作者感谢国家科学基金会在"第1号赠款"下给予的支持。CMMI-00748094和 ONR N000141110629。

协议文本分为三个主要部分:1） PDMS （聚二甲基硅氧烷） 柱子的制造，2） 柱子顶部的功能化，以及毛细管桥的形成和特征。
1. PDMS 支柱的制造
本节详细介绍了使用硅/SU-8模具压铸的 PDMS 柱子的制造。
<ol><li>
硅/SU-8模具的制造
	<ol>
<li>将干净的 4 在硅晶圆中放在皮雷克斯培养皿中。</li>
		<li>在单独的烧嘴中将硫酸与过氧化氢（食人鱼）溶液进行 4:1（按体积）。 注意:在准备和使用食人鱼溶液时需要非常谨慎。反应是高度外热和绝缘手套将需要处理烧嘴。皮兰哈对有机物反应激烈。在处置之前，让食人鱼溶液冷却到室温。只需准备足够的溶液才能将晶圆浸入菜中。</li>
		<li>将食人鱼溶液缓慢地倒入硅晶片中，直到它完全被淹没。让我们坐15分钟。</li>
		<li>从培养皿中取出晶圆，在一条溪流下冲洗:除离子（DI）水2分钟，乙醇30秒，乙酮30秒，然后用氮吹干。 注意:如果来自 Atone 的残留物是个问题，则建议使用 IPA 进行额外的冲洗</li>
		<li>在 150 °C 的热板上干燥晶圆 15 分钟。</li>
		<li>从热板中取出，冷却至室温。</li>
		<li>旋转涂层SU-8 2002到晶圆表面40秒在500转速。</li>
		<li>旋转涂层SU-8 2050到晶圆与两步旋转涂层程序。步骤1:40秒在500转/ 点。第2步:1分钟，1，500转/分钟。</li>
		<li>从旋转涂层中取出晶圆，放在预热的热板（65 °C）上10分钟。</li>
		<li>冷却至室温，然后将面罩放在晶圆上。</li>
		<li>置于紫外线灯下，在200瓦处暴露30秒。</li>
		<li>取下面膜，将晶圆放在预热的热板（95 °C）上10分钟。</li>
		<li>放在SU-8开发人员解决方案中，轻轻搅拌，直到所有未开发的SU-8都被移除。然后在异丙醇流中冲洗30秒，用氮吹干。</li>
		<li>放在预热的热板（95°C）上30分钟，进行最后的硬盘。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
PDMS 柱子的模具铸造
	<ol>
<li>大力混合 PDMS sylgard-184 碱基与烧嘴固化剂的 10:1 质量比。</li>
		<li>在真空室中除气 PDMS，直到所有气泡都消失。</li>
		<li>将在第 1.1 节中制造的模具放在塑料称重盘的大 4 中，然后倒入 PDMS。</li>
		<li>将带有 PDMS 的菜肴和模具放回真空室。再次德加斯，直到所有的泡沫都消失了。</li>
		<li>将整个菜放入烤箱（预热至75°C）至少2小时。然后让冷却到室温。</li>
		<li>用直剃刀刀片将盘子从 PDMS 和硅晶片中切开。</li>
		<li>用散装的柱子切出 PDMS 区域，并存放在干净的培养皿中。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>2. 支柱顶部的功能化
这一三步过程首先涉及在硅晶片上蒸发金膜，然后将金膜的印记将16 号光刻传输到 PDMS 柱子上（在第 1 节中制作），最后使用自组装的单层金膜功能化，使其具有亲水性。
<ol><li>硅晶片上用于印记转移光刻的黄金制造 
	<ol>
<li>使用玻璃切割机将 4 个圆形硅晶圆切成 4 个大小相等的碎片。注意:可以使用步骤 1.1.2-1.1.4 清洁晶圆并重复使用。</li>
		<li>将20纳米的黄金直接蒸发到硅晶片上。</li>
		<li>将晶圆留在蒸发室（或干燥器中），直到下面的第 3 节完成。这将保持晶圆尽可能清洁。</li>
		<li>准备一个8μl:20毫升，（3-甲基丙基）-三氧西兰（MPTS）:在干净的玻璃瓶中的甲苯溶液。</li>
		<li>在清洁烧嘴中准备 200 毫升 16 m 盐酸 （HCl）。</li>
		<li>将含金膜的晶圆放入等离子反应器中。</li>
		<li>使用氧气等离子体在300mTorr的压力下清洁晶圆，功率为50W，功率为10分钟。 注:对于此过程，使用了自建等离子反应堆。</li>
		<li>将晶圆放入装满 200 种证明乙醇的 Pyrex 培养皿中至少 10 分钟。 注意:此步骤旨在去除因氧等离子体而在黄金上形成的任何不稳定氧化物。</li>
		<li>用乙醇冲洗晶圆，然后用氮气吹干。</li>
		<li>在 500 rpm 的 30 秒内将 MPTS 解决方案旋转到晶圆上，然后以 2，750 rpm 的速度旋转 1 分钟。 注意:MPTS 用作 PDMS 和金层16之间的粘附层。</li>
