作者感谢宾夕法尼亚大学NIDDK中心分子生物学研究中消化的分子病理学和影像核心和肝脏疾病（P30 DK50306）与成像协助。这项工作是由赠款从美国国立卫生研究院（R01 DK-092111）和弗雷德和Suzanne比泽克小儿肝病中心（以RGW），并从儿童肝脏疾病研究和教育网络（向SK）的奖学金支持。

整个过程是在室温下，除非另有规定。所有的动物工作应经当地机构动物护理和使用委员会（IACUC）的协议下，人道的条件下进行。 设备1。制备及解决方案<ol><li>在靠近所述组织培养罩和孵化器（ 图1A）设置在鼠标手术台。注:需要的设备包括一个解剖显微镜，光源，12.5厘米长的直虹膜剪，6寸非锯齿弯钳细的技巧，以及4英寸的锯齿钳尖端弯曲（ 图1B）。 </li><li>放置消毒过的工具中的手术台70％酒精的玻璃烧杯中。 </li><li>填3无菌60毫米培养皿用无菌隔离介质（ 表1）;将两个上手术台，一个在引擎盖，所有冰上。 </li><li>将鼠尾胶原，无菌的10×磷酸盐缓冲盐水（PBS）中，无菌水，无菌1N NaOH中，并在组织培养罩胆管上皮细胞（BEC）的介质（ 表1）。注:胶原应在冰上。 </li></ol> 2，胆道分离和培养<ol><li>安乐死新生小鼠0-3天生活之间，通过暴露于二氧化碳直到无意识颈椎脱位，每IACUC准则（ 图1C）。 注:年纪较大的老鼠可以根据具体的实验需要使用。 </li><li>将动物仰卧位，并作一个小切口横向穿越在骨盆区域的中线。横向和向上扩展此切口在腹部两侧，形成U形瓣。打开盖朝上，露出腹部器官。一旦腹部是开放的，小心地移动肠内，向着右侧的动物的腹腔内，以便更好地可视化在肝脏和胆总管。注意:这可能是必要的横向切口延伸进入胸腔，以获得更好的识别肝脏。 </li><li>使用解剖显微镜，识别胆总管，肝和肠。确定胆总管第一（图1D），谨慎使用，因为结构非常细腻。随着锯齿和非锯齿钳，认真清洁，摘下结缔组织包括脂肪周围的胆汁。用一个镊子保持管道和清洁等。 </li><li>使用类似的技术来清洁胆囊。 </li><li>将清洗管和胆囊陷入孤立媒体对冰的第一道菜。轻轻按摩与非锯齿钳结构，同时在媒体上进一步去除结缔组织和胆囊胆汁中移除。 </li><li>输送管和胆囊隔离介质的第二盘。 </li><li>从5只动物管和胆囊的分离后，转移件到第三培养皿中，在通风橱中。注意:如果细胞是从超过5只动物中分离，做到分批，使用​​新鲜的解决方案，每组5只动物。 </li><li>准备厚厚的胶原凝胶中的组织文化引擎盖: 注:任何尺寸的菜都可以使用。 60毫米培养皿用3毫升胶原每组5例新生儿的最终体积效果很好。这应该是在嵌入新鲜分离管道的时间准备新鲜。 <ol><li>放置鼠尾胶原，无菌的10×磷酸盐缓冲盐水（10×PBS）中，无菌DH 2 O和无菌1N的NaOH在冰上。 </li><li>计算DH 2 0，10倍PBS，NaOH和所需的凝胶用2毫克/毫升的胶原蛋白在1x PBS的终浓度的胶原蛋白的量，使用量的1N NaOH等于胶原的0.023倍的体积加入。注意:如果胶原蛋白的替代来源时，请遵循制造商的中和，形成凝胶的说明。 </li><li>混合在一起DH 2 0，10X PBS中，加入1N NaOH，再加入胶原蛋白和吸管以及确保混合均匀。 </li></ol></li><li>一旦胶原溶液变稠到像在室温下稠度的凝胶，立刻嵌入到胶原的管道。 </li><li>放置在培养箱中在37℃，5％CO 2中30分钟，使胶原蛋白固化。 </li><li>一旦胶凝固后（由清晰到白的颜色变化），覆盖用3.5ml BEC媒体（ 表1），并在37℃，5％CO2。 </li><li>删除BEC媒体，每周3次，并更换用3.5ml新鲜培养基中。 </li></ol> 3，隔离主从粗胶原凝胶胆管注:3个星期内，胆管（细胞直接从管道嵌入细胞核大延长）的表将在厚厚的胶原可见。如果有大量的盘成纤维细胞，它应该被丢弃。如果菜的少数地区有成纤维细胞生长，这些都可以切出用解剖刀和前分裂胆管中移除。 <ol><li>准备薄胶原凝胶: <ol><li>胶原稀释至1毫克/毫升的浓度用无菌PBS。注:使用1毫升100毫米的钢板;因此对于其它尺寸的菜肴调整。 </li><li>均匀分布的胶原蛋白溶液与细胞片（大菜）或移液管尖（小碟），然后在室温下放置10分钟。 </li><li>盖板用DMEM/F12和孵化在37℃，5％CO2 10分钟。 </li><li>从孵化器中取出盘子，洗用1×PBS。立即吸出的1X PBS。 </li><li>涂层与第二薄层的胶原蛋白，通过旋转盘或在振荡器上放置板扩散。在37℃，5％CO 2的10分钟。 </li><li>胶原蛋白后，已经凝固，盖板用DMEM/F12和孵化在37℃，5％CO2 30分钟。 </li></ol></li><li>从日拆分单元格ICK胶原凝胶: <ol><li>用细胞培养抹刀或细胞刮刀，刮去胶原凝胶轻轻地落板，以便它是浮动的。 </li><li>通过稀释式XI胶原酶（见材料清单），以10毫克/毫升用DMEM/F12制备胶原酶溶液。拌匀，无菌过滤器。 </li><li>加入1 ml的胶原酶溶液（以上）每细胞的胶原厚60毫米菜。请勿移除BEC媒体（这应该是3毫升）。孵化培养皿30分钟，在37℃，5％CO 2。 </li><li>除去溶液中含有的细胞，并将其放置在15ml锥形管中。 </li><li>降速为2200×g离心5分钟。弃上清，重新悬浮颗粒的DMEM/F12类似的体积。 </li><li>再纺丝溶液在2,200×g离心5分钟。除去上清液。 </li><li>重悬沉淀在3毫升0.5％的胰蛋白酶，并在37℃，5％CO 2中5分钟。孵育后，吸取的溶液向上和向下打破了胆管的片材。加入5毫升BEC媒体在1500×g离心5分钟，第二纺丝溶液。 </li><li>除去上清，重悬沉淀在DMEM/F12，然后旋溶液在1500×g离心5分钟。 </li><li>除去上清液，并重新悬浮颗粒在BEC媒体（ 表1）。板细胞先前由薄胶原凝胶。 </li></ol></li></ol> 4，传代细胞和存储注:细胞上薄胶原凝胶可以根据需要被分割。 <ol><li>用无菌PBS孵育在0.25％胰蛋白酶在37℃下10-15分钟之前洗平板。 </li><li>中和与BEC媒体等体积的，并且沉淀在1500×g离心5分钟。冲洗沉淀用DMEM/F12，然后沉淀在1500×g离心5分钟。 </li><li>悬浮细胞在BEC媒体分发到胶原蛋白包被细胞培养皿。 注意:可替换地，细胞可以被重悬浮在存储介质和存储在-80℃冰箱或液氮（ 表1）。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Paradis, K., Sharp, H. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+duct-like+structure+formation+after+isolation+of+bile+ductular+cells+from+a+murine+model.">In vitro duct-like structure formation after isolation of bile ductular cells from a murine model.