剧增加条目相对于在之前的会话对象的行为。偷拍的动物将有助于可能的错误反应的检测，并允许通过的老鼠在整个训练和测试表现出的行为更精致的分析。 技术相对于现有的/替代方法的意义的觅药行为的情况下引发的重建是使用工具调节任务，其中主要因变量是一个操作性的反应，主要是研究如杠杆记者8,34或鼻子捅12。在本程序中，寻求药物的反应是"空调途径&#39;，是受的论述引发的流体端口在CS +。此反应是通过巴甫洛夫学习，这是学习过程，其介导的环境刺激和药物滥用在人类的药理作用之间的关联的形成可能获得的。 未来的应用这个任务可以组合使用，神经药理学，光遗传学和神经化学研究中涉及的巴甫洛夫空调酒精寻求行为16环境诱导重建的神经机制。此外，规范巴甫洛夫空调酒精寻求行为的采集和灭绝行为和神经机制可以进行调查。最后，这个任务可以被用来探索灭绝的操作可能会阻止更新，转化研究旨在减少药物的线索暴露疗法在人类阿迪后反应相关的环境背景来预测药物线索的影响的一个重要方向CTS。

剩下的就是清醒面对个人从酗酒症患了相当大的挑战。禁欲是脆弱的时候对环境刺激的经常陪饮酒，可以通过巴甫洛夫条件反射，成为与醉1,2相关的行为，心理和生理的影响。接触酒精的预测暗示可以引起条件反射，如酒精的渴望，这可以促进酒精的求医行为，以促进复发3,4。 行为刻板序列，导致饮酒会导致某些类型的刺激来进行常规前摄入酒精的药理作用，立即体验。例如，视觉，嗅觉和酒精的味道醇的感官性状是可靠的先中毒。除了这样的线索，这被称为"不连续"或"施马L&#39;线索，环境背景中，药物经常使用也能招来渴求5,6。暴露于其中的药物已使用过，因此有可能复发7临界触发物理位置。 动物模型已经发展到研究介导的药物相关背景的觅药行为8-13影响的神经机制。本文所描述的程序允许与饮酒相关的背景如何能调节由离散，酒精预测巴甫洛夫线索引起酒精寻求行为的调查。 巴甫洛夫歧视的训练是在一个特定的环境背景下，在老鼠被训练两个听觉条件刺激，这是搭配酒精CS +和CS-，是不是与行为上进行区分。灭绝会话，然后在不同的背景下，地方响应的CS进行+减少酒精的结果被拒绝。随后，再次暴露于酒精相关联，巴甫洛夫训练方面引发酒精寻求行为选择性增加了CS +引起，在应对CS - 没有变化。这样的结果，这是我们一直复制9,14-16，从其中药物的上下文已经发现，刺激与药物递送10,13相关联的操作性响应的更新工具调节程序扩展的发现。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="2121">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:603px;">Name of Reagent/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:357px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:969px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:603px;">Heavy-duty utility cart</td>
			<td style="width:357px;">Rubbermaid</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">#4520-88</td>
			<td>Used to transport rats in their home cage from the colony room to the behavior room or other facilities</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:603px;">Rats, Long-Evans</td>
			<td style="width:357px;">Harlan</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">-</td>
			<td>Rats weighed 220-240g on arrival</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:603px;">Ohaus scale</td>
			<td style="width:357px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">#S402421</td>
			<td>For weighing rats; tare the bottom of a plastic container first, then put the rat in it to weigh it</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:603px;">Beta-chips, aspen</td>
			<td style="width:357px;">Harlan</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">#7090A</td>
			<td>Bedding for home cage</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:603px;">Nylabone</td>
			<td style="width:357px;">Bio-Serv</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">#K3580</td>
			<td>Enrichment provided in the home cage</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:603px;">Autoclavable rodent chow</td>
			<td style="width:357px;">Agribrands, Charles River</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">#5075</td>
			<td>For feeding rats</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:603px;">Wire bar cage lid</td>
			<td style="width:357px;">Ancare</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">#R20SS2B</td>
			<td>Custom made with two slots for&#160; bottles</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:603px;">Cage bottom</td>
			<td style="width:357px;">Ancare</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">#R20PC</td>
			<td>To house rats</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:603px;">Stoppers</td>
			<td style="width:357px;">Ancare</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">#8.5</td>
			<td>Rubber stoppers to occlude opening in water bottles &#38; graduated cylinders; goes with ball point sipper tubes&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:603px;">Ball point tubes, 1.5&#34; length</td>
			<td style="width:357px;">Ancare</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">#TD-99</td>
			<td>Inserted in stoppers, enables rats to drink from water bottles and graduated cylinders</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:603px;">Water bottles</td>
			<td style="width:357px;">Ancare</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">#FSPC8HT</td>
			<td>473 ml (16 oz) capacity, needs to be occluded with stopper</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:603px;">Graduated cylinders, 100ml</td>
			<td style="width:357px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">#0300741</td>
			<td>To contain ethanol during alcohol exposure in the home cage; spouted end needs to be cut off to enable occlusion with stoppers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:603px;">Mettler scale</td>
			<td style="width:357px;">Mettler Toledo</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">#MS6001S</td>
			<td>For weighing water bottles and ethanol cylinders</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:603px;">Polyethylene tubing, 1/32&#34; inner diameter,&#160; 1/32&#34; wall thickness, 3/32&#34; outside diameter</td>
			<td style="width:357px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">#14-169-1A</td>
			<td>To connect 20 ml ethanol syringe to fluid port</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:603px;">Needle, 18g, 1.5&#34; length</td>
			<td style="width:357px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">#B305199</td>
			<td>To connect polyethylene tubing to ethanol syringes; needs to be filed</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:603px;">Syringes, 20ml, Luer-Lok non-sterile</td>
			<td style="width:357px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">#1482316J</td>
			<td>To contain ethanol on the fluid pumps; needs to be connected to the polyethylene tubing by a 18g 1 1/2 needle</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:603px;">Syringes, 60ml, Luer-Lok non-sterile</td>
			<td style="width:357px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">#14-820-11</td>
			<td>To flush polyethylene tubing after PDT sessions</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:603px;">Single speed syringe pump, 3.33 rpm</td>
			<td style="width:357px;">Med Associates Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">#ENV-018MD</td>
			<td>To hold 20 ml ethanol syringes and deliver ethanol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:603px;">Fluid port</td>
			<td style="width:357px;">Med Associates Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">#ENV-254-CB</td>
			<td>To enable ethanol delivery during PDT sessions; connected to ethanol syringes with polyethylene tubing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:603px;">Port entry infrared detector</td>
			<td style="width:357px;">Med Associates Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">#ENV-215M</td>