		<li>将晶圆从旋转涂层中取下，在乙醇流下冲洗。然后，用DI水冲洗，用氮气吹干。 注意:轻轻冲洗以避免从硅晶片上剥落金层。</li>
		<li>将晶圆放入包含足够 16 mM HCl 解决方案的 Pyrex 培养皿中，以完全淹没晶圆。在HCl中离开至少5分钟。 注意:轻轻地放入溶液中，以防止金子剥落。 注意:这样做是为了改善PDMS和金层16之间的粘附性。</li>
		<li>从 HCl 溶液中取出晶圆，用氮气吹干。 注意:此步骤完成后，晶圆的使用应不超过 15-20 分钟。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>将黄金的印记从晶圆转为 PDMS 柱子
	<ol>
<li>通过用乙醇、DI 水冲洗，为每个 PDMS 样品准备一个 25 mm x 75 mm 玻璃滑梯，用氮气吹干。</li>
		<li>将 PDMS 柱子放入等离子室中，在 300 mTorr 的压力下执行氧等离子体，功率为 50 W，时间为 30 秒。 注意:PDMS过度暴露在氧血浆中会导致开裂。相应地调整等离子体条件。</li>
		<li>将 PDMS 基板的背面与清洁的玻璃滑梯绑定，使其施加光压。玻璃滑梯可促进 PDMS 柱子的操作，并安装在第 3 步所述设备上。</li>
		<li>翻转玻璃背 PDMS 基板，将柱子压到 MPTS 功能化的金膜上（第 2.1 步）。首先施加中等压力，然后在玻璃滑梯上放置重量（约 100 克），以确保符合性接触。</li>
		<li>将基板与硅晶片接触至少 12 小时。</li>
		<li>将 PDMS 基板与晶圆分离。如果 PDMS 基板卡住，请使用直剃须刀刀片小心地撬开晶圆上的 PDMS 边缘。</li>
		<li>此时，PDMS 柱子顶部应有统一的金膜。使用光学显微镜验证金膜未破裂或柱子沿线没有缺失部件。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>PDMS 柱子顶部的黄金功能化
	<ol>
<li>在二甲基硫氧化物 （DMSO） 中准备足够的 1 mM 甲基酸 （MHA），以充分浸入 PDMS 柱子顶部的黄金。 注意:DMSO 用于其低 PDMS 膨胀因子17。</li>
		<li>将 PDMS 基板放置在 MHA 解决方案中，并将其保存在那里至少 24 小时。</li>
		<li>从 MHA 溶液中取出基板，用 DI 水冲洗，然后用氮气吹干。</li>
		<li>放置在真空室（压力<100 mTorr在25°C）至少12小时。</li>
	</ol></li>
</ol>注意:为了验证功能化过程是否成功，第 2 步可以在大量 PDMS（无柱子）上执行，并且可以在气压计中测试润湿角度。MHA 金膜应分别具有<15°和+0°的水接触角度。18
3. 毛细金桥的形成和特征
本节详细介绍了如何在两个基材之间引入液态桥，然后通过不同高度和流体体积的成像进行特征描述。
<ol><li>使用两个支柱基板（按步骤 1-2 制成），将一个放在顶部，一个放在底部支架中。使用侧张力螺丝固定基板。 注意:有关设备详细信息，请参阅 图 1 和具有代表性的结果。</li>
	<li>通过将顶部基板阶段连接到面包板上来组装设备，使顶部基板大致高于底部基板。将两个面柱之间的高度降低到约 1mm。</li>
	<li>粗对齐:使用底部基板舞台上的 x、y 和旋转旋钮（通过眼睛）对齐两个基材的金条，以便它们平行（通过顶部基板自上而下看）。</li>
	<li>精细对齐:定位摄像机以向下看 PDMS 柱的长度。使用计算机屏幕上的实时摄像机馈送，进一步调整底部基板的位置，使支柱平行。</li>
	<li>将相机移到设备的对面，然后重复步骤 3.4。</li>
	<li>减少两根柱子之间的分离，直到顶部柱子与底部柱子接触（使用现场摄像机馈送）。数字微舞台为零。这将被定义为零孔高。</li>
	<li>将孔隙高度增加到约 200 μm。</li>
	<li>用80%甘油、20%水溶液的1-5μl准备注射器。将 30 G 针连接到注射器的末端，确保没有气泡卡在针内。 注意:水/甘油混合物用于减少实验期间的蒸发。也可以用水。</li>
	<li>用机械夹将注射器安装到注射器 xyz 翻译阶段。</li>
	<li>调整注射器定位台上的微米，使针头适合狭缝孔（与柱子的长度平行）。</li>
	<li>降低狭缝孔高，使顶部和底部表面轻轻接触针头。这将确保液体会接触两个表面，并自发地形成毛细桥。</li>
	<li>将注射器中的液体慢慢分配到狭缝孔中。</li>
	<li>使用注射器定位台上的微米将针头从狭缝孔中取出。 注意:此时，狭缝孔的高度可以变化，液桥可以成像。 注意:图片可以使用开源软件包 ImageJ 进行分析。</li>
</ol>

