Yazar Dr David Rowe nazikçe transgenik fareler ve Li Chen'e histolojik yardım için sağlamak için teşekkür etmek istiyorum.
Bu yayında bildirilen Araştırma Ulusal Enstitüsü diş ve ulusal sağlık Enstitüleri Ödülü numarası K08DE025914 altında kraniyofasiyal araştırma ve Amerikan Derneği Sumit Yadav ortodontik Foundation'a tarafından desteklenmiştir.

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	<li>LeResche, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epidemiology+of+Temporomandibular+Disorders:+Implications+for+the+Investigation+of+Etiologic+Factors.">Epidemiology of Temporomandibular Disorders: Implications for the Investigation of Etiologic Factors.</a> Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 8 (3), 291-305 (1997).</li><li>Chen, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Altered+functional+loading+causes+differential+effects+in+the+subchondral+bone+and+condylar+cartilage+in+the+temporomandibular+joint+from+young+mice.">Altered functional loading causes differential effects in the subchondral bone and condylar cartilage in the temporomandibular joint from young mice.</a> Osteoarthr Cartil. 17 (3), 354-361 (2009).</li><li>Pirttiniemi, P., Kantomaa, T., Sorsa, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+decreased+loading+on+the+metabolic+activity+of+the+mandibular+condylar+cartilage+in+the+rat.">Effect of decreased loading on the metabolic activity of the mandibular condylar cartilage in the rat.</a> Eur J Orthod. 26 (1), 1-5 (2004).</li><li>Chavan, S. J., Bhad, W. A., Doshi, U. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+temporomandibular+joint+changes+in+Twin+Block+and+Bionator+appliance+therapy:+a+magnetic+resonance+imaging+study.">Comparison of temporomandibular joint changes in Twin Block and Bionator appliance therapy: a magnetic resonance imaging study.</a> Prog Orthod. 15 (57), (2014).</li><li>Dutra, E. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cellular+and+Matrix+Response+of+the+Mandibular+Condylar+Cartilage+to+Botulinum+Toxin.">Cellular and Matrix Response of the Mandibular Condylar Cartilage to Botulinum Toxin.</a> PLoS ONE. 11 (10), 0164599 (2016).</li><li>Benjamin, M., Ralphs, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biology+of+fibrocartilage+cells.">Biology of fibrocartilage cells.</a> Int Rev Cytol. 233, 1-45 (2004).</li><li>Shen, G., Darendeliler, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Adaptive+Remodeling+of+Condylar+Cartilage-+A+Transition+from+Chondrogenesis+to+Osteogenesis.">The Adaptive Remodeling of Condylar Cartilage- A Transition from Chondrogenesis to Osteogenesis.</a> J Dent Res. 84 (8), 691-699 (2005).</li><li>Utreja, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+and+matrix+response+of+temporomandibular+cartilage+to+mechanical+loading.">Cell and matrix response of temporomandibular cartilage to mechanical loading.</a> Osteoarthr Cartil. 24 (2), 335-344 (2016).</li><li>Kaul, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Effect+of+Altered+Loading+on+Mandibular+Condylar+Cartilage.">The Effect of Altered Loading on Mandibular Condylar Cartilage.</a> PLoS ONE. 11 (7), 0160121 (2016).</li><li>Dyment, N. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-Throughput,+Multi-Image+Cryohistology+of+Mineralized+Tissues.">High-Throughput, Multi-Image Cryohistology of Mineralized Tissues.</a> J Vis Exp. , e54468 (2016).</li><li>Kawamoto, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+a+new+adhesive+film+for+the+preparation+of+multi-purpose+fresh-frozen+sections+from+hard+tissues,+whole-animals,+insects+and+plants.">Use of a new adhesive film for the preparation of multi-purpose fresh-frozen sections from hard tissues, whole-animals, insects and plants.</a> Arch Histol Cytol. 66 (2), 123-143 (2003).</li><li>Hayman, A. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tartrate-resistant+acid+phosphatase+(TRAP)+and+the+osteoclast/immune+cell+dichotomy.">Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and the osteoclast/immune cell dichotomy.</a> Autoimmunity. 41 (3), 218-223 (2008).</li></ol>

Yazarlar hiçbir rakip mali ilgi alanlarına sahip.