</a> J. Lab. Clin. Med. 113 (6), 689-694 (1989).</li><li>Vroman, B., LaRusso, N. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+and+characterization+of+polarized+primary+cultures+of+rat+intrahepatic+bile+duct+epithelial+cells.">Development and characterization of polarized primary cultures of rat intrahepatic bile duct epithelial cells.</a> Lab. Invest. 74 (1), 303-313 (1996).</li><li>Kumar, U., Jordan, T. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+and+culture+of+biliary+epithelial+cells+from+the+biliary+tract+fraction+of+normal+rats.">Isolation and culture of biliary epithelial cells from the biliary tract fraction of normal rats.</a> Liver. 6 (6), 369-378 (1986).</li><li>Ishii, M., Vromen, B., LaRusso, N. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+and+morphologic+characterization+of+bile+duct+epithelial+cells+from+normal+rat+liver.">Isolation and morphologic characterization of bile duct epithelial cells from normal rat liver.</a> Gastroenterology. 97 (5), 1236-1247 (1989).</li><li>Strazzabosco, M., Fabris, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+the+bile+ducts:+Essentials+for+the+clinical+hepatologist.">Development of the bile ducts: Essentials for the clinical hepatologist.</a> J. Hepatol. 56 (5), 1159-1170 (2012).</li><li>Carpentier, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Embryonic+ductal+plate+cells+give+rise+to+cholangiocytes,+periportal+hepatocytes,+and+adult+liver+progenitor+cells.">Embryonic ductal plate cells give rise to cholangiocytes, periportal hepatocytes, and adult liver progenitor cells.</a> Gastroenterology. 141 (4), 1432-1438 (2011).</li><li>Cho, W. K., Mennon, A., Boyer, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+functional+polarized+bile+duct+units+from+mouse+liver.">Isolation of functional polarized bile duct units from mouse liver.</a> Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 280 (2), (2001).</li><li>Karjoo, S., Hand, N. J., Loarca, L., Russo, P. A., Friedman, J. R., Wells, R. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extra-hepatic+cholangiocyte+cilia+are+abnormal+in+biliary+atresia.">Extra-hepatic cholangiocyte cilia are abnormal in biliary atresia.</a> J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 57 (1), 96-101 (2013).</li><li>Sutton, M. E., op den Dries, S., Koster, M. H., Lisman, T., Gouw, A. S., Porte, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regeneration+of+human+extrahepatic+biliary+epithelium:+the+peribiliary+glands+as+progenitor+cell+compartment.">Regeneration of human extrahepatic biliary epithelium: the peribiliary glands as progenitor cell compartment.</a> Liver Int. 32 (4), 554-559 (2012).</li><li>Cardinale, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multipotent+stem/progenitor+cells+in+human+biliary+tree+give+rise+to+hepatocytes,+cholangiocytes,+and+pancreatic+islets.">Multipotent stem/progenitor cells in human biliary tree give rise to hepatocytes, cholangiocytes, and pancreatic islets.</a> Hepatology. 54 (6), 2159-2172 (2011).</li></ol>