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作者没有什么可透露的。

这里介绍的方法提供了在狭缝孔几何中创建毛细金桥的方法，也是成像这些桥梁的方法，以便分析它们的形态，并将其与模拟和理论进行比较。
该方法结合了物理缓解和选择性化学模式，以创建不对称的润湿特性。如果只存在化学异质性，液体滴将保持在异质性上，直到接触角度超过湿度较低的（低表面能量）区域。当 PDMS 是低表面能量区域时，亲水/疏水边界的最大可实现接触角度约为 100° 。在柱子形式中添加物理异质性，使柱子边缘的水接触角度显著增加（>140°），如 图2 所见（Ferraro等人提出了创建类似基材的替代方法 ）。19） 更高的接触角度意味着液体滴或桥梁可以局限于特定区域，并承受比纯化学异质性更高的压力。
由于 PDMS 柱子顶部的黄金使用自组装的单层机功能化，因此使用不同的硫醇前体可能会实现不同的功能化。此外，除了能够调整狭缝孔的高度外，微舞台的组合还允许对横向和旋转偏移进行实时调整。此功能将使这种设备成为成像动态毛细细线桥系统（如与喷墨或重力打印相关的系统）的理想之选。
协议中的关键步骤
为了获得可重复的毛细管桥形态，在准备化学和物理异质性时必须采取预防措施。例如，具有厚度梯度的柱子通向位于孔隙末端的桥梁，而 PDMS 较厚。如果在成型步骤中持有液体 PDMS 的塑料称重盘没有完全平放，则可能会产生厚度梯度。孔沿孔长度的高度变化也可能导致液体曲率的变化，扭曲图像数据。当零点设置在第 3.6 步时，可以评估此厚度变化的程度。通过在顶部基板支架和基板支架-z 舞台连接器件之间放置软垫片（几层遮蔽或泡沫胶带对此效果良好），可以降低顶部基板支架的倾斜度。通过改变将连接器件连接到基板支架上的螺钉上的张力，可以从系统中消除倾斜。
同样重要的是，确保在 24 小时 DMSO/MHA 浸泡后，基板上不会留下多余的 DMSO。即使用 DI 水进行严格冲洗，也可以在基板上存在少量残留的 DMSO。如果此时使用基板，多余的 DMSO 可能会渗入毛细金桥。多余的 DMSO 可以通过将其放置在真空室（压力< 100 mTorr，25 °C）中至少 12 小时从样品中蒸发。
技术的局限性
在成像过程中，使用凸起的柱子形成高纵横比毛细细桥的主要局限性变得很明显。当孔隙的高度以恒定体积变化时，液体会从末端向孔隙1的中心消退。因此，当成像正常到条带的宽度时，桥可能会失去对焦。当狭缝孔末端和液桥之间的距离超过相机的深度时，就会发生对焦损失。因此，使用给定实验所需的尽可能短的狭缝孔长度非常重要。通过改变光学元件或降低放大倍数可以扩展字段的深度，但这些扩展会以分辨率为代价。
PDMS 柱子的顶部可功能化，具有高地表能量（低水接触角度）。因此，它们容易受到污染，要么来自环境环境，要么来自流体。我们的实验是在洁净室（1000级）进行的，这使我们能够在表面的任何退化明显之前对样品进行5-10次测试。污染导致与柱子宽度平行的接触线的润湿角度固定。

毛细细桥的形状和产生的力的研究一直是广泛研究的主题2-7。最初，由于其简单性，大多数努力都集中在轴对称毛细桥上。毛细管桥通常发生在自然系统中，例如在颗粒和多孔介质8，9中发现的桥和用于技术应用的桥梁，例如用于翻转芯片技术10-15 的毛细管自组装，与交互表面的非单位式润湿特性不对称。改进的平版印刷技术与简单数值工具的可访问性相结合，可模拟流体接口，从而能够创建和建模日益复杂的毛细细桥。
狭缝孔几何中的毛细管桥提供了一个有趣的妥协:定向润湿特性导致非轴对称桥保留一些对称平面（这简化了分析）。它们作为多孔介质的案例研究，在理论和数字上进行了研究。然而，对狭缝孔几何毛细金桥的系统实验研究受到限制。在这里，我们介绍了一种方法，以创建和描述毛细孔几何毛细桥。简言之，该方法包括1）制造柱子以产生化学和物理异质性;2） 设计微舞台对齐和操纵桥梁;3） 从正面或两侧对毛细管桥进行成像，以描述其形态。桥梁形态的特征，以及表面进化器模拟的比较，在一个单独的出版物1提供。