			<td>Fixed on both sides of&#160; fluid port; need 2 per fluid port</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:603px;">Houselight, 28V, 100mA</td>
			<td style="width:357px;">Med Associates Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">#ENV-135M</td>
			<td>Provides general lighting in conditioning chamber</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:603px;">Clicker module</td>
			<td style="width:357px;">Med Associates Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">#ENV-225SM</td>
			<td>Auditory stimulus for conditioning chamber</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:603px;">White noise generator with speaker</td>
			<td style="width:357px;">Med Associates Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">#PHM-100</td>
			<td>Auditory stimulus for conditioning chamber</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:603px;">Bar floor</td>
			<td style="width:357px;">Med Associates Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">#ENV-009A-GF</td>
			<td style="width:969px;">To go with modular test chamber</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:603px;">Bench coat, absorbant</td>
			<td style="width:357px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">#89126-790</td>
			<td style="width:969px;">Absorbant paper to put in metal tray, needs to be cut to fit the metal tray</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:603px;">Polycarbonate sheet, 1/8&#34; thick, 12-5/8&#34;x10&#34;</td>
			<td style="width:357px;">Johnston Plastics</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">#30102515</td>
			<td style="width:969px;">To make smooth transparent floor insert used for context 1. Needs to be cut in 11.5&#34;x12.25&#34; pieces</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:603px;">Aluminium sheet perforated, 0.063&#34;thick, 48&#34;x96&#34;, 0.250&#34; holes x 0.375&#34; centers</td>
			<td style="width:357px;">Anica Steel</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">-</td>
			<td style="width:969px;">To make perforated floor insert used for context 2. Needs to be cut in 11.5&#34;x12.25&#34; pieces</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:603px;">Black cardboard, 0.053&#34; thick, 28&#34;x44&#34;</td>
			<td style="width:357px;">Omer DeSerres</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">#P1909</td>
			<td style="width:969px;">To construct panels covering the ceiling, door and back wall of the conditioning chamber in context 1. Needs to be cut to size. Each chamber needs three panels measuring approximately 11.5&#34;x13.25&#34;. The panels can be joined by the narrower side using duct tape.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:603px;">All-purpose strength duct tape, 1.88&#34;x45yd.</td>
			<td style="width:357px;">Duck Tape</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">-</td>
			<td style="width:969px;">Adhesive material to connect the black cardboard panels used to cover the back wall, ceiling and door in context 1.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:603px;">Modular test chamber</td>
			<td style="width:357px;">Med Associates Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">#ENV-009A</td>
			<td>Conditioning chamber</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:603px;">Sound attenuating cubicles</td>
			<td style="width:357px;">Med Associates Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">#ENV-200R3AM</td>
			<td>Comes with installed 28V DC fan (#ENV-025F)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:603px;">Petri dish</td>
			<td style="width:357px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">#08748B</td>
			<td>Bottom only, to contain the sprayed solution that provides the odor stimulus; needs to be centered in the metal tray in conditioning chambers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:603px;">PCI interface package</td>
			<td style="width:357px;">Med Associates Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">#DIG-700P2-R2</td>
			<td>Connects tabletop interface cabinet to computer; includes 1 interface card, 1 Decode card, 1 ribbon cable and 1 28V DC power cable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:603px;">Large tabletop cabinet and power supply</td>
			<td style="width:357px;">Med Associates Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">#SG-6510D</td>
			<td>Used to contain the 12 cards included in the SmartCrtrl 8 Input, 16 Output package</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:603px;">SmartCtrl 8 Input, 16 Output package</td>
			<td style="width:357px;">Med Associates Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">#DIG-716P2</td>
			<td>Used to connect and control the devices in the conditioning chamber. The package includes all the cables, the interface module and the connection panel.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:603px;">Med PC IV software</td>
			<td style="width:357px;">Med Associates Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">#SOF-735</td>
			<td>Software to run programs. Needs to be installed on the computer.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:603px;">Monitor LG, 19&#34; LCD</td>
			<td style="width:357px;">Concordia computer store</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">#W1942TQ-BF</td>
			<td>Computer monitor; to go with computer running Med PC IV</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:603px;">HP Z200 tower workstation</td>
			<td style="width:357px;">Concordia computer store</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">#BZ788US#ABA</td>
			<td>Computer on which Med PC IV is run</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:603px;">Benzaldehyde, &#8805;99%</td>
			<td style="width:357px;">Les produits chimiques OMEGA Chemical Company Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">#B37-50</td>
			<td>Dilute in tap water for almond context odor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:603px;">Lemon oil, cold pressed, California</td>
			<td style="width:357px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">#W262528-1KG-K</td>
			<td>Dilute in tap water for lemon context odor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:603px;">Ethyl alcohol, 95%</td>
			<td style="width:357px;">Commercial Alcohols</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">-</td>
			<td>Dilute in tap water to desired concentration</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a procedure to observe context-induced renewal of pavlovian-conditioned alcohol-seeking behavior in rats

