We are grateful for technical assistance from Alison Church Bird at the Auburn University School of Veterinary Medicine Flow Cytometry Facility, for funding from the NIH to EHS R15 R15 AI107773 and to the Cellular and Molecular Biology Program at Auburn University for summer research funding to PBR.

All animal work was approved by the Auburn University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee in accordance with the recommendations outlined in the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals of the National Institutes of Health.
1. Preparation for Bone Marrow Collection
<ol>
	<li>Prepare 250 mL complete media by adding a solution of Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) 1640 medium supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum, 2 mM glutamine, and 50 &#181;M 2-mercaptoethanol to the top of a 0.22 &#181;m vacuum filter flask unit, and apply vacuum. 
	NOTE: Complete medium can be stored at 4 &#176;C for up to 2 months.</li>
	<li>Prepare 70% ethanol solution by mixing 350 mL of 100% ethanol with 150 mL sterile H2O in a 500 mL flask.</li>
	<li>Set centrifuge to 4 &#176;C.</li>
	<li>Sterilize forceps, scalpel, and scissors in 70% ethanol.</li>
	<li>Using a serological pipette, add 5 mL of complete media to three 60 mm Petri dishes.</li>
	<li>Using a serological pipette, add 30 mL of complete media to a 50 mL conical tube.</li>
</ol>
2. Collection of Murine Bone Marrow Cells
<ol>
	<li>Euthanize a C57BL/6 mouse by CO2 narcosis in accordance with the rules established by the 2013 American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) Guidelines on Euthanasia.</li>
	<li>Remove and strip hind legs.
	<ol>
		<li>Saturate the hind legs and torso with 75% ethanol, and make shallow cuts through the skin around the hip joint with curved tissue scissors. Using forceps, firmly pull the skin from the hip down towards the ankle, revealing the muscle. Use scissors to remove the skin flap.</li>
		<li>Remove the whole hind leg by cutting through the bone just above the femur/hip joint. 
		NOTE: In addition to sterilizing the area, the ethanol will aid in providing clean cuts and prevent hair from contaminating the samples.</li>
		<li>If the legs will be transferred to a new location for bone marrow harvesting, submerge the legs in complete media.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Working in a sterile biosafety cabinet, transfer the legs to one of the previously prepared Petri dishes.</li>
	<li>Use scissors to cut the just below the ankle, and carefully remove as much of the muscle and elastic connective tissue as possible. Transfer the cleaned bone to the second prepared Petri dish. 
	NOTE: Although it is not necessary to remove all the muscle, too much remaining tissue can make it difficult to flush out the bone marrow.</li>
	<li>Separate the femur, knee, and tibia.
	<ol>
		<li>Using forceps, hold the leg at the knee and locate the marrow. 
		NOTE: Bone marrow should be visible as a faint red line inside the bone cavity at the top of the femur and toward the end of the tibia.
		<ol>
			<li>Using scissors, make three cuts as follows.
			<ol>
				<li>Cut the tibia just above where the marrow appears to end.</li>
				<li>Cut just below the knee joint.</li>
				<li>Cut just above the knee joint.</li>
				<li>If the hip joint is still connected to the femur, cut just below the hip joint.</li>
			</ol>
			</li>
			<li>Return the three fragments to the Petri dish and repeat this process on other leg.</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Flush bone marrow from the femur and tibia.
	<ol>
		<li>Fill a 10 mL syringe with complete media from the 50 mL conical tube, and cap with 23 G needle.</li>
		<li>Holding the bone with forceps above the third prepared Petri dish, insert the needle into the bone canal and push media through, flushing out the cells (which may emerge as an intact &#34;plug&#34; or as several clusters). Repeat until no more color can be seen through the bone. Refill the syringe with media as necessary.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Crush the epiphyses.
	<ol>
