这项工作得到JSPS / MEXT日本，朝日玻璃基金会和筑波大学前战略倡议"光与事物与生活的合奏"的KAKENHI（25708020,15K13812,15H00860，15H00986，16H02081）的部分支持。

聚合物微球的制备方案<ol><li> 蒸气扩散法 <ol><li>溶解2mg共轭聚合物，例如P1（聚[（9,9-二辛基芴-2,7-二基）] - （5-辛基噻吩并[3,4- c ]吡咯-4,6-二酮-1， （4 - [（十二烷基）羰基]苯并[1,2- b ]苯并[1,2- b ] :4,5- b &#39;]二噻吩-2,6-二基）]） 28 ，在5mL小瓶中的2mL氯仿（良溶剂）中。 </li><li>将5 mL甲醇（不良溶剂）放入50mL样品瓶中。 </li><li>将含有聚合物氯仿溶液的5mL小瓶放入含有甲醇的50mL小瓶中。 </li><li>盖上50 mL小瓶，并在25°C保持3天，以使聚合物微球沉淀。 </li></ol></li><li> 迷你乳液法 <ol><li>溶解5mg共轭聚合物，如聚y [9,9-二正辛基芴基-2,7-二基]（PFO）和聚[2-甲氧基-5-（3&#39;，7&#39;-二甲基辛氧基）-1,4-亚苯基亚乙烯基]（MDMOPPV）在1mL氯仿中。 </li><li>将30mg（〜50mM）十二烷基硫酸钠（SDS）溶于2mL去离子水中。 </li><li>加入100μL聚合物的氯仿溶液至2mL含有SDS的水中。 </li><li>用超高速匀浆器以30,000rpm剧烈搅拌氯仿/水混合物2分钟，使溶液乳化。 </li><li>保持1天，不加盖小瓶蒸发氯仿。 </li><li>将离心管在1.5毫升微量离心管中离心5分钟，以2,200×g离心。取出含SDS的上清液。 </li><li>加入2 mL去离子水，并剧烈摇匀。 </li><li>重复步骤1.2.6和1.2.7三次以清除残留的SDS。 </li></ol></li><li> 界面沉淀法 </li><li>溶解200μg聚苯乙烯（PS）和10μg的荧光染料（硼二吡啶，BODIPY）至0.2mL四氢呋喃（THF）。 </li><li>将THF溶液轻轻倒入1 mL水层。 </li><li>将两层分离的THF /水保持6小时，而不使小瓶盖住，以允许聚合物微球沉淀。 </li></ol> 2.微光致发光（μ-PL）测量<ol><li> 样品制备 <ol><li>将第1部分制备的微球的悬浮液稀释在非溶剂（ 即甲醇或去离子水）中。 </li><li>使用旋转涂布机（通常为2,000rpm，50s）将微球的稀释悬浮液旋转一滴（20-30μL）到石英基质上。 </li><li>空气干燥得到的铸膜，直到溶剂完全蒸发（约5分钟）。 </li></ol></li><li> 实验装置 <ol><li>将石英衬底（15 x 15 x 0.5 mm 3 ）放在光学微镜的样品台上oscope需要。 </li><li>找到与其他球体分离的适合μ-PL测量的明确定义的微球。 </li><li>选择激光（ 即波长，连续波或脉冲，照射时间，积分等 ）。 </li><li>选择镜头的放大倍数。 </li></ol></li><li> 测量 <ol><li>使用聚焦激光束照射微球。使用以下激光条件:cw或激发波长（ λex ）为405 nm（cw），450 nm（cw），355 nm（脉冲激光;频率，1 kHz;脉冲持续时间，7 ns）和470 nm（脉冲激光;频率，2.5MHz;脉冲持续时间，70ps）。 </li><li>使用具有300或1200个槽mm -1的光栅的光谱仪在激发点记录PL光谱。 </li><li>拍摄荧光图像。 </li><li>通过移动样品台来改变激发点。 </li><li>通过倾斜准直仪来更换检测点（如有必要）。 </li></ol></li></ol>微操作技术<ol><li> 微球的操作 <ol><li>将微球固定在石英基板上的光学显微镜的样品台上。 </li><li>找到适合于μ-PL测量的明确定义的微球。 </li><li>在微操作装置上设置塑料微针。 </li><li>使用计算机控制的操纵杆移动微针以拾取微球。 </li><li>移动微球并将其连接到另一个微球。 </li><li>从连接的微球测量μ-PL。 </li></ol></li></ol>