作者宣称自己有没有利益冲突。

这里描述的是一种技术，从各年龄段，包括新生儿的小鼠的小鼠的肝外胆管分离出纯的胆管。该技术的优点是肝外胆管可分别从肝内胆管细胞进行研究，并可能促进研究，以确定细胞的这些人群之间的主要区别。我们最近发表了一份研究报告，证明在肝外胆管分离这种方法和感染恒河猴轮状病毒8下降纤毛。缺点包括该技术是劳动密集，细致的解剖要求，以防止成纤维细胞污染;另外，生长和至少3周的文化都需要获得足够的细胞大多数实验。因此，这些细胞可以反映与二维培养相关的变化。它尚未确定获得的细胞群中是否包括显著量的干细胞或细胞的S来自胆管周围腺体9,10。 我们试图用此方法从大鼠分离肝外胆管;然而，细胞不能在文化增长。一个关键生长因子是否缺少在文化传媒，还是其他条件需要修改，​​目前正在调查中。 最后，该方法以分离肝外胆管可能有助于理解在胆道纤维化的帧内和肝外形式的差异，以及新生和成年细胞之间的差异。

的内部和肝外胆管的起源和发展是明显不同的。肝脏从腹侧前肠内胚层5的憩室发展。憩室的尾部区域形成肝外胆管树，而颅区域产生肝内胆管树5。肝内胆管结石胆管是从祖细胞在围门 ​​地区6得出周围的胆管板。这些细胞具有分化成肝细胞或胆管6的能力。这给了cholangiopathies可能专门针对一类胆管的显著临床意义。例如，胆道闭锁最初影响到新生儿的肝外管道，而Alagille综合征会影响肝内管道。 有肝内胆管和胆管单元从小鼠和大鼠的分离的多描述。在vestigators已经分离出单个细胞通过管道隔离和随后的产物，或者通过肝脏的消化和抗拔胆管表达特定的细胞表面标志物1-4下来。功能和偏光胆管单位已分离肝脏的消化和大小过滤7。胆管单元能够响应与分泌刺激物，并证明分泌液7，而孤立胆管细胞已被证明开发导管结构体外 1,2。这些方法的局限性包括需要专门的技术知识和专用设备肝脏灌注消化酶。此外，存在污染与间充质细胞3的危险。 阿来分离肝外胆管胆管，特别是从新生儿肝外胆管方法，过去一直没有被描述。本文概述了一个简化的技术来隔离一个新生儿结果好，成人肝外胆管细胞在高水平的纯度。这种技术将促进区域内和肝外胆管和研究像胆道闭锁的疾病，涉及肝外管机制之间的差异研究。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:943px;" width="942">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:335px;">Name of Material/Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:335px;">DMEM/F12 (1:1)</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Gibco/ Life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11320-033</td>
			<td>500ml, used in BEC media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:335px;">FBS</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Atlanta Biologicals</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S11150</td>
			<td>25 ml, used in BEC media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:335px;">MEM with non-essential amino acids</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Gibco/ Life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11140-019</td>
			<td>5 ml, used in BEC media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:335px;">Insulin-transferrin-selenium</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Gibco/ Life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">51300-044</td>
			<td>5 ml, used in BEC media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:335px;">Na Pyruvate</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Cellgro</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">25-000-CL</td>
			<td>5ml, used in BEC media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:335px;">Chemically-defined lipid concentrate</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Gibco/ Life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11905-031</td>
			<td>5ml, used in BEC media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:335px;">Penicillin-Streptomycin</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Cellgro</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">30-002-CI</td>
			<td>5ml, used in BEC media and 500 ul in the isolation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:335px;">Gentamicin</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Gibco/ Life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15750-060</td>
			<td>0.2ml, used in BEC media and 500 ul in the isolation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:335px;">Ethanolamine</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">E9508-100ml</td>
			<td>0.13ml, used in BEC media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:335px;">MEM vitamin solution</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Gibco/ Life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11120-052</td>
			<td>5ml, used in BEC media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:335px;">Soybean trypsin inhibitor</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Biowhittaker</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">17-605E</td>
			<td>5ml, used in BEC media. Solvent is PBS, mix to 5mg/ml stock concentration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:335px;">L-glutamine</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Cellgro</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">25-005-CL</td>
			<td>5ml, used in BEC media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:335px;">Bovine pituitary extract</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Gemini</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">500-102</td>
			<td>1.1ml, used in BEC media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:335px;">Dexamethasone</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D4902</td>
			<td>0.5ml, used in BEC media, Stock conc 393ug/ml dilute with ethanol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:335px;">3 3&#39;,5-triiodo-L-thyronine</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">T6397</td>
			<td>0.5ml, used in BEC media, Stock conc 3.4 mg/ml dilute with ethanol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:335px;">Epidermal growth factor</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">millipore</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">01-101</td>
			<td>0.5ml, used in BEC media, 25ug/ml dilute with DMEM F12+1%BSA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:335px;">Forskolin</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">F6886</td>
			<td>5ml, used in BEC media, use at stock concentration of 0.411mg/ml and dilute with DMSO</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:335px;">Fungizone</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Gibco/ Life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15290-018</td>
			<td>1ml, used in BEC media and 500 ul in the isolation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:335px;">Rat-tail collagen</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">354236</td>
			<td>variable depending on concentration of collagen</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:335px;">PBS 10X</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">USB Corporation</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">75889</td>
			<td>use at 10x, sterlie, used to make collagen, amount used depends on collagen concentration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:335px;">dH2O</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td>sterile, used to make collagen, amount used depends on collagen concentration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:335px;">NaOH 10N</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Fischer Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ss255-1</td>
			<td>Dilute to 1N, sterile, used to make collagen, amount used depends on collagen concentration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:335px;">collagenase type XI from Clostridium histolyticum</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C7657</td>
			<td>dilute in DMEM and sterile filter before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:335px;">trypsin-EDTA (1x) 0.25%</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Gibco/ Life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">25200-056</td>
			<td>3 ml, incubate max 10 minutes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:335px;">trypsin-EDTA (10x) 0.5%</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Gibco/ Life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15400-054</td>
			<td>3 ml, incubate max 10 minutes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:335px;"></td>
			<td style="width:323px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:335px;">Dissecting microscope</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Nikon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SMZ645</td>
			<td>Other models acceptable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:335px;">Light source (fiberoptic illuminator)</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Schott-Fostec</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Ace EKE LR 92240</td>
			<td>Other models acceptable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:335px;">12.5 cm straight iris scissors</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Kent Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Other models acceptable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:335px;">6&#34; non-serrated curved forceps with fine tips</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Other models acceptable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:335px;">4&#34; serrated stainless forceps with fine tips</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Other models acceptable</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