Bu el yazması xarakteristikaları ölçüm ve fare çene kemiğinde condyles ve sapa hücresel analizi için yöntemler açıklanmıştır. Radyografik xarakteristikaları ölçümleri de diğer küçük deneysel hayvan kemiklerinden analiz etmek için kullanılabilir. Buna ek olarak, hücresel analizi (hücre miktar ve kıkırdak mesafe eşleme) kemirgen çene kemiğinde düzgün sınırlı değildir, ama çok sayıda dokuların histolojik kesitler ölçmek için kullanılabilir.
Floresan gazetecilere ifade transgenik fare modelleri görsel olarak gen ekspresyonu değişiklikleri anlamak için mükemmel araçlardır. Bu raporda kullanılan çift-kollajen floresan muhabir fare modeli (Col2a1XCol10a1) transgenes mm prehypertrophic ve Hipertrofik bölgede ifade edilir beri özellikle mm, çalışma için uygun bu kollajen dağıtım değerlendirilmiş. Araştırmacı floresan gazetecilere ifade bir transgenik fare modeli erişimi yoksa, histolojik protein ifade analizi, ayirt gibi diğer yöntemler kullanılabilir.
Xarakteristikaları ölçülerini kabine grafisi Fotoğraf çekmeden önce kritik adım tüm yumuşak doku çene veya çözümlenmesi için kemik kaldırmaktır. Aşırı kas veya yumuşak doku İliklerime kadar bağlı yapıların gerçek ölçümleri maskesi. Kabine grafisi sistem sınırlamaları farkında olmanız önemlidir. Her x-ray gibi 3 boyutlu bir yapı, 2 boyutlu bir gösterimidir ve örtüşme yapıları ve eserleri dikkatle yorumlanmalıdır. Buna ek olarak, radyografik kabine kemiklerde konumlandırma tutarlı olmalıdır.
Pozitif piksel sayısını sayma yoluyla hücresel miktar mm gibi bir hücre zengini bölgede histolojik miktar için verimli bir yöntemdir, ama bu yaklaşımın sınırlama hücre kesin sayısı sağlamaz. Buna ek olarak, yalnızca seçilen pikselleri quantifies beri aynı "örnek" piksel piksel cinsinden farklı şiddetlerde miktar farklı görüntü analiz ederken için kullanarak ilgi tüm görüntüleri ölçmek için tavsiye edilir.
Histolojik kesitler miktarının zaman tavsiye genel bir parçası birden çok seri bölüm her örneği analiz etmektir (Bu makale, üç seri bölümler her düzgün için analiz edildi), beri varyasyonları her örnek içinde genellikle gözlenir.
Bizim deneylerde bahsedilen yöntemi basit, kullanımı kolay ve hangi muhabiri fareler kullanılmakta olan herhangi bir doku mineralize çalışmada kullanılan. Varolan metodoloji ile tuzak (Col2a1 veya Col10a1) veya EdU (Col1a1 veya Col2a1) için hücre co yerelleştirme görselleştirme tarafından lekeli hücreleri görselleştirmek mümkündür.

TME kraniyofasiyal bölgesinde bulunan benzersiz bir taşıma ortak ve fibrocartilage oluşturulur. TME mm için eklem fonksiyonu engellenmemiş çene hareket konuşma ve masticating, dahil olmak üzere, gerekli olduğunu ancak sık osteoartrit1de dahil olmak üzere dejeneratif hastalıklar tarafından etkilenir. TME yapısal ve hücresel değişiklik mm2,3,4,5bileşenlerine önde gelen dış uyaranlara ve yükleme değişiklikler, uyum kapasitesine sahiptir. MM taşıyıcı özelliklerini su, kollajen ağ da dahil olmak üzere ve yoğun Proteoglikanlar Paketli onun bileşenlerinin arasındaki etkileşimler tarafından açıklanabilir. MM olan kolajen ve kollajen olmayan proteinlerin farklı türleri hızlı dört ayrı hücresel bölgeleri: 1) Yüzeysel veya eklem bölgesi; 2) farklılaşmamış Mezenkimal hücreler ve bu oluşan proliferatif bölge talepleri yükleme için yanıt verir; 3) prehypertrophic bölge, kollajen tip 2 ifade olgun kondrosit oluşur; ve 4) Hipertrofik bölge, kollajen ifade Hipertrofik kondrosit 10 die girildiği bölge ve kalsifikasyon tabi. Mineralize olmayan bölge basınç Kuvvetleri6direnç sağlayan Proteoglikanlar zengindir.
İşte osteogenesis chondrogenesis geçiş oluştuğu, mm, Hipertrofik bölgede sürekli Qafqaz subchondral kemik çene kemiğinde düzgün7sağlam mineral yapısını güvence altına alınması. Unmineralized ve mineralize bölgelerde hücresel değişiklikler sonuçta çene kemiğinde düzgün ve çene kemiği morfolojik ve yapısal değişikliklere yol açar. Tüm hücresel bölgelerin MCC ve subchondral bölümü Qafqaz homeostazı bakımından temel sağlık, taşıma kapasitesi ve TME bütünlüğünü.
(Utreja ve ark.tarafından açıklandığı gibi) birden çok kollajen transgenik fare modeli 8 tüm transgenes mm ifade edilir çünkü kollajen ifade değişiklikleri anlamak için kullanmak için harika bir araçtır. Derinlemesine bir histolojik değerlendirme için histolojik lekeleri matris ifade, Qafqaz, hücre çoğalması ve Apoptozis yanı sıra protein ifadesi, farklı hücre katmanları MCC incelemek için kullanılır.
El yazması, histolojik ve xarakteristikaları analizleri bu farelerin çene kemiğinde düzgün mm ve subchondral kemik hücresel ve yapısal değişimler değerlendirmek için kullanılır. Buna ek olarak, floresan histolojik görüntüleri analiz etmek için ve ışık mikroskobu slaytlar, eşleme için bir hücre miktar yöntemi açıklanmıştır. Hangi hücresel ve morfolojik değişiklik mm ve subchondral kemik9neden olan, yöntemi, yükleme basınç statik TME da bizim yöntemleri doğrulamak için gösterilmiştir.
Yöntem tanımlamak burada xarakteristikaları ve çene kemiğinde düzgün ve mandibula kemirgenler histolojik değişiklikler belirlemek için veya diğer bölgelerinde endochondral ossifikasyon ve morfolojisi ek mineralize dokuların analiz etmek için kullanılabilir.