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作者声明没有竞争的经济利益。

The selection of a good solvent and non-solvent is very important for the self-assembly of well-defined microspheres. If the solubility of a polymer is too high, precipitation will not occur. Also, in general, &#960;-conjugated polymers are hydrophobic, so polar non-solvents, such as MeOH, acetonitrile, and acetone, are often used in the vapor diffusion method to minimize the surface energy required to form a spherical shape. The interface precipitation method is often adopted for the preparation of dye-doped polymer microspheres. Non-conjugated polymers, such as polystyrene, poly(methylmethacrylate), and poly(dimethylsiloxane), are often used as the sphere medium. These polymers are less hydrophobic than typical &#960;-conjugated polymers, so heavy agglomeration does not occur after precipitation in water. If microspheres are not obtained using these methods, other methods, such as post-polymerization dispersion and emulsion polymerization, can be adopted33.
The crystallinity of polymers is the important factor. Generally, &#960;-conjugated polymers have a flat, &#960;-electronic plane. Thus, &#960;-stacking results in the crystallization of the polymers, which prevents the isotropic growth of spheres. Hence, polymers with highly twisted &#960;-electronic planes are favorable for the formation of well-defined microspheres, which prevents interchain &#960;-stacking and amorphous aggregation. To prepare microspheres from polymers with high crystallinity, the mini-emulsion method is appropriate. However, for this method, the surface morphology of the resultant spheres is not very smooth because of the coverage of the surfactant. 
The preferred method of observing WGM PL is to use a focused laser beam to irradiate the rim of a microsphere. The contact point with the substrate causes a defect in the microsphere where the confined light leaks. Therefore, when a focused laser is used to irradiate a microsphere, all the confined light passes through the contact point with the substrate. On the other hand, when the rim of the microsphere is excited, most routes of the confined light do not pass through the contact point with the substrate, leading to better confinement. Thus, well-defined, high-Q WGM PL lines appear.
To conduct WGM lasing from conjugated polymer microspheres, several conditions are required: [1] For the population inversion, high-density optical pumping is needed by using, for example, a femto-second laser pulse. [2] Polymers must hardly be photodamaged upon strong photoexcitation. [3] Highly dispersed microspheres with smooth surfaces are preferred. If these conditions are satisfied, WGM lasing properties can be observed from conjugated polymer microsphere resonators. Fluorescent dye-doped polymer microspheres are also applicable to chemical and biological sensing tools and can be used for laser and optical circuit applications34,35.

