Os autores gostaria de agradecer Dr. David Rowe para gentilmente fornecer os ratos transgénicos e Li Chen pela assistência histológica.
A pesquisa reportada nesta publicação foi apoiada pelo Instituto Nacional de Dental & pesquisa Craniofacial do institutos nacionais da saúde sob prêmio número K08DE025914 e pela Associação Americana de fundação ortodôntico para Sumit Yadav.

<ol>
	<li>LeResche, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epidemiology+of+Temporomandibular+Disorders:+Implications+for+the+Investigation+of+Etiologic+Factors.">Epidemiology of Temporomandibular Disorders: Implications for the Investigation of Etiologic Factors.</a> Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 8 (3), 291-305 (1997).</li><li>Chen, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Altered+functional+loading+causes+differential+effects+in+the+subchondral+bone+and+condylar+cartilage+in+the+temporomandibular+joint+from+young+mice.">Altered functional loading causes differential effects in the subchondral bone and condylar cartilage in the temporomandibular joint from young mice.</a> Osteoarthr Cartil. 17 (3), 354-361 (2009).</li><li>Pirttiniemi, P., Kantomaa, T., Sorsa, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+decreased+loading+on+the+metabolic+activity+of+the+mandibular+condylar+cartilage+in+the+rat.">Effect of decreased loading on the metabolic activity of the mandibular condylar cartilage in the rat.</a> Eur J Orthod. 26 (1), 1-5 (2004).</li><li>Chavan, S. J., Bhad, W. A., Doshi, U. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+temporomandibular+joint+changes+in+Twin+Block+and+Bionator+appliance+therapy:+a+magnetic+resonance+imaging+study.">Comparison of temporomandibular joint changes in Twin Block and Bionator appliance therapy: a magnetic resonance imaging study.</a> Prog Orthod. 15 (57), (2014).</li><li>Dutra, E. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cellular+and+Matrix+Response+of+the+Mandibular+Condylar+Cartilage+to+Botulinum+Toxin.">Cellular and Matrix Response of the Mandibular Condylar Cartilage to Botulinum Toxin.</a> PLoS ONE. 11 (10), 0164599 (2016).</li><li>Benjamin, M., Ralphs, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biology+of+fibrocartilage+cells.">Biology of fibrocartilage cells.</a> Int Rev Cytol. 233, 1-45 (2004).</li><li>Shen, G., Darendeliler, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Adaptive+Remodeling+of+Condylar+Cartilage-+A+Transition+from+Chondrogenesis+to+Osteogenesis.">The Adaptive Remodeling of Condylar Cartilage- A Transition from Chondrogenesis to Osteogenesis.</a> J Dent Res. 84 (8), 691-699 (2005).</li><li>Utreja, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+and+matrix+response+of+temporomandibular+cartilage+to+mechanical+loading.">Cell and matrix response of temporomandibular cartilage to mechanical loading.</a> Osteoarthr Cartil. 24 (2), 335-344 (2016).</li><li>Kaul, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Effect+of+Altered+Loading+on+Mandibular+Condylar+Cartilage.">The Effect of Altered Loading on Mandibular Condylar Cartilage.</a> PLoS ONE. 11 (7), 0160121 (2016).</li><li>Dyment, N. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-Throughput,+Multi-Image+Cryohistology+of+Mineralized+Tissues.">High-Throughput, Multi-Image Cryohistology of Mineralized Tissues.</a> J Vis Exp. , e54468 (2016).</li><li>Kawamoto, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+a+new+adhesive+film+for+the+preparation+of+multi-purpose+fresh-frozen+sections+from+hard+tissues,+whole-animals,+insects+and+plants.">Use of a new adhesive film for the preparation of multi-purpose fresh-frozen sections from hard tissues, whole-animals, insects and plants.</a> Arch Histol Cytol. 66 (2), 123-143 (2003).</li><li>Hayman, A. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tartrate-resistant+acid+phosphatase+(TRAP)+and+the+osteoclast/immune+cell+dichotomy.">Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and the osteoclast/immune cell dichotomy.</a> Autoimmunity. 41 (3), 218-223 (2008).</li></ol>

Os autores têm sem interesses financeiros concorrentes.