isolation of neonatal extrahepatic cholangiocytes

肝脏内和肝外胆管发育是不同的，并且可能会不同程度地影响某些疾病。然而，区域内和肝外胆管，新生儿和成人细胞之间的差异，都不能很好地理解。 方法从肝内胆管胆管的隔离是源远流长1-4。肝外导管细胞，特别是从新生儿的隔离，还没有被描述，尽管这将是有很大好处的理解不同的胆管群体之间的差异，并在研究的疾病，如胆道闭锁，似乎靶向肝外导管。这里描述的是一个优化的技术来隔离两个新生和成年小鼠肝外胆管细胞。这种技术产生一个纯粹的细胞群与细胞间质成纤维细胞样污染最小。 这METHOD基于切除肝外管和胆囊，其次是细致的解剖和刮去除脂肪和成纤维细胞层。结构被嵌入在胶原和培养的厚层为大约3周，以允许在胆管上皮细胞单层，然后可以用胰蛋白酶消化并重新接种于实验使用的产物。

在具有优良的纯度新生小鼠肝外胆管，具体表现为K19免疫荧光染色（ 图2A和2B）人口的隔离使用此协议的结果;我们实现了类似的结果从成年小鼠中分离细胞。我们观察到，它需要3周的时间从新鲜分离的胆管细胞形成的厚胶原凝胶单层。在胆管以线性方式增长整个厚胶原，形成细胞从分离的管道片。细胞应该分开并重新镀上很薄的胶原凝胶前单层变得杂草丛生，因为孔出现在细胞的表，如果培养前3周都没有分裂。为了获得最佳的细胞生长，并减少成纤维细胞的污染，它以去除认真细致地周围娇嫩的肝外管道在清扫和清洗步骤（2.3，2.4）的结缔组织是很重要的。如果存在成纤维生长爆炸，去除厚胶原蛋白的患处用手术刀或温柔吸痰可以减少成纤维细胞的细胞分裂前的转移。在最初的三段这些细胞快速分裂，但在更高的通道点，增长速度减慢，细胞变大，空泡化。我们已经成功地冻结胆管的样品，并在稍后的时间与优秀的生存能力再镀他们;解冻胆管，但是，不要复制一样快，新鲜分离和分裂的细胞。 <img alt="图1" fo:content-width="5in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/51621/51621fig1highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/51621/51621fig1.jpg" /> 图1。手术设备应设置在靠近组织培养装置（A）光源放置在解剖显微镜后面。（二）手术设备包括锋利的SCissors，止血钳，弯曲的锯齿形镊子，以及一个弯曲的非锯齿镊子（C）;。大小的3日龄小鼠用于隔离（D）的镊子夹持胆总管在新生小鼠。 <img alt="图2" fo:content-width="5in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/51621/51621fig2highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/51621/51621fig2.jpg" /> 图2。肝外胆管的纯种群隔离与间充质细胞污染最小。胆管沾满K19（绿色）用DAPI核成像（蓝色）。比例尺为25微米。 <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" ><tbody><tr height="21"><td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">媒体</td><td style="width:227px;">元件</td><td style="width:177px;">量</td></tr><tr height="21"><td height="84"跨行="4"的风格="高度:84px;宽度:243px;"&gt;隔离媒体</td><td style="width:227px;">庆大霉素</td><td style="width:177px;"> 0.5毫升</td></tr><tr height="21"><td height="21" style="height:21px;width:227px;">青霉素，链霉素</td><td style="width:177px;"> 0.5毫升</td></tr><tr height="21"><td height="21" style="height:21px;width:227px;">两性霉素B </td><td style="width:177px;"> 0.5毫升</td></tr><tr height="21"><td height="21" style="height:21px;width:227px;"> DMEM/F12（1:1） </td><td style="width:177px;"> 5毫升</td></tr><tr height="21"><td height="398" rowspan="18" style="height:398px;width:243px;">胆管上皮细胞（BEC）媒体</td><td style="width:227px;"> FBS </td><td style="width:177px;"> 25毫升</td></tr><tr height="21"><td height="21" style="height:21px;width:227px;"> DMEM/F12（1:1） </td><td style="width:177px;"> 500毫升</td></tr><tr height="21"><td height="21" style="height:21px;width:227px;"> M<html> EM非必需氨基酸</td><td style="width:177px;"> 5毫升</td></tr><tr height="21"><td height="21" style="height:21px;width:227px;">胰岛素 - 转铁蛋白 - 硒</td><td style="width:177px;"> 5毫升</td></tr><tr height="21"><td height="21" style="height:21px;width:227px;">丙酮酸钠</td><td style="width:177px;"> 5毫升</td></tr><tr height="41"><td height="41" style="height:41px;width:227px;">化学上定义的脂质的浓缩</td><td style="width:177px;"> 5毫升</td></tr><tr height="21"><td height="21" style="height:21px;width:227px;">青霉素，链霉素</td><td style="width:177px;"> 5毫升</td></tr><tr height="21"><td height="21" style="height:21px;width:227px;">庆大霉素</td><td style="width:177px;"> 0.2毫升</td></tr><tr height="21"><td height="21" style="height:21px;width:227px;">乙醇胺</td><td style="width:177px;"> 0.13毫升</td></tr><tr height="21">宽度:227px;"&gt; MEM维生素溶液</td><td style="width:177px;"> 5毫升</td></tr><tr height="21"><td height="21" style="height:21px;width:227px;">大豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂* </td><td style="width:177px;"> 5毫升</td></tr><tr height="21"><td height="21" style="height:21px;width:227px;"> L-谷氨酰胺</td><td style="width:177px;"> 5毫升</td></tr><tr height="21"><td height="21" style="height:21px;width:227px;">牛垂体提取物</td><td style="width:177px;"> 1.1毫升</td></tr><tr height="21"><td height="21" style="height:21px;width:227px;">地塞米松* </td><td style="width:177px;"> 0.5毫升</td></tr><tr height="21"><td height="21" style="height:21px;width:227px;"> 3,3&#39;，5 - 三碘-L-甲状腺原氨酸* </td><td style="width:177px;"> 0.5毫升</td></tr><tr height="21"><td height="21" style="height:21px;width:227px;">表皮生长因子* </td><td style="width:177px;"> 0.5毫升</td></tr><tr height="21"><td height="21"风格="高度:21px;宽度:227px;"&gt;毛喉素* </td><td style="width:177px;"> 5毫升</td></tr><tr height="21"><td height="21" style="height:21px;width:227px;">两性霉素B </td><td style="width:177px;"> 1毫升</td></tr><tr height="21"><td height="63" rowspan="3" style="height:63px;width:243px;">存储介质（冷冻细胞） </td><td style="width:227px;">胆管上皮细胞（BEC）媒体</td><td style="width:177px;"> 7毫升</td></tr><tr height="21"><td height="21" style="height:21px;width:227px;"> DMSO </td><td style="width:177px;"> 1毫升</td></tr><tr height="21"><td height="21" style="height:21px;width:227px;">无菌胎牛血清</td><td style="width:177px;"> 2毫升</td></tr><tr height="100"><td colspan="3" height="100" style="height:100px;width:647px;"> *成份需要添加到媒体前要准备适当的浓度。请参阅材料清单作进一步说明。 </td></tr><tr height="100"><td colspan="3"高度="100"的风格="高度:100像素，宽:647px;"&gt; **成分混合后，无菌过滤介质和分装。 20˚C. - 媒体可以被冻结长达6个月</td></tr></tbody></table> 表1。媒体组件。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation of Neonatal Extrahepatic Cholangiocytes at JoVE.com