聚合物纳米/微米粒子广泛用于各种应用，包括作为催化剂载体，柱层析填料，药物递送剂，用于细胞追踪的荧光探针，光学介质等。1,2,3,4,5 ， 6，7，8，9 。特别地，π共轭聚合物具有固有的发光和电荷导电性能，其有利于使用聚合物球10,11,12,13,14的光学，电子和光电子应用，特别是使用软组织的激光应用动物材料15,16,17 。例如，具有几百纳米直径的球体的三维集成形成胶体晶体，其在一定波长18,19处显示光子带隙。当光限制在星际周期结构中时，激光作用出现在阻带的中间。另一方面，当球体的尺寸增加到几微米尺度时，光通过聚合物/空气界面20处的全内反射被限制在单个微球内。在最大圆周处的光波的传播导致干扰，导致出现具有尖锐和周期性发射线的谐振模式。这些光学模式是所谓的"耳语画廊模式"（WGM）。术语"耳语画廊"起源于在伦敦的圣保罗大教堂，声波沿着墙壁的周围传播，让画廊另一边的人听到耳语。因为光的波长在远小于声波的亚微米尺度上，所以这样大的圆顶对于光的WGM是不必要的:微小的，微米级的，明确的容器，例如微球，微盘和微晶，满足WGM条件。 等式1是WGM谐振条件21的简单形式: nπd = lλ （1） 其中n是谐振器的折射率， d是直径， l是整数， λ是光的波长。 （1）的左边部分是通过一个圆形传播的光程长度。当光路重合时发生波长的整数倍，发生共振，而在另一波长处，光波在四舍五入时减小。 本文介绍了几种用于制备溶液中共轭聚合物的WGM共振器的微球的实验方法:蒸气扩散22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30，微乳液31和界面沉淀32 。每种方法都有独特的特征;例如，蒸气扩散方法提供了非常高的球形度和光滑表面的明确定义的微球体，但只有低结晶度聚合物可以形成这些微球体。另一方面，对于微乳液方法，各种共轭聚合物（包括高结晶聚合物）可以形成球体，但是表面形态不如从蒸气扩散法得到的。从染料掺杂的非共轭聚合物制备微球体，界面析出法是优选的。在所有情况下，溶剂和非溶剂的选择在球形形态的形成中起重要作用。 在本文的下半部分，介绍了μ-PL和微操作技术。对于μ-PL技术，微球分散在基底上，并且通过显微镜透镜聚焦的激光束用于照射单个分离的微球24 。通过显微镜透镜由光谱仪检测来自球体的生成的PL。移动样品台可以改变激发点的位置。检测点也可以通过倾斜exci的准直器光学元件而变化相对于检测路径28,32的光轴的激光束。为了研究球间光传播和波长转换，可以使用微操作技术32 。为了连接具有不同光学性质的几个微球体，可以使用微针拾取一个球体并将其放在另一个球体上。结合微操作技术和μ-PL方法，可以使用通过简单的自组装方法制备的共轭聚合物球进行各种光学测量。该视频文件对于希望使用软质聚合物材料用于光学应用的读者将是有用的。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>polystyrene</td>
			<td>Aldrich</td>
			<td>132427-25G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>sodium dodecylsulfate</td>
			<td>Kanto Kagaku</td>
			<td>372035-31</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>tetrahydrofuran</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>206-08744</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>chloroform</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>038-18495</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>methanol</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>139-13995</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Poly(9,9-di-n-octylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl)</td>
			<td>Aldrich</td>
			<td>571652-500MG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Poly[2-methoxy-5-(3&#8242;,7&#8242;-dimethyloctyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene] (MDMOPPV)</td>
			<td>Aldrich</td>
			<td>546461-1G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>poly[(9,9-dioctylfluorene-2,7-diyl)-alt-(5-octylthieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione-1,3-diyl)] (P1)</td>
			<td>synthesized</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>reference 28</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>poly[(N-(2-heptylundecyl)carbazole-2,7-diyl)-alt-(4,8-bis[(dodecyl)carbonyl]benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b&#8242;]dithiophene-2,6-diyl)] (P2)</td>
			<td>synthesized</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>reference 28</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>fluorescent dye (boron dipyrrin; BODIPY)</td>
			<td>synthesized</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>reference 32</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Optical Microscope</td>
			<td>Nicon</td>
			<td>Eclipse LV-N</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>laser_405 nm</td>
			<td>Hutech</td>
			<td>DH405-10-5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>laser_355 nm</td>
			<td>CNI</td>
			<td>MPL-F-355-10&#65357;W</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spectrometer</td>
			<td>Lambda Vision</td>
			<td>LV-MC3/T</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Homogenizer</td>
			<td>Microtech Nichion</td>
			<td>Physcotron NS-360D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>micromanipulation</td>
			<td>Microsupport</td>
			<td>Quick Pro QP-3RH</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

fabrication of polymer microspheres for optical resonator and laser applications

本文介绍了三种制备包含π共轭或非共轭聚合物的荧光微球的方法:蒸气扩散，界面沉淀和微乳液。在所有方法中，精确定义的微米尺寸的球体是从溶液中的自组装过程获得的。蒸气扩散法可以产生具有最高球形度和表面平滑度的球体，但能够形成这些球体的聚合物的类型是有限的。另一方面，在微乳液法中，微球体可以由各种类型的聚合物制成，甚至由具有共面π共轭骨架的高结晶聚合物制成。来自单一分离的微球的光致发光（PL）性质是不寻常的:PL被限制在球体内部，通过聚合物/空气界面处的全内反射在球体的圆周处传播，并且自我干扰以显示清晰和周期性的共振PL线。这些共鸣g模式是所谓的"耳语画廊模式"（WGM）。这项工作演示了如何使用微光致发光（μ-PL）技术从单个孤立球体测量WGM PL。在该技术中，聚焦的激光束照射单个微球，并通过光谱仪检测发光。然后使用显微操作技术逐个连接微球，并且在一个球体的周边激发并且从另一个微球体检测PL的情况下，证明来自耦合的微球的球间PL传播和颜色转换。这些技术，μ-PL和显微操作，可用于使用聚合物材料的微光学应用的实验。