Este manuscrito descreve métodos para a medição de morfometria e análise celular dos côndilos mandibulares murino e mandíbulas. As medições radiográficas morfométricas também podem ser usadas para analisar outros ossos de pequenos animais experimentais. Além disso, a análise celular (célula quantificação e mapeamento de distância de cartilagem) não estão limitada a do côndilo mandibular roedor, mas pode ser usado para quantificar a cortes histológicos de tecidos diversos.
Modelos de rato transgênicas expressando fluorescentes repórteres são excelentes ferramentas para entender visualmente mudanças na expressão gênica. O modelo do rato de repórter fluorescente duplo-colágeno (Col2a1XCol10a1) usado neste relatório foi especialmente adequado para o estudo da MCC, desde que os transgenes são expressos na região prehypertrophic e hipertrófica do MCC, então essa distribuição de colágeno poderia ser avaliada. Se o pesquisador não tem acesso a um modelo de mouse transgênicas expressando fluorescentes repórteres, outros métodos de análise de expressão de proteínas histológica, tais como a imunofluorescência, podem ser usados.
Para as medidas morfométricas, o passo fundamental antes de tomar as imagens de radiografia do armário é remover todos os tecidos moles da mandíbula ou dos ossos para ser analisado. Muscular excessiva ou tecidos moles anexado aos ossos podem mascarar as medições reais das estruturas. É importante estar ciente das limitações do sistema de radiografia do armário. Como todos os raios-x, é uma representação 2-dimensional de uma estrutura de 3-dimensional e sobreposição de estruturas e artefatos deve ser interpretada com cuidado. Além disso, o posicionamento dos ossos no armário radiográfico deve ser coerente.
A quantificação celular por meio da contagem do número de pixels positivas é um método eficiente para quantificação histológico em uma região rica em celulares como o MCC, mas a limitação dessa abordagem é que ele não fornece o número exacto de células. Além disso, desde que quantifica apenas os pixels selecionados, recomenda-se quantificar todas as imagens de interesse usando o mesmo pixel "amostrado" para evitar a quantificação de pixels de diferentes intensidades, quando analisando imagens diferentes.
Um general Conselho quando quantificar histológicos é analisar várias seções seriais de cada amostra (Neste manuscrito, três seções seriais foram analisadas para cada côndilo), desde que as variações dentro de cada amostra são geralmente observadas.
A metodologia mencionada em nossos experimentos é simples, fácil de usar e pode ser usada em qualquer estudo de tecido mineralizado na qual repórter ratos estão sendo usados. Com a metodologia existente, é possível visualizar as células que estão manchadas para armadilha (Col2a1 ou Col10a1) ou EdU (Col1a1 ou Col2a1) visualizando a localização co de células.

A TMJ é uma articulação de carga exclusiva localizada na região craniofacial e é formada de fibrocartilagem. O MCC da TMJ é essencial para a função da articulação, incluindo o movimento da mandíbula sem impedimentos ao falar e mastigar, mas geralmente é afetado por doenças degenerativas, incluindo osteoartrite1. A TMJ tem a capacidade de adaptação a estímulos externos e alterações de carga, levando a alterações estruturais e celulares para os componentes do MCC2,3,4,5. As propriedades de carga do MCC podem ser explicadas pelas interações entre seus componentes, incluindo a água, a rede de colágeno e densamente proteoglicanos. O MCC tem quatro zonas distintas de celulares que expressam diferentes tipos de proteínas de colágeno e não-colágeno: 1) a zona superficial ou articular; 2) a zona proliferativa, composta de células mesenquimais indiferenciadas e que responde ao carregar as demandas; 3) a zona de prehypertrophic, composto de condrócitos maduros expressando colágeno tipo 2; e 4) a hipertrófica de zona, a região onde os condrócitos hipertróficas expressando colágeno tipo 10 morrer e sofrer calcificação. A região não-mineralizado é rica em proteoglicanos que proporcionam resistência a forças compressivas6.
Há contínua mineralização na zona hipertrófica do MCC, onde ocorre a transição da condrogênese a osteogênese, garantindo a robusta estrutura mineral do osso subcondral do côndilo mandibular7. As mudanças celulares em regiões não mineralizadas e mineralizadas, finalmente, levam a alterações morfológicas e estruturais no côndilo mandibular e maxilar inferior. Manutenção da homeostase de todas as regiões celulares do MCC e a mineralização da parte subcondral são essenciais para a saúde, capacidade load-bearing e integridade da TMJ.
O modelo de rato transgénico colágeno múltipla (como descrito por Utreja et al) 8 é uma ótima ferramenta para usar para entender mudanças na expressão do colágeno, porque todos os transgenes são expressas em MCC. Para uma avaliação aprofundada e histológica, manchas histológicas são utilizadas para estudar a deposição de matriz, mineralização, proliferação celular, apoptose, e expressão de proteínas para as camadas de células diferentes do MCC.
Neste manuscrito, histológico e análises morfométricas são usadas para avaliar as alterações estruturais e celulares no MCC e subcondral osso do côndilo mandibular de ratos. Além disso, um método de quantificação de célula, para a análise de imagens histológicas fluorescentes e para mapear as corrediças do microscópio de luz, é descrito. A TMJ estática à compressão carregando o método, que provoca alterações celulares e morfológicas na MCC e subcondral osso9, também é ilustrada para validar nossos métodos.
Os métodos descritos aqui podem ser usados para determinar morfométricos e as alterações histológicas no côndilo mandibular e maxilar inferior de roedores ou para analisar outras regiões de ossificação endocondral e a morfologia dos tecidos mineralizados adicionais.