环境背景中，滥用药物消耗可能引发的渴求，一种主观巴甫洛夫空调的响应，可以促进戒断吸毒者寻求药物的行为，并迅速复发。我们已经开发了一个程序，研究调解方面对酒精寻求行为大鼠的影响，行为和神经过程。以下驯化的味道，并在笼子15％乙醇中的药理作用，雄性Long-Evans大鼠接受巴甫洛夫辨别训练（PDT）在空调室中。在每一个日常（周一至周五）PDT会议，每两个不同的10秒的听觉条件刺激16项试验发生。在一个刺激下，CS +，0.2毫升15％乙醇中的被输送到流体端口用于口服消费。第二个刺激下，CS-，是不是搭配乙醇。在整个会议期间，CS-期间的条目到在CS +增加流体端口，而项稳定在一个较低的水平，表明predi被获取的CS +和乙醇之间莫如关联。在PDT每个室配备的视觉，嗅觉和触觉刺激的上下文的具体结构。继PDT，灭绝培训在同一室内的目前搭载的是情境的刺激不同的配置进行。在CS +和CS - 都和以前一样，但乙醇是功不可没的，这会导致CS +中的端口条目逐步下降。在测试中，将大鼠放回PDT上下文并呈现在CS +和CS-和以前一样，但没有乙醇。此操作会触发一个健壮的和选择性的增加醇期间所作的预测CS +端口条目的数量，与在CS-响应期间没有变化。这种效应被称为上下文诱导重建，示出了与饮酒有关的刺激响应于巴甫洛夫醇线索醇寻求行为上下文的强大能力。