Isolation of Neonatal Extrahepatic Cholangiocytes

一种技术，从新生小鼠的肝外胆管胆管隔离描述。管道正在认真解剖，然后细胞被生长在厚厚的胶原凝胶中分离。该方法为研究肝外胆管发育和病理的有用工具。

新生儿肝外胆管的隔离

The intra and extrahepatic bile ducts of the liver are developmentally distinct, and may be differentially affected by certain diseases. However, ...

isolation-of-neonatal-extrahepatic-cholangiocytes

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

10.2K 次观看.  The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. 一种技术，从新生小鼠的肝外胆管胆管隔离描述。管道正在认真解剖，然后细胞被生长在厚厚的胶原凝胶中分离。该方法为研究肝外胆管发育和病理的有用工具。 

视频: Isolation of Neonatal Extrahepatic Cholangiocytes

Neutrophil Isolation Protocol

Neutrophil polymorphonuclear granulocytes (PMN) are the most abundant leukocytes in humans and among the first cells to arrive on the site of inflammatory immune response. Due to their key role in inflammation, neutrophil functions such as locomotion, cytokine production, phagocytosis, and tumor cell combat are extensively studied. To characterize the specific functions of neutrophils, a clean, fast, and reliable method of separating them from other blood cells is desirable for in vitro studies, especially since neutrophils are short-lived and should be used within 2-4 hours of collection. Here, we demonstrate a standard density gradient separation method to isolate human neutrophils from whole blood using commercially available separation media that is a mixture of sodium metrizoate and Dextran 500. The procedure consists of layering whole blood over the density gradient medium, centrifugation, separation of neutrophil layer, and lysis of residual erythrocytes. Cells are then washed, counted, and resuspended in buffer to desired concentration. When performed correctly, this method has been shown to yield samples of >95% neutrophils with >95% viability.

Neutrophils are among the first cells to arrive on the site of inflammatory immune response, and their functions and mechanisms have been studied extensively in vitro. We demonstrate a standard density gradient separation method to isolate human neutrophils from whole blood using commercially available separation media.

嗜中性粒细胞的分离协议

Neutrophil polymorphonuclear granulocytes (PMN) are the most abundant leukocytes in humans and among the first cells to arrive on the site of inflammatory ...