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a morphometric and cellular analysis method for the murine mandibular condyle

Temporomandibuler eklem (TME) dış uyaranlara karşı uyum kapasitesine sahiptir ve değişiklikleri yükleme condyles konumunu, hem de yapısal ve hücresel bileşenleri, çene kemiğinde condylar kıkırdak (mm) etkileyebilir. Bu el yazması bu değişiklikleri ve farelerde (yüklemeYani, basınç statik TME) TME yüklenmesini değiştirme yöntemi analiz yöntemlerini açıklar. Burada resimli yapısal değerlendirme Digimizer yazılım kullanan ve küçük kemik ilerlemenin içinde gerçekleştirilen bir basit xarakteristikaları yaklaşımdır. Buna ek olarak, hücresel analizi önde gelen değişiklikler kollajen ifade, kemik remodeling, hücre bölünmesi olarak değiştirir ve proteoglikan dağıtım mm içinde anlatılan. Bu değişiklikler histolojik bölümlerde - kullanarak pozitif floresan piksel sayma tarafından miktar görüntü yazılım ve mesafe eşleme ölçme ve alan lekeli Digimizer ile - de gösterdi. Burada gösterilen yöntemleri için fare TME sınırlı değildir, ancak ek kemikleri küçük deneysel hayvan ve diğer bölgelerinde endochondral ossifikasyon üzerinde kullanılabilir.