在家里笼间歇乙醇访问: - 12届（ 图1）乙醇消耗率（g / kg）和横跨在笼子间歇乙醇访问会话乙醇偏好增加，一般在8达到稳定水平。在图1中所示的数据集的，稳定的乙醇消耗量对面的家笼乙醇访问的最后两个会话平均值从1.33不等- 6.44克/公斤个体大鼠。实验的家笼乙醇消耗量相可一旦克/公斤消耗趋于平稳地停下来，并且将大鼠保持在该稳定的饮用水为会话数量的水平。 为了分析这一阶段的数据，进行方差分析（ANOVA）独立重复测量分析，在整个会议的乙醇消耗率（g / kg）和乙醇偏好的受试者内因素。 原理图的情况下引发的重建过程:的每个阶段实验步骤（PDT，消光，重建试验）示于图2。参见图题作进一步的详细信息。 应对措施和数据分析:在下面描述的所有行为阶段，在CS +和CS-期间的端口进入的反应是归参照前政务司司长基线口进入反应。创建的归一化的CS措施，减去预先CS基线间隔期间所作的端口条目的数量（在10秒前立即CS发病）在CS +和CS-的说明取得端口中的条目数。归一化的CS +和CS-正常化措施作为行为指标特别是通过CS演示，高于基线水平升高引起。 分别进行重复测量的方差分析与会话和CS型（CS +与CS-）为PDT和消光相重复受试者内因素。跨期比较（PDT，消光，更新人的测试），使用数据通过光动力和灭绝的最后两次会议，并更新测试数据的重复测量方差分析的一个会话平均值。到上显著主效应和交互作用，利用事后 t检验为独立或成对样本被用于校正多重比较的跟进。标准的意义定为α= 0.05。 PDT:入境口岸应对整个PDT会话CS +增加，而进港的回应到CS - 保持低而稳定，整体的。需要注意的是端口条目反应的CS-可能在PDT中训练的初期会稍微增加;然而，响应于所述CS-制成端口条目稳定在低得多的电平高于在响应于所述CS +制成。成功的判断是通过在端口条目具有统计学显著高程在CS证明+相比，CS-（ 图3）。这一结果表明，巴甫洛夫空调酒精寻求行为已成为连接建立到CS +，但不是CS-。 灭绝:入境口岸的反应到CS +跨灭绝会逐渐下降。口岸入境反应的CS-保持整个会话灭绝低而稳定。理想情况下，歧视回应被灭绝训练结束废止，就证明了缺乏端口条目之间有统计学差异显著到CS +和CS-。然而，这是不寻常的某些程度的鉴别响应依然存在，甚至在消光训练结束。在这种情况下，以验证端口条目响应于所述CS +灭绝训练比端口条目响应于所述CS +灭绝的起始统计学下，以及在PDT的端部的端部是很重要的（ 图3） 。结果，这种模式表明，巴甫洛夫空调酒精寻求行为已显著扑灭。 上下文诱发更新测试:港口输入响应于所述CS +增加的情况下诱导的重建试验，相对于消光训练结束时观察到的CS +端口条目。这种增加是有选择性的CS +，作为端口条目添加到CS-保持不变。此外，相比于端口条目中的上下文诱导重建试验的CS-（ 图4）端口表项到CS +在统计上是升高的。灭绝和测试之间的CS +端口的条目，以及CS +和内部测试CS-端口项的比较比较的统计确认，表示巴甫洛夫空调酒精寻求行为引起的相关背景酒精测试时有选择续约。 <img alt="图1" fo:content-width="4in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51898/51898fig1highres.jpg" width="400" /> 图1升级乙醇消耗和偏好诱导的家笼间歇乙醇访问的。平均数与＃177;扫描电镜（一）乙醇消耗率（g / kg）和横跨在笼子间歇乙醇访问12次（B）乙醇的偏好。这两项措施通常在会话增加，然后趋于稳定。整个家笼乙醇进入最后的两会稳定的乙醇消费量从平均介于1.33 - 6.44克/公斤个人的影响。使用雄性Long-Evans大鼠饮用15％（V / V）乙醇，得到这些数据。 <img alt="图2" fo:content-width="4in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51898/51898fig2highres.jpg" width="400" /> 图2，实验过程的示意图的过程分为三个阶段:巴甫洛夫辨别训练（PDT），消光，和上下文诱导重建的考验。在每个PDT会话，只收到一个听觉条件刺激（CS +）的信号乙醇的交付和16项试验的16项试验第二听觉刺激（CS-）不与乙醇输送有关。 PDT会发生在语境中，视觉，嗅觉特定的配置，和触觉刺激的组成。在灭绝的会议，这是在情境B进行，一组不同的视觉，嗅觉，触觉的刺激所组成，在CS +和CS-呈现，但乙醇是功不可没的。对于环境诱导重建试验，大鼠放回背景信息，而CS +和CS -都没有给出乙醇。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/51898/51898fig2highres.jpg" target="_blank">请点击这里查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图3" fo:content-width="4in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51898/51898fig3highres.jpg" width="400" /> 图3采集和歧视巴甫洛夫空调响应乙醇。平均值±标准差归港进口M 灭绝阿德在CS +和CS-PDT整个过程中（会话1 - 18）的背景信息和消光（会话19 - 26）的语境B.这些数据是用男性Long-Evans大鼠获得的，经过培训的有10％（V / V）乙醇作为非条件刺激（美国）呈献给联同PDT在CS +。 * P &lt;0.05，CS +与CS-。图最初发表于Chaudhri，Sahuque，与加纳克（2008年）。使用来自爱思唯尔的权限。 <img alt="图4" fo:content-width="5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51898/51898fig4highres.jpg" width="500" /> 图4上下文诱导的CS +和CS-期间在语境中的PDT会议上提出巴甫洛夫空调响应乙醇。平均值±标准差归端口项，在情境B灭绝的会议，并更新测试更新的语境A.数据是平均在过去的两届会议，PDT和灭绝;更新的测试是一个单一的会话。这些使用雄性Long-Evans大鼠，经过培训的，用10％（V / V）乙醇作为非条件刺激（US），这是PDT中提出在与CS +协会获得的数据。 * P &lt;0.05; ** P &lt;0.001，CS +与CS-。 ＃P &lt;0.05，CS + PDT与CS +灭绝。 ^ P &lt;0.05，CS +灭绝与CS +的测试。图最初发表于Chaudhri，Sahuque，与加纳克（2008年）。使用来自爱思唯尔的权限。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Procedure to Observe Context-induced Renewal of Pavlovian-conditioned Alcohol-seeking Behavior in Rats at JoVE.com