		<li>While still in the second Petri dish, hold the knee cap firmly with forceps, and mash the knees with the tip of the syringe. Continue until the epiphyses are no longer red.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Using the syringe, transfer the cells from the second and third Petri dish to the 50 mL tube. Breakup up clumps by gently pipetting up and down. Try not to generate bubbles. Centrifuge at 250 x g at 4 &#176;C for 10 min.</li>
	<li>Lyse red blood cells
	<ol>
		<li>Remove supernatant with serological pipette, dislodge pellet by flicking, and lyse red blood cells by incubating in 1 mL of ACK (Ammonium-Chloride-Potassium) Lysis Buffer for 1 min at room temperature.</li>
		<li>Using a serological pipette, add 40 mL of HBSS (Hanks Balanced Salt Solution) buffer.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Using a serological pipette, filter the cells though a 70 &#181;m cell strainer into a new 50 mL conical tube. Centrifuge at 250 x g at 4 &#176;C for 10 min.</li>
	<li>Using a serological pipette, remove supernatant and wash cells with 40 mL of complete media. Centrifuge at 250 x g at 4 &#176;C for 10 min. 
	NOTE: At this stage, lineage positive lymphocytes can be removed by FACS or magnetic column purification. However, lymphocytes are not maintained long term in culture. Although a large number of lineage positive cells are present in the Ly6C-CD115- population in the bone marrow ex vivo, nearly all are absent by day 5 (Figure 2).</li>
	<li>Using a serological pipette, remove the supernatant, and culture the bone marrow cells in complete media with 10 ng/mL of recombinant mouse GM-CSF at a density of 1 x 106 cells/mL. 
	NOTE: Typically, 4 x 107 total cells can be harvested after red blood cell lysis. However, expect as little as 2 x 107 for beginners and up to 5 x 107 cells for experienced harvesters.</li>
	<li>Using a serological pipette, transfer the cells to tissue culture plates, and incubate at 37 &#176;C in 5% CO2. If using a 24-well plate, seed each well with 2 mL of cell suspension.</li>
	<li>Every 48 h, use a serological pipette to remove half of the media and replace with fresh complete media and GM-CSF. 
	NOTE: Cultures can be kept up to 9 days. However, composition changes over time. See Section 3 for more information.</li>
</ol>
3. Choosing Day of Sort
<ol>
	<li>As cell population compositions change over time, select a day that yields the highest number of desired cells.</li>
	<li>See Table 1 for the expected cell yield post sort for each of the populations after 3, 5, and 7 days of culture in GM-CSF per 1 x 107 cells.</li>
</ol>
4. Staining strategy
<ol>
	<li>Use small aliquots of cells to prepare control samples. Include an unstained control, compensation control samples stained with only one fluorescent antibody each, and fluorescence-minus-one controls in which all antibodies are added except one, to control for non-specific fluorescence in that channel. If using indirect labeling, include primary alone, secondary alone, and both primary and secondary. 
	NOTE: Phycoerythrin (PE) and allophycocyanin (APC) tagged antibodies provide distinct separation with minimal bleed over when used together. However, if fluorochrome options are limited, CD115 is expressed at a relatively low level, while Ly6C is expressed at very high levels. Therefore, brighter fluorochromes are desirable for anti-CD115, and anti-Ly6C fluorochromes are chosen to prevent bleed over.</li>
	<li>Prepare 100 mL of FACS Wash Buffer (FWB) by mixing 97 mL of chilled Dulbecco&#39;s phosphate buffered saline (DPBS) with 3 mL of fetal calf serum in a 50 mL conical tube, and place in an ice bath.</li>
	<li>Use a pipette to gently, but thoroughly, pipette cells up and down to dislodge any loosely adherent cells.</li>
	<li>Using a serological pipette, transfer cells to a 50 mL conical tube. Centrifuge at 250 x g at 4 &#176;C for 10 min.
	<ol>
		<li>If cell volume exceeds 50 mL, transfer cells to the necessary number of tubes and combine at the staining step.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Gently pour off the supernatant, and wash the pelleted cells by adding 30 mL of FWB with a serological pipette. Centrifuge at 250 x g at 4 &#176;C for 10 min, and repeat the wash. 
	NOTE: If high cell death is expected, cells can be washed with FWB with as low as 0.5% fetal calf serum (FCS). This will prevent cell clumping.</li>