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			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:167px;">99.999% Gold wire</td>
			<td style="width:84px;">Kurt J. Lesker</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">EVMAU40040</td>
			<td style="width:84px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:167px;">Acetone</td>
			<td style="width:84px;">Pharmco-AAPER</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">C1107283</td>
			<td style="width:84px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:167px;">Dimethyl sulfoxide</td>
			<td style="width:84px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">D128-500</td>
			<td style="width:84px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:167px;">Ethanol (200 proof)</td>
			<td style="width:84px;">Pharmco-AAPER</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">111000200</td>
			<td style="width:84px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:167px;">Hydrochloric acid</td>
			<td style="width:84px;">EMD</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">HX0603-4</td>
			<td style="width:84px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:167px;">Hydrogen peroxide (30%)</td>
			<td style="width:84px;">EMD</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">HX0635-3</td>
			<td style="width:84px;"></td>
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		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:167px;">Isopropyl alcohol</td>
			<td style="width:84px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">L-13597</td>
			<td style="width:84px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:167px;">Mercapto hexadecanoic acid (90%)</td>
			<td style="width:84px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">448303-1G</td>
			<td style="width:84px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:167px;">Mercapto-propyl-trimethoxy-silane (MPTS)</td>
			<td style="width:84px;">Gelest</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">Sim6476-O-100GM</td>
			<td style="width:84px;"></td>
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		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:167px;">Milli-Q DI water</td>
			<td style="width:84px;">Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">Milli-Q</td>
			<td style="width:84px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:167px;">Nitrogen (gas)</td>
			<td style="width:84px;">Airgas</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">UN1066</td>
			<td style="width:84px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:167px;">Oxygen (gas)</td>
			<td style="width:84px;">Airgas</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">UN1072</td>
			<td style="width:84px;"></td>
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		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:167px;">Silicon wafers (4 in)</td>
			<td style="width:84px;">WRS Materials</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">CC8506</td>
			<td style="width:84px;"></td>
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		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:167px;">SU-8 2002 (negative photo resist)</td>
			<td style="width:84px;">MicroChem</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">SU82002</td>
			<td style="width:84px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:167px;">SU-8 2050 (negative photoresist)</td>
			<td style="width:84px;">MicroChem</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">SU82050</td>
			<td style="width:84px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:167px;">SU-8 Developer solution</td>
			<td style="width:84px;">MicroChem</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">Y020100 4000L1PE</td>
			<td style="width:84px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:167px;">Sulfuric acid</td>
			<td style="width:84px;">J.T. Baker</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">9681-03</td>
			<td style="width:84px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:167px;">Poly dimethy sulfoxide (PDMS)</td>
			<td style="width:84px;">Dow Corning</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">Sylgard -184</td>
			<td style="width:84px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:167px;">Toluene</td>
			<td style="width:84px;">Omnisolv</td>
			<td style="width:91px;">TX0737-1</td>
			<td style="width:84px;">
			
			</td>
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fabrication and visualization of capillary bridges in slit pore geometry

介绍了在狭缝孔几何中创建和成像毛细金桥的程序。高纵横比疏水柱被制造和功能化，使其顶部表面亲水。物理特征（柱子）与化学边界（柱子顶部的亲水膜）的结合提供了物理和化学异质性，固定三重接触线，这是创建稳定长而窄的毛细管桥的必要特征。带有柱子的基板连接到玻璃滑梯上，并固定在定制支架上。然后，将支架安装在四轴微台上，并定位柱子并行并朝对方。毛细细金桥是在两个基材之间的间隙中引入流体形成的，一旦面柱之间的分离减少到几百微米。然后使用自定义微舞台来改变毛细细桥的高度。CCD 摄像机定位为毛细细桥的长度或宽度，以描述流体界面的形态。宽度低至250μm，长度可达70毫米的柱子是用这种方法制造的，导致毛细桥的纵横比（长度/宽度）超过1001。