A Procedure to Observe Context-induced Renewal of Pavlovian-conditioned Alcohol-seeking Behavior in Rats

的过程来研究相关的醇环境的上下文的能力来触发的醇寻求行为大鼠续期进行说明。

一个过程来观察大鼠巴甫洛夫空调酒精寻求行为的背景下引发的重建

Environmental contexts in which drugs of abuse are consumed can trigger craving, a subjective Pavlovian-conditioned response that can facilitate ...

a-procedure-to-observe-context-induced-renewal-pavlovian-conditioned

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

12.7K 次观看.  Concordia University. 的过程来研究相关的醇环境的上下文的能力来触发的醇寻求行为大鼠续期进行说明。 

视频: A Procedure to Observe Context-induced Renewal of Pavlovian-conditioned Alcohol-seeking Behavior in Rats

A Procedure to Study the Effect of Prolonged Food Restriction on Heroin Seeking in Abstinent Rats

In human drug addicts, exposure to drug-associated cues or environments that were previously associated with drug taking can trigger relapse during abstinence. Moreover, various environmental challenges can exacerbate this effect, as well as increase ongoing drug intake.
The procedure we describe here highlights the impact of a common environmental challenge, food restriction, on drug craving that is expressed as an augmentation of drug seeking in abstinent rats.
Rats are implanted with chronic intravenous i.v. catheters, and then trained to press a lever for i.v. heroin over a period of 10-12 days. Following the heroin self-administration phase the rats are removed from the operant conditioning chambers and housed in the animal care facility for a period of at least 14 days. While one group is maintained under unrestricted access to food (sated group), a second group (FDR group) is exposed to a mild food restriction regimen that results in their body weights maintained at 90% of their nonrestricted body weight. On day 14 of food restriction the rats are transferred back to the drug-training environment, and a drug-seeking test is run under extinction conditions (i.e.&#160;lever presses do not result in heroin delivery).
The procedure presented here results in a highly robust augmentation of heroin seeking on test day in the food restricted rats. In addition, compared to the acute food deprivation manipulations we have used before, the current procedure is a more clinically relevant model for the impact of caloric restriction on drug seeking. Moreover, it might be closer to the human condition as the rats are not required to go through an extinction-training phase before the drug-seeking test, which is an integral component of the popular reinstatement procedure.

A procedure that allows a demonstration of robust augmentation of drug seeking in food-restricted rats is described. Following heroin self-administration training, rats go through an abstinence period, in a drug-free environment, during which they are mildly food restricted. Drug seeking is then tested in the drug-associated environment.

一个过程来研究延长食品的限制对海洛因寻求戒断大鼠的影响

In human drug addicts, exposure to drug-associated cues or environments that were previously associated with drug taking can trigger relapse during ...

科研

行为学

A Novel Procedure for Evaluating the Reinforcing Properties of Tastants in Laboratory Rats: Operant Intraoral Self-administration