图1显示了蒸气扩散法（a），微乳液法（b）和界面沉淀法（c）的示意图。对于蒸气扩散法（ 图1a ），将含有聚合物CHCl 3溶液（0.5mg mL -1,2mL）的5mL小瓶置于含有5mL非溶剂如MeOH的50​​mL小瓶中。盖上外部小瓶，然后在25℃下静置3天。非溶剂的蒸气缓慢扩散到溶液中，导致聚合物沉淀过饱和状态。对于微乳液法（ 图1b ），将聚合物CHCl 3溶液（5mg mL - 1,200μL）加入到正十二烷基硫酸钠水溶液（SDS，1mM，2mL）中。水/ CHCl 3两相分离溶液为乳化剂通过用均化器（30,000rpm，5分钟）剧烈搅拌。将所得乳液在25℃和1atm下静置24小时以自然蒸发CHCl 3 。通过离心（3次）交换上清液水，除去过量的SDS，得到共轭聚合物的沉淀物。对于界面沉淀法（ 图1c ），将聚苯乙烯（PS，[PS] = 1.0mg / mL）和荧光染料（[染料] = 0.002-1.0mg mL -1 = 6.4-3,200 μM）小心地加入到水/ EtOH混合物（6/1 v / v，1mL）的非溶剂层中。溶剂的缓慢扩散以及THF同时蒸发到空气中，导致老化6小时后的沉淀。 通过各种方法制备的所得微球的扫描电子显微镜（SEM）显微照片显示在图1中ure 1。对于蒸气扩散和界面沉淀方法，获得了具有高球形度和光滑表面的明确定义的微球。另一方面，对于微乳液法，得到了明确定义的微球，但是与其它方法相比，表面形态不那么光滑。这是因为表面活性剂覆盖了微球的整个表面。然而，微乳液法的优点是微球可以由各种共轭聚合物制成。这是非常有利的，因为通过蒸气扩散法，具有高结晶度的聚合物几乎不形成球形几何形状。在界面沉淀法中，水通常用作底层的非溶剂。然而，π共轭聚合物通常是非常疏水的，因此产生微球的重聚集。这对于分离μ-PL I的衬底上的每个单个微球是不利的asurements。 图2显示了μ-PL实验装置的示意图。使用具有50X或100X物镜的光学显微镜来鉴定合适的颗粒并确定它们的直径（ d ）。对于测量，使用μ-PL系统与显微镜结合单色仪（光栅:300或1200槽mm -1 ）和CCD照相机。单个微球的周长在环境条件下通过激光波长（ λex ）为405nm（cw），532nm（cw），355nm（脉冲激光;频率， 1kHz;脉冲持续时间，7ns）或470nm（脉冲激光;频率，2.5MHz;脉冲持续时间，70ps）。 对于具有不同激发和检测位置的μ-PL测量，球体被405nm激光激发，并通过50X物镜在共焦设置中收集光，并通过具有300槽mm -1光栅的光谱仪检测。点尺寸，激光功率和积分时间分别为0.5μm，0.5μW和1s。为了将检测点与激发分离，激发激光束的准直器光学器件相对于检测路径的光轴倾斜。 图3显示了π-共轭聚合物单个微球的WGM PL: P1 16k ， P2及其共混物。 28从所有单个微球观察到清除WGM PL光谱。由峰值波长除以峰的半峰值的Q因子对于P1 16k的微球体高达2,200，而P2的微球体的Q值仅为300，可能y因为粗糙的表面形态28 。对于聚合物共混物微球，发生有效的内部能量转移，导致WGM PL从黄色区域到红色区域的显着偏移。由于光滑的表面，维持了高Q因子（1500）。 此外，通过微操作和μ-PL技术的组合来研究球间能量传递级联。因此，将具有绿色，黄色，橙色和红色的PL颜色的多晶型硼 - 二吡啶（BODIPY）染料掺杂的PS微球逐一连接以形成具有线性和T形构型的四面体（ 图4 ）。能量转移效率的详细分析表明，从绿色到黄色，从黄色到橙色的光能传递有效发生，而从橙色到红色的能量传递几乎不发生b<html>因为能量供体的PL带和能量受体的吸收带之间的小重叠。不用说，上升的能量转移，例如从红色到橙色，黄色和绿色，几乎没有发生。 <img alt="图1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55934/55934fig1.jpg" /> 图1:聚合物微球的制备方法。来自各制备方法的所得聚合物微球的蒸气扩散方法（ a ），微乳液法（ b ）和界面沉淀法（ c ）和SEM显微照片的示意图。 <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55934/55934fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看此图的较大版本。</a> 55934fig2.jpg"/&gt; 图2:μ-PL测量的实验装置的示意图。 <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55934/55934fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看此图的较大版本。</a> <img alt="图3" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55934/55934fig3.jpg" /> 图3:来自单个微球的PL光谱。 （ a ） P1 16k和P2的分子结构和P1 16k ， P2及其共混物（ P1 16k / P2 = 8 / 2w / w）的自组装微球的分子结构及其SEM显微照片。 （ b - d ）从P1 16k （ b ）形成的单个微球的PL光谱，<html> P1 16k / P2共混物（ c ）和P2 （ d ）。 <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55934/55934fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看此图的较大版本。</a> <img alt="图4" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55934/55934fig4.jpg" /> 图4:安排微球的微操作技术。 （ a ）多晶BODIPY掺杂的PS微球的光学显微照片，由微型微针操纵。 （ b和c ）具有线性（ b ）和T形（ c ）构型的连接微球的光学（顶部）和荧光（底部）显微照片。 （ d ）空腔介导的长距离球面能量转移的示意图。jpg"target ="_ blank"&gt;请点击此处查看此图的较大版本。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Fabrication of Polymer Microspheres for Optical Resonator and Laser Applications at JoVE.com