科研

生物学

Isolation of Valvular Endothelial Cells

Heart valves are solely responsible for maintaining unidirectional blood flow through the cardiovascular system. These thin, fibrous tissues are subjected to significant mechanical stresses as they open and close several billion times over a lifespan. The incredible endurance of these tissues is due to the resident valvular endothelial (VEC) and interstitial cells (VIC) that constantly repair and remodel in response to local mechanical and biological signals. Only recently have we begun to understand the unique behaviors of these cells, for which in vitro experimentation has played a key role. Particularly challenging is the isolation and culture of VEC. Special care must be used from the moment the tissue is removed from the host through final plating. Here we present protocols for direct isolation, side specific isolation, culture, and verification of pure populations of VEC. We use enzymatic digestion followed by a gentle swab scraping technique to dislodge only surface cells. These cells are then collected into a tube and centrifuged into a pellet. The pellet is then resuspended and plated into culture flasks pre-coated with collagen I matrix. VEC phenotype is confirmed by contact inhibited growth and the expression of endothelial specific markers such as PECAM1 (CD31), Von Willebrand Factor (vWF), and negative expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin (&alpha;-SMA). The functional characteristics of VEC are associated with high levels of acetylated LDL. Unlike vascular endothelial cells, VEC have the unique capacity to transform into mesenchyme, which normally occurs during embryonic valve formation1. This can also occur during significantly prolonged post confluent in vitro culture, so care should be made to passage at or near confluence. After VEC isolation, pure populations of VIC can then be easily acquired.

We provide a method for isolating and culturing pure populations of heart valve endothelial cells (VEC). VEC can be isolated from either side of the cusp or leaflet and immediately following, underlying interstitial cell (VIC) isolation is straightforward.

瓣膜内皮细胞的分离

Heart valves are solely responsible for maintaining unidirectional blood flow through the cardiovascular system.  These thin, fibrous tissues are ...

Isolation and Culture of Pulmonary Endothelial Cells from Neonatal Mice

Endothelial cells provide a useful research model in many areas of vascular biology. Since its first isolation 1, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) have shown to be convenient, easy to obtain and culture, and thus are the most widely studied endothelial cells. However, for research focused on processes like angiogenesis, permeability or many others, microvascular endothelial cells (ECs) are a much more physiologically relevant model to study 2. Furthermore, ECs isolated from knockout mice provide a useful tool for analysis of protein function ex vivo. Several approaches to isolate and culture microvascular ECs of different origin have been reported to date 3-7, but consistent isolation and culture of pure ECs is still a major technical problem in many laboratories. Here, we provide a step-by-step protocol on a reliable and relatively simple method of isolating and culturing mouse lung endothelial cells (MLECs). In this approach, lung tissue obtained from 6- to 8-day old pups is first cut into pieces, digested with collagenase/dispase (C/D) solution and dispersed mechanically into single-cell suspension. MLECS are purified from cell suspension using positive selection with anti-PECAM-1 antibody conjugated to Dynabeads using a Magnetic Particle Concentrator (MPC). Such purified cells are cultured on gelatin-coated tissue culture (TC) dishes until they become confluent. At that point, cells are further purified using Dynabeads coupled to anti-ICAM-2 antibody. MLECs obtained with this protocol exhibit a cobblestone phenotype, as visualized by phase-contrast light microscopy, and their endothelial phenotype has been confirmed using FACS analysis with anti-VE-cadherin 8 and anti-VEGFR2 9 antibodies and immunofluorescent staining of VE-cadherin. In our hands, this two-step isolation procedure consistently and reliably yields a pure population of MLECs, which can be further cultured. This method will enable researchers to take advantage of the growing number of knockout and transgenic mice to directly correlate in vivo studies with results of in vitro experiments performed on isolated MLECs and thus help to reveal molecular mechanisms of vascular phenotypes observed in vivo.

Here, we describe a protocol for isolation and culture of murine pulmonary endothelial cells. This method comprises mechanic and enzymatic lung tissue dissociation as well as a 2-step purification process using anti-PECAM-1 and anti-ICAM-2 antibodies conjugated to magnetic beads, which produces a pure endothelial cell population of mostly microvascular origin.

从新生小鼠的肺血管内皮细胞的分离和培养

Endothelial cells provide a useful research model in many areas of vascular biology. Since its first isolation 1, human umbilical vein endothelial cells ...

Isolation of Drosophila melanogaster Testes

The testes of Drosophila melanogaster provide an important model for the study of stem cell maintenance and differentiation, meiosis, and soma-germline interactions. Testes are typically isolated from adult males 0-3 days after eclosion from the pupal case. The testes of wild-type flies are easily distinguished from other tissues because they are yellow, but the testes of white mutant flies, a common genetic background for laboratory experiments are similar in both shape and color to the fly gut. Performing dissection on a glass microscope slide with a black background makes identifying the testes considerably easier. Testes are removed from the flies using dissecting needles. Compared to protocols that use forceps for testes dissection, our method is far quicker, allowing a well-practiced individual to dissect testes from 200-300 wild-type flies per hour, yielding 400-600 testes. Testes from white flies or from mutants that reduce testes size are harder to dissect and typically yield 200-400 testes per hour.

Isolation of Drosophila melanogaster Testes

Drosophila melanogaster testes can be rapidly and efficiently isolated from adult males using dissecting needles. With practice, one can readily isolate in one or two days an amount of testes sufficient for the analysis of DNA or RNA by high throughput sequencing or more traditional molecular biology methods or of protein for antibody- or enzyme-based assays.

分离果蝇睾丸

The testes of Drosophila melanogaster provide an important model for the study of stem cell maintenance and differentiation, meiosis, and soma-germline ...