	<li>Suspend and stain cells per antibody manufacturer&#39;s instructions.
	<ol>
		<li>Suspend 5 x 107 cells in 1 mL of FWB and add 2 &#181;g each of anti-Ly6C and anti-CD115 labeled with the fluorophores (of the researcher&#39;s choice). To further distinguish CMP from moDC (both are Ly6C- and CD115-), add 2 &#181;g of anti-CD11c antibodies (CMP are CD11c-; moDC are CD11c+). Incubate for 30 min on ice. 
		NOTE: Figure 3 was generated using Ly6C-PE and CD115-APC.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Using a serological pipette, add 10 mL of FWB, and centrifuge at 250 x g at 4 &#176;C for 10 min.</li>
	<li>Gently pour off the supernatant, and wash the pelleted cells by adding 30 mL of FWB with a serological pipette. Centrifuge at 250 x g at 4 &#176;C for 10 min, and repeat the wash.</li>
	<li>Before suspending cells, flick tube thoroughly to dislodge the pellet. Use a serological pipette to suspend cells at 1 x 107 cell/mL of FWB, and filter through 35-&#181;m cell filter. Use a serological pipette to transfer filtered cells into polypropylene tube, and place on ice until ready to sort. 
	NOTE: If polypropylene is unavailable, protein coated (nonfat dry milk or FCS) polystyrene tubes can be used to reduce binding.</li>
</ol>
5. Set Gates Based on Control Samples
NOTE: To prevent cell disruption due to the pressure of the high-speed flow stream, use a 100&#8211;130 &#181;m nozzle for cell sorting.
<ol>
	<li>Run the unstained control (see step 4.1) through the cell sorter, and apply a gate to exclude small debris (low forward scatter; FSC) and highly granular (high side scatter; SSC) particles.
	<ol>
		<li>To analyze only the later stages (monocytes, moMac/MoDP, and MoDC), apply gating to only include larger cells (high FSC).</li>
		<li>If viability stains are being used, use these to exclude stained, non-viable events (an example is illustrated in Figure 1).</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Run the single fluorescent control samples through the cell sorter, and adjust compensation as needed.</li>
	<li>Run a sample of the multi-labeled sample. Observe four distinct populations: Ly6C+CD115- (GMPs), Ly6C+CD115+ (monocytes), Ly6C-CD115+ (moMacs/moDP), and Ly6C-CD115- (CMPs/moDCs). Apply a gate to isolate each of the four major populations. 
	NOTE: CMPs and moDC share the Ly6C-CD115- phenotype. However, they can be differentiated based on CD11c expression: CMP lack CD11c, whereas MoDCs express CD11c.</li>
</ol>
6. Collection of Isolated Populations
<ol>
	<li>Prepare collection tubes by adding enough FCS to achieve at least 20% final concentration when full. For example, if using 5 mL tubes, add 1 mL of FCS before sorting, and remove the tube when it reaches 5 mL total volume.</li>
	<li>To prevent membrane turnover and antibody uptake, keep all samples (mixed and sorted) at 4 &#176;C throughout the sort.
	<ol>
		<li>If this is not possible, keep the tube containing the cells to be sorted on ice as much as possible and transfer aliquots to the sorter as needed.</li>
		<li>Additionally, transfer sorted samples to ice every 20&#8211;30 min.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>After the desired number of cells have been collected, use a serological pipette to transfer the cells to a new conical tube. Centrifuge at 250 x g at 4 &#176;C for 10 min.
	<ol>
		<li>Confirm purity with post-sort analysis on small aliquots from each collected population.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Remove the supernatant, suspend in 10 mL of FWB and centrifuge at 250 x g at 4 &#176;C for 10 min. Repeat for a total of two washes. 
	NOTE: It can be difficult to remove all the supernatant without dislodging the pellet. Attaching a pipette tip to a vacuum line can help with removal. If this is not available, it is suggested that the supernatant be collected in a fresh tube in case of pellet dissociation.</li>
	<li>Remove the supernatant after the second wash.</li>
	<li>If the user&#39;s experimental design dictates the cells be re-cultured, follow steps 2.12&#8211;2.14. Otherwise, if cells will be used for immediate analysis, prepare cells according to desired protocol. 
	NOTE: An example of typical functional analysis is included in Figure 4.</li>
</ol>