Tanımlayıcı istatistik xarakteristikaları ölçümleri (çene kemiğinde uzunluğu, condylar uzunluğu, condylar genişlik) ve histolojik analizler dağıtımını incelemek için yapıldı. Sonuçlar yüklü grup (Örneğin, beta titanyum bahar ile basınç yükleme tabi fareler) ve kontrol grubu (did değil almak herhangi bir yordam denetim fareler eşleşenYani ) arasında karşılaştırıldı. Ortalamaları arasındaki istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark tespit unpaired t-Testi ve p-değeri < 0,05 istatistiksel olarak anlamlı olmak olarak kabul.
Adım 4 ve şekil 3, anlatılan xarakteristikaları ölçümleri, Indirim kıskacı ve kontrol grubu yapıldı. Önemli ölçüde artış çene kemiği uzunluğu ile sunulan yüklü grup (yüklenen: 16,62 ± 0.23 mmlik RHA kontrol: 16,21 ± 0.2 mm; p < 0,05) ve düzgün baş uzunluğu (yüklenen: 4.6 mm, SD 0,08 mmlik RHA denetim: 4,4 mm; SD 0,06; p < 0,05) kontrol grubu ile karşılaştırıldığında. Yine de gruplar arasında anlamlı bir fark düzgün genişliği oldu (yüklenen: 3.06 ± 0,12 mmlik RHA denetim: 2.9 ± 0,11; p = 0.09).
Miktar önemli ölçüde ortaya 8. adımda açıklanan yöntemi kullanarak kollajen dağıtım artış ile karşılaştırıldığında denetimi yüklü grubunun condyles mm olarak Col10a1 ifade (yüklenen: %21 ± %4,46 karşı kontrol: %7,50 %2,03 ±; p < 0,005; Şekil 8 A ve D). Öte yandan, istatistiksel Col2a1 ifade Indirim arasında fark vardı ve kontrol grupları (yüklü: %4,85 ± %1.95 karşı kontrol: %2,92 %1.89 ±; p = 0.13; Şekil 8 B ve E). Buna ek olarak, tuzak etkinlik analizi yüklü fareler condyles subchondral bölgede artan tuzak-pozitif bölgeleri gösterdi (yüklenen: %5,28 ± %1,45 karşı kontrol: %2.41 %1,39 ±; p < 0,05; Şekil 8 C ve F). Benzer şekilde, biz gözlenen artan hücre çoğalması, yüklenen grup kontrol fare ile karşılaştırıldığında mm artan EdU-pozitif hücreler tarafından belirtildiği şekilde (yüklenen: %6.23 ± %1.89 karşı kontrol: %1.90 ± %1,03; p < 0,05; Şekil 9 A ve C).
MM, yüklü ve kontrol fareler proteoglikan dağıtım toluidin mavi lekeli alan ve mesafe harita değerlendirerek adım 9 ve Şekil 7' de anlatıldığı gibi sayısal. Condyles kontrolü ile karşılaştırıldığında yüklü grubunun mm önemli ölçüde artan mesafe eşleme bulduk (yüklenen: 210.22 µm ± 4.11 µm karşı kontrol: 187.36 µm ± 8,64 µm; p < 0.005; Şekil 9 B ve D). Ancak, proteoglikan lekeli alan yüklü arasında istatistiksel olarak farklı değildi ve kontrol grupları (yüklenen: 203,897.93 µm2 ± 10,171.00 µm2 karşı kontrol: 202,875.09 µm2 ± 33,419.09 µm2; p = 0,94; Şekil 9 B ve E)
<img alt="Figure 8" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55998/55998fig8.jpg"> Şekil 8 : Temsilcisi sonuçları: (A) Col10a1-pozitif hücreleri kontrol ve yüklü fareler condyles mm sagittal bölümlerini. Artan numaraları Col10a1-pozitif hücreler yüklü grubunda (D)vardır. (B) Col2a1 pozitif hücreler kontrolü ve yüklü fareler. Col2a1 pozitif hücrelerdeki gruplar (E)arasında hiçbir fark yoktur. (C) denetim ve yüklenmiş fareler condyles içinde boyama tuzak. Artan tuzak etkinliği denetim (F)ile karşılaştırıldığında yüklü grubunda. Çubuk grafikler (D-F) temsil n anlamına gelir ± SD = 4 grubu başına. ** Denetim ve yüklü Gruplar (p < 0.005) arasında önemli fark vardır. Ölçek çubuğu 200µm. = <a href="//cloudflare-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55998/55998fig8large.jpg" target="_blank">Bu rakam daha büyük bir versiyonunu görüntülemek için buraya tıklayınız.</a>
<img alt="Figure 9" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55998/55998fig9.jpg"> Şekil 9:temsilcisi sonuçları: (A) EdU içinde kontrol ve yüklü fareler condyles boyama. Artan hücre çoğalması yüklü grubunda artan EdU-pozitif tarafından temsil edilen hücreleri (C). (B) toluidin kontrol ve yüklü fareler condyles boyama mavi. Kıkırdak kalınlığı yüklü farelerde deney grubu (D)eşlemesindeki artan mesafe tarafından gösterildiği gibi arttı. Denetim ve yüklü gruplar ((E))arasında hiçbir fark alanında proteoglikan lekeli. Çubuk grafikler (C-E) n anlamına gelir ± SD temsil 4 = grubu başına. ** Denetim ve yüklü Gruplar (p < 0.005) arasında önemli fark vardır. Ölçek çubuğu 200 µm. = <a href="//cloudflare-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55998/55998fig9large.jpg" target="_blank">Bu rakam daha büyük bir versiyonunu görüntülemek için buraya tıklayınız.</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Morphometric and Cellular Analysis Method for the Murine Mandibular Condyle at JoVE.com

A Morphometric and Cellular Analysis Method for the Murine Mandibular Condyle

Bu el yazması xarakteristikaları ve kemirgenler çene kemiğinde düzgün içinde hücresel değişikliklerin analizi için yöntemler sunar.

Bir xarakteristikaları ve fare çene kemiğinde düzgün için hücresel analiz yöntemi

The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) has the capacity to adapt to external stimuli, and loading changes can affect the position of condyles, as well as the ...

a-morphometric-cellular-analysis-method-for-murine-mandibular

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

8.2K Görüntüleme.  University of Connecticut Health Center. Bu el yazması xarakteristikaları ve kemirgenler çene kemiğinde düzgün içinde hücresel değişikliklerin analizi için yöntemler sunar.