实验装置的描述
实验装置可分为四个主要部分:1）顶部基板阶段，2）底部基板阶段，3）注射器/注射器xyz转换阶段，4）相机/光学和相机支架。每个细节如下:
<ol><li>
顶部基板阶段。 数字翻译阶段通过自定义机接件连接到 P 系列安装夹。安装夹连接到可变高度 P 柱，通过 P 系列夹叉固定在面包板上。定制连接件连接到翻译阶段的定制加工玻璃滑梯支架上，在 z 方向上提供 1μm 位移分辨率。</li>
	<li>
底部基板阶段。 带θ轴旋转阶段的 xy 线性翻译通过 8 个后扩展件连接到面包板上。定制的加工基板支架连接到具有θ轴旋转阶段的 xy 线性翻译顶部，使底部基板定位为 10μm 的转化分辨率，并以 1° 分辨率旋转。</li>
	<li>
注射器/注射器xyz翻译阶段。 对于用于填补柱子间隙的注射器的 xyz 定位，xy 翻译阶段将带有 30 G 针的 5 μl 注射器连接到 xy 转换阶段。然后，xy 阶段通过 90° 连接器部分连接到 z 转换阶段。</li>
	<li>
相机/光学和相机支架。 用于对液体桥进行成像，CCD 摄像机连接到可变变焦光学件上。在最大变焦下，分辨率为 3.3μm/像素。摄像机连接到实验室剪刀插孔上，可定位为从不同角度对液桥进行成像。</li>
</ol>将 Au 箔转移到 PDMS 支柱
在将黄金转移到 PDMS 基板时，必须平稳而仔细地将 PDMS 设备与硅晶片分离（参见步骤 2.2.6）。 图 3a 显示了成功转移后带有黄金的 PDMS 柱子的显微镜图像。 图 3b 显示由于转移不良而转移到柱子的晶圆中多余的金箔。为了方便金膜的转移，可以使用锋利的安全剃须刀从硅晶片中轻轻撬动 PDMS 柱的一个边缘。此外，PDMS 基板应以正常方向拉至晶圆表面（避免横向运动），以防止额外的金箔粘附在基板边缘。 图 3c 显示如果 PDMS 基板发生重大剪切或弯曲，则转移后金层中如何形成裂缝。
MHA 单层的特征
制造过程（第 2 步）完成后，通过测试其水接触角度来验证 MHA 单层的质量非常重要。 图 2 显示使用 MHA 功能化后，Au/PDMS 基板上的液态水下降。PDMS 上的低接触角度表示该过程是成功的。 图 2 的插图显示，完成程序后，将液态水滴放在一个凸起的柱子上。140° 接触角度表明，物理和化学异质性的组合允许将落点固定在柱子的两侧。
毛细细桥的可视化
一旦基板被制造并安装到微舞台支架中，通道就可以使用注射器/注射器 xyz 翻译阶段进行填充。 图 4a 显示了一个填充的狭缝孔，其透视垂直于柱子的宽度（向下看通道的"桶"）。 图4b 显示了图 4a的正交视角，即垂直于狭缝孔的长度。 图4c 显示从与 图4b相同的角度填充通道的过程。在灌装阶段，缓慢地从注射器中分配液体至关重要。突然大流量产生的力可以从柱子顶部去固定液体，导致其扩散到疏水的 PDMS 区域。如果发生这种情况，基板必须清洁和干燥，并重复填充过程。
<img alt="Figure 1" fo:content-width="5in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/51143/51143fig1highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/51143/51143fig1.jpg" width="500px"> 图1。完整的实验设置的图片。 PDMS 基板通过 x、y、z 和旋转阶段的组合，在可变距离内保持距离。另一组微舞台（最右侧）将注射器引入狭窄的缝隙中，在狭缝孔几何形状中形成毛细金桥。随着孔隙分离的改变，CCD 摄像机（左图）用于对由此产生的毛细金桥进行成像。然后，可以在开源图像分析软件 ImageJ 中分析生成的图像。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/51143/51143fig1highres.jpg" target="_blank">单击此处查看更大的图像</a>。
<img alt="Figure 2" fo:content-width="5in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/51143/51143fig2highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/51143/51143fig2.jpg" width="500px"> 图2。PDMS 基板，20 nm Au 层由 MHA 自组装单层机功能化。 低水接触角度表明手术成功。插图显示凸起的功能化 PDMS/Au 柱上的下降。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/51143/51143fig2highres.jpg" target="_blank">单击此处查看更大的图像</a>。
<img alt="Figure 3" fo:content-width="4in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/51143/51143fig3highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/51143/51143fig3.jpg" width="500px"> 图3。转移 20 nm Au 层后，提升的 PDMS 支柱。a） 成功转移。 b） 在转移过程中由于 PDMS 基板的横向运动而撕裂。 c） 在转移过程中 PDMS 基板弯曲引起的开裂。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/51143/51143fig3highres.jpg" target="_blank">单击此处查看更大的图像</a>。
<img alt="Figure 4" fo:content-width="5in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/51143/51143fig4highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/51143/51143fig4.jpg" width="500px"> 图4。实验装置支柱上毛细细桥的图像。a） 视场与柱子的长度平行。b） 视场垂直于柱子的长度。c） 显示狭缝孔的填充过程（与b的视角相同）。尺子在b） 和c）的轻微毕业是 500μm.<a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/51143/51143fig4highres.jpg" target="_blank">点击这里查看更大的图像</a>。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Fabrication and Visualization of Capillary Bridges in Slit Pore Geometry at JoVE.com

Fabrication and Visualization of Capillary Bridges in Slit Pore Geometry

介绍了在狭缝孔几何中创建和成像毛细金桥的程序。毛细管桥的创建依赖于柱子的形成，以提供定向物理和化学异质性来固定流体。 毛细金桥使用微舞台形成和操作，并使用 CCD 摄像机进行可视化。

狭缝孔几何中毛细金香桥的制造和可视化

A procedure for creating and imaging capillary bridges in slit-pore geometry is presented. High aspect ratio hydrophobic pillars are fabricated and ...

fabrication-visualization-capillary-bridges-slit-pore

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

6.4K 次观看.  Johns Hopkins University. 介绍了在狭缝孔几何中创建和成像毛细金桥的程序。毛细管桥的创建依赖于柱子的形成，以提供定向物理和化学异质性来固定流体。 毛细金桥使用微舞台形成和操作，并使用 CCD 摄像机进行可视化。

视频: Fabrication and Visualization of Capillary Bridges in Slit Pore Geometry

Fabrication And Characterization Of Photonic Crystal Slow Light Waveguides And Cavities