This paper describes a novel method for studying the bio-behavioral basis of addiction to food. This method combines the surgical component of taste reactivity with the behavioral aspects of operant self-administration of drugs. Under very brief general anaesthesia, rats are implanted with an intraoral (IO) cannula that allows delivery of test solutions directly in the oral cavity. Animals are then tested in operant self-administration chambers whereby they can press a lever to receive IO infusions of test solutions. IO self-administration has several advantages over experimental procedures that involve drinking a solution from a spout&#160;or operant responding for solid pellets or solutions delivered in a receptacle. Here, we show that IO self-administration can be employed to study self-administration of high fructose corn syrup (HFCS). Rats were first tested for self-administration on a progressive ratio (PR) schedule, which assesses the maximum amount of operant behavior that will be emitted for different concentrations of HFCS (i.e.&#160;8%, 25%, and 50%). Following this test, rats self-administered these concentrations on a continuous schedule of reinforcement (i.e.&#160;one infusion for each lever press) for 10 consecutive days (1 session/day; each lasting 3 hr), and then they were retested on the PR schedule. On the continuous reinforcement schedule, rats took fewer infusions of higher concentrations, although the lowest concentration of HFCS (8%) maintained more variable self-administration. Furthermore, the PR tests revealed that 8% had lower reinforcing value than 25% and 50%. These results indicate that IO self-administration can be employed to study acquisition and maintenance of responding for sweet solutions. The sensitivity of the operant response to differences in concentration and schedule of reinforcement makes IO self-administration an ideal procedure to investigate the neurobiology of voluntary intake of sweets.

The current study evaluates a novel procedure for assessing the reinforcing effects of palatable solutions in laboratory rats: intraoral self-administration. To this end, operant responding (i.e.&#160;lever pressing) for intraoral infusions of sweet solutions at different concentrations was measured on continuous and progressive ratios schedules of reinforcement.

一种新的方法为评估味质的实验室大鼠的补强性能:操作性口腔自我管理

This paper describes a novel method for studying the bio-behavioral basis of addiction to food. This method combines the surgical component of taste ...

Fat Preference: A Novel Model of Eating Behavior in Rats

Obesity is a growing problem in the United States of America, with more than a third of the population classified as obese. One factor contributing to this multifactorial disorder is the consumption of a high fat diet, a behavior that has been shown to increase both caloric intake and body fat content. However, the elements regulating preference for high fat food over other foods remain understudied.
To overcome this deficit, a model to quickly and easily test changes in the preference for dietary fat was developed. The Fat Preference model presents rats with a series of choices between foods with differing fat content. Like humans, rats have a natural bias toward consuming high fat food, making the rat model ideal for translational studies. Changes in preference can be ascribed to the effect of either genetic differences or pharmacological interventions. This model allows for the exploration of determinates of fat preference and screening pharmacotherapeutic agents that influence acquisition of obesity.

Dietary fat content influences both energy intake and body fat composition in mammals. By examining rats&#8217; preference for high fat food in a series of choice experiments, it is possible to test genetic differences and pharmacological interventions on their preference for high fat food.

脂肪偏好:饮食行为的一种新模型大鼠

Obesity is a growing problem in the United States of America, with more than a third of the population classified as obese. One factor contributing to ...

The Modified Hole Board - Measuring Behavior, Cognition and Social Interaction in Mice and Rats

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure multiple dimensions of unconditioned behavior in small laboratory mammals (e.g., mice, rats, tree shrews and small primates). This paradigm is a valuable alternative for the use of a behavioral test battery, since a broad behavioral spectrum of an animal&#8217;s behavioral profile can be investigated in one single test.
The apparatus consists of a box, representing the &#8216;protected&#8217; area, separated from a group compartment. A board, on which small cylinders are staggered in three lines, is placed in the center of the box, representing the &#8216;unprotected&#8217; area of the set-up. The cognitive abilities of the animals can be measured by baiting some cylinders on the board and measuring the working and reference memory. Other unconditioned behavior, such as activity-related-, anxiety-related- and social behavior, can be observed using this paradigm. Behavioral flexibility and the ability to habituate to a novel environment can additionally be observed by subjecting the animals to multiple trials in the mHB, revealing insight into the animals&#8217; adaptive capacities.
Due to testing order effects in a behavioral test battery, na&#239;ve animals should be used for each individual experiment. By testing multiple behavioral dimensions in a single paradigm and thereby circumventing this issue, the number of experimental animals used is reduced. Furthermore, by avoiding social isolation during testing and without the need to food deprive the animals, the mHB represents a behavioral test system, inducing if any, very low amount of stress.

This protocol describes the modified hole board, which is a behavioral test set-up that comprises the characteristics of an open field and a traditional hole board. This set-up enables the differential analysis of unconditioned behavior of small laboratory mammals as well as the analysis of cognitive abilities.

修改后的孔板 - 测量行为，认知和社会互动小鼠和大鼠

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure ...