Video: A Morphometric and Cellular Analysis Method for the Murine Mandibular Condyle

Use of Rotorod as a Method for the Qualitative Analysis of Walking in Rat

High speed videoanalysis of the details of movement can provide a source of information about qualitative aspects of walking movements. When walking on a rotorod, animals remain in approximately the same place making repetitive movements of stepping. Thus the task provides a rich source of information on the details of foot stepping movements. Subjects were hemi-Parkinson analogue rats, produced by injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the right nigrostriatal bundle to deplete nigrostriatal dopamine (DA). The present report provides a video analysis illustration of animals previously were filmed from frontal, lateral, and posterior views as they walked (15). Rating scales and frame-by-frame replay of the video records of stepping behavior indicated that the hemi-Parkinson rats were chronically impaired in posture and limb use contralateral to the DA-depletion. The contralateral limbs participated less in initiating and sustaining propulsion than the ipsilateral limbs. These deficits secondary to unilateral DA-depletion show that the rotorod provides a use task for the analysis of stepping movements.

The rotorod test is used to assess motor status in the walking movement of hemi-Parkinson analogue rats.

Rotorod Rat Yürüyüş Kalitatif Analiz için bir yöntem olarak kullanımı

High speed videoanalysis of the details of movement can provide a source of information about qualitative aspects of walking movements. When walking on a ...

Biyoloji

Murine Renal Transplantation Procedure

Renal orthotopic transplantation in mice is a technically challenging procedure. Although the first kidney transplants in mice were performed by Russell et al over 30 years ago (1) and refined by Zhang et al years later (2), few people in the world have mastered this procedure. In our laboratory we have successfully performed 1200 orthotopic kidney transplantations with &gt; 90% survival rate. The key points for success include stringent control of reperfusion injury, bleeding and thrombosis, both during the procedure and post-transplantation, and use of 10-0 instead of 11-0 suture for anastomoses.
Post-operative care and treatment of the recipient is extremely important to transplant success and evaluation. All renal graft recipients receive antibiotics in the form of an injection of penicillin immediately post-transplant and sulfatrim in the drinking water continually. Overall animal health is evaluated daily and whole blood creatinine analyses are performed routinely with a portable I-STAT machine to assess graft function.

Renal transplantation in mice is a technically challenging procedure that requires careful post-operative care and treatment for success.

Murin Böbrek Nakli Prosedürü

Renal orthotopic transplantation in mice is a technically challenging procedure. Although the first kidney transplants in mice were performed by Russell ...

A Neuronal and Astrocyte Co-Culture Assay for High Content Analysis of Neurotoxicity

High Content Analysis (HCA) assays combine cells and detection reagents with automated imaging and powerful image analysis algorithms, allowing measurement of multiple cellular phenotypes within a single assay. In this study, we utilized HCA to develop a novel assay for neurotoxicity. Neurotoxicity assessment represents an important part of drug safety evaluation, as well as being a significant focus of environmental protection efforts. Additionally, neurotoxicity is also a well-accepted in vitro marker of the development of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Recently, the application of HCA to neuronal screening has been reported. By labeling neuronal cells with &beta;III-tubulin, HCA assays can provide high-throughput, non-subjective, quantitative measurements of parameters such as neuronal number, neurite count and neurite length, all of which can indicate neurotoxic effects. However, the role of astrocytes remains unexplored in these models. Astrocytes have an integral role in the maintenance of central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis, and are associated with both neuroprotection and neurodegradation when they are activated in response to toxic substances or disease states. GFAP is an intermediate filament protein expressed predominantly in the astrocytes of the CNS. Astrocytic activation (gliosis) leads to the upregulation of GFAP, commonly accompanied by astrocyte proliferation and hypertrophy. This process of reactive gliosis has been proposed as an early marker of damage to the nervous system. The traditional method for GFAP quantitation is by immunoassay. This approach is limited by an inability to provide information on cellular localization, morphology and cell number. We determined that HCA could be used to overcome these limitations and to simultaneously measure multiple features associated with gliosis - changes in GFAP expression, astrocyte hypertrophy, and astrocyte proliferation - within a single assay. In co-culture studies, astrocytes have been shown to protect neurons against several types of toxic insult and to critically influence neuronal survival. Recent studies have suggested that the use of astrocytes in an in vitro neurotoxicity test system may prove more relevant to human CNS structure and function than neuronal cells alone. Accordingly, we have developed an HCA assay for co-culture of neurons and astrocytes, comprised of protocols and validated, target-specific detection reagents for profiling &beta;III-tubulin and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). This assay enables simultaneous analysis of neurotoxicity, neurite outgrowth, gliosis, neuronal and astrocytic morphology and neuronal and astrocytic development in a wide variety of cellular models, representing a novel, non-subjective, high-throughput assay for neurotoxicity assessment. The assay holds great potential for enhanced detection of neurotoxicity and improved productivity in neuroscience research and drug discovery.