Slow light has been one of the hot topics in the photonics community in the past decade, generating great interest both from a fundamental point of view and for its considerable potential for practical applications. Slow light photonic crystal waveguides, in particular, have played a major part and have been successfully employed for delaying optical signals1-4 and the enhancement of both linear5-7 and nonlinear devices.8-11
Photonic crystal cavities achieve similar effects to that of slow light waveguides, but over a reduced band-width. These cavities offer high Q-factor/volume ratio, for the realization of optically12 and electrically13 pumped ultra-low threshold lasers and the enhancement of nonlinear effects.14-16 Furthermore, passive filters17 and modulators18-19 have been demonstrated, exhibiting ultra-narrow line-width, high free-spectral range and record values of low energy consumption.
To attain these exciting results, a robust repeatable fabrication protocol must be developed. In this paper we take an in-depth look at our fabrication protocol which employs electron-beam lithography for the definition of photonic crystal patterns and uses wet and dry etching techniques. Our optimised fabrication recipe results in photonic crystals that do not suffer from vertical asymmetry and exhibit very good edge-wall roughness. We discuss the results of varying the etching parameters and the detrimental effects that they can have on a device, leading to a diagnostic route that can be taken to identify and eliminate similar issues.
The key to evaluating slow light waveguides is the passive characterization of transmission and group index spectra. Various methods have been reported, most notably resolving the Fabry-Perot fringes of the transmission spectrum20-21 and interferometric techniques.22-25 Here, we describe a direct, broadband measurement technique combining spectral interferometry with Fourier transform analysis.26 Our method stands out for its simplicity and power, as we can characterise a bare photonic crystal with access waveguides, without need for on-chip interference components, and the setup only consists of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer, with no need for moving parts and delay scans.
When characterising photonic crystal cavities, techniques involving internal sources21 or external waveguides directly coupled to the cavity27 impact on the performance of the cavity itself, thereby distorting the measurement. Here, we describe a novel and non-intrusive technique that makes use of a cross-polarised probe beam and is known as resonant scattering (RS), where the probe is coupled out-of plane into the cavity through an objective. The technique was first demonstrated by McCutcheon et al.28 and further developed by Galli et al.29

Use of photonic crystal slow light waveguides and cavities has been widely adopted by the photonics community in many differing applications. Therefore fabrication and characterization of these devices are of great interest. This paper outlines our fabrication technique and two optical characterization methods, namely: interferometric (waveguides) and resonant scattering (cavities).

光子晶体慢光波导和腔体的制备与表征

Slow light has been one of the hot topics in the photonics community in the past decade, generating great interest both from a fundamental point of view ...

科研

工程学

Fabrication, Operation and Flow Visualization in Surface-acoustic-wave-driven Acoustic-counterflow Microfluidics

Surface acoustic waves (SAWs) can be used to drive liquids in portable microfluidic chips via the acoustic counterflow phenomenon. In this video we present the fabrication protocol for a multilayered SAW acoustic counterflow device. The device is fabricated starting from a lithium niobate (LN) substrate onto which two interdigital transducers (IDTs) and appropriate markers are patterned. A polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) channel cast on an SU8 master mold is finally bonded on the patterned substrate. Following the fabrication procedure, we show the techniques that allow the characterization and operation of the acoustic counterflow device in order to pump fluids through the PDMS channel grid. We finally present the procedure to visualize liquid flow in the channels. The protocol is used to show on-chip fluid pumping under different flow regimes such as laminar flow and more complicated dynamics characterized by vortices and particle accumulation domains.

In this video we first describe fabrication and operation procedures of a surface acoustic wave (SAW) acoustic counterflow device. We then demonstrate an experimental setup that allows for both qualitative flow visualization and quantitative analysis of complex flows within the SAW pumping device.

制造，操作和表面声波驱动声逆流微流体流动可视化

Surface acoustic waves (SAWs) can be used to drive liquids in portable microfluidic chips via the acoustic counterflow phenomenon. In this video we ...

Fabrication and Testing of Microfluidic Optomechanical Oscillators

Cavity optomechanics experiments that parametrically couple the phonon modes and photon modes have been investigated in various optical systems including microresonators. However, because of the increased acoustic radiative losses during direct liquid immersion of optomechanical devices, almost all published optomechanical experiments have been performed in solid phase. This paper discusses a recently introduced hollow microfluidic optomechanical resonator. Detailed methodology is provided to fabricate these ultra-high-Q microfluidic resonators, perform optomechanical testing, and measure radiation pressure-driven breathing mode and SBS-driven whispering gallery mode parametric vibrations. By confining liquids inside the capillary resonator, high mechanical- and optical- quality factors are simultaneously maintained.

Parametric optomechanical excitations have recently been experimentally demonstrated in microfluidic optomechanical resonators by means of optical radiation pressure and stimulated Brillouin scattering. This paper describes the fabrication of these microfluidic resonators along with methodologies for generating and verifying optomechanical oscillations.

制造和微流控光机振荡器测试

Cavity optomechanics experiments that parametrically couple the phonon modes and photon modes have been investigated in various optical systems including ...