<table width="896">
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			<td height="21" style="width:392px;height:21px;">MX20 Radiography System</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Faxitron X-Ray LLC&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Digimizer Image software&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">MedCalc Software</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:392px;height:21px;">Shandon Cryomatrix embedding resin</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">6769006</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:392px;height:21px;">Manual microscope Axio Imager Z1</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Carl Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">208562</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:392px;height:21px;">yellow fluorescent protein filter&#160; - EYFP</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Chroma Technology Corp</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">49003</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:392px;height:21px;">cyan fluorescent protein filter - ECFP</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Chroma Technology Corp</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">49001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:392px;height:21px;">red fluoresecent protein filter - Cy5</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Chroma Technology Corp</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">49009</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="width:392px;height:21px;">sodium acetate anhydrous</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S2889</td>
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			<td height="23" style="width:392px;height:23px;">sodium L-tartrate dibasic dihydrate&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">228729</td>
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			<td height="21" style="width:392px;height:21px;">sodium nitrite&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">237213</td>
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			<td height="21" style="width:392px;height:21px;">ELF97 substrate</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">E6600</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ClickiT EdU Alexa Fluor 594 HCS kit</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C10339&#160;</td>
			<td>includes EdU (5-ethynyl-2&#39;-deoxyuridine)&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:392px;height:21px;">DAPI (4&#39;,6-Diamidino-2-Phenylindole, Dihydrochloride)</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D1306</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:392px;height:21px;">Sodium phosphate dibasic&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S3264</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:392px;height:21px;">Sodium phosphate monobasic&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">71505</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:392px;height:21px;">Toluidine Blue O&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">T3260</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="width:392px;height:25px;">Adobe Photoshop&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Adobe Systems Incorporated</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="width:392px;height:24px;">Phosphate buffered saline tablets (PBS)</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Research Products International</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P32080-100T</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">CNA Beta III Nickel-Free Archwire</td>
			<td>Ortho Organizers, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">GraphPad Prism&#160;</td>
			<td>GraphPad Software, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a morphometric and cellular analysis method for the murine mandibular condyle

Articulação temporomandibular (ATM) tem a capacidade de adaptação a estímulos externos, e carregar as alterações pode afetar a posição dos côndilos, bem como os componentes estruturais e celulares da cartilagem condilar mandibular (MCC). Este manuscrito descreve métodos para analisar estas mudanças e um método para alterar o carregamento da TMJ em camundongos (i.e., à compressão estática TMJ carregando). A avaliação estrutural ilustrada aqui é uma abordagem simples morfométricos que usa o software Digimizer e é executada em radiografias de ossos pequenos. Além disso, a análise de celulares muda levando a alterações na expressão do colágeno, a remodelação óssea, a divisão celular, e proteoglycan distribuição no MCC é descrita. A quantificação dessas mudanças em cortes histológicos - contando os pixels fluorescentes positivos usando imagem de software e o mapeamento de distância de medição e manchado área com Digimizer - também é demonstrado. Os métodos mostrados aqui não são limitados a TMJ murino, mas podem ser usados em ossos adicionais de pequenos animais experimentais e em outras regiões de ossificação endocondral.