This article describes a novel protocol and reagent set designed for sensitive measurement of neurotoxic effects of compounds and treatments on co-cultures of neurons and astrocytes using high content analysis. Results demonstrate that high content analysis represents an exciting novel technology for neurotoxicity assessment.

Nörotoksisite Yüksek İçerik Analizi Nöronal ve Astrosit Hücre Co-Kültür Testi

High Content Analysis (HCA) assays combine cells and detection reagents with automated imaging and powerful image analysis algorithms, allowing ...

A high-throughput method to globally study the organelle morphology in S. cerevisiae

High-throughput methods to examine protein localization or organelle morphology is an effective tool for studying protein interactions and can help achieve an comprehensive understanding of molecular pathways. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, with the development of the non-essential gene deletion array, we can globally study the morphology of different organelles like the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the mitochondria using GFP (or variant)-markers in different gene backgrounds. However, incorporating GFP markers in each single mutant individually is a labor-intensive process. Here, we describe a procedure that is routinely used in our laboratory. By using a robotic system to handle high-density yeast arrays and drug selection techniques, we can significantly shorten the time required and improve reproducibility. In brief, we cross a GFP-tagged mitochondrial marker (Apc1-GFP) to a high-density array of 4,672 nonessential gene deletion mutants by robotic replica pinning.  Through diploid selection, sporulation, germination and dual marker selection, we recover both alleles. As a result, each haploid single mutant contains Apc1-GFP incorporated at its genomic locus. Now, we can study the morphology of mitochondria in all non-essential mutant background. Using this high-throughput approach, we can conveniently study and delineate the pathways and genes involved in the inheritance and the formation of organelles in a genome-wide setting.

GFP-fusion proteins are widely used to visualize organelles by confocal microscopy. However, screening for mutations that affect the morphology of organelles generally requires individual mutagenesis and is time consuming. Here, we demonstrate a method to simultaneously incorporate organelle-GFP markers in almost 5,000 non-essential genes in yeast.

S. cerevisiae &quot;adlı organel morfolojisi küresel çalışma yüksek verimli bir yöntem

High-throughput methods to examine protein localization or organelle morphology is an effective tool for studying protein interactions and can help ...

A High-Throughput Method For Zebrafish Sperm Cryopreservation and In Vitro Fertilization

This is a method for zebrafish sperm cryopreservation that is an adaptation of the Harvey method (Harvey et al., 1982).  We have introduced two changes to the original protocol that both streamline the procedure and increase sample uniformity.  First, we normalize all sperm volumes using freezing media that does not contain the cryoprotectant. Second, cryopreserved sperm are stored in cryovials instead of capillary tubes.  The rates of sperm freezing and thawing (&delta;&deg;C/time) are probably the two most critical variables to control in this procedure.  For this reason, do not substitute different tubes for those specified.  Working in teams of 2 it is possible to freeze the sperm of 100 males per team in ~2 hrs.  Sperm cryopreserved using this protocol has an average of 25% fertility (measured as the number of viable embryos generated in an in vitro fertilization divided by the total number of eggs fertilized) and this percent fertility is stable over many years.

A High-Throughput Method For Zebrafish Sperm Cryopreservation and In Vitro Fertilization

This is a high-throughput sperm cryopreservation protocol for zebrafish. Sperm cryopreserved using this protocol has an average of 25% fertility in subsequent vitro fertilization and is stable over many years.

Zebra balığı sperm Kriyoprezervasyon için bir Yüksek Verim Yöntem ve In Vitro Gübreleme

This is a method for zebrafish sperm cryopreservation that is an adaptation of the Harvey method (Harvey et al., 1982).  We have introduced two changes to ...