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M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+dendritic+cell+development+by+GM-CSF:+molecular+control+and+implications+for+immune+homeostasis+and+therapy.">Regulation of dendritic cell development by GM-CSF: molecular control and implications for immune homeostasis and therapy.</a> Blood. 119, 3383-3393 (2012).</li><li>Steinman, R. 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The authors have no conflicts to disclose.

This protocol facilitates isolation of GM-CSF-driven progenitor and precursor cell types in numbers sufficient for several types of analyses including biochemical assays, assays of cellular function in vitro, or instillation in vivo. This method represents a significant advance in the field of monocyte-derived dendritic cell development, enabling the reliable isolation and identification of cells early in this pathway of development as well as those differentiated cell types more commonly isolated in pr...

Culturing of murine bone marrow cells with the cytokine Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) is widely used as a method to generate monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDC; also known as inflammatory DC) in large numbers 1,2,3,4,5. These cells have been extremely useful in a variety of studies of dendritic cell (DC) function 6,7,8. Typically, these murine bone marrow cells are cultured for 6-8 days and are then used for study of dendritic cell function 5. These cultures had long been considered mostly homogenous, consisting of a majority of differentiated moDC. More recently, it has become clear that at the end of this 6&#8211;8 day culture period, there are indeed many moDC, as well as a large subset of differentiated monocyte-derived macrophages (moMacs) 9,10,11. Our own studies have further extended these findings demonstrating that other subsets of less developed cells, such as moDC precursors (moDP) and monocytes, remain in the cultures at low frequency even after 7 days 10. Thus, studies of dendritic cells (DC) function using cells generated by this system could reflect the responses of a broader cohort of cell types than previously appreciated.
We have learned a great deal from the study of GM-CSF-generated moDC relating to the function of these cells in the final stages of differentiation&#160;12,13,14. However, we understand significantly less about the developmental pathway of these cells&#160;2,15,16 and of how and when they exhibit specific functions such as: responsiveness to Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs), phagocytosis, antigen processing and presentation&#160;13, and anti-bacterial activity. A protocol for isolation of large numbers of conventional Flt3L-driven DC progenitors and precursors has been reported&#160;17. Isolation of these distinct populations was achieved using carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE)-stained bone marrow cells (to track dividing cells) and culture in Flt3L for 3 days. Cells were then depleted of linage positive cells and sorted into progenitor and precursor populations based on CD11c expression&#160;17. Another approach by Leenen&#39;s group to identify early progenitors of DC in GM-CSF-driven culture was to sort cells based on CD31 and Ly6C 18. The initial goal was to create a similar method for obtaining progenitors and precursors of GM-CSF-driven moDC. Due to the specific cell types generated by GM-CSF, we adapted the approach and sorting strategy based on expression of molecules that were expressed at early and later stages of development. We ultimately determined that Ly6C, CD115 (CSF-1 receptor), and CD11c were the best markers for distinguishing these cell types&#160;10.
Here, we present a method for isolation of cells at several distinct stages of development along the pathway of differentiation driven by GM-CSF: Common Myeloid Progenitor (CMP), Granulocyte-Macrophage Progenitor (GMP), monocyte, monocyte-derived Macrophage (MoMac) and monocyte-derived DC (MoDC). The moMac population can be further segregated based on level of MHC class II expression, revealing a moDC precursor population (moDP)&#160;10. We utilize a high-speed fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) strategy to isolate these 5 populations based on expression of Ly6C, CD115, and CD11c. We then demonstrate the examination of these cells in functional assays revealing their responses to PAMP stimulation.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI 1640</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>15-040-CV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Calf Serum (FCS)</td>
			<td>HyClone</td>
			<td>SV30014.04</td>
			<td>to supplement complete medium and FWB</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GlutaMAX</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>35050</td>
			<td>to supplement complete medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME)</td>
			<td>MP Biomedical</td>
			<td>190242</td>
			<td>to supplement complete medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>75mM Vacuum Filter</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>156-4045</td>
			<td>to sterilize complete media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ACK Lysis Buffer</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>10-548E</td>
			<td>to lyse red blood cell</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES buffer</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>21-020-CM</td>
			<td>to rescue leukocytes after red blood cell lysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS), Dulbecco&#39;s</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>17-512F</td>
			<td>must be endotoxin free; chilled at 4 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>35&#181;m Cell filter</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>352235</td>
			<td>to break apart clumps before running through cytometer.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GM-CSF</td>
			<td>Biosource</td>
			<td>PMC2011</td>
			<td>usable concentration of 10ng/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue cultured treated plate</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>10062-896</td>
			<td>for bone marrow cells after harvest</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Ly6C, Clone HK1.4</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>128018</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-CD115, Clone AFS98</td>
			<td>Tonbo Bioscience</td>
			<td>20-1152-U100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-CD11c, Clone HL3</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>557400</td>
			<td>to differeniate CMP and MoDCs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MoFlo XPD Flow Cytometer</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>ML99030</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BD Accuri C6</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>660517</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100% Ethanol</td>
			<td>Pharmco-Aaper</td>
			<td>111000200CSPP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>60mm Petri Dish</td>
			<td>Corning, Inc</td>
			<td>353002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50mL Conical tube</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>21008-242</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>C57BL/6 Mice</td>
			<td>The Jackson Laboratory</td>
			<td>000664</td>
			<td>Female; 10-20 weeks old</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biosafety Hood</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>8354-30-0011</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10mL Syringe</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>301604</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>23-gauge needle</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>305145</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge 5810&#160;R</td>
			<td>eppendorf</td>
			<td>22625501</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FlowJo Software v10</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>Version 10</td>
			<td>flowjo.com</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

generation of large numbers of myeloid progenitors and dendritic cell precursors from murine bone marrow using a novel cell sorting strategy