Estatísticas descritivas foram realizadas para examinar a distribuição de medidas morfométricas (comprimento mandibular, condilar comprimento, largura condilar) e análise histológica. Os resultados foram comparados entre o grupo carregado (ou seja, ratos submetidos a carga compressiva com a mola de titânio beta) e grupo controle (ou seja, ratos de controle que não recebeu qualquer procedimento de correspondência). Diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre médias foram determinadas pelo teste t não pareado e um p-valor de < 0,05 foi considerado como estatisticamente significativo.
Medidas morfométricas, conforme descrito na etapa 4 e Figura 3, foram realizadas nas mandíbulas da carregado e grupos de controle. O grupo carregado apresentado com comprimento mandíbula significativamente aumentada (carregado: 16.62 ± 0,23 mm versus controle: 16.21 ± 0,2 mm; p < 0,05) e o comprimento da cabeça côndilo (carregado: 4,6 mm, SD 0,08 mm versus controle: 4,4 mm; SD 0,06; p < 0,05) em comparação com o grupo de controle. No entanto, não houve diferença significativa na largura do côndilo entre grupos (carregado: 3,06 ± 0,12 mm versus controle: 2,9 ± 0,11; p = 0,09).
Quantificação da distribuição do colágeno, usando o método descrito na etapa 8 revelada significativamente aumentada Col10a1 expressão em MCC dos côndilos do grupo carregado em comparação com o controle (carregado: 21% ± 4,46% vs. controle: 7,50% ± 2,03%; p < 0.005; Figura 8 A e D). Por outro lado, estatisticamente não houve diferença na expressão Col2a1 entre o carregado e grupos de controle (carregado: 4,85% ± 1,95% vs. controle: 2,92% ± 1.89%; p = 0,13; Figura 8 B e E). Além disso, a análise da atividade de armadilha mostrou aumentada regiões armadilha-positivo na região subcondral dos côndilos dos ratos carregados (carregado: 5,28% ± 1,45% vs. controle: 2,41% ± 1.39%; p < 0,05; Figura 8 C e F). Da mesma forma, observamos a proliferação celular aumentada, conforme indicado pelo aumentada células EdU-positivo em MCC do grupo carregado em comparação com os ratos controle (carregado: 6.23% ± 1.89% vs. controle: 1,90% ± 1,03%; p < 0,05; Figura 9 A e C).
Distribuição de proteoglycan no MCC de carregado e ratos controle foi quantificada, avaliando a área manchada de azul de toluidina e o mapa de distância, conforme descrito na etapa 9 e Figura 7. Encontramos o mapeamento de distância significativamente aumentada no MCC de côndilos do grupo carregado em comparação com o controle (carregado: 210.22 µm ± 4,11 µm versus controle: 187.36 µm ± 8,64 µm; p < 0.005; Figura 9 B e D). No entanto, a área manchada de proteoglycan não foi estatisticamente diferente entre o carregado e grupos de controle (carregado: 203,897.93 µm2 ± 10,171.00 µm2 versus controle: 202,875.09 µm2 ± 33,419.09 µm2; p = 0,94; Figura 9 B e E)
<img alt="Figure 8" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55998/55998fig8.jpg"> Figura 8 : Resultados representativos: (A) células de Col10a1-positivo nas seções sagitais do MCC de côndilos do controle e carregado de ratos. Existem números aumentados de células Col10a1-positivo no grupo carregada (D). (B) células de Col2a1 positivo no controle e carregado de ratos. Não há nenhuma diferença nas células Col2a1 positivo entre os grupos (E). (C) armadilha de coloração nos côndilos do controle e carregado de ratos. Aumento da atividade armadilha no grupo carregado em comparação com o controle (F). Os histogramas (D-F) representam os meios ± SD para n = 4 por grupo. * * Significativa diferença entre os grupos carregados (p < 0.005) e controle. Barra de escala = 200µm. <a href="//cloudflare-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55998/55998fig8large.jpg" target="_blank">por favor clique aqui para ver uma versão maior desta figura.</a>
<img alt="Figure 9" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55998/55998fig9.jpg"> Figura 9:resultados representativos: (A) EdU mancha nos côndilos do controle e carregado de ratos. Proliferação celular aumentada no grupo carregado, conforme representado pela EdU-positivo aumento células (C). Toluidina (B) azul de coloração nos côndilos do controle e carregado de ratos. Aumento da espessura da cartilagem nos ratos carregados, conforme mostrado pelo mapeamento de maior distância no grupo experimental (D). Nenhuma diferença na área manchada proteoglycan entre o controle e carregado de grupos (E). Histogramas (C-E) representam os meios ± SD para n = 4 por grupo. * * Significativa diferença entre os grupos carregados (p < 0.005) e controle. Barra de escala = 200 µm. <a href="//cloudflare-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55998/55998fig9large.jpg" target="_blank">clique aqui para ver uma versão maior desta figura.</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Morphometric and Cellular Analysis Method for the Murine Mandibular Condyle at JoVE.com

A Morphometric and Cellular Analysis Method for the Murine Mandibular Condyle

Este manuscrito apresenta métodos para a Análise morfométrica e as mudanças celulares dentro do côndilo mandibular de roedores.

Um método de análise celular para o côndilo Mandibular murino e morfométricas

The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) has the capacity to adapt to external stimuli, and loading changes can affect the position of condyles, as well as the ...

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8.2K visualizações.  University of Connecticut Health Center. Este manuscrito apresenta métodos para a Análise morfométrica e as mudanças celulares dentro do côndilo mandibular de roedores.