Isolation and Biophysical Study of Fruit Cuticles

The cuticle, a hydrophobic protective layer on the aerial parts of terrestrial plants, functions as a versatile defensive barrier to various biotic and abiotic stresses and also regulates water flow from the external environment.1 A biopolyester (cutin) and long-chain fatty acids (waxes) form the principal structural framework of the cuticle; the functional integrity of the cuticular layer depends on the outer 'epicuticular' layer as well as the blend consisting of the cutin biopolymer and 'intracuticular' waxes.2 Herein, we describe a comprehensive protocol to extract waxes exhaustively from commercial tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit cuticles or to remove epicuticular and intracuticular waxes sequentially and selectively from the cuticle composite. The method of Jetter and Sch&auml;ffer (2001) was adapted for the stepwise extraction of epicuticular and intracuticular waxes from the fruit cuticle.3,4 To monitor the process of sequential wax removal, solid-state cross-polarization magic-angle-spinning (CPMAS) 13C NMR spectroscopy was used in parallel with atomic force microscopy (AFM), providing molecular-level structural profiles of the bulk materials complemented by information on the microscale topography and roughness of the cuticular surfaces. To evaluate the cross-linking capabilities of dewaxed cuticles from cultivated wild-type and single-gene mutant tomato fruits, MAS 13C NMR was used to compare the relative proportions of oxygenated aliphatic (CHO and CH2O) chemical moieties.
Exhaustive dewaxing by stepwise Soxhlet extraction with a panel of solvents of varying polarity provides an effective means to isolate wax moieties based on the hydrophobic characteristics of their aliphatic and aromatic constituents, while preserving the chemical structure of the cutin biopolyester. The mechanical extraction of epicuticular waxes and selective removal of intracuticular waxes, when monitored by complementary physical methodologies, provides an unprecedented means to investigate the cuticle assembly: this approach reveals the supramolecular organization and structural integration of various types of waxes, the architecture of the cutin-wax matrix, and the chemical composition of each constituent. In addition, solid-state 13C NMR reveals differences in the relative numbers of CHO and CH2O chemical moieties for wild-type and mutant red ripe tomato fruits. The NMR techniques offer exceptional tools to fingerprint the molecular structure of cuticular materials that are insoluble, amorphous, and chemically heterogeneous. As a noninvasive surface-selective imaging technique, AFM furnishes an effective and direct means to probe the structural organization of the cuticular assembly on the nm-&mu;m length scale.

Aerial plant organs are protected by the cuticle, a supramolecular biopolyester-wax assembly. We present protocols to monitor selective removal of epi- and intracuticular waxes from tomato fruit cuticles on molecular and micro scales by solid-state NMR and atomic force microscopy, respectively, and to assess the cross-linking capacity of engineered cuticular biopolyesters.

果实角质层分离和生物物理研究

The cuticle, a hydrophobic protective layer on the aerial parts of terrestrial plants, functions as a versatile defensive barrier to various biotic and ...

Isolation and Culture of Neonatal Mouse Cardiomyocytes

Cultured neonatal cardiomyocytes have long been used to study myofibrillogenesis and myofibrillar functions. Cultured cardiomyocytes allow for easy investigation and manipulation of biochemical pathways, and their effect on the biomechanical properties of spontaneously beating cardiomyocytes.	
The following 2-day protocol describes the isolation and culture of neonatal mouse cardiomyocytes. We show how to easily dissect hearts from neonates, dissociate the cardiac tissue and enrich cardiomyocytes from the cardiac cell-population. We discuss the usage of different enzyme mixes for cell-dissociation, and their effects on cell-viability. The isolated cardiomyocytes can be subsequently used for a variety of morphological, electrophysiological, biochemical, cell-biological or biomechanical assays. We optimized the protocol for robustness and reproducibility, by using only commercially available solutions and enzyme mixes that show little lot-to-lot variability. We also address common problems associated with the isolation and culture of cardiomyocytes, and offer a variety of options for the optimization of isolation and culture conditions.

Primary mouse cardiomyocyte cultures are one of the pivotal tools for the investigation of myofibrillar organization and function. The following protocol describes the isolation and culture of primary cardiomyocytes from neonatal mouse hearts. The resulting cardiomyocyte cultures may be subsequently used for a variety of biomechanical, biochemical and cell-biological assays.

分离新生小鼠心肌文化和

Cultured neonatal cardiomyocytes have long been used to study  myofibrillogenesis and myofibrillar functions. Cultured cardiomyocytes allow  for easy ...

Isolation of Embryonic Ventricular Endothelial Cells

Cell culture has greatly enhanced our ability to assess individual populations of cells under myriad culture conditions. While immortalized cell lines offer significant advantages for their ease of use, these cell lines are unavailable for all potential cell types. By isolating primary cells from a specific region of interest, particularly from a transgenic mouse, more nuanced studies can be performed. The basic technique involves dissecting the organ or partial organ of interest (e.g. the heart or a specific region of the heart) and dissociating the organ to single cells. These cells are then incubated with magnetic beads conjugated to an antibody that recognizes the cell type of interest. The cells of interest can then be isolated with the use of a magnet, with a short trypsin incubation dissociating the cells from the beads. These isolated cells can then be cultured and analyzed as desired. This technique was originally designed for adult mouse organs but can be easily scaled down for use with embryonic organs, as demonstrated herein. Because our interest is in the developing coronary vasculature, we wanted to study this population of cells during specific embryonic stages. Thus, the original protocol had to be modified to be compatible with the small size of the embryonic ventricles and the low potential yield of endothelial cells at these developmental stages. Utilizing this scaled-down approach, we have assessed coronary plexus remodeling in transgenic embryonic ventricular endothelial cells.