Cultures of monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDC) generated from mouse bone marrow using Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) have recently been recognized to be more heterogeneous than previously appreciated. These cultures routinely contain moDC as well monocyte-derived macrophages (moMac), and even some less developed cells such as monocytes. The goal of this protocol is to provide a consistent method for identification and separation of the many cell types present in these cultures as they develop, so that their specific functions may be further investigated. The sorting strategy presented here separates cells first into four populations based on expression of Ly6C and CD115, both of which are expressed transiently by cells as they develop in GM-CSF-driven culture. These four populations include Common myeloid progenitors or CMP (Ly6C-, CD115-), granulocyte/macrophage progenitors or GMP (Ly6C+, CD115-), monocytes (Ly6C+, CD115+), and monocyte-derived macrophages or moMac (Ly6C-, CD115+). CD11c is also added to the sorting strategy to distinguish two populations within the Ly6C-, CD115- population: CMP (CD11c-) and moDC (CD11c+). Finally, two populations may be further distinguished within the Ly6C-, CD115+ population based on the level of MHC class II expression. MoMacs express lower levels of MHC class II, while a monocyte-derived DC precursor (moDP) expresses higher MHC class II. This method allows for the reliable isolation of several developmentally distinct populations in numbers sufficient for a variety of functional and developmental analyses. We highlight one such functional readout, the differential responses of these cell types to stimulation with Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs).

In an effort to keep as many channels available for analysis as possible, viable cells were routinely selected based on forward and side scatter, excluding very small and very granular events (a typical gate is applied to all the dot plots in Figure 1A). To determine if this gating strategy reliably excluded dead cells, we stained with 7-Amino actinomycin D (7-AAD) (Figure 1B). 7AAD stains DNA in dead and dying cells due to membr...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Generation of Large Numbers of Myeloid Progenitors and Dendritic Cell Precursors from Murine Bone Marrow Using a Novel Cell Sorting Strategy at JoVE.com

Generation of Large Numbers of Myeloid Progenitors and Dendritic Cell Precursors from Murine Bone Marrow Using a Novel Cell Sorting Strategy

Here we provide a method for identifying and isolating large numbers of GM-CSF driven myeloid cells using high speed cell sorting. Five distinct populations (Common myeloid progenitors, granulocyte/macrophage progenitors, monocytes, monocyte-derived macrophages, and monocyte-derived DCs) can be identified based on Ly6C and CD115 expression.

Cultures of monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDC) generated from mouse bone marrow using Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) have ...

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JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

9.0K Views.  Auburn University. Here we provide a method for identifying and isolating large numbers of GM-CSF driven myeloid cells using high speed cell sorting. Five distinct populations (Common myeloid progenitors, granulocyte/macrophage progenitors, monocytes, monocyte-derived macrophages, and monocyte-derived DCs) can be identified based on Ly6C and CD115 expression.

Video: Generation of Large Numbers of Myeloid Progenitors and Dendritic Cell Precursors from Murine Bone Marrow Using a Novel Cell Sorting Strategy

Generation and Labeling of Murine Bone Marrow-derived Dendritic Cells with Qdot Nanocrystals for Tracking Studies

Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen presenting cells (APCs) found in peripheral tissues and in immunological organs such as thymus, bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes and Peyer's patches 1-3. DCs present in peripheral tissues sample the organism for the presence of antigens, which they take up, process and present in their surface in the context of major histocompatibility molecules (MHC). Then, antigen-loaded DCs migrate to immunological organs where they present the processed antigen to T lymphocytes triggering specific immune responses. One way to evaluate the migratory capabilities of DCs is to label them with fluorescent dyes 4.
Herewith we demonstrate the use of Qdot fluorescent nanocrystals to label murine bone marrow-derived DC. The advantage of this labeling is that Qdot nanocrystals possess stable and long lasting fluorescence that make them ideal for detecting labeled cells in recovered tissues. To accomplish this, first cells will be recovered from murine bone marrows and cultured for 8 days in the presence of granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor in order to induce DC differentiation. These cells will be then labeled with fluorescent Qdots by short in vitro incubation. Stained cells can be visualized with a fluorescent microscopy. Cells can be injected into experimental animals at this point or can be into mature cells upon in vitro incubation with inflammatory stimuli. In our hands, DC maturation did not determine loss of fluorescent signal nor does Qdot staining affect the biological properties of DCs. Upon injection, these cells can be identified in immune organs by fluorescent microscopy following typical dissection and fixation procedures.