Fabrication of Polymer Microspheres for Optical Resonator and Laser Applications

提出了从聚合物合成微球的方法，微球的操作和微光致发光测量。

用于光学谐振器和激光应用的聚合物微球的制造

This paper describes three methods of preparing fluorescent microspheres comprising &#960;-conjugated or non-conjugated polymers: vapor diffusion, ...

fabrication-polymer-microspheres-for-optical-resonator-laser

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

13.9K 次观看.  University of Tsukuba. 提出了从聚合物合成微球的方法，微球的操作和微光致发光测量。 

视频: Fabrication of Polymer Microspheres for Optical Resonator and Laser Applications

Construction and Testing of Coin Cells of Lithium Ion Batteries

Rechargeable lithium ion batteries have wide applications in electronics, where customers always demand more capacity and longer lifetime. Lithium ion batteries have also been considered to be used in electric and hybrid vehicles1 or even electrical grid stabilization systems2. All these applications simulate a dramatic increase in the research and development of battery materials3-7, including new materials3,8, doping9, nanostructuring10-13, coatings or surface modifications14-17 and novel binders18. Consequently, an increasing number of physicists, chemists and materials scientists have recently ventured into this area. Coin cells are widely used in research laboratories to test new battery materials; even for the research and development that target large-scale and high-power applications, small coin cells are often used to test the capacities and rate capabilities of new materials in the initial stage. 
 In 2010, we started a National Science Foundation (NSF) sponsored research project to investigate the surface adsorption and disordering in battery materials (grant no. DMR-1006515). In the initial stage of this project, we have struggled to learn the techniques of assembling and testing coin cells, which cannot be achieved without numerous help of other researchers in other universities (through frequent calls, email exchanges and two site visits). Thus, we feel that it is beneficial to document, by both text and video, a protocol of assembling and testing a coin cell, which will help other new researchers in this field. This effort represents the "Broader Impact" activities of our NSF project, and it will also help to educate and inspire students.
In this video article, we document a protocol to assemble a CR2032 coin cell with a LiCoO2 working electrode, a Li counter electrode, and (the mostly commonly used) polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) binder. To ensure new learners to readily repeat the protocol, we keep the protocol as specific and explicit as we can. However, it is important to note that in specific research and development work, many parameters adopted here can be varied. First, one can make coin cells of different sizes and test the working electrode against a counter electrode other than Li. Second, the amounts of C black and binder added into the working electrodes are often varied to suit the particular purpose of research; for example, large amounts of C black or even inert powder were added to the working electrode to test the "intrinsic" performance of cathode materials14. Third, better binders (other than PVDF) have also developed and used18. Finally, other types of electrolytes (instead of LiPF6) can also be used; in fact, certain high-voltage electrode materials will require the uses of special electrolytes7.

A protocol to construct and test coin cells of lithium ion batteries is described. The specific procedures of making a working electrode, preparing a counter electrode, assembling a cell inside a glovebox and testing the cell are presented.

钮扣电池锂离子电池的建设和测试

Rechargeable lithium ion batteries have wide applications in electronics, where customers always demand more capacity and longer lifetime.  Lithium ion ...

科研

工程学

Fabrication of Nano-engineered Transparent Conducting Oxides by Pulsed Laser Deposition

Nanosecond Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) in the presence of a background gas allows the deposition of metal oxides with tunable morphology, structure, density and stoichiometry by a proper control of the plasma plume expansion dynamics. Such versatility can be exploited to produce nanostructured films from compact and dense to nanoporous characterized by a hierarchical assembly of nano-sized clusters. In particular we describe the detailed methodology to fabricate two types of Al-doped ZnO (AZO) films as transparent electrodes in photovoltaic devices: 1) at low O2 pressure, compact films with electrical conductivity and optical transparency close to the state of the art transparent conducting oxides (TCO) can be deposited at room temperature, to be compatible with thermally sensitive materials such as polymers used in organic photovoltaics (OPVs); 2) highly light scattering hierarchical structures resembling a forest of nano-trees are produced at higher pressures. Such structures show high Haze factor (&gt;80%) and may be exploited to enhance the light trapping capability. The method here described for AZO films can be applied to other metal oxides relevant for technological applications such as TiO2, Al2O3, WO3 and Ag4O4.