Primary cell culture is a useful technique for analyzing specific populations of cells, particularly from transgenic mouse embryos at specific developmental stages. Herein, embryonic ventricles are dissected and dissociated, and antibody-conjugated beads recognize and separate out the endothelial cells for further analysis.

胚胎心室血管内皮细胞的分离

Cell culture has greatly enhanced our ability to assess individual populations of cells under myriad culture conditions. While immortalized cell lines ...

Isolation of Pulmonary Artery Smooth Muscle Cells from Neonatal Mice

Pulmonary hypertension is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in infants. Historically, there has been significant study of the signaling pathways involved in vascular smooth muscle contraction in PASMC from fetal sheep. While sheep make an excellent model of term pulmonary hypertension, they are very expensive and lack the advantage of genetic manipulation found in mice. Conversely, the inability to isolate PASMC from mice was a significant limitation of that system. Here we described the isolation of primary cultures of mouse PASMC from P7, P14, and P21 mice using a variation of the previously described technique of Marshall et al.26 that was previously used to isolate rat PASMC. These murine PASMC represent a novel tool for the study of signaling pathways in the neonatal period. Briefly, a slurry of 0.5% (w/v) agarose + 0.5% iron particles in M199 media is infused into the pulmonary vascular bed via the right ventricle (RV). The iron particles are 0.2 &#956;M in diameter and cannot pass through the pulmonary capillary bed. Thus, the iron lodges in the small pulmonary arteries (PA). The lungs are inflated with agarose, removed and dissociated. The iron-containing vessels are pulled down with a magnet. After collagenase (80 U/ml) treatment and further dissociation, the vessels are put into a tissue culture dish in M199 media containing 20% fetal bovine serum (FBS), and antibiotics (M199 complete media) to allow cell migration onto the culture dish. This initial plate of cells is a 50-50 mixture of fibroblasts and PASMC. Thus, the pull down procedure is repeated multiple times to achieve a more pure PASMC population and remove any residual iron. Smooth muscle cell identity is confirmed by immunostaining for smooth muscle myosin and desmin.

We have developed a novel and reproducible technique to isolate primary cultures of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMC) from mice as young as P7, thereby allowing better study of the signaling pathways involved in neonatal smooth muscle cell contraction and relaxation.

肺动脉平滑肌细胞从新生小鼠隔离

Pulmonary hypertension is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in infants. Historically, there has been significant study of the signaling ...

Isolation of Murine Valve Endothelial Cells

Normal valve structures consist of stratified layers of specialized extracellular matrix (ECM) interspersed with valve interstitial cells (VICs) and surrounded by a monolayer of valve endothelial cells (VECs). VECs play essential roles in establishing the valve structures during embryonic development, and are important for maintaining life-long valve integrity and function. In contrast to a continuous endothelium over the surface of healthy valve leaflets, VEC disruption is commonly observed in malfunctioning valves and is associated with pathological processes that promote valve disease and dysfunction. Despite the clinical relevance, focused studies determining the contribution of VECs to development and disease processes are limited. The isolation of VECs from animal models would allow for cell-specific experimentation. VECs have been isolated from large animal adult models but due to their small population size, fragileness, and lack of specific markers, no reports of VEC isolations in embryos or adult small animal models have been reported. Here we describe a novel method that allows for the direct isolation of VECs from mice at embryonic and adult stages. Utilizing the Tie2-GFP reporter model that labels all endothelial cells with Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP), we have been successful in isolating GFP-positive (and negative) cells from the semilunar and atrioventricular valve regions using fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS). Isolated GFP-positive VECs are enriched for endothelial markers, including CD31 and von Willebrand Factor (vWF), and retain endothelial cell expression when cultured; while, GFP-negative cells exhibit molecular profiles and cell shapes consistent with VIC phenotypes. The ability to isolate embryonic and adult murine VECs allows for previously unattainable molecular and functional studies to be carried out on a specific valve cell population, which will greatly improve our understanding of valve development and disease mechanisms.

The ability to isolate heart valve endothelial cells (VECs) is critical for understanding mechanisms of valve development, maintenance, and disease. Here we describe the isolation of VECs from embryonic and adult Tie2-GFP mice using FACS that will allow for studies determining the contribution of VECs in developmental and disease processes.

鼠阀门内皮细胞的分离

Normal valve structures consist of stratified layers of specialized extracellular matrix (ECM) interspersed with valve interstitial cells (VICs) and ...

Intravenous Injections in Neonatal Mice

Intravenous injection is a clinically applicable manner to deliver therapeutics. For adult rodents and larger animals, intravenous injections are technically feasible and routine. However, some mouse models can have early onset of disease with a rapid progression that makes administration of potential therapies difficult. The temporal (or facial) vein is just anterior to the ear bud in mice and is clearly visible for the first two days after birth on either side of the head using a dissecting microscope. During this window, the temporal vein can be injected with volumes up to 50 &#956;l. The injection is safe and well tolerated by both the pups and the dams. A typical injection procedure is completed within 1-2 min, after which the pup is returned to the home cage. By the third postnatal day the vein is difficult to visualize and the injection procedure becomes technically unreliable. This technique has been used for delivery of adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors, which in turn can provide almost body-wide, stable transgene expression for the life of the animal depending on the viral serotype chosen.

Animal models of pediatric disease can experience early onset and aggressive disease progression. Clinically relevant therapy delivery to young mouse models can be technically difficult. This protocol describes a non-invasive intravenous injection method for newborn mice within the first two postnatal days of life.