Dendritic cells uptake antigens and migrate towards immune organs to present processed antigens to T cells. Qdot nanocrystal labeling provides a long-lasting and stable fluorescent signal. This allows tracking of dendritic cells to different organs by fluorescent microscopy.

Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen presenting cells (APCs) found in peripheral tissues and in immunological organs such as thymus, bone ...

Investigation of Macrophage Polarization Using Bone Marrow Derived Macrophages

The article describes a readily easy adaptive in vitro model to investigate macrophage polarization. In the presence of GM-CSF/M-CSF, hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells from the bone marrow are directed into monocytic differentiation, followed by M1 or M2 stimulation. The activation status can be tracked by changes in cell surface antigens, gene expression and cell signaling pathways.

The article describes a readily easy adaptive in vitro model to investigate macrophage polarization. In the presence of GM-CSF/M-CSF, hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells from the bone marrow are directed into monocytic differentiation, followed by M1 or M2 stimulation. The activation status can be tracked by changes in cell surface antigens, gene expression and cell signaling pathways.

The article describes a readily easy adaptive in vitro model to investigate macrophage polarization. In the presence of GM-CSF/M-CSF, hematopoietic ...

Generation of a Novel Dendritic-cell Vaccine Using Melanoma and Squamous Cancer Stem Cells

We identified cancer stem cell (CSC)-enriched populations from murine melanoma D5 syngeneic to C57BL/6 mice and the squamous cancer SCC7 syngeneic to C3H mice using ALDEFLUOR/ALDH as a marker, and tested their immunogenicity using the cell lysate as a source of antigens to pulse dendritic cells (DCs). DCs pulsed with ALDHhigh CSC lysates induced significantly higher protective antitumor immunity than DCs pulsed with the lysates of unsorted whole tumor cell lysates in both models and in a lung metastasis setting and a s.c.&#160;tumor growth setting, respectively. This phenomenon was due to CSC vaccine-induced humoral as well as cellular anti-CSC responses. In particular, splenocytes isolated from the host subjected to CSC-DC vaccine produced significantly higher amount of IFN&#947; and GM-CSF than splenocytes isolated from the host subjected to unsorted tumor cell lysate pulsed-DC vaccine. These results support the efforts to develop an autologous CSC-based therapeutic vaccine for clinical use in an adjuvant setting.

Evaluated in syngeneic immunocompetent hosts, cancer stem cell (CSC) based dendritic cell (DC) vaccine demonstrated significantly higher antitumor immunity than traditional DC vaccines pulsed with heterogeneous bulk tumor cells.

We identified cancer stem cell (CSC)-enriched populations from murine melanoma D5 syngeneic to C57BL/6 mice and the squamous cancer SCC7 syngeneic to C3H ...

Isolation of Myeloid Dendritic Cells and Epithelial Cells from Human Thymus

In this protocol we provide a method to isolate dendritic cells (DC) and epithelial cells (TEC) from the human thymus. DC and TEC are the major antigen presenting cell (APC) types found in a normal thymus and it is well established that they play distinct roles during thymic selection. These cells are localized in distinct microenvironments in the thymus and each APC type makes up only a minor population of cells. To further understand the biology of these cell types, characterization of these cell populations is highly desirable but due to their low frequency, isolation of any of these cell types requires an efficient and reproducible procedure. This protocol details a method to obtain cells suitable for characterization of diverse cellular properties. Thymic tissue is mechanically disrupted and after different steps of enzymatic digestion, the resulting cell suspension is enriched using a Percoll density centrifugation step. For isolation of myeloid DC (CD11c+), cells from the low-density fraction (LDF) are immunoselected by magnetic cell sorting. Enrichment of TEC populations (mTEC, cTEC) is achieved by depletion of hematopoietic (CD45hi) cells from the low-density Percoll cell fraction allowing their subsequent isolation via fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) using specific cell markers. The isolated cells can be used for different downstream applications.

This protocol details a method to isolate antigen presenting cells from human thymus via different steps of enzymatic digestion of the tissue followed by density centrifugation of the single cell suspension and finally magnetic and/or FACS sorting of the cell populations of interest.