We describe the experimental method to deposit nanostructured oxide thin films by nanosecond Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) in the presence of a background gas. By using this method Al-doped ZnO (AZO) films, from compact to hierarchically structured as nano-tree forests, can be deposited.

制备纳米设计的脉冲激光沉积透明导电氧化物

Nanosecond Pulsed  Laser Deposition (PLD) in the presence of a background gas allows the deposition  of metal oxides with tunable morphology, structure, ...

Fabrication and Characterization of Disordered Polymer Optical Fibers for Transverse Anderson Localization of Light

We develop and characterize a disordered polymer optical fiber that uses transverse Anderson localization as a novel waveguiding mechanism. The developed polymer optical fiber is composed of 80,000 strands of poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and polystyrene (PS) that are randomly mixed and drawn into a square cross section optical fiber with a side width of 250 &mu;m. Initially, each strand is 200 &mu;m in diameter and 8-inches long. During the mixing process of the original fiber strands, the fibers cross over each other; however, a large draw ratio guarantees that the refractive index profile is invariant along the length of the fiber for several tens of centimeters. The large refractive index difference of 0.1 between the disordered sites results in a small localized beam radius that is comparable to the beam radius of conventional optical fibers. The input light is launched from a standard single mode optical fiber using the butt-coupling method and the near-field output beam from the disordered fiber is imaged using a 40X objective and a CCD camera. The output beam diameter agrees well with the expected results from the numerical simulations. The disordered optical fiber presented in this work is the first device-level implementation of 2D Anderson localization, and can potentially be used for image transport and short-haul optical communication systems.

We develop and characterize a disordered polymer optical fiber that uses transverse Anderson localization as a novel waveguiding mechanism. This microstructured fiber can transport a small localized beam with a radius that is comparable to the beam radius of conventional optical fibers.

无序横向安德森本地化光聚合物光纤的制备和表征

We develop and characterize a disordered polymer optical fiber that uses transverse Anderson localization as a novel waveguiding mechanism. The developed ...

Patterning via Optical Saturable Transitions - Fabrication and Characterization

This protocol describes the fabrication and characterization of nanostructures using a novel nanolithographic technique called Patterning via Optical Saturable Transitions (POST). In this technique the chemical properties of organic photochromic molecules that undergo single-photon reactions are exploited, enabling rapid top-down nanopatterning over large areas at low light intensities, thereby, allowing for the circumvention of the far-field diffraction barrier.4 Simple, cost-effective, high throughput and resolution alternatives to nanopatterning are being explored, such as, two-photon polymerization5,6, beam pen lithography (BPL)7, scanning electron beam lithography (SEBL), and focused ion beam (FIB) patterning. However, multi-photon approaches require high light intensities, which limit their potential for high throughput and offer low image contrast. Although, electron and ion beam lithographic processes offer increased resolution, the serial nature of the process is limited to slow writing speeds, which also prevents patterning of features over large areas. Beam-pen lithography is an approach towards parallel near-field optical lithography. However, the gap between the source of the beam and the surface of the photoresist needs to be controlled extremely precisely for good pattern uniformity and this is very challenging to accomplish for large arrays of beams. Patterning via Optical Saturable Transitions (POST) is an alternative optical nanopatterning technique for patterning sub-wavelength features1-3. Since this technique uses single photons instead of electrons, it is extremely fast and does not require high light intensities1-3, opening the door to massive parallelization.

We report that the diffraction limit of conventional optical lithography can be overcome by exploiting the transitions of organic photochromic derivatives induced by their photoisomerization at low light intensities.1-3 This paper outlines our fabrication technique and two locking mechanisms, namely: dissolution of one photoisomer and electrochemical oxidation.

通过光学吸收跃迁图案 - 制备与表征

This protocol describes the fabrication and characterization of nanostructures using a novel nanolithographic technique called Patterning via Optical ...