Pavlovian Conditioned Approach Training in Rats

Cues that are contingently paired with unconditioned, rewarding stimuli can acquire rewarding properties themselves through a process known as the attribution of incentive salience, or the transformation of neutral stimuli into attractive, &#34;wanted&#39; stimuli capable of motivating behavior. Pavlovian conditioned approach (PCA) develops after the response-independent presentation of a conditioned stimulus (CS; e.g., a lever) that predicts the delivery of an unconditioned stimulus (US; e.g., a food pellet) and can be used to measure incentive salience. During training, three patterns of conditioned responses (CRs) can develop: sign-tracking behavior (CS-directed CR), goal-tracking behavior (US-directed CR), and an intermediate response (both CRs). Sign-trackers attribute incentive salience to reward-related cues and are more vulnerable to cue-induced reinstatement of drug-seeking as well as other addiction-related behaviors, making PCA a potentially valuable procedure for studying addiction vulnerability. Here, we describe materials and methods used to elicit PCA behavior from rats as well as analyze and interpret PCA behavior in individual experiments.

Here, we present a protocol to elicit Pavlovian conditioned approach behavior in rats. This procedure can be used to measure individual differences in the tendency to approach and attribute incentive salience to reward-related cues and investigate addiction vulnerability.

大鼠条件性巴甫洛夫训练方法

Cues that are contingently paired with unconditioned, rewarding stimuli can acquire rewarding properties themselves through a process known as the ...

The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test (rPVT): A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

The human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is a widely used procedure for measuring changes in fatigue and sustained attention. The present article describes a rodent version of the PVT&#8212;termed the &#34;rPVT&#34;&#8212;that measures similar aspects of attention (i.e., performance accuracy, motor speed, premature responding, and lapses in attention). Data are presented that demonstrate both the short- and long-term usefulness of the rPVT when employed with laboratory rats. Rats easily learn the rPVT, and learning to perform the basic procedure takes less than two weeks of training. Once acquired, rat performances in the rPVT show a high degree of similarity to these same performance measures in the human PVT, including similarities in, lapses in attention, reaction times, vigilance decrements across session time (i.e., the human &#34;time-on-task&#34; effects), and the response-stimulus interval (RSI) effect described for humans. Thus the rPVT can be an extremely valuable tool for assessing the effects of a wide range of variables on sustained attention quite similar to human PVT performances, and thus can be useful for developing novel treatments for neurobehavioral dysfunctions.

The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test rPVT: A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

A rat version of the human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is described that measures aspects of attention similar to those measured with the human PVT, including aspects of human vigilance such as performance accuracy, motor speed, premature responding, and lapses in attention.

鼠类精神运动警觉测试（rPVT）:一个在大鼠和小鼠的神经行为评估性能的方法

The human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is a widely used procedure for measuring changes in fatigue and sustained attention. The present article ...

Detecting Behavioral Deficits in Rats After Traumatic Brain Injury

With the increasing incidence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in both civilian and military populations, TBI is now considered a chronic disease; however, few studies have investigated the long-term effects of injury in rodent models of TBI. Shown here are behavioral measures that are well-established in TBI research for times early after injury, such as two weeks, until two months. Some of these methods have previously been used at later times after injury, up to one year, but by very few laboratories. The methods demonstrated here are a short neurological assessment to test reflexes, a Beam-Balance to test balance, a Beam-Walk to test balance and motor coordination, and a working memory version of the Morris water maze that can be sensitive to deficits in reference memory. Male rats were handled and pre-trained to neurological, balance, and motor coordination tests prior to receiving parasagittal fluid percussion injury (FPI) or sham injury. Rats can be tested on the short neurological assessment (neuroscore), the beam-balance, and the Beam-Walk multiple times, while testing on the water maze can only be done once. This difference is because rats can remember the task, thus confounding the results if repeated testing is attempted in the same animal. When testing from one to three days after injury, significant differences are detected in all three non-cognitive tasks. However, differences in the Beam-Walk task were not detectable at later time points (after 3 months). Deficits were detected at 3 months in the Beam-Balance and at 6 months in the neuroscore. Deficits in working memory were detected out to 12 months after injury, and a deficit in a reference memory first appeared at 12 months. Thus, standard behavioral tests can be useful measures of persistent behavioral deficits after FPI.

The goal of the behavioral tests presented here is to detect functional deficits in rats after traumatic brain injury. Four specific tests are presented that detect deficits in behaviors to reflect the damage to specific brain areas at times extending to one year after injury.

颅脑损伤后大鼠行为缺陷的检测

With the increasing incidence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in both civilian and military populations, TBI is now considered a chronic disease; however, ...