In this protocol we provide a method to isolate dendritic cells (DC) and epithelial cells (TEC) from the human thymus. DC and TEC are the major antigen ...

In Vitro Generation of Murine Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells from Common Lymphoid Progenitors using the AC-6 Feeder System

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are powerful type I interferon (IFN-I) producing cells that are activated in response to infection or during inflammatory responses. Unfortunately, study of pDC function is hindered by their low frequency in lymphoid organs, and existing methods for in vitro DC generation predominantly favor the production of cDCs over pDCs. Here we present a unique approach to efficiently generate pDCs from common lymphoid progenitors (CLPs) in vitro. Specifically, the protocol described details how to purify CLPs from bone marrow and generate pDCs by coculturing with &#947;-irradiated AC-6 feeder cells in the presence of Flt3 ligand. A unique characteristic of this culture system is that the CLPs migrate underneath the AC-6 cells and become cobblestone area-forming cells, a critical step for expanding pDCs. Morphologically distinct DCs, namely pDCs and cDCs, were generated after approximately 2 weeks with a composition of 70-90% pDCs under optimal conditions. Typically, the number of pDCs generated by this method is roughly 100-fold of the number of CLPs seeded. Therefore, this is a novel system with which to robustly generate the large numbers of pDCs required to facilitate further studies into the development and function of these cells.

In Vitro Generation of Murine Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells from Common Lymphoid Progenitors using the AC-6 Feeder System

In this study we present an in vitro culture system that can efficiently generate pDCs by co-culturing common lymphoid progenitors with AC-6 feeder cells in the presence of Flt3 ligand.

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are powerful type I interferon (IFN-I) producing cells that are activated in response to infection or during ...

Murine Hind Limb Long Bone Dissection and Bone Marrow Isolation

Investigation of the bone and the bone marrow is critical in many research fields including basic bone biology, immunology, hematology, cancer metastasis, biomechanics, and stem cell biology. Despite the importance of the bone in healthy and pathologic states, however, it is a largely under-researched organ due to lack of specialized knowledge of bone dissection and bone marrow isolation. Mice are a common model organism to study effects on bone and bone marrow, necessitating a standardized and efficient method for long bone dissection and bone marrow isolation for processing of large experimental cohorts. We describe a straightforward dissection procedure for the removal of the femur and tibia that is suitable for downstream applications, including but not limited to histomorphologic analysis and strength testing. In addition, we outline a rapid procedure for isolation of bone marrow from the long bones via centrifugation with limited handling time, ideal for cell sorting, primary cell culture, or DNA, RNA, and protein extraction. The protocol is streamlined for rapid processing of samples to limit experimental error, and is standardized to minimize user-to-user variability.

Here we present a protocol for the dissection of hind limb long bones (femurs and tibiae) from the laboratory mouse. We further describe a rapid technique for bone marrow isolation from these bones that utilizes centrifugation for removal of bone marrow from the bone marrow space.

Investigation of the bone and the bone marrow is critical in many research fields including basic bone biology, immunology, hematology, cancer metastasis, ...

Generation and Identification of GM-CSF Derived Alveolar-like Macrophages and Dendritic Cells From Mouse Bone Marrow

Macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) are innate immune cells found in tissues and lymphoid organs that play a key role in the defense against pathogens. However, they are difficult to isolate in sufficient numbers to study them in detail, therefore, in vitro models have been developed. In vitro cultures of bone marrow-derived macrophages and dendritic cells are well-established and valuable methods for immunological studies. Here, a method for culturing and identifying both DCs and macrophages from a single culture of primary mouse bone marrow cells using the cytokine granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is described. This protocol is based on the established procedure first developed by Lutz et al. in 1999 for bone marrow-derived DCs. The culture is heterogeneous, and MHCII and fluoresceinated hyaluronan (FL-HA) are used to distinguish macrophages from immature and mature DCs. These GM-CSF derived macrophages provide a convenient source of in vitro derived macrophages that closely resemble alveolar macrophages in both phenotype and function.

Bone marrow cells cultured with granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) generate a heterogeneous culture containing macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs). This method highlights using MHCII and hyaluronan (HA) binding to differentiate macrophages from the DCs in the GM-CSF culture. Macrophages in this culture have many similarities to alveolar macrophages.

Macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) are innate immune cells found in tissues and lymphoid organs that play a key role in the defense against pathogens. ...