Fabrication and Operation of a Nano-Optical Conveyor Belt

The technique of using focused laser beams to trap and exert forces on small particles has enabled many pivotal discoveries in the nanoscale biological and physical sciences over the past few decades. The progress made in this field invites further study of even smaller systems and at a larger scale, with tools that could be distributed more easily and made more widely available. Unfortunately, the fundamental laws of diffraction limit the minimum size of the focal spot of a laser beam, which makes particles smaller than a half-wavelength in diameter hard to trap and generally prevents an operator from discriminating between particles which are closer together than one half-wavelength. This precludes the optical manipulation of many closely-spaced nanoparticles and&#160;limits the&#160;resolution of optical-mechanical systems. Furthermore, manipulation using focused beams requires beam-forming or steering optics, which can be very bulky and expensive. To address these limitations in the system scalability of conventional optical trapping our lab has devised an alternative technique which utilizes near-field optics to move particles across a chip. Instead of focusing laser beams in the far-field, the optical near field of plasmonic resonators produces the necessary local optical intensity enhancement to overcome the restrictions of diffraction and manipulate particles at higher resolution. Closely-spaced resonators produce strong optical traps which can be addressed to mediate the hand-off of particles from one to the next in a conveyor-belt-like fashion. Here, we describe how to design and produce a conveyor belt using a gold surface patterned with plasmonic C-shaped resonators and how to operate it with polarized laser light to achieve super-resolution nanoparticle manipulation and transport. The nano-optical conveyor belt chip can be produced using lithography techniques and easily packaged and distributed.

The scalability and resolution of conventional optical manipulation techniques are limited by diffraction. We circumvent the diffraction limit and describe a method of optically transporting nanoparticles across a chip using a gold surface patterned with a path of closely spaced C-shaped plasmonic resonators.

一个纳米光输送带的制作和操作

The technique of using focused laser beams to trap and exert forces on small particles has enabled many pivotal discoveries in the nanoscale biological ...

Compact Lens-less Digital Holographic Microscope for MEMS Inspection and Characterization

A micro-electro-mechanical-system (MEMS) is a widely used component in many industries, including energy, biotechnology, medical, communications, and automotive. However, effective inspection and characterization metrology systems are needed to ensure the functional reliability of MEMS. This study presents a system based on digital holography as a tool for MEMS metrology. Digital holography has gained increasing attention in the past 20 years. With the fast development and decreasing cost of sensor arrays, resolution of such systems has increased broadening potential applications. Thus, it has attracted attention from both research and industry sides as a potential reliable tool for industrial metrology. Indeed, by recording the interference pattern between an object beam (which contains sample height information) and a reference beam on a CCD camera, one can retrieve the quantitative phase information of an object. However, most of digital holographic systems are bulky and thus not easy to implement on industry production lines. The novelty of the system presented is that it is lens-less and thus very compact. In this study, it is shown that the Compact Digital Holographic Microscope (CDHM) can be used to evaluate several characteristics typically consider as criteria in MEMS inspections. The surface profiles of MEMS in both static and dynamic conditions are presented. Comparison with AFM is investigated to validate the accuracy of the CDHM.

We present a compact reflection digital holographic system (CDHM) for inspection and characterization of MEMS devices. A lens-less design using a diverging input wave providing natural geometrical magnification is demonstrated. Both static and dynamic studies are presented.

紧凑的镜头少数字全息显微镜的MEMS检测与表征

A micro-electro-mechanical-system (MEMS) is a widely used component in many industries, including energy, biotechnology, medical, communications, and ...

Printing Fabrication of Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells and In Situ Morphology Characterization

Polymer-based materials hold promise as low-cost, flexible efficient photovoltaic devices. Most laboratory efforts to achieve high performance devices have used devices prepared by spin coating, a process that is not amenable to large-scale fabrication. This mismatch in device fabrication makes it difficult to translate quantitative results obtained in the laboratory to the commercial level, making optimization difficult. Using a mini-slot die coater, this mismatch can be resolved by translating the commercial process to the laboratory and characterizing the structure formation in the active layer of the device in real time and in situ as films are coated onto a substrate. The evolution of the morphology was characterized under different conditions, allowing us to propose a mechanism by which the structures form and grow. This mini-slot die coater offers a simple, convenient, material efficient route by which the morphology in the active layer can be optimized under industrially relevant conditions. The goal of this protocol is to show experimental details of how a solar cell device is fabricated using a mini-slot die coater and technical details of running in situ structure characterization using the mini-slot die coater.

Printing Fabrication of Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells and In Situ Morphology Characterization

Here, we present a protocol to fabricate organic thin film solar cells using a mini-slot die coater and related in-line structure characterizations using synchrotron scattering techniques.