A New Method for Inducing a Depression-Like Behavior in Rats

Contagious depression is a phenomenon that is yet to be fully recognized and this stems from insufficient material on the subject. At the moment, there is no existing format for studying the mechanism of action, prevention, containment, and treatment of contagious depression. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to establish the first animal model of contagious depression.
Healthy rats can contract depressive behaviors if exposed to depressed rats. Depression is induced in rats by subjecting them to several manipulations of chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) over 5 weeks, as described in the protocol. A successful sucrose preference test confirmed the development of depression in the rats. The CUS-exposed rats were then caged with na&#239;ve rats from the contagion group (1 na&#239;ve rat/2 depressed rats in a cage) for an additional 5 weeks. 30 social groups were created from the combination of CUS-exposed rats and na&#239;ve rats.
This proposed depression-contagion protocol in animals consists mainly of cohabiting CUS-exposed and healthy rats for 5 weeks. To ensure that this method works, a series of tests are carried out - first, the sucrose preference test upon inducing depression to rats, then, the sucrose preference test, alongside the open field and forced-swim tests at the end of the cohabitation period. Throughout the experiment, rats are given tags and are always returned to their cages after each test.
A few limitations to this method are the weak differences recorded between the experimental and control groups in the sucrose preference test and the irreversible traumatic outcome of the forced swim test. These may be worth considering for suitability before any future application of the protocol. Nonetheless, following the experiment, na&#239;ve rats developed contagion depression after 5 weeks of sharing the same cage with the CUS-exposed rats.

This protocol describes a new model by which healthy rats could contract depression over a given time periodthrough contagion by exposure to chronic unpredictable stressed (CUS) rats.

一种诱导大鼠抑郁症状行为的新方法

Contagious depression is a phenomenon that is yet to be fully recognized and this stems from insufficient material on the subject. At the moment, there is ...

Testing for Metacognitive Responding Using an Odor-based Delayed Match-to-Sample Test in Rats

Metamemory involves the cognitive ability to assess the strength of one&#39;s memories. To explore the possibility of metamemory in non-human animals, numerous behavioral tasks have been created, many of which utilize an option to decline memory tests. To assess metamemory in rats, we utilized this decline-test option paradigm by adapting previous visual delayed-match-to-sample tests (DMTS)1,2 developed for primate species to an odor-based test suitable for rodents. First,&#160;rats are given a sample to remember by digging in a cup of scented sand. After a delay, the rat is presented with four distinctly scented cups, one of which contains the identical scent experienced during the sample; if this matching cup is selected, then the rat obtains a preferred, larger reward. Selection of any of the other three non-matching sand-filled scented cups results in no reward. Retention intervals are individually titrated such that subjects perform between 40 and 70% correct, therefore ensuring rats sometimes remember and sometimes forget the sample. Here, the operational definition of metamemory is the ability to distinguish between the presence and absence of memory through behavioral responding. Towards this end, on two-thirds of trials, a decline option is presented in addition to the four choice cups (choice trials). If the decline-test option- an unscented colored sand cup, is selected, the subject receives a smaller less-preferred reward and avoids the memory test. On the remaining third of trials, the decline-test option is not available (forced trials), causing subjects to guess the correct cup when the sample is forgotten. On choice tests, subjects that know when they remember should select the decline option when memory is weak rather than take the test and choose incorrectly. Therefore, significantly higher performance on chosen tests as compared to forced memory tests is indicative of the adaptive use of the decline-test response and metacognitive responding.

This protocol describes a method for investigating the possibility of metamemory, or memory awareness, in rodents. The odor-based delayed-matching-to-sample paradigm is a novel, ecologically-relevant behavioral test useful for determining the extent to which rodents can adaptively respond based on cognitively monitoring the strength of their memory states.

用基于气味的延迟配对试验对大鼠元认知应答的测试

Metamemory involves the cognitive ability to assess the strength of one&#39;s memories. To explore the possibility of metamemory in non-human animals, ...

A Conflict Model of Reward-seeking Behavior in Male Rats

The present protocol describes a novel conflict task as a model of inhibitory control in rats. In this model, a natural rewarding stimulus (sexual stimulus) that represents a high-value reward, and the aversive stimuli (pins), are concurrently presented. The male rats have to climb or jump over the obstacle full of pins to approach and investigate the sexual partner. If the animal persists in their approaching behavior regardless of the aversive stimuli, it is considered as a maladaptive or risky reward-seeking behavior. The conflict task permits the evaluation of deficit in inhibitory control resulting from exposure to abused drug, such as morphine, or a stressful event. 
The main advantage of this model is that it provides a simple and quick way to discover the deficit in inhibitory control after exposure to opiate drugs or other stressful events. In addition to opiates, this behavioral model would also be useful for quickly discovering the inhibitory control deficits induced by other addictive drugs. However, the limitation is that the male rats' performance may be subject to exercising effects with repeated testing under this conflict task. In the future, one can hope that the individuals with the compulsive phenotype of reward-seeking behavior after exposure to opiates will be identified based on modifying this conflict model.

This conflict model is used to measure the impairment of inhibitory control after exposure to addictive drugs, or other factors that may influence inhibitory control. A sexual stimulus and an aversive obstacle are concurrently presented, thus male rats have to conquer the obstacle to approach the sexual reward.