Vídeo: A Morphometric and Cellular Analysis Method for the Murine Mandibular Condyle

Use of Rotorod as a Method for the Qualitative Analysis of Walking in Rat

High speed videoanalysis of the details of movement can provide a source of information about qualitative aspects of walking movements. When walking on a rotorod, animals remain in approximately the same place making repetitive movements of stepping. Thus the task provides a rich source of information on the details of foot stepping movements. Subjects were hemi-Parkinson analogue rats, produced by injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the right nigrostriatal bundle to deplete nigrostriatal dopamine (DA). The present report provides a video analysis illustration of animals previously were filmed from frontal, lateral, and posterior views as they walked (15). Rating scales and frame-by-frame replay of the video records of stepping behavior indicated that the hemi-Parkinson rats were chronically impaired in posture and limb use contralateral to the DA-depletion. The contralateral limbs participated less in initiating and sustaining propulsion than the ipsilateral limbs. These deficits secondary to unilateral DA-depletion show that the rotorod provides a use task for the analysis of stepping movements.

The rotorod test is used to assess motor status in the walking movement of hemi-Parkinson analogue rats.

Uso de Rotorod como um método de análise qualitativa de Walking in Rat

High speed videoanalysis of the details of movement can provide a source of information about qualitative aspects of walking movements. When walking on a ...

Biologia

Murine Renal Transplantation Procedure

Renal orthotopic transplantation in mice is a technically challenging procedure. Although the first kidney transplants in mice were performed by Russell et al over 30 years ago (1) and refined by Zhang et al years later (2), few people in the world have mastered this procedure. In our laboratory we have successfully performed 1200 orthotopic kidney transplantations with &gt; 90% survival rate. The key points for success include stringent control of reperfusion injury, bleeding and thrombosis, both during the procedure and post-transplantation, and use of 10-0 instead of 11-0 suture for anastomoses.
Post-operative care and treatment of the recipient is extremely important to transplant success and evaluation. All renal graft recipients receive antibiotics in the form of an injection of penicillin immediately post-transplant and sulfatrim in the drinking water continually. Overall animal health is evaluated daily and whole blood creatinine analyses are performed routinely with a portable I-STAT machine to assess graft function.

Renal transplantation in mice is a technically challenging procedure that requires careful post-operative care and treatment for success.

Murino Procedimento de Transplante Renal

Renal orthotopic transplantation in mice is a technically challenging procedure. Although the first kidney transplants in mice were performed by Russell ...

A Neuronal and Astrocyte Co-Culture Assay for High Content Analysis of Neurotoxicity

High Content Analysis (HCA) assays combine cells and detection reagents with automated imaging and powerful image analysis algorithms, allowing measurement of multiple cellular phenotypes within a single assay. In this study, we utilized HCA to develop a novel assay for neurotoxicity. Neurotoxicity assessment represents an important part of drug safety evaluation, as well as being a significant focus of environmental protection efforts. Additionally, neurotoxicity is also a well-accepted in vitro marker of the development of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Recently, the application of HCA to neuronal screening has been reported. By labeling neuronal cells with &beta;III-tubulin, HCA assays can provide high-throughput, non-subjective, quantitative measurements of parameters such as neuronal number, neurite count and neurite length, all of which can indicate neurotoxic effects. However, the role of astrocytes remains unexplored in these models. Astrocytes have an integral role in the maintenance of central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis, and are associated with both neuroprotection and neurodegradation when they are activated in response to toxic substances or disease states. GFAP is an intermediate filament protein expressed predominantly in the astrocytes of the CNS. Astrocytic activation (gliosis) leads to the upregulation of GFAP, commonly accompanied by astrocyte proliferation and hypertrophy. This process of reactive gliosis has been proposed as an early marker of damage to the nervous system. The traditional method for GFAP quantitation is by immunoassay. This approach is limited by an inability to provide information on cellular localization, morphology and cell number. We determined that HCA could be used to overcome these limitations and to simultaneously measure multiple features associated with gliosis - changes in GFAP expression, astrocyte hypertrophy, and astrocyte proliferation - within a single assay. In co-culture studies, astrocytes have been shown to protect neurons against several types of toxic insult and to critically influence neuronal survival. Recent studies have suggested that the use of astrocytes in an in vitro neurotoxicity test system may prove more relevant to human CNS structure and function than neuronal cells alone. Accordingly, we have developed an HCA assay for co-culture of neurons and astrocytes, comprised of protocols and validated, target-specific detection reagents for profiling &beta;III-tubulin and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). This assay enables simultaneous analysis of neurotoxicity, neurite outgrowth, gliosis, neuronal and astrocytic morphology and neuronal and astrocytic development in a wide variety of cellular models, representing a novel, non-subjective, high-throughput assay for neurotoxicity assessment. The assay holds great potential for enhanced detection of neurotoxicity and improved productivity in neuroscience research and drug discovery.

This article describes a novel protocol and reagent set designed for sensitive measurement of neurotoxic effects of compounds and treatments on co-cultures of neurons and astrocytes using high content analysis. Results demonstrate that high content analysis represents an exciting novel technology for neurotoxicity assessment.