Femur Window Chamber Model for In Vivo Cell Tracking in the Murine Bone Marrow

Bone marrow is a complex organ that contains various hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells. These cells are involved in many biological processes, including hematopoiesis, immune regulation and tumor regulation. Commonly used methods for understanding cellular actions in the bone marrow, such as histology and blood counts, provide static information rather than capturing the dynamic action of multiple cellular components in vivo. To complement the standard methods, a window chamber (WC)-based model was developed to enable serial in vivo imaging of cells and structures in the murine bone marrow. This protocol describes a surgical procedure for installing the WC in the femur, in order to facilitate long-term optical access to the femoral bone marrow. In particular, to demonstrate its experimental utility, this WC approach was used to image and track neutrophils within the vascular network of the femur, thereby providing a novel method to visualize and quantify immune cell trafficking and regulation in the bone marrow. This method can be applied to study various biological processes in the murine bone marrow, such as hematopoiesis, stem cell transplantation, and immune responses in pathological conditions, including cancer.

Femur Window Chamber Model for In Vivo Cell Tracking in the Murine Bone Marrow

The protocol describes a novel murine femur window chamber model that can be used to track movement of cells in the femoral bone marrow in vivo. Intravital multiphoton fluorescence microscopy is used to image three components of the femoral bone marrow (vasculature, collagen matrix, and neutrophils) over time.

Bone marrow is a complex organ that contains various hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells. These cells are involved in many biological processes, ...

Fluorescence-activated Cell Sorting for Purification of Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells from the Mouse Bone Marrow

Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) is a technique to purify specific cell populations based on phenotypes detected by flow cytometry. This method enables researchers to better understand the characteristics of a single cell population without the influence of other cells. Compared to other methods of cell enrichment, such as magnetic-activated cell sorting (MCS), FACS is more flexible and accurate for cell separation due to the ability of phenotype detection by flow cytometry. In addition, FACS is usually capable of separating multiple cell populations simultaneously, which improves the efficiency and diversity of experiments. Although FACS has some limitations, it has been broadly used to purify cells for functional studies in both in vitro and in vivo settings. Here we report a protocol using fluorescence-activated cell sorting to isolate a very rare population of immune cells, plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC), with high purity from the bone marrow of lupus-prone mice for in vitro functional studies of pDC.

We report a protocol using fluorescence-activated cell sorting to isolate plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) with high purity from the bone marrow of lupus-prone mice for functional studies of pDC.

Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) is a technique to purify specific cell populations based on phenotypes detected by flow cytometry. This method ...

Detection of Inflammasome Activation and Pyroptotic Cell Death in Murine Bone Marrow-derived Macrophages

Inflammasomes are innate immune signaling platforms that are required for the successful control of many pathogenic organisms, but also promote inflammatory and autoinflammatory diseases. Inflammasomes are activated by cytosolic pattern recognition receptors, including members of the NOD-like receptor (NLR) family. These receptors oligomerize upon the detection of microbial or damage-associated stimuli. Subsequent recruitment of the adaptor protein ASC forms a microscopically visible inflammasome complex, which activates caspase-1 through proximity-induced auto-activation. Following the activation, caspase-1 cleaves pro-IL-1&#946; and pro-IL-18, leading to the activation and secretion of these pro-inflammatory cytokines. Caspase-1 also mediates the inflammatory form of cell death termed pyroptosis, which features the loss of membrane integrity and cell lysis. Caspase-1 cleaves gasdermin D, releasing the N-terminal fragment which forms plasma membrane pores, leading to osmotic lysis.
In vitro, the activation of caspase-1 can be determined by labeling bone marrow-derived macrophages with the caspase-1 activity probe FAM-YVAD-FMK and by labeling the cells with antibodies against the adaptor protein ASC. This technique allows the identification of inflammasome formation and caspase-1 activation in individual cells using fluorescence microscopy. Pyroptotic cell death can be detected by measuring the release of cytosolic lactate dehydrogenase into the medium. This procedure is simple, cost effective and performed in a 96-well plate format, allowing adaptation for screening. In this manuscript, we show that activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome by nigericin leads to the co-localization of the adaptor protein ASC and active caspase-1, leading to pyroptosis.

We describe the detection of NLRP3 inflammasome activation on cellular basis using fluorescence microscopy and staining for active caspase-1 and the adaptor, ASC. A lactate dehydrogenase release assay is presented to detect pyroptotic lysis on a population basis. These techniques can be adapted to study many aspects of inflammasome biology.