The Preparation of Electrohydrodynamic Bridges from Polar Dielectric Liquids

Horizontal and vertical liquid bridges are simple and powerful tools for exploring the interaction of high intensity electric fields (8-20 kV/cm) and polar dielectric liquids. These bridges are unique from capillary bridges in that they exhibit extensibility beyond a few millimeters, have complex bi-directional mass transfer patterns, and emit non-Planck infrared radiation. A number of common solvents can form such bridges as well as low conductivity solutions and colloidal suspensions. The macroscopic behavior is governed by electrohydrodynamics and provides a means of studying fluid flow phenomena without the presence of rigid walls. Prior to the onset of a liquid bridge several important phenomena can be observed including advancing meniscus height (electrowetting), bulk fluid circulation (the Sumoto effect), and the ejection of charged droplets (electrospray). The interaction between surface, polarization, and displacement forces can be directly examined by varying applied voltage and bridge length. The electric field, assisted by gravity, stabilizes the liquid bridge against Rayleigh-Plateau instabilities. Construction of basic apparatus for both vertical and horizontal orientation along with operational examples, including thermographic images, for three liquids (e.g., water, DMSO, and glycerol) is presented.

Horizontal and vertical electrohydrodynamic liquid bridges are simple and powerful tools for exploring the interaction of high intensity electric fields and polar dielectric liquids. The construction of basic apparatus and operational examples, including thermographic images, for three liquids (e.g., water, DMSO, and glycerol) is presented.

高压直流电桥从极地介电液的制备

Horizontal and vertical liquid bridges are simple and powerful tools for exploring the interaction of high intensity electric fields (8-20 kV/cm) and ...

Atomically Traceable Nanostructure Fabrication

Reducing the scale of etched nanostructures below the 10 nm range eventually will require an atomic scale understanding of the entire fabrication process being used in order to maintain exquisite control over both feature size and feature density. Here, we demonstrate a method for tracking atomically resolved and controlled structures from initial template definition through final nanostructure metrology, opening up a pathway for top-down atomic control over nanofabrication. Hydrogen depassivation lithography is the first step of the nanoscale fabrication process followed by selective atomic layer deposition of up to 2.8 nm of titania to make a nanoscale etch mask. Contrast with the background is shown, indicating different mechanisms for growth on the desired patterns and on the H passivated background. The patterns are then transferred into the bulk using reactive ion etching to form 20 nm tall nanostructures with linewidths down to ~6 nm. To illustrate the limitations of this process, arrays of holes and lines are fabricated. The various nanofabrication process steps are performed at disparate locations, so process integration is discussed. Related issues are discussed including using fiducial marks for finding nanostructures on a macroscopic sample and protecting the chemically reactive patterned Si(100)-H surface against degradation due to atmospheric exposure.

We report a protocol for combining the atomic metrology of the Scanning Tunneling Microscope for surface patterning with selective Atomic Layer Deposition and Reactive Ion Etching. Using a robust process involving numerous atmospheric exposures and transport, 3D nanostructures with atomic metrology are fabricated.

原子纳米结构可追溯制造

Reducing the scale of etched nanostructures below the 10 nm range eventually will require an atomic scale understanding of the entire fabrication process ...

Dynamic Pore-scale Reservoir-condition Imaging of Reaction in Carbonates Using Synchrotron Fast Tomography

Underground storage permanence is a major concern for carbon capture and storage. Pumping CO2 into carbonate reservoirs has the potential to dissolve geologic seals and allow CO2 to escape. However, the dissolution processes at reservoir conditions are poorly understood. Thus, time-resolved experiments are needed to observe and predict the nature and rate of dissolution at the pore scale. Synchrotron fast tomography is a method of taking high-resolution time-resolved images of complex pore structures much more quickly than traditional &#181;-CT. The Diamond Lightsource Pink Beam was used to dynamically image dissolution of limestone in the presence of CO2-saturated brine at reservoir conditions. 100 scans were taken at a 6.1 &#181;m resolution over a period of 2 hours. The images were segmented and the porosity and permeability were measured using image analysis and network extraction. Porosity increased uniformly along the length of the sample; however, the rate of increase of both porosity and permeability slowed at later times.

Synchrotron fast tomography was used to dynamically image dissolution of limestone in the presence of CO2-saturated brine at reservoir conditions. 100 scans were taken at a 6.1 &#181;m resolution over a period of 2 h.

用同步快速反应层析成像动态孔隙规模油藏条件下成像碳酸盐

Underground storage permanence is a major concern for carbon capture and storage. Pumping CO2 into carbonate reservoirs has the potential to dissolve ...

Fabrication and Characterization of Superconducting Resonators

Superconducting microwave resonators are of interest for a wide range of applications, including for their use as microwave kinetic inductance detectors (MKIDs) for the detection of faint astrophysical signatures, as well as for quantum computing applications and materials characterization. In this paper, procedures are presented for the fabrication and characterization of thin-film superconducting microwave resonators. The fabrication methodology allows for the realization of superconducting transmission-line resonators with features on both sides of an atomically smooth single-crystal silicon dielectric. This work describes the procedure for the installation of resonator devices into a cryogenic microwave testbed and for cool-down below the superconducting transition temperature. The set-up of the cryogenic microwave testbed allows one to do careful measurements of the complex microwave transmission of these resonator devices, enabling the extraction of the properties of the superconducting lines and dielectric substrate (e.g., internal quality factors, loss and kinetic inductance fractions), which are important for device design and performance.

Superconducting microwave resonators are of interest for detection of light, quantum computing applications and materials characterization. This work presents a detailed procedure for fabrication and characterization of superconducting microwave resonator scattering parameters.