A Neuronal e astrocitária Ensaio Co-Cultura de Análise de Conteúdo de Alta de neurotoxicidade

High Content Analysis (HCA) assays combine cells and detection reagents with automated imaging and powerful image analysis algorithms, allowing ...

A high-throughput method to globally study the organelle morphology in S. cerevisiae

High-throughput methods to examine protein localization or organelle morphology is an effective tool for studying protein interactions and can help achieve an comprehensive understanding of molecular pathways. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, with the development of the non-essential gene deletion array, we can globally study the morphology of different organelles like the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the mitochondria using GFP (or variant)-markers in different gene backgrounds. However, incorporating GFP markers in each single mutant individually is a labor-intensive process. Here, we describe a procedure that is routinely used in our laboratory. By using a robotic system to handle high-density yeast arrays and drug selection techniques, we can significantly shorten the time required and improve reproducibility. In brief, we cross a GFP-tagged mitochondrial marker (Apc1-GFP) to a high-density array of 4,672 nonessential gene deletion mutants by robotic replica pinning.  Through diploid selection, sporulation, germination and dual marker selection, we recover both alleles. As a result, each haploid single mutant contains Apc1-GFP incorporated at its genomic locus. Now, we can study the morphology of mitochondria in all non-essential mutant background. Using this high-throughput approach, we can conveniently study and delineate the pathways and genes involved in the inheritance and the formation of organelles in a genome-wide setting.

GFP-fusion proteins are widely used to visualize organelles by confocal microscopy. However, screening for mutations that affect the morphology of organelles generally requires individual mutagenesis and is time consuming. Here, we demonstrate a method to simultaneously incorporate organelle-GFP markers in almost 5,000 non-essential genes in yeast.

Um método de alto rendimento para estudar a morfologia global organela em S. cerevisiae

High-throughput methods to examine protein localization or organelle morphology is an effective tool for studying protein interactions and can help ...

A High-Throughput Method For Zebrafish Sperm Cryopreservation and In Vitro Fertilization

This is a method for zebrafish sperm cryopreservation that is an adaptation of the Harvey method (Harvey et al., 1982).  We have introduced two changes to the original protocol that both streamline the procedure and increase sample uniformity.  First, we normalize all sperm volumes using freezing media that does not contain the cryoprotectant. Second, cryopreserved sperm are stored in cryovials instead of capillary tubes.  The rates of sperm freezing and thawing (&delta;&deg;C/time) are probably the two most critical variables to control in this procedure.  For this reason, do not substitute different tubes for those specified.  Working in teams of 2 it is possible to freeze the sperm of 100 males per team in ~2 hrs.  Sperm cryopreserved using this protocol has an average of 25% fertility (measured as the number of viable embryos generated in an in vitro fertilization divided by the total number of eggs fertilized) and this percent fertility is stable over many years.

A High-Throughput Method For Zebrafish Sperm Cryopreservation and In Vitro Fertilization

This is a high-throughput sperm cryopreservation protocol for zebrafish. Sperm cryopreserved using this protocol has an average of 25% fertility in subsequent vitro fertilization and is stable over many years.

Um método de alta taxa de transferência para Zebrafish criopreservação de espermatozóides e In Vitro Fertilização

This is a method for zebrafish sperm cryopreservation that is an adaptation of the Harvey method (Harvey et al., 1982).  We have introduced two changes to ...

A Rapid High-throughput Method for Mapping Ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) on Human pre-mRNA

Sequencing RNAs that co-immunoprecipitate (co-IP) with RNA binding proteins has increased our understanding of splicing by demonstrating that binding location often influences function of a splicing factor.  However, as with any sampling strategy the chance of identifying an RNA bound to a splicing factor is proportional to its cellular abundance.  We have developed a novel in vitro approach for surveying binding specificity on otherwise transient pre-mRNA. This approach utilizes a specifically designed oligonucleotide pool that tiles across introns, exons, splice junctions, or other pre-mRNA.  The pool is subjected to some kind of molecular selection. Here, we demonstrate the method by separating the oligonucleotide into a bound and unbound fraction and utilize a two color array strategy to record the enrichment of each oligonucleotide in the bound fraction. The array data generates high-resolution maps with the ability to identify sequence-specific and structural determinates of ribonucleoprotein (RNP) binding on pre-mRNA.  A unique advantage to this method is its ability to avoid the sampling bias towards mRNA associated with current IP and SELEX techniques, as the pool is specifically designed and synthesized from pre-mRNA sequence. The flexibility of the oligonucleotide pool is another advantage since the experimenter chooses which regions to study and tile across, tailoring the pool to their individual needs.  Using this technique, one can assay the effects of polymorphisms or mutations on binding on a large scale or clone the library into a functional splicing reporter and identify oligonucleotides that are enriched in the included fraction.  This novel in vitro high-resolution mapping scheme provides a unique way to study RNP interactions with transient pre-mRNA species, whose low abundance makes them difficult to study with current in vivo techniques.  