散装异质结太阳能电池的印刷和制作<em&gt;原位</em&gt;形态特征

Polymer-based materials hold promise as low-cost, flexible efficient photovoltaic devices. Most laboratory efforts to achieve high performance devices ...

Fabrication of 1-D Photonic Crystal Cavity on a Nanofiber Using Femtosecond Laser-induced Ablation

We present a protocol for fabricating 1-D Photonic Crystal (PhC) cavities on subwavelength-diameter tapered optical fibers, optical nanofibers, using femtosecond laser-induced ablation. We show that thousands of periodic nano-craters are fabricated on an optical nanofiber by irradiating with just a single femtosecond laser pulse. For a typical sample, periodic nano-craters with a period of 350 nm and with diameter gradually varying from 50 - 250 nm over a length of 1 mm are fabricated on a nanofiber with diameter around 450 - 550 nm. A key aspect of such a nanofabrication is that the nanofiber itself acts as a cylindrical lens and focuses the femtosecond laser beam on its shadow surface. Moreover, the single-shot fabrication makes it immune to mechanical instabilities and other fabrication imperfections. Such periodic nano-craters on nanofiber, act as a 1-D PhC and enable strong and broadband reflection while maintaining the high transmission out of the stopband. We also present a method to control the profile of the nano-crater array to fabricate apodized and defect-induced PhC cavities on the nanofiber. The strong confinement of the field, both transverse and longitudinal, in the nanofiber-based PhC cavities and the efficient integration to the fiber networks, may open new possibilities for nanophotonic applications and quantum information science.

We present a protocol for fabricating 1-D photonic crystal cavities on subwavelength diameter silica fibers (optical nanofibers) using femtosecond laser-induced ablation.

1-D光子晶体空穴对纳米纤维使用飞秒激光诱导消融制造

We present a protocol for fabricating 1-D Photonic Crystal (PhC) cavities on subwavelength-diameter tapered optical fibers, optical nanofibers, using ...

Fabrication of Superhydrophobic Metal Surfaces for Anti-Icing Applications

Several ways to produce superhydrophobic metal surfaces are presented in this work. Aluminum was chosen as the metal substrate due to its wide use in industry. The wettability of the produced surface was analyzed by bouncing drop experiments and the topography was analyzed by confocal microscopy. In addition, we show various methodologies to measure its durability and anti-icing properties. Superhydrophobic surfaces hold a special texture that must be preserved to keep their water-repellency. To fabricate durable surfaces, we followed two strategies to incorporate a resistant texture. The first strategy is a direct incorporation of roughness to the metal substrate by acid etching. After this surface texturization, the surface energy was decreased by silanization or fluoropolymer deposition. The second strategy is the growth of a ceria layer (after surface texturization) that should enhance the surface hardness and corrosion resistance. The surface energy was decreased with a stearic acid film.
The durability of the superhydrophobic surfaces was examined by a particle impact test, mechanical wear by lateral abrasion, and UV-ozone resistance. The anti-icing properties were explored by studying the ability to repeal subcooled water, freezing delay, and ice adhesion.

We illustrate several methodologies to produce superhydrophobic metal surfaces and to explore their durability and anti-icing properties.

防结冰用超疏水性金属表面的制备

Several ways to produce superhydrophobic metal surfaces are presented in this work. Aluminum was chosen as the metal substrate due to its wide use in ...

Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) of Metal-Ceramic Components

Technical ceramics are widely used for industrial and research applications, as well as for consumer goods. Today, the demand for complex geometries with diverse customization options and favorable production methods is increasing continuously. With fused filament fabrication (FFF), it is possible to produce large and complex components quickly with high material efficiency. In FFF, a continuous thermoplastic filament is melted in a heated nozzle and deposited below. The computer-controlled print head is moved in order to build up the desired shape layer by layer. Investigations regarding printing of metals or ceramics are increasing more and more in research and industry. This study focuses on additive manufacturing (AM) with a multi-material approach to combine a metal (stainless steel) with a technical ceramic (zirconia: ZrO2). Combining these materials offers a broad variety of applications due to their different electrical and mechanical properties. The paper shows the main issues in preparation of the material and feedstock, device development, and printing of these composites.

Fused Filament Fabrication FFF of Metal-Ceramic Components

This study shows multi-material additive manufacturing (AM) using fused filament fabrication (FFF) of stainless steel and zirconia.

金属陶瓷元件的熔融长丝制造 (fff)

Technical ceramics are widely used for industrial and research applications, as well as for consumer goods. Today, the demand for complex geometries with ...