A Rapid High-throughput Method for Mapping Ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) on Human pre-mRNA

Sequencing RNAs that co-immunoprecipitate (co-IP) with RNA binding proteins has increased our understanding of splicing by demonstrating that binding location often influences function of a splicing factor.  However, as with any sampling strategy the chance of identifying an RNA bound to a splicing factor is proportional to its cellular abundance.  We have developed a novel in vitro approach for surveying binding specificity on otherwise transient pre-mRNA. This approach utilizes a specifically designed oligonucleotide pool that tiles across introns, exons, splice junctions, or other pre-mRNA.  The pool is subjected to some kind of molecular selection. Here, we demonstrate the method by separating the oligonucleotide into a bound and unbound fraction and utilize a two color array strategy to record the enrichment of each oligonucleotide in the bound fraction. The array data generates high-resolution maps with the ability to identify sequence-specific and structural determinates of ribonucleoprotein (RNP) binding on pre-mRNA.  A unique advantage to this method is its ability to avoid the sampling bias towards mRNA associated with current IP and SELEX techniques, as the pool is specifically designed and synthesized from pre-mRNA sequence. The flexibility of the oligonucleotide pool is another advantage since the experimenter chooses which regions to study and tile across, tailoring the pool to their individual needs.  Using this technique, one can assay the effects of polymorphisms or mutations on binding on a large scale or clone the library into a functional splicing reporter and identify oligonucleotides that are enriched in the included fraction.  This novel in vitro high-resolution mapping scheme provides a unique way to study RNP interactions with transient pre-mRNA species, whose low abundance makes them difficult to study with current in vivo techniques.  



A Rapid High-throughput Method for Mapping Ribonucleoproteins RNPs on Human pre-mRNA

Due to the transient nature of pre-mRNA, it can be difficult to isolate and study in vivo. Here, we present a novel in vitro approach to investigate RNA-protein interactions using a synthetic oligo pool that tiles across selected regions of pre-mRNA.

İnsan pre-mRNA üzerinde Haritalama Ribonucleoproteins Hızlı Yüksek verim için Yöntemi (RNPs)

Sequencing RNAs that co-immunoprecipitate (co-IP) with RNA binding proteins has increased our understanding of splicing by demonstrating that binding ...

Blue Native Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (BN-PAGE) for Analysis of Multiprotein Complexes from Cellular Lysates

Multiprotein complexes (MPCs) play a crucial role in cell signalling, since most proteins can be found in functional or regulatory complexes with other proteins (Sali, Glaeser et al. 2003). Thus, the study of protein-protein interaction networks requires the detailed characterization of MPCs to gain an integrative understanding of protein function and regulation. For identification and analysis, MPCs must be separated under native conditions. In this video, we describe the analysis of MPCs by blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (BN-PAGE). BN-PAGE is a technique that allows separation of MPCs in a native conformation with a higher resolution than offered by gel filtration or sucrose density ultracentrifugation, and is therefore useful to determine MPC size, composition, and relative abundance (Sch&auml;gger and von Jagow 1991); (Sch&auml;gger, Cramer et al. 1994). By this method, proteins are separated according to their hydrodynamic size and shape in a polyacrylamide matrix. Here, we demonstrate the analysis of MPCs of total cellular lysates, pointing out that lysate dialysis is the crucial step to make BN-PAGE applicable to these biological samples. Using a combination of first dimension BN- and second dimension SDS-PAGE, we show that MPCs separated by BN-PAGE can be further subdivided into their individual constituents by SDS-PAGE. Visualization of the MPC components upon gel separation is performed by standard immunoblotting. As an example for MPC analysis by BN-PAGE, we chose the well-characterized eukaryotic 19S, 20S, and 26S proteasomes.

Blue Native Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis BN-PAGE for Analysis of Multiprotein Complexes from Cellular Lysates

In this video, we describe the characterization of multiprotein complexes (MPCs) by blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (BN-PAGE). In a first dimension, dialyzed cellular lysates are separated by BN-PAGE to identify individual MPCs. In a second dimension SDS-PAGE, MPCs of interest are further subdivided to analyze their constituents by immunoblotting.

Hücresel lizatları Multiprotein Kompleksleri Analizi Mavi Native Poliakrilamid Jel Elektroforez (BN-PAGE)

Multiprotein complexes (MPCs) play a crucial role in cell signalling, since most proteins can be found in functional or regulatory complexes with other ...

An Explant Assay for Assessing Cellular Behavior of the Cranial Mesenchyme

The central nervous system is derived from the neural plate that undergoes a series of complex morphogenetic movements resulting in formation of the neural tube in a process known as neurulation. During neurulation, morphogenesis of the mesenchyme that underlies the neural plate is believed to drive neural fold elevation. The cranial mesenchyme is comprised of the paraxial mesoderm and neural crest cells. The cells of the cranial mesenchyme form a pourous meshwork composed of stellate shaped cells and intermingling extracellular matrix (ECM) strands that support the neural folds. During neurulation, the cranial mesenchyme undergoes stereotypical rearrangements resulting in its expansion and these movements are believed to provide a driving force for neural fold elevation. However, the pathways and cellular behaviors that drive cranial mesenchyme morphogenesis remain poorly studied. Interactions between the ECM and the cells of the cranial mesenchyme underly these cell behaviors. Here we describe a simple ex vivo explant assay devised to characterize the behaviors of these cells. This assay is amendable to pharmacological manipulations to dissect the signaling pathways involved and live imaging analyses to further characterize the behavior of these cells. We present a representative experiment demonstrating the utility of this assay in characterizing the migratory properties of the cranial mesenchyme on a variety of ECM components.