A Rapid High-throughput Method for Mapping Ribonucleoproteins RNPs on Human pre-mRNA

Due to the transient nature of pre-mRNA, it can be difficult to isolate and study in vivo. Here, we present a novel in vitro approach to investigate RNA-protein interactions using a synthetic oligo pool that tiles across selected regions of pre-mRNA.

Um método rápido de alta capacidade para Ribonucleoproteínas Mapping (RNPs) no pré-mRNA Humanos

Sequencing RNAs that co-immunoprecipitate (co-IP) with RNA binding proteins has increased our understanding of splicing by demonstrating that binding ...

Blue Native Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (BN-PAGE) for Analysis of Multiprotein Complexes from Cellular Lysates

Multiprotein complexes (MPCs) play a crucial role in cell signalling, since most proteins can be found in functional or regulatory complexes with other proteins (Sali, Glaeser et al. 2003). Thus, the study of protein-protein interaction networks requires the detailed characterization of MPCs to gain an integrative understanding of protein function and regulation. For identification and analysis, MPCs must be separated under native conditions. In this video, we describe the analysis of MPCs by blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (BN-PAGE). BN-PAGE is a technique that allows separation of MPCs in a native conformation with a higher resolution than offered by gel filtration or sucrose density ultracentrifugation, and is therefore useful to determine MPC size, composition, and relative abundance (Sch&auml;gger and von Jagow 1991); (Sch&auml;gger, Cramer et al. 1994). By this method, proteins are separated according to their hydrodynamic size and shape in a polyacrylamide matrix. Here, we demonstrate the analysis of MPCs of total cellular lysates, pointing out that lysate dialysis is the crucial step to make BN-PAGE applicable to these biological samples. Using a combination of first dimension BN- and second dimension SDS-PAGE, we show that MPCs separated by BN-PAGE can be further subdivided into their individual constituents by SDS-PAGE. Visualization of the MPC components upon gel separation is performed by standard immunoblotting. As an example for MPC analysis by BN-PAGE, we chose the well-characterized eukaryotic 19S, 20S, and 26S proteasomes.

Blue Native Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis BN-PAGE for Analysis of Multiprotein Complexes from Cellular Lysates

In this video, we describe the characterization of multiprotein complexes (MPCs) by blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (BN-PAGE). In a first dimension, dialyzed cellular lysates are separated by BN-PAGE to identify individual MPCs. In a second dimension SDS-PAGE, MPCs of interest are further subdivided to analyze their constituents by immunoblotting.

Eletroforese em Gel de Poliacrilamida azul Nativo (BN-PAGE) para Análise de Complexos Multiproteicos de Lisados ​​Celular

Multiprotein complexes (MPCs) play a crucial role in cell signalling, since most proteins can be found in functional or regulatory complexes with other ...

An Explant Assay for Assessing Cellular Behavior of the Cranial Mesenchyme

The central nervous system is derived from the neural plate that undergoes a series of complex morphogenetic movements resulting in formation of the neural tube in a process known as neurulation. During neurulation, morphogenesis of the mesenchyme that underlies the neural plate is believed to drive neural fold elevation. The cranial mesenchyme is comprised of the paraxial mesoderm and neural crest cells. The cells of the cranial mesenchyme form a pourous meshwork composed of stellate shaped cells and intermingling extracellular matrix (ECM) strands that support the neural folds. During neurulation, the cranial mesenchyme undergoes stereotypical rearrangements resulting in its expansion and these movements are believed to provide a driving force for neural fold elevation. However, the pathways and cellular behaviors that drive cranial mesenchyme morphogenesis remain poorly studied. Interactions between the ECM and the cells of the cranial mesenchyme underly these cell behaviors. Here we describe a simple ex vivo explant assay devised to characterize the behaviors of these cells. This assay is amendable to pharmacological manipulations to dissect the signaling pathways involved and live imaging analyses to further characterize the behavior of these cells. We present a representative experiment demonstrating the utility of this assay in characterizing the migratory properties of the cranial mesenchyme on a variety of ECM components.

The cranial mesenchyme undergoes dramatic morphogenic movements that likely provides a driving force for elevation of the neural folds1,2. Here we describe a simple ex vivo explant assay to characterize the cellular behaviors of the cranial mesenchyme during neurulation. This assay has numerous applications including being amenable to pharmacological manipulations and live imaging analyses.

Um ensaio de explante para avaliar o comportamento celular do mesênquima craniana

The central nervous system is derived from the neural plate that undergoes a series of complex morphogenetic movements resulting in formation of the ...