制备与表征超导谐振器的

Superconducting microwave resonators are of interest for a wide range of applications, including for their use as microwave kinetic inductance detectors ...

Wicking Tests for Unidirectional Fabrics: Measurements of Capillary Parameters to Evaluate Capillary Pressure in Liquid Composite Molding Processes

During impregnation of a fibrous reinforcement in liquid composite molding (LCM) processes, capillary effects have to be understood in order to identify their influence on void formation in composite parts. Wicking in a fibrous medium described by the Washburn equation was considered equivalent to a flow under the effect of capillary pressure according to the Darcy law. Experimental tests for the characterization of wicking were conducted with both carbon and flax fiber reinforcement. Quasi-unidirectional fabrics were then tested by means of a tensiometer to determine the morphological and wetting parameters along the fiber direction. The procedure was shown to be promising when the morphology of the fabric is unchanged during capillary wicking. In the case of carbon fabrics, the capillary pressure can be calculated. Flax fibers are sensitive to moisture sorption and swell in water. This phenomenon has to be taken into account to assess the wetting parameters. In order to make fibers less sensitive to water sorption, a thermal treatment was carried out on flax reinforcements. This treatment enhances fiber morphological stability and prevents swelling in water. It was shown that treated fabrics have a linear wicking trend similar to those found in carbon fabrics, allowing for the determination of capillary pressure.

An experimental method to measure geometrical parameters and the apparent advancing contact angles describing capillary wicking in unidirectional synthetic and natural fabrics is proposed. These parameters are mandatory for the determination of the capillary pressures that must be taken into account for liquid composite molding (LCM) applications.

吸湿排汗试验单向织物:毛细管参数的标准评价在液体复合成型工艺毛细管压力

During impregnation of a fibrous reinforcement in liquid composite molding (LCM) processes, capillary effects have to be understood in order to identify ...

Fabrication of Polymer Microspheres for Optical Resonator and Laser Applications

This paper describes three methods of preparing fluorescent microspheres comprising &#960;-conjugated or non-conjugated polymers: vapor diffusion, interface precipitation, and mini-emulsion. In all methods, well-defined, micrometer-sized spheres are obtained from a self-assembling process in solution. The vapor diffusion method can result in spheres with the highest sphericity and surface smoothness, yet the types of the polymers able to form these spheres are limited. On the other hand, in the mini-emulsion method, microspheres can be made from various types of polymers, even from highly crystalline polymers with coplanar, &#960;-conjugated backbones. The photoluminescent (PL) properties from single isolated microspheres are unusual: the PL is confined inside the spheres, propagates at the circumference of the spheres via the total internal reflection at the polymer/air interface, and self-interferes to show sharp and periodic resonant PL lines. These resonating modes are so-called "whispering gallery modes" (WGMs). This work demonstrates how to measure WGM PL from single isolated spheres using the micro-photoluminescence (&#181;-PL) technique. In this technique, a focused laser beam irradiates a single microsphere, and the luminescence is detected by a spectrometer. A micromanipulation technique is then used to connect the microspheres one by one and to demonstrate the intersphere PL propagation and color conversion from coupled microspheres upon excitation at the perimeter of one sphere and detection of PL from the other microsphere. These techniques, &#181;-PL and micromanipulation, are useful for experiments on micro-optic application using polymer materials.

Protocols for the synthesis of microspheres from polymers, the manipulation of microspheres, and micro-photoluminescence measurements are presented.

用于光学谐振器和激光应用的聚合物微球的制造

This paper describes three methods of preparing fluorescent microspheres comprising &#960;-conjugated or non-conjugated polymers: vapor diffusion, ...

Fabrication of Ultra-thin Color Films with Highly Absorbing Media Using Oblique Angle Deposition

Ultra-thin film structures have been studied extensively for use as optical coatings, but performance and fabrication challenges remain.&#160; We present an advanced method for fabricating ultra-thin color films with improved characteristics. The proposed process addresses several fabrication issues, including large area processing. Specifically, the protocol describes a process for fabricating ultra-thin color films using an electron beam evaporator for oblique angle deposition of germanium (Ge) and gold (Au) on silicon (Si) substrates.&#160; Film porosity produced by the oblique angle deposition induces color changes in the ultra-thin film. The degree of color change depends on factors such as deposition angle and film thickness. Fabricated samples of the ultra-thin color films showed improved color tunability and color purity. In addition, the measured reflectance of the fabricated samples was converted into chromatic values and analyzed in terms of color. Our ultra-thin film fabricating method is expected to be used for various ultra-thin film applications such as flexible color electrodes, thin film solar cells, and optical filters. Also, the process developed here for analyzing the color of the fabricated samples is broadly useful for studying various color structures.

We present a detailed method for fabricating ultra-thin color films with improved characteristics for optical coatings. The oblique angle deposition technique using an electron beam evaporator allows improved color tunability and purity. Fabricated films of Ge and Au on Si substrates were analyzed by reflectance measurements and color information conversion.

用斜角沉积法制备高吸收介质的超薄彩色薄膜

Ultra-thin film structures have been studied extensively for use as optical coatings, but performance and fabrication challenges remain.&#160; We present ...