The cranial mesenchyme undergoes dramatic morphogenic movements that likely provides a driving force for elevation of the neural folds1,2. Here we describe a simple ex vivo explant assay to characterize the cellular behaviors of the cranial mesenchyme during neurulation. This assay has numerous applications including being amenable to pharmacological manipulations and live imaging analyses.

Kranial mesenchyme Hücresel Davranış Değerlendirme için bir Eksplantasyon Assay

The central nervous system is derived from the neural plate that undergoes a series of complex morphogenetic movements resulting in formation of the ...

Single-cell Microinjection for Cell Communication Analysis

Gap junctions are intercellular channels that allow the communication of neighboring cells. This communication depends on the contribution of a hemichannel by each neighboring cell to form the gap junction. In mammalian cells, the hemichannel is formed by six connexins, monomers with four transmembrane domains and a C and N terminal within the cytoplasm. Gap junctions permit the exchange of ions, second messengers, and small metabolites. In addition, they have important roles in many forms of cellular communication within physiological processes such as synaptic transmission, heart contraction, cell growth and differentiation. We detail how to perform a single-cell microinjection of Lucifer Yellow to visualize cellular communication via gap-junctions in living cells. It is expected that in functional gap junctions, the dye will diffuse from the loaded cell to the connected cells. It is a very useful technique to study gap junctions since you can evaluate the diffusion of the fluorescence in real time. We discuss how to prepare the cells and the micropipette, how to use a micromanipulator and inject a low molecular weight fluorescent dye in an epithelial cell line.

We describe here how to perform a single-cell microinjection of Lucifer Yellow to visualize cellular communication via gap-junctions in living cells, and provide some useful tips. We expect that this paper will help everyone to evaluate the degree of cellular coupling due to functional gap junctions. Everything described here could be, in principle, adapted to other fluorescent dyes with molecular weight below 1,000 Daltons.

Hücre Haberleşme Analizi İçin Tek hücreli Mikroenjeksiyon

Gap junctions are intercellular channels that allow the communication of neighboring cells. This communication depends on the contribution of a ...

Isolation of Murine Valve Endothelial Cells

Normal valve structures consist of stratified layers of specialized extracellular matrix (ECM) interspersed with valve interstitial cells (VICs) and surrounded by a monolayer of valve endothelial cells (VECs). VECs play essential roles in establishing the valve structures during embryonic development, and are important for maintaining life-long valve integrity and function. In contrast to a continuous endothelium over the surface of healthy valve leaflets, VEC disruption is commonly observed in malfunctioning valves and is associated with pathological processes that promote valve disease and dysfunction. Despite the clinical relevance, focused studies determining the contribution of VECs to development and disease processes are limited. The isolation of VECs from animal models would allow for cell-specific experimentation. VECs have been isolated from large animal adult models but due to their small population size, fragileness, and lack of specific markers, no reports of VEC isolations in embryos or adult small animal models have been reported. Here we describe a novel method that allows for the direct isolation of VECs from mice at embryonic and adult stages. Utilizing the Tie2-GFP reporter model that labels all endothelial cells with Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP), we have been successful in isolating GFP-positive (and negative) cells from the semilunar and atrioventricular valve regions using fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS). Isolated GFP-positive VECs are enriched for endothelial markers, including CD31 and von Willebrand Factor (vWF), and retain endothelial cell expression when cultured; while, GFP-negative cells exhibit molecular profiles and cell shapes consistent with VIC phenotypes. The ability to isolate embryonic and adult murine VECs allows for previously unattainable molecular and functional studies to be carried out on a specific valve cell population, which will greatly improve our understanding of valve development and disease mechanisms.

The ability to isolate heart valve endothelial cells (VECs) is critical for understanding mechanisms of valve development, maintenance, and disease. Here we describe the isolation of VECs from embryonic and adult Tie2-GFP mice using FACS that will allow for studies determining the contribution of VECs in developmental and disease processes.

Murin Vana Endotel Hücreleri İzolasyon

Normal valve structures consist of stratified layers of specialized extracellular matrix (ECM) interspersed with valve interstitial cells (VICs) and ...