Single-cell Microinjection for Cell Communication Analysis

Gap junctions are intercellular channels that allow the communication of neighboring cells. This communication depends on the contribution of a hemichannel by each neighboring cell to form the gap junction. In mammalian cells, the hemichannel is formed by six connexins, monomers with four transmembrane domains and a C and N terminal within the cytoplasm. Gap junctions permit the exchange of ions, second messengers, and small metabolites. In addition, they have important roles in many forms of cellular communication within physiological processes such as synaptic transmission, heart contraction, cell growth and differentiation. We detail how to perform a single-cell microinjection of Lucifer Yellow to visualize cellular communication via gap-junctions in living cells. It is expected that in functional gap junctions, the dye will diffuse from the loaded cell to the connected cells. It is a very useful technique to study gap junctions since you can evaluate the diffusion of the fluorescence in real time. We discuss how to prepare the cells and the micropipette, how to use a micromanipulator and inject a low molecular weight fluorescent dye in an epithelial cell line.

We describe here how to perform a single-cell microinjection of Lucifer Yellow to visualize cellular communication via gap-junctions in living cells, and provide some useful tips. We expect that this paper will help everyone to evaluate the degree of cellular coupling due to functional gap junctions. Everything described here could be, in principle, adapted to other fluorescent dyes with molecular weight below 1,000 Daltons.

Microinjeção de uma única célula para análise da comunicação celular

Gap junctions are intercellular channels that allow the communication of neighboring cells. This communication depends on the contribution of a ...

Isolation of Murine Valve Endothelial Cells

Normal valve structures consist of stratified layers of specialized extracellular matrix (ECM) interspersed with valve interstitial cells (VICs) and surrounded by a monolayer of valve endothelial cells (VECs). VECs play essential roles in establishing the valve structures during embryonic development, and are important for maintaining life-long valve integrity and function. In contrast to a continuous endothelium over the surface of healthy valve leaflets, VEC disruption is commonly observed in malfunctioning valves and is associated with pathological processes that promote valve disease and dysfunction. Despite the clinical relevance, focused studies determining the contribution of VECs to development and disease processes are limited. The isolation of VECs from animal models would allow for cell-specific experimentation. VECs have been isolated from large animal adult models but due to their small population size, fragileness, and lack of specific markers, no reports of VEC isolations in embryos or adult small animal models have been reported. Here we describe a novel method that allows for the direct isolation of VECs from mice at embryonic and adult stages. Utilizing the Tie2-GFP reporter model that labels all endothelial cells with Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP), we have been successful in isolating GFP-positive (and negative) cells from the semilunar and atrioventricular valve regions using fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS). Isolated GFP-positive VECs are enriched for endothelial markers, including CD31 and von Willebrand Factor (vWF), and retain endothelial cell expression when cultured; while, GFP-negative cells exhibit molecular profiles and cell shapes consistent with VIC phenotypes. The ability to isolate embryonic and adult murine VECs allows for previously unattainable molecular and functional studies to be carried out on a specific valve cell population, which will greatly improve our understanding of valve development and disease mechanisms.

The ability to isolate heart valve endothelial cells (VECs) is critical for understanding mechanisms of valve development, maintenance, and disease. Here we describe the isolation of VECs from embryonic and adult Tie2-GFP mice using FACS that will allow for studies determining the contribution of VECs in developmental and disease processes.

O isolamento de células endoteliais de Murino Válvula

Normal valve structures consist of stratified layers of specialized extracellular matrix (ECM) interspersed with valve interstitial cells (VICs) and ...

Um método de análise celular para o côndilo Mandibular murino e morfométricas

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Um método de alto rendimento para estudar a morfologia global organela em S. cerevisiae

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Um método de análise celular para o côndilo Mandibular murino e morfométricas

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Uso de Rotorod como um método de análise qualitativa de Walking in Rat

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A Neuronal e astrocitária Ensaio Co-Cultura de Análise de Conteúdo de Alta de neurotoxicidade

Um método de alto rendimento para estudar a morfologia global organela em S. cerevisiae

Um método de alta taxa de transferência para Zebrafish criopreservação de espermatozóides e In Vitro Fertilização

Um método rápido de alta capacidade para Ribonucleoproteínas Mapping (RNPs) no pré-mRNA Humanos

Eletroforese em Gel de Poliacrilamida azul Nativo (BN-PAGE) para Análise de Complexos Multiproteicos de Lisados ​​Celular

Um ensaio de explante para avaliar o comportamento celular do mesênquima craniana

Microinjeção de uma única célula para análise da comunicação celular

O isolamento de células endoteliais de Murino Válvula

Eletroforese em Gel de Poliacrilamida azul Nativo (BN-PAGE) para Análise de Complexos Multiproteicos de Lisados Celular